The Historians’ History of the World, Volume VIII

About this eBook

Editor

Williams, Henry Smith, 1863-1943

Title

The historians' history of the world in twenty-five volumes, volume 08 : Parthians, Sassanids and Arabs; the Crusades and the Papacy

Credits

Produced by David Edwards and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

Language

English

LoC Class

D: History: General and Eastern Hemisphere

Subject

World history

Category

Text

Project Gutenberg

eBook-No. 63489

Release Date

October 17, 2020

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.THE HISTORIANS’ HISTORY OF THE WORLD
2. 2.Contributors, and Editorial Revisers.
3. 3.CONTENTS
4. 4.PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS — THE SCOPE AND INFLUENCE OF ARABIC HISTORY — ARABS PAST AND PRESENT — THE NAME OF ARAB — THE ARABS AND THEIR NEIGHBOURS — ARAB CIVILISATION — THE KOREISH OF MECCA — ARAB POETRY — RELIGION OF THE ANCIENT ARABS — MOHAMMED — SUCCESSORS OF MOHAMMED — MOSLEM CONQUESTS — CIVIL WARS AMONG THE MOSLEMS — INFLUENCE OF PERSIA ON THE MOSLEMS — ARAB RECORDS AND TRADITIONS — ARAB LEARNING — INFLUENCE OF THE ARABS UPON EUROPE — LATER EVENTS OF ARABIC CIVILIZATION — LATER ISLAMITE MOVEMENTS — FOOTNOTES — HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS — THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE (250 B.C. -228 A.D. ) — THE EMPIRE OF THE SASSANIDS (228-651 A.D. ) — THE ARABS — THE KINGDOM OF ARMENIA (189 B.C. -1375 A.D. ) — CHAPTER I. THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE — Justin’s Account of the Parthians — THEIR CUSTOMS — SELEUCUS AND ARSACES — WARS WITH ROME — Modern Accounts of Parthia — THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE — ARSACES AND THE ARSACIDS — PARTHIAN CUSTOMS — BACTRIA AND PARTHIA CONSOLIDATE — CONQUESTS OF MITHRIDATES — MEDIA AND BABYLONIA CONQUERED — PARTHIAN “KINGDOMS” — SCYTHIAN CONQUEST OF BACTRIA — THE SCYTHIANS RAVAGE PARTHIA — FIRST CONFLICT WITH ROME — ORODES DEFEATS THE ROMANS — PLUTARCH’S ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF CARRHÆ — PHRAATES IV REPELS MARK ANTONY — ANARCHY IN PARTHIA — THE ROMANS INTERVENE — THE DECAY OF PARTHIAN GREATNESS — PERSIA CONQUERS PARTHIA — FOOTNOTES — CHAPTER II. THE EMPIRE OF THE SASSANIDS — SASSANIAN POWER — SAPOR FIGHTS ROME — THE WAR WITH PALMYRA — A NEW WAR WITH ROME — ARDASHIR II TO BAHRAM IV — THE RULE OF YEZDEGERD I — THE ARABS AID IN WAR WITH ROME — WAR WITH THE HEPHTHALITES — KAVADH I — NEW CONFLICT WITH ROME — EXPLOITS OF MUNDHIR — CHOSROES “THE JUST” — CHOSROES ATTACKS ROME — HORMUZD IV — CIVIL WAR — VICES OF CHOSROES II — CONFLICT WITH HERACLIUS; FALL OF CHOSROES II — SUCCESSORS OF CHOSROES II — ANARCHY AND CHAOS — ARAB INCURSIONS — ARAB CONQUEST — FOOTNOTES — CHAPTER III. EARLY HISTORY OF THE ARABS — ARAB HISTORY BEFORE MOHAMMED — CHAPTER IV. MOHAMMED — Mohammed ben Abdallah ben Abdul-Muttalib — RELIGIOUS UNREST — Mohammed’s Life — HIS MARRIAGE WITH KHADIJA — MOHAMMED AS A PROPHET (610 OR 612 A.D.) — MOHAMMED AN OUTLAW — THE HEGIRA (622 A.D.) — THE BATTLE OF BEDR (624 A.D.) — BATTLE OF OHOD (MARCH, 625 A.D.) — EXPEDITION AGAINST THE JEWS (626 A.D.) — SIEGE OF MEDINA, EXTERMINATION OF THE JEWS (627-628 A.D.) — MOHAMMED’S PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA (629 A.D.) — SUBJECTION OF MECCA (630 A.D.) — THE VICTORY OF HONAIN AND AUTAS — THE LAST YEARS OF MOHAMMED’S LIFE (630-632 A.D.) — GIBBON’S ESTIMATE OF MOHAMMED AND MOHAMMEDANISM — FOOTNOTES — CHAPTER V. THE SPREAD OF ISLAM — ABU BEKR, FIRST CALIPH AFTER MOHAMMED — THE CALIPH OMAR — THE CONQUEST OF PERSIA — THE SYRIAN CONQUEST COMPLETED — EGYPT CAPTURED (639 A.D.) — THE ALLEGED BURNING OF THE LIBRARY — OTHMAN, THE THIRD CALIPH — ALI (656-661 A.D.) — FOOTNOTES — CHAPTER VI. THE OMAYYADS — FOUNDATION OF THE OMAYYADS — YAZID MADE CALIPH — SIEGE OF MECCA — ABDUL-MALIK, CALIPH (685-705 A.D.) — SIEGE OF MECCA — THE EASTERN CALIPHATE — SULEIMAN’S AMBITIONS — THE LAST OMAYYADS (717-750 A.D.) — CHAPTER VII. THE ARABS IN EUROPE — THE INVASION OF FRANCE — FOOTNOTES — CHAPTER VIII. THE ABBASIDS — FOUNDING OF BAGHDAD (762 A.D.) — HARUN AR-RASHID (786-809 A.D.) — AL-MAMUN AND HIS SUCCESSORS — BAGHDAD UNDER THE CALIPHS — GRADUAL DECLINE OF ARABIAN DOMINION IN THE EAST — THE VARIOUS RELIGIOUS SECTS — THE SELJUK TURKS — ARABS AND TURKS UNITE AGAINST THE CHRISTIANS — SALADIN AND HIS SUCCESSORS AGAINST THE CRUSADERS — THE MONGOLS UNDER JENGHIZ KHAN INVADE WESTERN ASIA — FOOTNOTES — CHAPTER IX. THE DECLINE OF THE MOSLEMS IN SPAIN — ALMANSOR — DECAY OF POWER — END OF THE OMAYYADS — INDEPENDENT KINGDOMS — THE ALMORAVIDS — DYNASTY OF THE ALMOHADS — THE BATTLE OF LAS NAVAS DE TOLOSA (1212 A.D.) — THE DECLINE OF ARAB POWER — CHAPTER X. ARAB CIVILISATION — THE KORAN — DOZY’S ESTIMATE OF THE KORAN — DOCTRINE OF ISLAMISM — THE PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA — THE HOLY WAR — ARAB CULTURE — COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY — PAPER, COMPASS, AND GUNPOWDER — INFLUENCE OF THE ARABS ON EUROPEAN CIVILISATION — SCHOLASTICISM — MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE — MEDICINE — ARCHITECTURE — MUSIC — CHAPTER XI. TRIBAL LIFE OF THE EPIC PERIOD — FOOTNOTES — CHAPTER XII. THE PRINCIPLES OF LAW IN ISLAM — FOOTNOTES — BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS — Chapter I. The Parthian Empire — Chapter II. The Empire of the Sassanids — Chapter III. Early History of the Arabs — Chapter IV. Mohammed — Chapter V. The Spread of Islam — Chapter VI. The Omayyads — Chapter VII. The Arabs in Europe — Chapter VIII. The Abbasids — Chapter IX. The Decline of the Moslems in Spain — Chapter X. Arab Civilisation
5. 5.THE HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES AND THE PAPACY — TABLE OF CONTENTS — BOOK I. THE CRUSADES — PREFATORY ESSAY THE VALUE OF THE CRUSADES IN THE LIGHT OF MODERN HISTORY — HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE CRUSADES — CHAPTER I. ORIGIN OF THE CRUSADES — CHAPTER II. THE FIRST CRUSADE — CHAPTER III. THE SECOND CRUSADE — CHAPTER IV. THE THIRD CRUSADE — CHAPTER V. THE FOURTH TO THE SIXTH CRUSADES — CHAPTER VI. THE LAST CRUSADES — CHAPTER VII. CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES — APPENDIX. FEUDALISM — BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS — BOOK II. THE PAPACY — INTRODUCTION HISTORY IN OUTLINE OF THE PAPACY — CHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND RISE OF THE PAPACY — CHAPTER II. “THE NIGHT OF THE PAPACY”—CHARLEMAGNE TO OTTO THE GREAT — CHAPTER III. THE HIGH NOON OF THE PAPACY — CHAPTER IV. FROM EXILE TO SUPREMACY — BRIEF REFERENCE-LIST OF AUTHORITIES BY CHAPTERS

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