The Circle of Knowledge

About this eBook

Editor

Ruoff, Henry W. (Henry Woldmar), 1865-1935

Title

The Circle of Knowledge: A Classified, Simplified, Visualized Book of Answers

Credits

Produced by Brian Sogard, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net

Language

English

LoC Class

AG: General Works: Dictionaries and other general reference books

Subject

Encyclopedias and dictionaries

Category

Text

eBook-No.

48661

Project Gutenberg

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/48661

Release Date

April 7, 2015

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.THE CIRCLE OF KNOWLEDGE
2. 2.THE PUBLISHER’S PREFATORY
3. 3.EDITOR’S ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
4. 4.GENERAL OUTLINE OF CONTENTS — FIRST DIVISION: THE KINGDOMS OF NATURE — BOOK OF THE HEAVENS — BOOK OF THE EARTH — BOOK OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM — BOOK OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM — SECOND DIVISION: THE KINGDOMS OF MAN — BOOK OF RACES AND PEOPLES — BOOK OF NATIONS: Geographical, Historical, Descriptive — BOOK OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE — BOOK OF THE SCIENCES AND INVENTION — BOOK OF THE HUMAN BODY — BOOK OF BIOGRAPHY — BOOK OF THE CHILD WORLD
5. 5.LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS — Color Plates — Diagrams, Maps and Charts — Other Full Page and Text Illustrations
6. 6.BOOK OF THE HEAVENS Descriptive and Explanatory — THE WORLDS IN THE SKIES — THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND ITS MEMBERS — MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE SOLAR SYSTEM — KEPLER’S CELEBRATED LAWS OF PLANETARY MOVEMENTS — THE GIGANTIC SUN AND HIS FUNCTION IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM — THE MOON—THE EARTH’S ONLY SATELLITE — COMETS, METEORS AND SKY DUST — THE FIXED STARS IN THE HEAVENS — THE MAGNITUDES AND GROUPING OF THE STARS — THE WONDERFUL MILKY WAY — NEBULAE AND THE THEORY OF THE UNIVERSE — THE VARIED COLOR OF THE STARS — WHAT CAUSES THE ECLIPSES — THE MYTHOLOGY OF THE CONSTELLATIONS — SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED IN ASTRONOMY
7. 7.BOOK OF THE EARTH — OUR EARTH: ITS STRUCTURE AND SURFACE — WHAT THE HEAT OF THE EARTH SHOWS — WHAT CAUSES THE INTERNAL HEAT OF THE EARTH — HOW THE EARTH’S CRUST WAS FORMED — SHAPE OF THE EARTH A SPHEROID — SIZE AND DENSITY OF THE EARTH — HOW WE KNOW THE EARTH IS A SPHERE — THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH — THE EARTH A SERIES OF SHELLS OF MATTER — HOW THE EARTH’S CRUST IS CONSTRUCTED — MATERIALS OF WHICH ROCKS ARE COMPOSED — WHAT A MINERAL IS — CHIEF ROCK-FORMING MINERALS — CHIEF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS WHICH FORM MINERALS — HOW ROCKS ARE CLASSIFIED — SEDIMENTARY OR STRATIFIED ROCKS — HOW THE METALS ARE FOUND — A GEOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE GROWTH OF THE EARTH — THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH — LAND FORMS OF THE WORLD — MOUNTAINS AND THEIR STRUCTURES — ISLANDS OF THE WORLD — VOLCANOES, GEYSERS AND EARTHQUAKES — THE WATERS OF THE EARTH — ATMOSPHERE, CLIMATE AND WEATHER — THE ATMOSPHERE: ITS EXTENT, CHARACTER, USE AND EFFECT — CLIMATE AND WEATHER — NATURE WONDERS OF ELECTRICITY AND LIGHT — USEFUL MINERALS OF THE EARTH — SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED IN THE EARTH SCIENCES
8. 8.BOOK OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM — RELATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE — TROPICAL LIFE — LIFE IN THE TEMPERATE ZONES — LIFE IN THE COLD ZONES — CHIEF DIVISIONS OF THE PLANT KINGDOM — I. CEREALS, GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS — II. KITCHEN VEGETABLES — III. THE FRUIT TREES — IV. FRUIT-BEARING SHRUBS AND PLANTS — V. FLOWERS AND OTHER ORNAMENTAL PLANTS — VI. WILD FLOWERS AND FLOWERLESS PLANTS — VII. TREES OF THE FOREST — VIII. FIBER AND COMMERCIAL PLANTS — IX. POISONOUS PLANTS — X. SOME WONDERS OF PLANT LIFE — SCIENTIFIC TERMS USED IN BOTANY Completely Classified, Illustrated and Exemplified — ROOTS. — STEM. — LEAVES. — INFLORESCENCE. — FLOWER. — CALYX. — COROLLA. — STAMENS ( Andrœcium ). — FILAMENT. — ANTHER. — PISTILS ( Gynœcium ). — STIGMA. — STYLE. — OVARY. — OVULE. — FRUIT. — SEED. — BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS — ANGIOSPERMS (LEAVES PARALLEL-VEINED)
9. 9.BOOK OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM — WHY AND HOW ANIMALS ARE CLASSIFIED — SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE DOG — TABULAR VIEW OF REPRESENTATIVE ANIMAL TYPES — ANIMALS IN CLASSIFIED GROUPS — THE MAMMALS ( Mammalia ) — THE BIRDS — THE REPTILES ( Reptilia ) LIZARDS, CHAMELEONS, SNAKES, CROCODILES, TORTOISES AND TURTLES — AMPHIBIANS ( Amphibia ) FROGS, NEWTS, SALAMANDERS AND TOADS — THE FISHES ( Pisces ) — THE MOLLUSCS ( Molluska ) SNAILS, CUTTLEFISHES, SQUIDS, OCTOPUS, TUSK SHELLS, BIVALVE MOLLUSCS, OYSTERS — JOINTED-LIMBED ANIMALS ( Arthropoda ) CRABS AND LOBSTERS, SCORPIONS AND SPIDERS, INSECTS AND GRASSHOPPERS — STARFISHES AND SEA-URCHINS ( Echinoderms ) HEDGEHOG SKINNED ANIMALS OF THE SEA. SEA-LILIES, STAR FISHES, BRITTLE STARS, SEA URCHINS, AND SEA CUCUMBERS — ANIMALS THAT APPROACH THE SIMPLEST FORMS OF LIFE WORMS, LEECHES, SEA-ANEMONES, CORAL-POLYPS, JELLY-FISHES, SPONGES — PROTOZOA OR SIMPLEST FORMS OF ANIMAL LIFE ANIMALCULES, AMOEBA, RADIOLARIA, FLAGELLATES, CILIATES — DOMESTICATED ANIMALS — SCIENTIFIC TERMS CONCERNING ANIMALS
10. 10.BOOK OF RACES AND PEOPLES — MAN AND THE HUMAN FAMILY — HOW MAN DIFFERS FROM OTHER ANIMALS — BRAIN-POWER THE SUPREME DIFFERENCE — MAN AND HIS DEAD — THE GREAT QUESTION OF MAN’S ORIGIN — MAN’S PRIMEVAL HOME AND HIS EARLIEST KNOWN REMAINS — PROBABLY THE FIRST MIGRATIONS OF MAN — WHEN THE WORLD WAS FIRST PEOPLED — EVIDENCES OF MAN’S ADVANCEMENT IN PREHISTORIC AGES — MAN IN THE OLD STONE AGE — MAN IN THE NEW STONE AGE — THE AGE OF LETTERS OR PICTOGRAPHS — HOW THE RACES ARE CLASSIFIED — GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES OF MANKIND — DISTRIBUTION OF THE CAUCASIAN OR WHITE DIVISION OF MANKIND — DISTRIBUTION OF THE MONGOLIC OR YELLOW DIVISION — DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEGRO, OR BLACK RACE — DISTRIBUTION OF THE AMERICAN, OR RED DIVISION — THE CAUCASIAN THE REAL HISTORIC RACE — THREE DIVISIONS OF THE CAUCASIAN RACE — THE SUPREMACY OF THE ARYANS IN HISTORY — ARYAN CIVILIZATION BEFORE THE MIGRATION — DICTIONARY OF THE HISTORICAL RACE GROUPS
11. 11.THE BOOK OF NATIONS Geographical, Historical, Descriptive — THE ANCIENT EXTINCT NATIONS — HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AND DISCOVERY — WHERE THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS BEGAN — THE REGION WEST OF THE EUPHRATES — THE HISTORIC PLATEAU OF IRAN — THE FAR DISTANT ORIENT — EGYPT WAS A GIFT TO MANKIND FROM THE NILE — THE DIVISIONS OF UPPER AND LOWER EGYPT — THE MOST HISTORIC SEA IN THE WORLD — THE WORLD’S GREATEST EXPLORERS — COMPARATIVE HISTORY OF NATIONS Showing their Origin, Chief Events, Changes or Extinction, from the Earliest Period to the Present — I. [1] FROM EARLIEST HISTORIC RECORDS TO THE TIME OF ABRAHAM, X-2250 B. C. — II. FROM THE AGE OF ABRAHAM TO THE RISE OF ASSYRIA, 2250-1100, B.C. — III. FROM THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE TO THE TIME OF XERXES THE GREAT, 1100-485 B. C. — IV. FROM THE ACCESSION OF XERXES THE GREAT TO THE PERIOD OF THE PUNIC WARS, 485-264, B. C. — V. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE PUNIC OR CARTHAGINIAN WARS TO THE FOUNDING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 264-30, B. C. — VI. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER AUGUSTUS TO ITS PERMANENT DIVISION, B. C. 30-395, A. D. — VII. FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE FORMATION OF THE MOHAMMEDAN EMPIRE, 395-622 A. D. — VIII. FROM THE BEGINNING OF MOHAMMEDAN POWER TO THE TREATY OF VERDUN, 622-843 A. D. — EXTINCT NATIONS OF THE PAST — THE SPELL OF EGYPT: ANCIENT AND MODERN — THE HISTORY OF EGYPT — EGYPTIAN GOVERNMENT AND CIVILIZATION — RELIGION OF THE EGYPTIANS — EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE — SCULPTURE AND PAINTING — CITIES AND HISTORIC MONUMENTS — BABYLONIA—ASSYRIA — THE HEBREWS AND THE HOLY LAND—PALESTINE — THE PHŒNICIANS — THE MEDO-PERSIAN EMPIRE — THE GREEKS: GLORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD — ROME: MISTRESS OF THE WORLD — THE DARK AND MIDDLE AGES — THE ROMAN WORLD SUCCEEDED BY THE GERMANIC — THE HISTORIC DARK AGES — REAL NATURE OF THIS PERIOD — THE EASTERN OR BYZANTINE EMPIRE — NOTABLE REIGN AND SERVICE OF JUSTINIAN — CONQUESTS OF THE FAMOUS GENERAL BELISARIUS — LOMBARDS CONQUER AND CONTROL ITALY UNTIL TIME OF CHARLEMAGNE — THE EMPIRE OVERRUN BY PERSIANS AND GREEKS — DECLINE OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE AND CONQUEST BY THE TURKS — THE SARACEN EMPIRE: ITS FANATICISM, ART AND LEARNING — THE “KORAN” BECAME THE BASIS OF BOTH RELIGION AND EMPIRE — THE HEGIRA OR FLIGHT OF MOHAMMED — HIS RELIGION SPREAD BY THE SWORD — EMPIRE EXTENDED BY CONQUESTS OF THE CALIPHS — SARACEN CONQUESTS IN THE EAST — THE FURY OF CONQUEST IN THE WEST — SUBJUGATION OF SPAIN AND SOUTHERN GAUL — THEIR DEFEAT BY CHARLES MARTEL — DIVISION OF SARACENIC EMPIRE — SARACENS SUCCEEDED BY THE MOORS IN SPAIN — SARACEN CONTRIBUTIONS TO LEARNING AND ART — GERMANIC EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE — WHAT THE DOMINIONS OF CHARLEMAGNE COMPRISED — THE CENTRAL PLAN OF CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE — OBJECT OF HIS WARS AND HIS CHIEF FOES — HE SUBDUES THE SAXONS AND BAVARIANS — THE FIRST UNION OF THE GERMANS UNDER ONE HEAD — NORTHERN ITALY UNITED TO HIS EMPIRE — CROWNED BY THE POPE AS EMPEROR OF THE WEST — CHARLEMAGNE’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CIVILIZATION OF HIS TIME — HIS EFFORTS FOR EDUCATION OF HIS PEOPLE — CAPITAL AND FAVORITE RESIDENCE OF CHARLEMAGNE — THE END OF CHARLEMAGNE’S GREAT EMPIRE — COMPARATIVE HISTORY OF NATIONS--Continued — IX. FROM THE TREATY OF VERDUN TO THE SIGNING OF MAGNA CHARTA BY KING JOHN, 843-1215 A. D. — X. FROM THE SIGNING OF MAGNA CHARTA TO THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS, 1215-1492 A. D. — XI. FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA BY COLUMBUS TO THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA, 1492-1648 A. D. — XII. FROM THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA TO THE CLOSE OF AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE, 1648-1783 A. D. — XIII. FROM THE RECOGNITION OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SECOND FRENCH REPUBLIC, 1783-1848 A. D. — XIV. FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SECOND FRENCH REPUBLIC TO THE FOUNDING OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE, 1848-1871 A. D. — XV. FROM THE FOUNDING OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE TO THE CLOSE OF THE EUROPEAN WAR AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPE, 1871- —— — LIVING NATIONS OF THE WORLD TO-DAY — INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD TODAY — WEALTH OF NATIONS — THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE — THE NATIONS OF EUROPE—THE GREAT POWERS — SECONDARY POWERS OF EUROPE — THE CONTINENT OF NORTH AMERICA — LEADING COUNTRIES OF SOUTH AMERICA — LEADING COUNTRIES OF ASIA — THE COLONIAL DIVISIONS OF THE WORLD — THE GREAT FOREIGN WARS OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY — GREAT AMERICAN AND FOREIGN BATTLES.
12. 12.BOOK OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE — HOW TO SPEAK CORRECT ENGLISH — ACCENT OF WORDS — RULES OF PRONUNCIATION — COMMON ERRORS IN PRONUNCIATION — EXPRESSION — INFLECTION OF THE VOICE — WRITTEN ENGLISH. — RULES RELATING TO STYLE — RIGHT AND WRONG USE OF WORDS IN SPEAKING AND WRITING — USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS — ABBREVIATIONS, CONTRACTIONS AND DEGREES — PUNCTUATION — RHETORICAL FIGURES OF SPEECH — FORMS OF WRITTEN ENGLISH — WORDS AND PHRASES FROM THE MODERN FOREIGN LANGUAGES. — PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF CLASSIC WORDS AND PHRASES — LITERATURE — GODS, HEROES AND MYTHICAL WONDER TALES — THE IMPORTANCE OF MYTHOLOGY IN EDUCATION — HOW THE MYTHS ORIGINATED — HOW THE GODS RESEMBLE MORTALS — HOW AND WHERE THE GODS LIVED — RELATIONSHIP AND DOMINION OF THE GODS — A PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF MYTHOLOGY — EXPLANATORY CHART OF GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY: SHOWING THE ORIGIN, RELATIONSHIP AND DESCENT OF CHIEF MYTHS
13. 13.BOOK OF THE SCIENCES AND INVENTION — APPLIED ARITHMETIC, WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS — COMMON FRACTIONS — SIMPLE FRACTIONS — DECIMAL FRACTIONS — DENOMINATE NUMBERS — THE MEASURE OF SOLIDS, OR CUBIC MEASURE — MEASURES OF CAPACITY — MEASURES OF WEIGHT — CIRCULAR MEASURES — LONGITUDE AND TIME — STANDARD TIME — THE CALENDAR — WHERE THE DAY BEGINS — HOW THE MONTHS GOT THEIR NAMES — HOW THE DAYS GOT THEIR NAMES — MEASURES OF VALUE — PERCENTAGE AND ITS BUSINESS APPLICATIONS — PROFIT AND LOSS — COMMISSION — TRADE DISCOUNT — PROMISSORY NOTES — BANK DISCOUNT — INTEREST — EXCHANGE — STOCKS AND BONDS — TAXES AND TAXATION — SQUARE ROOT AND CUBE ROOT — CHEMISTRY — Importance of Chemistry — THEORETICAL CHEMISTRY — TABLE OF ALL THE KNOWN CHEMICAL ELEMENTS — CHEMISTRY OF THINGS FAMILIAR — HOW TO READ A GAS METER — OUTLINE COURSE OF ELEMENTARY SCIENCE FOR THE GRADES — SOME GREAT MECHANICAL INVENTIONS — STEAM ENGINES — LOCOMOTIVES — AËROPLANES — THE MODERN AIRSHIP — THE SUBMARINE — ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM — Electricity — Magnetism — Galvanism — Electro-Magnetism — THE MARVEL OF X-RAYS
14. 14.BOOK OF THE HUMAN BODY — SYSTEMS AND ORGANS OF THE BODY — THE FIVE GATEWAYS OF KNOWLEDGE — THE EAR: THE MARVELOUS ORGAN OF HEARING — THE EYE AND ITS WONDERFUL STRUCTURE — THE NOSE: ORGAN OF SMELL — THE TONGUE: THE ORGAN OF TASTE — THE HAND: CHIEF ORGAN OF TOUCH
15. 15.BOOK OF BIOGRAPHY
16. 16.BOOK OF THE CHILD WORLD — THE HEALTH OF CHILDREN DURING SCHOOL LIFE — WHEN THE CHILD FIRST GOES TO SCHOOL — IMPORTANT CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE CHILD’S LESSONS — THE PROPER TIME FOR WORK — NECESSITY OF ABUNDANT FOOD — EFFECT OF THE SEASONS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM — THE PERIOD OF PUBERTY AND ITS SPECIAL PROBLEMS — CONDITIONS OF BONES AND MUSCLES AT THE PERIOD OF PUBERTY — GENEROUS HOURS OF SLEEP SHOULD BE ALLOWED — PRECAUTIONS TO PREVENT SLEEPLESSNESS — MENTAL QUIETUDE AND GOOD VENTILATION — BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF THE BATH — HOW TO TEACH A CHILD TO READ AT HOME — THE STORY OF THE SPIDER AND THE BUTTERFLY — LADY GRAY AND THE NUTS — CUNNING NANCY AND HER KITTENS — THE GOOD LITTLE STARS — THE PANIC IN THE FOREST — THE JOURNEY FROM THE CLOUDS TO THE SEA — THE SPIDER AND THE FLY — THE STORY OF PETER PAN — COUNTING AND NUMBERS — Counting — Money Taught as Numbers — COMBINATIONS OF NUMBERS — PRIMARY IDEAS OF DIVISION — Division by Measurement — Division by Partition — NUMBERS IN MULTIPLICATION — PRIMARY MEASURES FOR CHILDREN — Measures of Length — TELLING THE TIME — The Day — THE CALENDAR — FORM AND COLOR — FORM — COLOR — STORIES
17. 17.INDEX
18. 18.SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX
19. 19.Transcriber’s Notes — General Notes — Specific Notes — Changes and corrections made

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