Cave Hunting

About this eBook

Author

Dawkins, William Boyd, 1838-1929

Title

Cave Hunting Researches on the evidence of caves respecting the early inhabitants of Europe

Credits

Produced by Chris Curnow, Sharon Joiner, Charlie Howard, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)

Language

English

LoC Class

GN: Geography, Anthropology, Recreation: Anthropology

Subject

Europe -- Antiquities

Category

Text

Project Gutenberg

eBook-No. 52424

Release Date

June 28, 2016

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.CAVE HUNTING.
2. 2.PREFACE.
3. 3.CONTENTS.
4. 4.LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
5. 5.LISTS OF SPECIES AND TABLES OF MEASUREMENTS.
6. 6.ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
7. 7.CAVE-HUNTING.
8. 8.CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. — The Physical Division of the Subject. — The Biological Division. — The three Classes of Bone-caves. — History of Cave-Exploration in Europe.
9. 9.CHAPTER II. PHYSICAL HISTORY OF CAVES. — Caves formed by the Sea and by Volcanic Action. — Caves in Arenaceous Rocks. — Caves in Calcareous Rocks of various ages. — The Relation of Caves to Pot-holes, “Cirques,” and Ravines. — The Water-Cave of Wookey Hole, near Wells, Somerset. — The Goatchurch Cave. — The Water-caves of Derbyshire. — The Water-caves of Yorkshire. — Rate of the Accumulation of Stalagmite. — The Descent into Helln Pot. — Caves and Pots at Weathercote. — The Formation of Caves and their Relation to Pot-holes and Ravines. — Caves not generally found in Line of Faults. — The various Ages of Caves. — The Filling up of Caves. — The Cave of Caldy. — The Black-rock Cave, near Tenby. — Great Quantity of Carbonate of Lime dissolved by Atmospheric Water. — The Circulation of Carbonate of Lime. — The Temperature of Caves. — Conclusion.
10. 10.CHAPTER III. HISTORIC CAVES IN BRITAIN. — Definition of Historic Period. — Wild Animals in Britain during the Historic Period. — Animals living under the care of Man. — Classificatory value of Historic Animals. — The Victoria Cave, Settle, Yorkshire. — The Romano-Celtic or Brit-Welsh Stratum. — The Bones of the Animals. — Miscellaneous Articles. — The Coins. — The Jewellery, and its Relation to Irish Art. — Similar remains in other Caves in Yorkshire. — These Caves used as Places of Refuge. — The evidence of History as to the Date. — The Neolithic Stratum. — The Approximate Date of the Neolithic Occupation. — The Grey Clays. — The Pleistocene Occupation by Hyænas. — The probable Pre-glacial Age of the Pleistocene Stratum. — The Kirkhead Cave. — Poole’s Cave, near Buxton. — Thor’s Cave, near Ashbourne. — Historic Value of Brit-Welsh Group of Caves. — Principal Animals and Articles in Brit-Welsh Caves. — List of Principal Animals and Objects found in Brit-Welsh Strata in Caves. — The Use of Horseflesh. — The Cave of Longberry Bank.
11. 11.CHAPTER IV. CAVES USED IN THE AGES OF IRON AND OF BRONZE. — The Difference between Historic and Prehistoric Time. — The Prehistoric Fauna. — The Archæological Classification. — Cave of the Iron Age. — Caves of the Bronze Age in Britain. — The Caves of Césareda probably occupied by Cannibals. — The Cave of Reggio, in Modena.
12. 12.CHAPTER V. CAVES OF THE NEOLITHIC AGE. — Neolithic Caves in Great Britain.—Perthi-Chwareu. — The Refuse-heap. — The Sepulchral Caves. — The Neolithic Caves in the neighbourhood of Cefn, near St. Asaph. — The Chambered Tomb near Cefn, St. Asaph. — Correlation of Chambered Tomb with Interments in the Caves of Perthi-Chwareu and Cefn. — Table of Contents of Caves and Chambered Tomb. — List of Objects in Neolithic Caves and Cairn in North Wales. — Description of the Human Remains by Professor Busk. — Notes on the Human Remains. By Professor Busk , F.R.S. — General Conclusions as to Human Remains.
13. 13.CHAPTER VI. THE RANGE OF NEOLITHIC DOLICHO-CEPHALI AND BRACHY-CEPHALI. — The Relation of the Human Remains to those found in British Tumuli. — The British Dolicho-cephali and Brachy-cephali. — The Range of the Dolicho-cephali in Britain and Ireland. — The Range of the Brachy-cephali. — Measurements of British Brachy-cephali, and Gaulish and Belgic Brachy-cephali and Dolicho-cephali. — The Range of the Dolicho-cephali and Brachy-cephali in France in the Neolithic Age.—The Caverne de l’Homme Mort. — The Sepulchral Cave of Orrouy. — Skulls from French Tumuli. — The Dolicho-cephali of the Iberian Peninsula, Gibraltar. — Spain.—Cueva de los Murcièlagos. — The Woman’s Cave, near Alhama. — The Guanches of the Canary Isles. — Iberic Dolicho-cephali of the same Race as those of Britain. — The Dolicho-cephali cognate with the Basque. — Dolicho-cephali and Brachy-cephali in Neolithic Caves of Belgium.—Chauvaux. — The Cave of Sclaigneaux. — The Evidence of History as to the Peoples of Gaul and Spain. — The Basque Population the Oldest. — The Population of Britain. — Basque Element in present British and French Populations. — Whence came the Basques? — The Celtic and Belgic Brachy-cephali. — The Ancient German Race. — General Conclusions.
14. 14.CHAPTER VII. CAVES CONTAINING HUMAN REMAINS OF DOUBTFUL AGE. — The Paviland Cave. — The Cave of Engis. — Measurements of Skulls of doubtful antiquity. — Trou du Frontal. — The Cave of Gendron. — Cave of Gailenreuth. — Cave of Neanderthal. — The Caves of France.—Aurignac. — Cavern of Bruniquel. — The Cave of Cro-Magnon. — The Cave of Lombrive. — The Cave of Cavillon, near Mentone. — Grotta dei Colombi in Island of Palmaria, inhabited by Cannibals. — General Conclusions as to Prehistoric Caves.
15. 15.CHAPTER VIII. THE PLEISTOCENE CAVES OF GERMANY AND GREAT BRITAIN. — Relation of Pleistocene to Prehistoric Period. — The Animals—Magnitude of Interval. — Physical changes—The excavation and filling up of Valleys. — Comparison of Deposits in Valleys with those in Caves. — Difference in Mineral Condition of Deposits in Caves. — The Caves of Germany: Gailenreuth. — The Cave of Kühloch. — The Caves of Great Britain. — The Hyæna-den at Kirkdale. — Caves of Derbyshire: the Dream-cave near Wirksworth. — The Caves of North Wales, near St. Asaph. — Caves of South Wales in the counties of Glamorgan and Caermarthen. — Caves in Pembrokeshire. — Cave in Monmouthshire. — Caves of Gloucestershire and Somersetshire. — Caves of the Mendip Hills. — The Uphill Cave. — The Hyæna-den of Wookey Hole. — The district of the Mendip Hills at a higher level than now. — The characters of a Hyæna-den. — The Caves of Devonshire. — The Oreston Caves. — The Caves at Brixham. — Kent’s Hole. — The probable Age of the Machairodus of Kent’s Hole. — The Caves of Ireland.
16. 16.CHAPTER IX. THE INHABITANTS OF THE CAVES OF NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE, AND THE EVIDENCE OF THE FAUNA AS TO THE ATLANTIC COASTLINE. — The Caves of France. — The Cave of Baume. — The Caves of Périgord. — Caves of Belgium. — Trou de Naulette. — The Caves of Switzerland. — Cave-dwellers and Palæolithic Men of the River-gravels. — Classification of Palæolithic Caves. — Relation of Cave-dwellers to Eskimos. — Pleistocene Animals living to the North of the Alps and Pyrenees. — Cave Fauna the same as River-bed Fauna. — The Pleistocene Coast-line of North-Western Europe. — Distribution of Palæolithic Implements in this Area.
17. 17.CHAPTER X. THE FAUNA OF THE CAVES OF SOUTHERN EUROPE AND THE EVIDENCE AS TO THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST-LINE IN THE PLEISTOCENE AGE. — Changes of Level in Mediterranean area in Meiocene and Pleiocene Ages. — Bone-caves of Southern Europe. — Caves of Gibraltar. — Bone-caves of Provence and Mentone. — Bone-caves of Sicily. — Bone-caves of Malta. — Range of Pigmy Hippopotamus. — Fossil Mammalia in Algeria. — Living Species common to Europe and Africa. — Evidence of Soundings. — The Glaciers of Lebanon. — The Glaciers of Anatolia. — The Glaciers of the Atlas Mountains. — Glaciers probably the result of elevation above the Sea. — Mediterranean Coast-line comparatively modern. — Changes of Level in the Sahara coincident with those in the Mediterranean.
18. 18.CHAPTER XI. THE EUROPEAN CLIMATE IN THE PLEISTOCENE AGE. — The Evidence of the Mammalia as to Climate. — The Southern Group of Animals. — The Northern Group. — Probable Cause of Association of Northern and Southern Groups. — The Temperate Group. — Species common to Cold and Tropical Climates. — Extinct Species. — Two Periods of Glaciation in Britain. — Three Climatal Changes represented on the Continent. — Europe invaded by Pleistocene Mammals before the Glacial Period. — Mammalia lived in Britain during the Second Ice or Glacial Period. — The Glacial Period does not separate one Life-era from another. — Bone-caves inhabited before and after Ice Period. — Relation of Palæolithic Man to Glacial Period. — Test of age of contents of caves in Glaciated Districts.
19. 19.CHAPTER XII. CONCLUSION. — Classification of Pleistocene Strata by means of the Mammalia. — The Late Pleistocene Division. — The Middle Pleistocene Division. — The Early Pleistocene Mammalia. — The Pleiocene Mammalia. — Pseudo-pleiocene of Issoire. — Summary of Characteristic Pleistocene and Pleiocene Species. — The Pleistocene Period. — The Pleiocene. — Antiquity of Man in Europe. — Man lived in India in Pleistocene Age. — Are the Palæolithic Aborigines of India related to those of Europe? — Palæolithic Man lived in Palestine. — Conclusion.
20. 20.APPENDICES. — APPENDIX I.—P. 30. ON THE INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS OF CAVE-HUNTING. — Instruments used in Cave-hunting. — The Search after Ossiferous Caves. — The Scientific Methods of Cave-digging. — The Stalagmitic Floor to be broken up. — The Preservation of Fossil Remains.
21. 21.APPENDIX II.—P. 40. — TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS.
22. 22.INDEX.
23. 23.FOOTNOTES
24. 24.Transcriber’s Notes

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