The Rat and Its Relation to the Public Health

About this eBook

Title

The rat and its relation to the public health

Original Publication

Washington: Public Health and Marine Hospital Service of the United States, 1910.

Credits

Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

Language

English

LoC Class

RC: Medicine: Internal medicine

Subject

Rats as carriers of disease

Category

Text

Project Gutenberg

eBook-No. 76630

Release Date

August 4, 2025

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.THE RAT AND ITS RELATION TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH
2. 2.TABLE OF CONTENTS.
3. 3.LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
4. 4.THE RAT AND ITS RELATION TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH. — INTRODUCTION.
5. 5.NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RAT. — INTRODUCTION. — CLASSIFICATION OF RATS. — DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS MUS IN AMERICA. — HISTORY OF THE BROWN RAT. — GENERAL DESCRIPTION. — KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MUS IN AMERICA. — HABITS OF RATS. — BREEDING HABITS. — ABUNDANCE OF RATS. — MIGRATIONS AND INVASIONS. — FOOD OF RATS. — FEEDING HABITS. — FEROCITY OF RATS.
6. 6.PLAGUE INFECTION IN RATS. — MODE OF EXAMINATION. — THE GROSS LESIONS OF NATURAL RAT PLAGUE—ACUTE PLAGUE. — SUBCUTANEOUS INJECTION. — THE BUBO. — THE GRANULAR LIVER. — THE SPLEEN. — PLEURAL EFFUSION. — CHRONIC PLAGUE. — RAT PLAGUE WITHOUT GROSS LESIONS. — MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION. — BACTERIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS OF RAT PLAGUE. — PEST-LIKE BACTERIA FOUND IN RATS. — ARTIFICIAL INFECTION OF RATS WITH PLAGUE. — MODES OF INFECTION. — LOCAL REACTION. — BUBO. — LIVER. — SPLEEN. — CHRONIC PLAGUE DUE TO ARTIFICIAL INOCULATION. — THE HISTOLOGY OF RAT PLAGUE. — NATURAL RAT PLAGUE. — IMMUNITY OF RATS. — REFERENCES. — RAT RECORD CARD. — PLAGUE RAT CARD.
7. 7.RAT LEPROSY. — INTRODUCTION. — REVIEW OF LITERATURE. — DESCRIPTION OF DISEASE. — ETIOLOGY. — SUMMARY.
8. 8.BIBLIOGRAPHY.
9. 9.BACTERIAL DISEASES OF THE RAT, OTHER THAN PLAGUE AND RAT LEPROSY. — DANYSZ’S BACILLUS OR BACILLUS TYPHI MURIUM OF LOEFFLER. — PNEUMONIA. — STAPHLOCOCCUS ABSCESSES. — BACILLUS PSEUDO-TUBERCULOSIS RODENTIUM (PFEIFFER). — TOYAMA’S BACILLUS. — INFECTIONS OF MICE (MUS MUSCULUS).
10. 10.ORGANIC DISEASES OF THE RAT, INCLUDING TUMORS. — CIRCULATORY APPARATUS. — PULMONARY APPARATUS. — DIGESTIVE TRACT. — CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER. — FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE LIVER. — HERNIÆ. — GENITO-URINARY TRACT. — NEPHRITIS. — ABSCESS OF THE KIDNEY. — ATROPHY OF A KIDNEY. — VESICAL CALCULI. — TUMORS. — TUMORS OF WILD RATS. — METASTASES. — HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE. — REFERENCES.
11. 11.THE ECTOPARASITES OF THE RAT. — FLEAS—SIPHONAPTERA. — CTENOPSYLLIDÆ. — PULICIDÆ. — SARCOPSYLLIDÆ. — LICE—ANOPLURA. — MITES—ACARINA. — IXODIDÆ. — GAMASIDÆ. — CHEYLETIDÆ. — SARCOPTIDÆ. — DEMODECIDÆ.
12. 12.THE INTERNAL PARASITES OF RATS AND MICE IN THEIR RELATION TO DISEASES OF MAN. — SUMMARY. — INTRODUCTION. — PROTOZOA. — Genus CHLAMYDOPHRYS [U] Cienkowski, 1876. — Genus LAMBLIA [W] R. Blanchard, 1888. — Species LAMBLIA DUODENALIS [X] (Davaine, 1875) Stiles, 1902, s. l. — Genus TRYPANOSOMA s. l. — Genus TRYPANOZOON Luehe, 1906. — CESTODA—TAPEWORMS. — CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSÆ—TÆNIA SOLIUM. — CYSTICERCUS PISIFORMIS—TÆNIA PISIFORMIS. — CYSTICERCUS FASCIOLARIS—TÆNIA TENIÆFORMIS. — HYMENOLEPIS MURINA [Y] (Dujardin, 1845) = HYMENOLEPIS NANA FRATERNA [Y] Stiles, 1906. — HYMENOLEPIS DIMINUTA [Z] (Rudolphi, 1819) R. Blanchard, 1891. — NEMATODA—TRUE ROUND WORMS. — Family TRICHINELLIDÆ. [AA] — Genus TRICHINELLA [AB] Railliet, 1895. — TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS (Owen, 1835) Railliet, 1895. — ACANTHOCEPHALA—THORN-HEADED WORMS. — Genus GIGANTORHYNCHUS Hamann, 1892. — The Moniliform Thorn-headed Worm—GIGANTORHYNCHUS MONILIFORMIS — ARACHNOIDEA. — Genus LINGUATULA Frœhlich, 1789.—Tongue worms.
13. 13.COMPENDIUM OF ANIMAL PARASITES REPORTED FOR RATS AND MICE (GENUS MUS). — Genus MUS Linneaus, 1758. — MUS AGRARIUS.—Harvest Mouse. — MUS ALBIPES. — MUS ALEXANDRINUS.—Roof Rat. — MUS ALEXANDRINUS ALBIVENTRIS. — MUS AMPHIBIUS. — MUS ARVALIS. — MUS BARBARUS. — MUS BRASILIENSIS Geoffr. — MUS CAPENSIS. — MUS CRICETUS. — MUS DECUMANUS Pallas.—Brown or Norway Rat; German Wanderratte. — MUS DECUMANUS × MUS NORVEGICUS ALBUS. — MUS DOMESTICUS = MUS MUSCULUS ALBUS. — MUS FERCULINUS. — MUS FLAVIDUS. — MUS FULIGINOSUS. — MUS FURCIROSTRIS Wagner. — MUS GENTILIS. — MUS LEMMUS. — MUS MEYERI. — MUS MINIMUS Ptrs. — MUS MINUTUS Pallas.—German Zwergmaus. — MUS MUSCHENBROCKI. — MUS MUSCULUS [AC] Linné, 1758.—House Mouse. — MUS MUSCULUS ALBUS.—White Mice. — MUS NAVALIS. — MUS NORVEGICUS Erxl.—Norway Rat. — MUS [NORVEGICUS] ALBUS.—White Rat. — MUS PUMILIS Dujardin.—Little Mouse. — MUS PYRRHORHINUS Neuwied. — MUS RAJAH. — MUS RATTUS Linné.—German Hausratte. — MUS RATTUS ALEXANDRINUS. — MUS RUFESCENS Gray. — MUS SIPORANUS. — MUS SURIFER. — MUS SYLVATICUS Linné.—German Waldmaus. — MUS SYLVESTRIS. — MUS TECTORUM Sari. — MUS VARIEGATUS. — MUS VELUTINUS Balser, 1905. — MUS in the sense of “rats.” — MUS species. — WATER RAT. — MUS. — MUS.—A Field Mouse.
14. 14.THE FLEA AND ITS RELATION TO PLAGUE. — THEORIES AS TO TRANSMISSION OF PLAGUE. — INSECTS THAT HAVE BEEN SUSPECTED IN THE TRANSMISSION OF PLAGUE. — EXPERIMENTS PROVING THAT FLEAS CAN TRANSMIT PLAGUE. — THE BACILLUS IN THE FLEA. — HOW THE FLEA CLEARS ITSELF OF BACILLI. — REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF FLEAS ON RATS. — ANATOMY OF THE MOUTH PARTS OF THE CERATOPHYLLUS FASCIATUS. — OUTSIDE THE HEAD. — INSIDE THE HEAD. — DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE SHOWING MOUTH PARTS. — THE ACT OF BITING. — HOW THE FLEA INFECTS ITS HOST. — ENUMERATION OF FLEAS THAT HAVE BEEN FOUND ON RATS. — Family SARCOPSYLLIDÆ Taschenberg. — Genus ECHIDNOPHAGA Olliff. — Family PULICIDÆ Taschenberg. — Genus PULEX Linn. — Genus LŒMOPSYLLA Rothschild. — Genus CTENOCEPHALUS Kolenati. — Genus CTENOPSYLLUS Kolenati. — Genus NEOPSYLLA Wagner. — Genus HOPLOPSYLLUS Baker. — Genus HYSTRICHOPSYLLA Taschenberg. — Genus CTENOPTHALMUS Kolenati. — SYNOPSIS OF FLEAS COMMONLY FOUND ON RATS. — CERATOPHYLLUS FASCIATUS Bosc. — LŒMOPSYLLA CHEOPIS Rothschild. — CTENOPSYLLUS MUSCULI Dugés. — PULEX IRRITANS Linnæus. — CTENOCEPHALUS CANIS Curtis. — REFERENCES.
15. 15.RODENTS IN RELATION TO THE TRANSMISSION OF BUBONIC PLAGUE. — EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN SAN FRANCISCO. — THEORIES AS TO THE CAUSE OF SEASONAL PREVALENCE. — THE OCCURRENCE OF PLAGUE IN THE MARMOT OF ASIA AND THE GROUND SQUIRREL OF CALIFORNIA. — PLAGUE INFECTION IN GROUND SQUIRRELS. [AF] — THE NATURAL HABITAT OF PLAGUE. — REFERENCES.
16. 16.RODENT EXTERMINATION. — TRAPPING. — CAGE TRAPS. — SNAP TRAPS. — BARREL TRAPS. — POISONING. — PLASTER FLOUR. — PHOSPHORUS PASTE. — ARSENIC PASTE. — BARIUM CARBONATE. — STRYCHNINE. — CARBON BISULPHIDE. — NATURAL ENEMIES. — DOGS. — CATS. — CUTTING OFF THE RAT’S FOOD SUPPLY. — BUILDING THE RAT OUT OF EXISTENCE.
17. 17.NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE RAT. — INTRODUCTION. — ANIMALS THAT DESTROY RATS. — HAWKS. — OWLS. — NATIVE WILD MAMMALS. — DOMESTIC ANIMALS. — OTHER ANIMALS. — BOUNTIES ON PREDATORY ANIMALS.
18. 18.RAT PROOFING AS AN ANTIPLAGUE MEASURE. — RAT PROOFING OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE. — RAT PROOFING IS EXPENSIVE. — METHODS OF RAT PROOFING. — RAT-PROOFING ORDINANCES SHOULD BE SPECIFIC. — CHOICE OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING MATERIALS.
19. 19.THE INEFFICIENCY OF BACTERIAL VIRUSES IN THE EXTERMINATION OF RATS. — INTRODUCTION. — DESCRIPTION OF THE ORGANISM. — EXPERIMENTS UPON RAT VIRUS IN THE HYGIENIC LABORATORY. — AZOA. — RATITE. — DANYSZ VIRUS. — TRANSATLANTIC RATIN. — EXPERIMENTS WITH MICRO-ORGANISMS FOR DESTROYING RATS, CONDUCTED BY THE UNITED STATES BIOLOGICAL SURVEY. [AV] — RATIN. — AZOA. — DANYSZ BACILLUS. — EXPERIMENTS DURING THE SAN FRANCISCO PLAGUE OUTBREAK. [AW] — RATIN NO. 1. — DANYSZ VIRUS. — RATITE. — OPINIONS OF OTHERS. — PATHOGENICITY FOR MAN. — REFERENCES TO THE LITERATURE. — RÉSUMÉ.
20. 20.PLAGUE ERADICATION IN CITIES BY SECTIONAL EXTERMINATION OF RATS AND GENERAL RAT PROOFING. — CONCLUSIONS.
21. 21.THE RAT IN RELATION TO SHIPPING. — ADAPTABILITY OF THE RAT TO HIS SURROUNDINGS. — DAMAGE TO CARGO. — FUMIGATION. — SUMMARY.
22. 22.THE RAT AS AN ECONOMIC FACTOR. — INTRODUCTION. — UTILITY OF THE RAT. — DESTRUCTIVENESS OF THE RAT. — DAMAGE TO GRAINS. — MERCHANDISE IN STORES AND WAREHOUSES. — MERCHANDISE IN TRANSIT. — POULTRY AND EGGS. — GAME AND WILD BIRDS. — FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. — FLOWERS AND BULBS. — FIRES. — BUILDINGS AND FURNITURE. — MISCELLANEOUS. — AMOUNT OF LOSSES CAUSED BY RATS. — INDIRECT LOSSES.
23. 23.THE RAT IN RELATION TO INTERNATIONAL SANITATION. — INQUIRY INTO THE CRUSADE AGAINST RATS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. — RAT EXTERMINATION IN UNITED STATES PORTS. — RAT EXTERMINATION IN CHINESE CITIES. — RAT EXTERMINATION IN MADRAS, BOMBAY, AND CALCUTTA, INDIA. — RAT EXTERMINATION IN YOKOHAMA AND NAGASAKI, JAPAN. — RAT EXTERMINATION IN LOURENÇO MARQUEZ, EAST AFRICA, AND MADAGASCAR. — RAT EXTERMINATION IN CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA. — RAT EXTERMINATION IN ALEXANDRIA AND CAIRO, EGYPT. — EXTERMINATION OF RATS IN THE PORT OF CONSTANTINOPLE. — RAT EXTERMINATION IN RUSSIAN PORTS. — DESTRUCTION OF RATS IN TRIESTE, AUSTRIA. — DESTRUCTION OF RATS IN GENOA, ITALY. — RAT DESTRUCTION IN BARCELONA, SPAIN. — RAT DESTRUCTION AT FRENCH PORTS. — DESTRUCTION OF RATS IN GERMAN PORTS. — MEASURES AGAINST RATS AT THE PORT OF ROTTERDAM. — DESTRUCTION OF RATS AT ANTWERP, BELGIUM. — DESTRUCTION OF RATS IN DENMARK. — CIRCULAR TO THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES. — DESTRUCTION OF RATS IN SWEDISH PORTS. — DESTRUCTION OF RATS IN ENGLISH PORTS. — MEASURES AGAINST RATS AT AUSTRALIAN PORTS. — MEASURES AGAINST RATS IN SOUTH AMERICAN PORTS. — MEASURES AGAINST RATS IN WEST INDIAN PORTS. — DESTRUCTION OF RATS IN PANAMA. — MEASURES AGAINST RATS IN VANCOUVER. — NECESSITY OF CONCERTED ACTION OF NATIONS.

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