Seasoning of Wood

About this eBook

Author

Wagner, J. B. (Joseph Bernard), 1870-

Credits

Produced by Jason Isbell, Irma Spehar and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net

Language

English

LoC Class

TS: Technology: Manufactures

Subject

Lumber -- Drying

Category

Text

eBook-No.

26598

Project Gutenberg

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/26598

Release Date

September 12, 2008

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.SEASONING OF WOOD — PREFACE — CONTENTS — LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
2. 2.TIMBER — Characteristics and Properties — Structure of Wood — Properties of Wood — Classes of Trees — SECTION II
3. 3.CONIFEROUS TREES — WOOD OF THE CONIFEROUS TREES — Bark and Pith — Sap and Heartwood — The Annual or Yearly Rings — Spring- and Summer-Wood — Anatomical Structure — LIST OF IMPORTANT CONIFEROUS WOODS — CEDAR — ( a ) White Cedars — ( b ) Red Cedars — CYPRESS — FIR — HEMLOCK — LARCH or TAMARACK — PINE — ( a ) Soft Pines — ( b ) Hard Pines — REDWOOD (See Cedar) — SPRUCE — BASTARD SPRUCE — TAMARACK (See Larch) — YEW — SECTION III
4. 4.BROAD-LEAVED TREES — WOOD OF BROAD-LEAVED TREES — Minute Structure — LIST OF MOST IMPORTANT BROAD-LEAVED TREES (HARDWOODS) — AILANTHUS — ASH — ASPEN (See Poplar) — BASSWOOD — BEECH — BIRCH — BLACK WALNUT (See Walnut) — BLUE BEECH — BOIS D'ARC (See Osage Orange) — BUCKEYE — BUCKTHORNE — BUTTERNUT — CATALPA — CHERRY — CHESTNUT — COFFEE TREE — COTTONWOOD (See Poplar) — CRAB APPLE — CUCUMBER TREE (See Magnolia) — DOGWOOD — ELM — GUM — Range of Red Gum — Form of the Red Gum — Tolerance of Red Gum — Demands upon Soil and Moisture — Reproduction of Red Gum — Second-Growth Red Gum — Uses of Tupelo Gum — Range of Tupelo Gum — HACKBERRY — HICKORY — HOLLY — HORSE CHESTNUT (See Buckeye) — IRONWOOD — LAUREL — LOCUST — MAGNOLIA — MAPLE — MULBERRY — MYRTLE (See Laurel) — OAK — OSAGE ORANGE — PAPAW — PERSIMMON — POPLAR (See also Tulip Wood) — RED GUM (See Gum) — SASSAFRAS — SOUR GUM (See Gum) — SOURWOOD — SWEET GUM (See Gum) — SYCAMORE — TULIP TREE — TUPELO (See Gum) — WAAHOO — WALNUT — WHITE WALNUT (See Butternut) — WHITE WOOD (See Tulip and also Basswood) — WHITE WILLOW — YELLOW WOOD — SECTION IV
5. 5.GRAIN, COLOR, ODOR, WEIGHT, AND FIGURE IN WOOD — DIFFERENT GRAINS OF WOOD — COLOR AND ODOR OF WOOD — WEIGHT OF WOOD — "FIGURE" IN WOOD — SECTION V
6. 6.ENEMIES OF WOOD — Ambrosia or Timber Beetles — Round-headed Borers — Flat-headed Borers — Timber Worms — Powder Post Borers — Conditions Favorable for Insect Injury—Crude Products—Round Timber with Bark on — How to Prevent Injury — Saplings — Stave, Heading and Shingle Bolts — Unseasoned Products in the Rough — Seasoned Products in the Rough — Dry Cooperage Stock and Wooden Truss Hoops — Staves and Heads of Barrels containing Alcoholic Liquids — SECTION VI
7. 7.WATER IN WOOD — DISTRIBUTION OF WATER IN WOOD — Local Distribution of Water in Wood — Seasonal Distribution of Water in Wood — Composition of Sap — Effects of Moisture on Wood — The Fibre Saturation Point in Wood — SECTION VII
8. 8.WHAT SEASONING IS — Difference between Seasoned and Unseasoned Wood — Manner of Evaporation of Water — Rapidity of Evaporation — Physical Properties that influence Drying — SECTION VIII
9. 9.ADVANTAGES IN SEASONING — Prevention of Checking and Splitting — Shrinkage of Wood — Expansion of Wood — Elimination of Stain and Mildew — SECTION IX
10. 10.DIFFICULTIES OF DRYING WOOD — Changes rendering Drying difficult — Losses Due to Improper Kiln-drying — Properties of Wood that affect Drying — Unsolved Problems in Kiln-drying — SECTION X
11. 11.HOW WOOD IS SEASONED — Methods of Drying — Drying at Atmospheric Pressure — Drying under Pressure and Vacuum — Drying by Superheated Steam — Impregnation Methods — Preliminary Treatments — Out-of-door Seasoning — SECTION XI
12. 12.KILN-DRYING OF WOOD — Advantages of Kiln-drying over Air-drying — Physical Conditions governing the Drying of Wood — Theory of Kiln-drying — Requirements in a Satisfactory Dry Kiln — Theory and Description of the Forestry Service Kiln — KILN-DRYING — Remarks — Underlying Principles — Objects of Kiln-drying — Conditions of Success — Different Treatment according to Kind — Temperature depends — Air Circulation — Humidity — Kiln-drying — Kiln-drying Gum — Kiln-drying of Green Red Gum — SECTION XII
13. 13.TYPES OF DRY KILNS — DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRY KILNS — The "Blower" or "Hot Blast" Kiln — Operation of the "Blower" Dry Kiln — The "Pipe" or "Moist-air" Dry Kiln — Operation of the "Moist-air" Dry Kiln — Choice of Drying Method — Kilns of Different Types — The "Progressive" Dry Kiln — The "Apartment" Dry Kiln — The "Pocket" Dry Kiln — The "Tower" Dry Kiln — The "Box" Dry Kiln — SECTION XIII
14. 14.DRY KILN SPECIALTIES — KILN CARS AND METHOD OF LOADING — Different Types of Kiln Doors — SECTION XIV
15. 15.HELPFUL APPLIANCES IN KILN-DRYING — The Humidity Diagram — Examples of Use — The Hygrodeik — The Recording Hygrometer — The Registering Hygrometer — The Recording Thermometer — The Registering Thermometer — The Recording Steam Gauge — The Troemroid Scalometer — Keep Records of the Moisture Content — The Electric Heater — BIBLIOGRAPHY — GLOSSARY — INDEX OF LATIN NAMES — INDEX — Transcriber's Note

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