The Summers Readers

THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES IN LEARNING TO READ.

Language Defined. Language is the conventional means by which man communicates his thoughts. It is a complex unity composed of thought and symbol, spoken or written. Because it is the means by which different minds are identified in thought, it becomes an essential factor in social organization.

Symbolism. In a wider sense all means of social communication, material and pictorial expressions, as well as spoken and written words, may be called language. Thought, through symbol, to thought, is the whole social process of language, spoken and written, for every meaning has a symbol and every symbol has a meaning.

The Problem in Learning to Read. The problem in teaching reading is to bring the symbol and its meaning into vital unity in the mind of the learner. Hence it is necessary that the teacher distinguish clearly between these elements. When the thought and the symbol have become so united that each is essential to the other, the problem of learning to read has been solved.

Fundamental Principles. There are three chief fundamental principles involved in the process of learning to read, namely:

These three fundamental principles, namely, clear and vivid images, whole situations, and self-activity in the form of response and interest on the part of the child, should be kept in the foreground in teaching reading.

ELEMENTS IN LEARNING TO READ.

Since language is composed of thought, symbol, and sound, the main elements to be considered in learning to read are the thought, the symbol, and the phonic elements.

THE THOUGHT ELEMENT.

The Purpose of the Thought Element. The problem of elementary reading is to establish a permanent association between the written or the printed symbols and the thoughts which they represent. The thought is all-important; it is the vitalizing element in learning to read. In learning to talk the child associates the meaning with the spoken symbol; in learning to read he associates a thought content with a sight symbol. The strength of the association depends in each case upon the worth the thought has for the child; hence the great necessity of giving especial attention to the thought element in learning to read.

Action Sentences. A sentence is the unit of language and the life-giving factor in the process of learning to read. It is important, therefore, that in the beginning the child should form the habit of grasping sentences. In the first reading lessons it is necessary to find subjects which interest the child and furnish clear mental pictures. Children are interested in actions. They like to move and will read for the purpose of performing an action. Action sentences appeal to all children, because that which a child does makes a deep impression and involves large self-activity.

Nursery Rhymes. Children are so influenced by rhythm that it is impossible to train them aright without giving due consideration to this form of expression. There are many interesting complete rhymes and poems that are valuable for reading lessons. In content the poetry of childhood should contain familiar images, tinged with enough of mystery to give that subtle mingling of sense and nonsense which stirs the imagination of the child and also relates him to the actual world in which he lives. The Mother Goose melodies fulfil these conditions, but it is the rhythm far more than the thought that attracts the child. Have the children learn the rhymes by ear and recite them with no thought other than that they are to be enjoyed. Incidentally, they will afford valuable exercise in pronunciation, articulation, and tone modulation, if the teacher is careful about these matters, for children are great imitators. Later the children will read these rhymes and poems with great pleasure, thus associating a valuable thought content with its printed symbol in a way that will make the association abiding.

Stories. Children express in action, and ultimately in character, the influences which they receive from stories. Therefore, stories containing true and good ideals should be selected. Children appreciate and love what appeals to the best and the highest in them. Nursery rhymes, fables, fairy lore, and classic myth should be used. They have nourished the race, and will also feed the soul life of the individual child. The outer form varies with the age and the country, but the inner meaning is of the spirit and will outlast the centuries. Every teacher should, therefore, carefully cultivate the art of story-telling. It is far better to present a story orally than to read it from a book. If it is told, the teacher can adapt it to the needs of her classes, and by the magnetism of voice, eye, and personality awaken an abiding love for good literature. At a later period the child will enjoy reading these same stories in the reading books of the first and second grades.

Observation Lessons. Observation and description should precede reading in the early lessons. The teacher may write on the blackboard simple sentences based upon these observations and descriptions. Anything in the environment of the home or the school which interests the child should be utilized. Encourage the children to observe their household pets and to tell the other children about them. Whatever the child makes in the time devoted to handicraft, or observes in the nature lessons, or plays in the recreation period may be used as material for reading lessons. Color is so intimately connected with the emotional life that its value and importance should be recognized.

THE SYMBOL ELEMENT.

Use. All thought which rises to the plane of self-consciousness is communicated by means of a material, a pictorial, or a lingual symbol. The thought element and the symbol element are two sides of the same thing, namely, language. They form the impression and expression of language, and hence of social communication and identity.

Kinds of Symbols. There are two kinds of symbols which must be mastered in learning to read, namely, the vocal and the graphic, appealing respectively to the ear and to the eye. These symbols are made by the voice and the hand, and are recognized by the ear and the eye. They must always be regarded in the light of that which they represent in connection with elementary reading, whether used in receiving or expressing thought. This thought must be kept clearly in mind in silent and oral reading, in word repetition, and in word drill. It will aid also in the spelling and the phonic work of the children.

THE PHONIC ELEMENT.

Definition. The phonic element deals with articulate sounds and the letters or the symbols which represent them. Here, as elsewhere in learning to read, the unity between meaning and symbol—impression and expression—must be kept clearly in mind. The spoken symbol implies training in pronunciation, enunciation, articulation, inflection, and all that makes for clear understanding and agreeable oral expression of thought. Ear and voice, eye and hand, are tools which must be trained to work with automatic perfection as the means in communicating thought.

Purpose. The purpose of the phonic lesson is the association of a sound with its written or printed symbol, so that the child will be able to get and to express the sound when the symbol is presented to him. The sight symbol and the sound symbol should be so thoroughly associated that immediately upon the presentation of either one of them the other will appear in consciousness.

Ear and Voice Training. It is of the utmost importance that children be given a broad experience with sound in the way of ear and voice training exercises for a few weeks before the formal study of phonics is begun. These exercises may be carried on in connection with the thought development in learning to read and in the music work. In the nature work the children should be trained to listen to bird note, insect hum, and other sounds of nature. Story-telling is most helpful in this ear training. It should begin in the first grade and continue through the entire elementary school period. The reading of poems aloud should be a regular part of the school program, not only to stimulate the imagination, but also to give the enjoyment that comes from the cadence of rhythmic language and to train the ear to make fine discriminations. Ear training and voice culture are so intimately related that it is impossible to cultivate one without cultivating the other, for they sustain to each other the vital relation of impression and expression.

Phonic Facts. The question of the exact number of elementary sounds in the English language is still unsettled. This Manual is based on the belief that there are forty-five elementary sounds in the English language, twenty vowel sounds and twenty-five consonant sounds. The difficulty in mastering the phonic element in learning to read English is greatly increased because some of the elementary sounds are represented by two letters, as th in thin, ea in head; and some sounds are represented by two or more symbols, as e in her, u in turn, and i in firm. It is neither necessary nor desirable that little children should learn all the equivalent symbols; nor is it considered wise to give to children all of the forty-five elementary sounds. Forty is the number taught in the phonic lessons of this Manual. Use has determined the order of presentation.

See p. 112 for a scientific arrangement of the consonant sounds.

Diacritical Marks. Useless phonograms are a burden rather than a help; therefore the child should learn only those which he actually uses. For this reason it is not advisable to use diacritical marks during the earlier stages of learning to read. They make the symbol complex and cumbersome, and at the same time their need and great value do not become apparent until the child begins to use the dictionary, say, in the fourth school year. In the earlier stages of learning to read, symbols acquire meaning by being constantly associated with their respective sounds and thoughts. Habits of pronunciation are formed by always attaching the same sound values to letters and groups of letters. When a child forms an image of a word burdened with diacritical marks, he must later form an image of the word without these. When children are taught to look for diacritical marks their imaging power is centered upon the markings of the words instead of the thoughts for which these words stand; hence it takes longer to get the thought, and as a consequence they are apt to be slow readers. Rapid readers are usually thoughtful readers, because they have the power to grasp quickly a large number of words and to interpret them in mental pictures.

Phonic Drill. Phonic drill and reading are distinct processes and should be taught at different periods of the day during the first two years of school. The purpose of the elementary reading lesson is to associate permanently the thought and the symbols which represent it, so that the thought can be gained from the written or printed language. The purpose of the elementary phonic lesson is to associate permanently sounds and the characters which represent them, so that new words can be readily recognized. Both processes are necessary in teaching reading, but phonic lessons should be relegated to a subsidiary place so that they may not become an impediment to the main purpose.

Phonic Method. In the phonic method sight words are analyzed into their elements, which are then combined in new relations to form new words. These new combinations of familiar elements in new relations are recognized again and again, until the association grows permanent, and so new words are acquired. Consonant sounds are recognized as initial, final, and medial. Next the phonogram element is analyzed into its vowel and consonant sounds. By means of familiar symbols the child has the power to pronounce new words. A knowledge of individual symbols is the foundation upon which the sight recognition of words rests; hence the necessity of rapid and varied drills.

The method suggested in this Manual for phonic lessons is as follows:

METHODS OF TEACHING READING.

Methods of learning to read are the result of bringing the different thought, symbol, and phonic elements into combination and active co-operation. The process is organic and all these features must be kept in mind. There are two kinds of reading, silent and oral.

Silent Reading. Silent reading is the personal, individual way of getting thought from the printed page. The teacher must lead the pupil to see that the sentences have meaning. From the very first the teacher should never lose sight of this fundamental principle and should train the child into the habit of interpreting the printed page into mental pictures. A good method of conducting the reading lesson is the following:

Let each child read the entire lesson silently to get the thought (whole to parts). When the child does not recognize a word and cannot get it from the context or the sound elements, tell him what it is, in as simple a way as he would be told about a new object in the home. When he has finished reading the child may show that he is ready to give the thought. The teacher requests a pupil to give in his own language what he has just read. It will then be seen how vivid his images are of what he has read and how fully it has appealed to him. At the same time, his expressing it in his own words will exercise his self-activity. It is not wise in the beginning to correct imperfect language to any great extent, for the reason that the child's attention is liable to be diverted from the main thought to some detail of the medium of expression. This is disastrous and will tend to make him unnatural in both his thinking and feeling. It destroys his appreciation for the whole, blurs his images, and takes away the chief motive for reading.

In learning to read the child begins with the image of some story, which he particularizes and clarifies by the thoughts in the sentences and the ideas in the words. He masters the word elements in this way, as a unity of meaning and symbol, which gives significance to the sentence and to the story as a whole. Thus the power of getting thought from the printed page develops.

Oral Reading. Oral reading is the process of interpreting thought from the printed page and imparting it to another by means of the voice. Silent reading should always precede oral reading, so that the child may get the thought before he attempts to give it. Silent reading is the power to translate the words into thoughts or emotions. Oral reading goes a step further and gives these thoughts and emotions audible expression and awakens them in another. Silent reading is a necessity; oral reading is an accomplishment. Oral reading is another way of telling a story. It implies the ability to awaken one's thoughts in another's mind. It lacks the freedom of expression usual in story-telling, for it demands power to interpret and transmit thought almost simultaneously.

There are many ways of conducting an oral reading lesson. Two methods are given for illustration:

These methods differ only in the breadth and scope of the image of the whole that the child is to think through at one time.

Freedom of expression usually accompanies the reading of interesting thought. The child will usually use natural, clear tones in reading, as he does in talking, if he understands what he reads. Many children read poorly because they neither understand nor feel any meaning in the words. Both gesture and language will be spontaneous if prompted by right thinking and right feeling. The dramatic presentation of a story, however crude, becomes a great aid.

Word Repetition. Many repetitions of words, phrases, and sentences are necessary in mastering the symbol. It is quite possible to have a repetition of words with an ever-changing variety in valuable thought. This variety holds the interest of the children and at the same time accustoms the eye to the repeated symbol. The symbol elements in the action sentences, observation lessons, nursery rhymes, and stories must be repeated many times, but, to preserve interest in them and to increase their meaning, the greatest care must be taken in the selection and the presentation of the thought element. If the teacher of elementary reading can master this part of her work, her success is well-nigh assured.

SPELLING.

Notion and Purpose. Spelling is a finer analysis of the process of learning to read and hence involves all the elements of learning to read. The problem in learning to spell is to associate permanently the smallest symbols of the word, the letters, oral and written, with their appropriate meanings. In oral spelling the impression is received through the ear; the expression is by means of the voice. In written spelling the impression is received through the eye; the expression is by means of the hand. Because written spelling occupies a much larger place in life through the need of communicating ideas by means of writing, it should receive more attention in language teaching than oral spelling. The training of the eye and the hand is, therefore, more important in learning to spell than the training of the ear and the voice, although oral spelling sometimes helps by bringing in the auditory and the vocal memory to assist the visual and the manual. In the beginning children should learn to spell by writing, not as a drill in penmanship, but for the purpose of calling attention to the form of the word.

Elements. Spelling is a complex and difficult art and requires (a) training in elementary sounds and their symbols, or phonic drill; (b) training of eye and hand in forming the letters of a word, or written spelling; (c) training of ear and voice in naming the letters of a word, or oral spelling. Sound, form, and name of letters must be inseparably associated, so that they will become necessary elements in the vital combination of symbol and meaning in the word.

Method. In the method pursued the teacher writes Sing., for instance, upon the blackboard, with capital letter and period to indicate that it is the expression of a complete thought. The teacher then erases the word and requests the children to write it. Review this word at the next lesson and add a new one. Next the teacher writes I can sing. Can you sing?, and similar sentences, upon the blackboard, and proceeds in the same manner. As the work progresses the children should image a new sentence at each lesson, and in addition should be able to write from dictation several review sentences. In the early lessons the children should write at the blackboard, or use unruled paper and soft lead pencils with dull points. A clear image of the symbol will aid the child in writing it. This makes it essential that the teacher write a legible hand.

Word Drill. Drill upon the words learned is necessary to mechanize ear, voice, eye, and hand in the reading process so that the child may be left free to attend to the subject-matter. Have the children pronounce, write, and spell the unfamiliar words found in the reading lesson. Insist upon exact pronunciation and a natural, pleasing modulation of the voice. Later the children should use these same words in spoken and written sentences. After children have learned the names of the letters, both oral and written spelling should be used, since they are correlative processes. Oral spelling often deepens the impression and makes the image more permanent.

THE ALPHABET.

The alphabet should be taught in serial order, because of its use in reading card catalogs, dictionaries, etc. The alphabet characters have been learned in the phonic drill by associating the sounds with the letters as the children require them to master words, but not consecutively. The A B C's, however, in their old-fashioned significance, should be a part of the child's knowledge when he enters the second grade.

SUMMARY.

In the process of learning to read, certain elements are brought together and associated in vital organic unity in accordance with broad general principles. These the teacher must keep constantly in mind if she is to succeed. Reading, like all language, is a combination of thought and symbol. The thought gives the meaning and is the reason for reading, while the symbol is only the tool and instrument of the thought. Care must be taken to see (a) that the child forms clear images of what he is reading; and (b) that he obeys the fundamental law of mind of proceeding from wholes to parts. By holding these principles in full view and giving the thought element the leading place, the symbol and phonic elements will fall into their proper place in accomplishing the purpose of elementary reading, namely, the association of the symbol and its meaning in a vital unity.

Part II.

FIRST HALF YEAR:
FIRST STEP.

Two lines of work are to be developed at separate periods each day.

EAR TRAINING EXERCISES.

Directions. 1. The purpose of ear training is to familiarize the child with the elementary sounds in the language, so that he may have accurate sound images before associating them with the corresponding symbols.

2. Give the sounds of the letters, not the names. Teach the letter-names later in the Phonic Lessons. Give the sounds softly but distinctly. A loud, harsh voice makes purity of sound impossible.

3. Cultivate the attentive ear in children. Teach them to hear, and then to image, the song of the birds, the patter of the rain, the sound of the wind, the hum of the bee, the puff of the locomotive and other familiar sounds.

4. The rhymes and poems are suggestive, not final. The teacher may choose others if they better meet her need. Those selected from song literature have a tone quality that will interest children and prove helpful in training the ear. Read the poems aloud in a well modulated voice, with clear articulation, that the children may become sensitive to the beauty of the human voice.

5. Ear training should precede the formal study of phonics for a few weeks. The exact time required cannot be arbitrarily named, because it depends not only upon the ability of the class but also upon the teaching power of the one in charge. From six to eight weeks, with daily periods ten or fifteen minutes in length, will accomplish good results.

I.

Consonant sounds are taught by phonic analysis of words, and not by any artificial device. Ear training exercises are helpful as a preparation for this work. Let the first sounding be done by the teacher and have the children perform the actions as she slightly separates the sound elements. In this way the ear soon becomes accustomed to the formation of words from their phonic elements.

Ex.:

Caution. There should be no abruptness about such an exercise. The slight separation and the gentle prolonging are sufficient to keep the children listening and interested. Avoid giving to separate consonants, sounds which they do not possess.

II.

Slow Pronunciation of Names. Children are interested in their own names; if they pronounce these slowly they will begin to distinguish sounds. The teacher first pronounces her own name as the children watch, making prominent the initial sound. She then calls upon different children to pronounce their names. Ex.: A child named Mary says: "My name is M-ary," emphasizing the sound "M." Another says, "My name is R-obert," emphasizing the sound "R," etc.

III.

Singing Games. The old-fashioned singing games, such as "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush," "London Bridge," "Looby Loo," etc., will delight the children and are excellent exercises for ear training. (See Folk Songs and Games by Marie Ruef Hofer.)

IV.

Phonic Game. What is it? A child acts as leader and stands in the front of the room. The children in their seats question him until the supply of rhymes is exhausted. Ex.:

Leader: I'm thinking of something that rhymes with top.
Child: Is it chop?
Leader: It is not chop.
Child: Is it hop?
Leader: It is hop.

Object. Grouping of words with like phonograms and final consonants.

V.

Phonic Game. Guess. Ask a child to leave the room. Children in their seats choose a word. When the child returns he either acts out the word he has in mind or describes it. Ex.:

Action.

We are thinking of something that rhymes with bat.
Is it this? (Child guessing puts on a hat.)
No. It is not hat.
Is it this? (Child guessing pats his head.)
No. It is not pat.
Is it this? (Child guessing says Meow.)
Yes. It is cat.
Is it a pretty color?
It is not red.
Is it something we sleep in?
It is not bed.
Is it a boy's name?
Yes. It is Ned.

VI.

Phonic Game. Hide and Seek. Teacher gives the first rhyme. She then calls upon a child to give a rhyme using the same initial letter. This child then calls upon another child. Continue in this way until the rhymes are exhausted. Ex.:

I am in run.
I am not in Sun.

I am in rug.
I am not in bug.

I am in rose.
I am not in nose.

Object—Grouping of words with like initial consonants.

Caution—Be careful to articulate the initial and final consonants distinctly.

A LIST OF RHYMES AND POEMS.

The teacher may read the following rhymes and poems to the children in connection with the Ear Training Exercises.

The Melodies of Mother Goose.

Song Literature from the Modern Music Primer.

Song Literature from Small Songs for Small Singers.

"The Drum," by Eugene Field.
Book: "Poems of Childhood."

"Who Stole the Bird's Nest?" by Lydia Maria Child.
Book: "Child Life," (Selections) John G. Whittier (Ed.).

"Robert of Lincoln," by William Cullen Bryant.
Book: Whittier's "Child Life."

"The Clucking Hen," from "Aunt Effie's Rhymes."
Book: Whittier's "Child Life."

PRELIMINARY BLACKBOARD LESSONS. (Time, about eight weeks.)

Part III.

FIRST HALF YEAR: SECOND STEP.

1. Blackboard Lessons and Primer.

2. Phonic Lessons:

BLACKBOARD LESSONS AND PRIMER. (Time, about twelve weeks.)

PHONIC LESSONS. (Time, about twelve weeks.)

Directions. 1. There are twenty-five elementary consonant sounds. The purpose of the phonic lessons is to associate these consonant sounds with the letters representing them, and to become accustomed to the use of phonograms based upon words in the Primer. Word recognition should become automatic. See page 112 for a scientific arrangement of the consonant sounds.

2. All of the blackboard work should be written, not printed. The child reproduces by a more or less unconscious imitation the written forms which he sees upon the blackboard.

3. The lessons indicate the order; the time will vary with the ability of the children and must be determined by the teacher.

I.

r un.

Begin with the word run. This is a part of the child's vocabulary, having been learned in the early reading lessons. Appeal is made first to the ear, then to the eye. The teacher conducts the lesson as follows:

The Ear.

The Eye.

If the children cannot do this the teacher may do it for them, making the sound r prominent. The ability to blend one sound with another should not be a difficult phase of the work. The teacher's attitude toward blending is the influence which makes it hard or easy for the child.

To associate the sound r with its written symbol the following method is suggested:

The teacher writes r upon the blackboard, giving the sound, not the name. She then calls upon the children collectively and individually to give the sound.

Teacher: Close your eyes, children. Can you see how r looks? (Give the sound, not the name.) Watch me make it again.

Teacher writes r slowly several times, then erases the work. Children observe, image, and then write r upon the blackboard or upon paper. If a mistake is made have the child erase, again observe the teacher as she makes the letter, then write it a second time.

II.

f.

Teach the word fun in the same manner that run was taught in Lesson I. Write on the blackboard:

r un
f un

Cover first one part and then the other, sounding each element.

Write f, r, un, on the blackboard a number of times, arranged irregularly. Review daily, adding new consonants and phonograms as they are taught.

III.

s ing.

1. Separate both the spoken and the written word sing into the phonic elements:

2. Associate each sound element with its written symbol.

3. Combine the consonants r, f, s, and the phonograms un, ing, to form new words:

IV.

Phonic Drill. Phonic Drill upon words from the Primer will each day follow two lines:

Phonic Drill upon phonograms and the consonant sounds may be given in two ways:

For convenience the first is called a Phonic Series; the second is called a Word List.

Phonic Series. Combine f, r, s, with at to form this phonic series. Review the un series of words.

Develop the blend as follows:

(a) Write at on the blackboard and pronounce it. (The children will recognize the word, having seen it many times in the reading lessons.)

(b) Select a consonant, r for example, and write it in front of at.

(c) Combine the two elements into a whole word without making more of a separation than is necessary to explain the blending of the sounds.

Prefix f and s in the same way.

Write the at and the un series on the blackboard.

Children pronounce the words. Cover first one part and then the other, sounding each element. Review daily, adding new sound elements as they are taught. As soon as possible refrain from assisting the children by covering the parts.

Word List. Write upon the blackboard in a vertical row the words beginning with r, from the Primer, pages 5-26. Ex.: Rover, roll, rock. Have the children pronounce them. Then erase over, oll, ock, leaving only r, and let children make the sound. Continue with words beginning with f and s in the same way.

Again, write several words on the blackboard containing the phonogram at. Erase f, s, r, leaving only at.

Continue in the same way with the un series and the ing series.

Word List No. I.

Retain this list on the blackboard for daily drill, rearranging the order from time to time and adding new words as they are taught. The lists for word drill are not final. Let use be the guide in deciding the number of words to be taught. The analysis of these words into their sound elements will determine the number of phonograms to be taught. Proper drill upon both the phonic series and the word lists leads to sight recognition of words, by means of their sound elements. This is the purpose of phonic work.

Phonic Cards. All drill work should train the mind to observe accurately, to image vividly, and to express quickly. In every exercise aim to secure, first, clear images; second, rapid work. It interferes with normal growth and development to reverse this order. To accomplish these ends, prepare a set of phonic cards each one representing a separate sound or phonogram, and use for rapid sight work after the board work has been given. Cut cards to a uniform size of eight by six inches, out of heavy paper, and write with India ink and a camel's hair brush. Stand in front of the class and call upon the children in order. If the child cannot give the sound instantly, call upon another. Children will work rapidly if they are trained to do so. Review frequently and as the need arises prepare new cards. It is quite possible to have repetition with a constant variety of new material.

V.

h op.

1. Write hop on the blackboard and teach the sound elements h and op.

2. Associate each sound with its symbol.

3. Identify the sound h in the sight words have, has, here, hill. (Proceed as in Lesson IV.)

4. Add hop to Word List No. 1, and review daily, for a few moments, at the close of each lesson.

VI.

j.

1. Separate the sight words Jack, Jill, jump, into their sound elements.

2. Associate the sound j with the letter.

3. Combine ill, ack, ump, with the known consonant sounds to form the phonic series:

VII.

m.

1. Write may on the blackboard and teach the sound elements m and ay.

2. Associate each sound with its symbol.

3. Identify m in the sight words Mary, my, me, mother.

4. Combine ay with familiar consonant sounds to form the phonic series:

5. Combine the sound m with the phonograms ill, op, at, previously taught. Add these to Word List No. 1 for review.

VIII.

p, initial; final.

1. Initial p—the first sound heard in pussy, play, pretty.

2. Final p—the last sound heard in hop, up, jump, sleep.

3. Associate the sound p with the letter.

4. Combine p with familiar phonograms to form the words pat, pack, pill, pop, pump, pay.

5. Add these words to Word List No. 1 and drill daily. Cultivate rapid sight recognition of the sound elements.

IX.

in, am, an, and.

It is assumed that the children know these phonograms, having learned them as sight words in the reading lessons. If they fail to recognize them, use in, am, an, and, in sentences and teach them again as sight words.

Blend familiar consonant sounds with these phonograms to form the new phonic series.

X.

SUMMARY.

Consonants: r, f, s, h, j, m, p.

Phonograms: at, ack, am, an, and, ay,
ing, ill, in,
op,
un, ump.

Phonic Series.

Word List No. II.

Note.—

XI.

Final s.

Add s to all the words in Word Lists Nos. I and II, where its use will form a word.

Write the simple form of the word on the blackboard and have it pronounced. Write it again with the s added, and have it pronounced a second time.

Ex.:

It will be found helpful to have a card seven by nine inches, with an s written upon it. Hold this beside the words in the phonic lists and have both the simple and the s forms pronounced. Train the children to observe quickly and to be mentally alert.

XII.

t, initial; final; medial.

1. Initial t—the first sound heard in top, tell.

2. Final t—the last sound heard in it, at.

3. Medial t—in Kitty, pretty, little.

4. Associate the sound t with the letter.

5. Identify t in the following sight words from the Primer, pages 9-39: to, town, tick-tock, tune, nest, not, nut, cat.

6. Combine familiar consonant sounds with it, ot, to form the phonic series:

7. Review the at series, making prominent the sound t final.

XIII.

k, ck, initial; final.

1. K in kitty, kite, keep, shook, look, bake, Kate.

2. ck in tick-tock, cluck, Jack, black, clock, rock.

3. Phonograms: ick, ock.

4. Phonic Series:

5. Add king, kill, also words in the phonic series to Word List No. II, and review daily.

XIV.

l, initial; final; medial.

1. Initial l in like, look.

2. Final l in ball, hill.

3. Associate the sound l with the letter.

4. Identify sound l in the following sight words from the Primer: like, little, ball, all, fall, doll, hill, Jill, will, mill, roll, yellow.

5. Include the names of children in the room. Ex.: Lucy, Nellie, Lilly, Paul.

6. Phonogram: all.

7. Phonic Series:

8. Review the ill series, making prominent final l.

XV.

n, initial; final; medial.

1. Analyze not into the sound elements n, ot.

2. Identify the sound n in the sight words no, nut, nest, name, an, can, ran, in, on, run, hen.

3. Include names of children in the room: Ned, John, Anna, Nan.

4. Analyze hen into the sound elements h, en.

5. Phonogram: en.

6. Phonic Series:

7. Review the an, in, un series, making prominent final n.

XVI.

d, initial; final.

1. Identify sound d in the sight words dog, do, doll, down, dear, red, send.

2. Separate red into the sound elements r, ed.

3. Add d to the phonogram en taught in Lesson XV.

4. Phonograms: ed, end.

5. Phonic Series:

6. Word List: Add these words to Word List No. II. Arrange irregularly and review daily.

XVII.

pl; fr; tr; ee.

Blended consonants pl, fr, tr. (Blended consonants are made as nearly as possible with one impulse of the voice.)

1. Identify the sounds pl, fr, tr, ee in the words:

2. Combine ee with final p, d, m, n, to form phonograms.

3. Phonic Series:

XVIII.

ing.

Write the simple form of the word upon the blackboard and have it pronounced. Write it again with the syllable ing added, and have it pronounced a second time. Ex.:

XIX.

Apostrophe s ('s)

Teach the apostrophe ('s) by adding it to the names of children in the room. Place upon the blackboard a group of sentences which the children have given orally. Ex.:

Let the children read the sentences. As the children watch, erase This is, I see, I have, etc., leaving the possessive form. Add these words to Word List No. II. Rearrange the order and drill daily.

XX.

SUMMARY.

1. Consonants: r, f, s, h, j, m, p, t, k, ck, l, n, d.

2. Blended consonants: pl, fr, tr.

3. Final s, apostrophe s, ing (syllable).

4. Phonograms: at, ack, am, an, and, ay, all.
en, ed, end, ee, eep, eed, eem, een.
ing, ill, in, it, ick.
op, ot, ock.
un, ump.

5. Word List No. III.

XXI.

b; bl; br.

1. b in boy, big, bird, baby, ball, by, be, back, but, baa, bake, bow.

2. bl in blue, black, blows.

3. br in breaks, brown, breast, bread, broom, umbrellas.

4. Phonogram: ake.

5. Phonic Series:

6. Combine b, br, bl with familiar phonograms to make the word list bun, bat, band, bin, ball, bee, bring, blot, bump, block.

XXII.

g; gr.

1. g in go, girl, egg, pig, gave, get, good.

2. gr in green, grass, grow, grunt, grandma, grandpa, grind.

3. Phonograms: ig, og.

4. Phonic Series:

Note.—In pronouncing the vocal consonants b, d, g, the voice should be placed well forward. The vibrations for b are in the lips; for d in the point of the tongue; for g in the back of the tongue.

XXIII.

y (consonant).

Consonant y is always initial.

y in you, your, yes, yellow.

Note.—y (vowel) is given in the Manual, Part IV, page 88.

XXIV.

w.

1. w the wind sound; it resembles oo in boot.

2. w in we, way, wind, will, went, waves, wash, window, water, wool, weave, west.

3. Phonogram: est.

4. Phonic Series:

5. Word List:

XXV.

wh.

1. wh the blowing sound.

w is vocal, while wh is breath.

2. wh in what, when, wheat, where, why, white.

3. Phonogram: ite.

4. Phonic Series: white, kite, bite.

XXVI.

th (vocal).

The soft sound of th is vocal; the hard sound is breath.

Note.—It is not wise to teach two sounds for one symbol in the early lessons. Vocal th is taught first because it is the one more frequently used in the Primer. See th (breath) Part V, page 112.

XXVII.

ch, initial and final; tch, final.

1. ch in church, chick, chicken, chop, churn, rich, such, much.

2. tch in catch, match, hatch.

XXVIII.

sh, initial; final.

1. sh in she, ship, sheep, shook, wish, push.

2. Phonograms: ook, ush.

3. Phonic Series:

XXIX.

REVIEW.

1. Consonants: r, f, s, h, j, m, p, t.
k-ck, l, n, d, b, g.
y, w, wh, th (soft), ch, sh.

2. Blended consonants: pl, fr, tr, bl, br, gr, tch.

3. Phonograms: at, ack, am, an, and, ay, all, ake.
en, ed, end, ee, eep, eed, eem, een, est.
ing, ill, in, it, ick, ig, ite.
op, ot, ock, og, ook.
un, ump, ush.

4. Word List No. IV.

Part IV.

SECOND HALF YEAR: THIRD STEP.

1. Reading from the First Reader.

2. Phonic Lessons:

(a) The Vowel Sounds.
(b) Equivalent Vowel Sounds.
(c) Word Drill.

READING FROM THE FIRST READER. (Time, about twenty weeks.)

Directions. 1. In the Primer, the First Reader, and the Second Reader, the words of the vocabulary are arranged in the order in which they first occur, and are grouped by pages in a word list placed in the back of the book. Since teachers usually write unfamiliar words upon the blackboard and develop them in a word drill preceding the reading lesson, it has not been thought necessary to place the new words at the beginning of each lesson. (See Spelling, page 17. Also Word Drill, page 19.)

2. If necessary precede a lesson in the First Reader with a development lesson on the blackboard. (See page 39, Part II, Lesson XXI.)

3. A Supplementary List of Poems is given to be read in connection with the lessons in the First Reader. Do not ask children to retell the poems read aloud. To develop an appreciation of poetry is the object. Children who have been accustomed to hearing poetry will read and enjoy the poems in their readers as much as the stories. The teacher's attitude toward poetry is the suggestion that influences.

THE FIRST READER.

Page 7. Memorize the poem. Write it upon the blackboard and teach the elements as in the Primer lessons based upon Nursery Rhymes. (See page 43, Part II, Lesson XXVII.)

Page 10. Teach as indicated above.

Page 11. Something to Tell. Have the children read the questions silently, and then answer them aloud.

Page 12. This lesson was suggested by reading George Cooper's poem, Come, Little Leaves.

Page 96. This lesson was suggested by reading Frederick Manley's poem, The Journey's End, in the Modern Music Primer.

Page 102. This lesson was suggested by reading Frederick Manley's poem, The Woodpecker, in the Modern Music Primer.

LIST OF POEMS.

The teacher may read the following poems to the children in connection with the reading lessons in the First Reader as indicated by the pages.

12 "Come, Little Leaves," by George Cooper.
Book: "Pinafore Palace," (Selections) Wiggin & Smith (Eds.).

20 "The Little Doves." (Author unknown.)
Book: "Pinafore Palace."

34 "The Crow's Children," by Phoebe Cary.
Book: "Ballads for Little Folks."

44 "How the Leaves Came Down," by Susan T. Coolidge.
Book: "Songs of the Tree-Top and Meadow," (Selections) McMurry and Cook (Eds.).

54 "My Bed is a Boat," by Robert Louis Stevenson.
Book: "A Child's Garden of Verses."

63 "The Water Mill." Aunt Effie's Rhymes.
Book: "Child Life," (Selections) John G. Whittier (Ed.).

63 "The Johnny Cake." (Author unknown.)
Book: Whittier's "Child Life."

78 "O Lady Moon," by Christina G. Rossetti.
Book: "Sing-Song."

80 "An Old-Fashioned Rhyme," by Emilie Poulsson.
Book: "In the Child's World."

94 "A Diamond or a Coal," by Christina G. Rossetti.
Book: "Sing-Song."

102 "One, Two, Three," by Henry C. Bunner.
Book: "The Posy Ring," (Selections) Wiggin & Smith (Eds.).

109 "The Sweet Red Rose," by Mary Mapes Dodge.
Book: "Songs of the Tree-Top and Meadow."

115 "Nursery Song," by Mrs. Carter.
Book: "Songs of the Tree-Top and Meadow."

118 "The Cow-Boy's Song," by Anna M. Wells.
Book: "The Posy Ring."

128 "The Seed," by Kate L. Brown.
Book: "Songs of the Tree-Top and Meadow."

137 "To a Honey Bee," by Alice Cary.
Book: "Ballads for Little Folks."

139 "Over in the Meadow," by Olive A. Wadsworth.
Book: Whittier's "Child Life."

149 "What Robin Told," by George Cooper.
Book: "Songs of the Tree-Top and Meadow."

152 "A. Apple Pie," by Edward Lear.
Book: "Pinafore Palace."

Directions. 1. In Phonic Lessons, First Half Year, Second Step, the child learned the consonant sounds and some of the common phonograms. In the second half year phonograms are analyzed for the purpose of recognizing the vowel sounds as elements. There are twenty elementary vowel sounds. The purpose of the phonic lessons is to associate these vowels with the symbols representing them. See page 113 for a scientific arrangement of the vowel sounds.

I.

a (short).

1. Separate at into the sound elements a and t. (Give the sound, not the name.)

2. Associate the sound with the letter.

3. Combine a (short) with the consonants n, m, t, p, d, to form the phonograms an, am, at, ap, ad.

4. Analyze short words containing the sound of a (short) into phonic elements. (A knowledge of the elementary sounds is the foundation upon which rests the power to recognize new words.)

5. Analyze the following words, making prominent a (short): rat, Sam, pat, had, sat, thank, sang, ash, splash.

II.

a (long).

Final e causes the preceding vowel to take its name instead of its sound. Do not teach the rule, but its application. No diacritical marks are necessary to indicate the short and long vowel sounds. (Children quickly discover that the final e changes the preceding vowel from the sound to the name. This is true of almost all words. When there is a phonetic exception it should be taught as a sight word.)

1. Write at on the blackboard and have it pronounced. Write ate beside it and have it pronounced. (The teacher may do this first and have the children learn the force of e by observation and imitation.) Ex.: at ate.

2. Combine different consonants and phonograms to illustrate this principle.

There are a few exceptions to this rule. Ex.: have. Teach this word to the child just as the name of any new sight word is told him.

3. Analyze the following words, making prominent a (long): came, name, take, same, taste, bake, cake, wake, spade.

III.

ay = a (long).

1. ay is an equivalent symbol for a (long).

2. Analyze the following words: hay, jay, say, stay, may, way, day, lay, gray, play.

IV.

ai = a (long).

1. ai is an equivalent symbol for a (long).

2. Combine ai with consonants to form the phonograms ail, ain, ait, aid.

3. Word List for analysis:

V.

c (hard); cr; cl.

c (hard) and k have the same sound. It is interesting to note that c is oftener found to begin words and k to end them.

1. c in can, come, cat, cow, corn, coo, cold.

2. cr in cradle, cream.

3. cl in clip-clap, climbs, clock, cluck.

4. Phonograms: ow, own, old.

5. Phonic Series:

6. Word List:

VI.

e (short).

1. Separate red into the sound elements r and ed.

2. Separate ed into the sound elements e and d. (Give sound, not name.)

The teacher should pronounce it first, and let the children learn by imitation. Be careful to give the correct vowel sound.

3. Combine e (short) with consonants to form the phonograms en, em, et, ell, eg, elf, elt, esh.

4. Word List:

VII.

e (long); ee.

Final e takes its name when it is the only vowel in the word. Ex.: he, she, we, me, be.

The sound of ee is the same as the name of e. It is not necessary to connect double letters artificially with a bar or mark of any kind. Children soon learn that one sound is used for both letters.

Combine ee with the consonants used both as initials and finals to build words.

Phonic Series:

Word List.

VIII.

ea = e (long).

1. ea is an equivalent symbol for e (long).

2. Combine ea with consonants to form the phonograms eal, ean, eam, ear, eap, eat, eave.

3. Word List:

IX.

ed = d (final).

ed = d when added to a word ending in a vocal consonant.

ed = t when added to a word ending in a breath consonant.

Write the simple form of the word on the blackboard, and have it pronounced. Write it again with the ed added, and have it pronounced a second time. Do not teach it as a separate sound. Call attention to the difference in form and the corresponding difference in sound.

REVIEW.

X.

x.

1. x = ks as in milks. x is not one of the simple elementary sounds.

2. x in ax, fox, six, next, Foxy, Loxy, wax.

XI.

i (short).

1. Separate it into the sound elements i and t. (Give sound, not name.)

2. Combine i (short) with consonants to form the phonograms in, im, ip, id, ib, it, ig, ill, iss, ish, ick.

3. Word List:

Give a short drill each day at the close of the lesson upon the phonic list.

XII.

i (long).

1. Teach i (long) in the same manner in which a (long) was taught. (See page 81, paragraph II.)

2. Combine different consonants and phonograms to illustrate this principle.

3. Word List:

XIII.

y, vowel (short and long).

1. y (short) has almost always the sound of i (short). It is the last sound heard in Mary, baby, pretty, frosty, lady.

y (long) is the same as i (long). It is the last sound heard in my, fly, sky, by, dry, try, cry.

2. Word List:

XIV.

igh.

1. igh is an equivalent symbol for i (long).

2. igh in high, higher, flight, thigh, night, fight, sight, bright, light, right, might, lightning.

XV.

v, initial; final; medial.

1. v in violet, very, visit, love, weave, voice, every.

2. Phonogram: ave.

3. Word List: gave, cave, pave, wave.

XVI.

o (short).

1. Separate on into the elements o (short) and n.

2. Combine o (short) with the final consonants n, m, p, t, b, d, ss, g, to form phonograms, and with initial consonants to form words.

ot ob op
c ot r ob h op

3. Word List: (Let the children find other words in the Reader.)

XVII.

o (long).

1. Teach o (long) in the same manner in which a (long) was taught. (See page 81, paragraph II.)

2. Combine different consonants and phonograms to illustrate this principle:

3. Word List:

XVIII.

o (final); oa.

1. -o, oa are equivalent symbols for o (long).

2. o in go, so, no.

3. Combine oa with consonants, initial and final, to form phonograms and words: t, d, m, n, ch, k, r, l, f.

4. oa in boat, load, loam, loaf, moan, coat, oak, oats, roaming, coal, toad, road, loads, loan, roar, oar, boards.

XIX.

z.

z in buzz, fuzz, fuzzy, lazy, dizzy, zish, size, sized, buzzing, buzzed.

XX.

u (short).

1. Separate up into the elements u (short) and p.

2. Combine i (short) with consonants to form the phonograms ut, ud, ub, um, un, urr, uff, uss, uzz.

3. Word List:

XXI.

u (long).

1. Teach u (long) in the same manner that a (long) was taught.

2. Combine different consonants and phonograms to illustrate this principle:

3. Phonic List: cure, pure, mute, amuse, use, used, tune, tube.

XXII.

ew = u (long).

1. ew is an equivalent symbol for u (long).

2. ew in new, blew, few, view, dew.

XXIII.

ur = er, ir.

r following u, e, i, usually gives the sound heard in fur, her, sir.

Word List:

XXIV.

er; ers (as a syllable).

Write the simple form on the blackboard, and have it pronounced. Write it again with er added, and have it pronounced. Write it again with ers added, and have it pronounced.

Identify er in

XXV.

ng (the ringing sound).

1. ng is one of the elementary sounds.

2. Combine ng with the vowels a, e, i, o, u, to form the phonograms ang, eng, ing, ong, ung.

3. Word List:

XXVI.

qu = kwh.

q is not one of the elementary sounds.

qu in quack, queer, queen, quite, quail, squeeze, squash.

XXVII.

oo (short); oo (long).

1. oo (short) as in cook.

Word List:

2. oo (long) as in coo.

Word List:

XXVIII.

aw = all, or.

1. aw in caw, draw, saw, claw, paw, straw.

2. all in ball, hall, wall, fall.

3. or in corn, horn, morn, morning, torn.

XXIX.

a (r), Italian.

XXX.

ow = ou.

1. ow and ou are equivalent symbols for the same sound.

2. ou at the beginning or in the middle of a word becomes owfinal.

XXXI.

oy = oi.

1. oy and oi are equivalent symbols for the same sound.

2. oi at the beginning or in the middle of a word becomes oy final.

3. oi in

4. oy in boy, toy, joy, Roy, Troy, ahoy.

XXXII.

j; ge; dge (final).

1. -ge, dge, are equivalent symbols for j.

2. -ge in age, hinge, cage, page, sponge, fringe.

3. -dge in edge, bridge, judge, Madge.

XXXIII.

SUMMARY.

Phonic Lessons. Third Step contains:

1. 17 vowel sounds:

a, e, i, o, u (short)
a, e, i, o, u (long)
oo (short), oo (long), a (r), (Italian)
aw, ow, oy, ur.

2. Nine of these sounds have fifteen common equivalent symbols, making a total of thirty-two vowel symbols. (See Table of Vowel Sounds, page 113.)

The three vowel sounds heard in ask, air, and ore may be omitted. Teach as sight words those used in the Summers Readers; or if preferred, give a series drill.

Two of these sounds have equivalent spellings.

air in chair, care, wear.
ore as in more, four, floor, torn.

The sound ask has the simple spelling a. In this Manual a is the symbol for a (short) as in at unless changed by some modifier as final, r, or another vowel. Ex.: at, aw, oa, ea.

Ex.: The following list gives the most common of these words:

I.

II.

III.

PART V.

THIRD HALF YEAR:

FOURTH STEP.

1. Reading from the Second Reader.

2. Phonic Lessons:

3. Later Work.

INITIAL AND FINAL SYLLABLES. (Time, about twenty weeks.)

Directions. 1. In the third half-year initial and final syllables are taught as phonograms. This enables the child to read words requiring an understanding of syllabication.

2. The familiar consonant and vowel sounds previously learned are constantly reviewed in the word lists given for phonic drill. These are based largely upon the words used in the Primer, the First Reader, and the Second Reader. The list may be increased by using, in connection with familiar words, the prefixes and suffixes given in the following lessons.

3. New sight words which the child may meet in any reader should be told him.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

SUMMARY.

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST OF POEMS.

The teacher may read the following poems to the children in connection with the reading lessons in the Second Reader.

SEPTEMBER.

"September," by Helen Hunt Jackson. Book: Jackson's Poems.
"Hiawatha's Childhood," by Henry W. Longfellow. Book: Longfellow's Poems.

Lines beginning: "By the shores of Gitchee Gumee" to "called them 'Hiawatha's Brother's.'"

Selections from Hiawatha's Fasting.

The first day of his fasting.

The fourth day of his fasting, lines beginning: "To-morrow is the last day of your fasting."

The seventh day of his fasting, lines beginning: "Day by day did Hiawatha."

"The Little Elf," by John Kendrick Bangs.

OCTOBER.

"The Mountain and the Squirrel," by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

"Robin Redbreast," by William Allingham.

"Lullaby of the Iroquois," by E. Pauline Johnson.

"Hiawatha's Sailing," by Henry W. Longfellow.

NOVEMBER.

"The Story of a Seed," from The Youth's Companion.

"Little Red Riding Hood," by John G. Whittier.

"Selections from the Barefoot Boy," by John G. Whittier.

"The Boy and the Sheep," by Ann Taylor.

DECEMBER.

"Little Fir Trees," by Evaleen Stein.

"Why do Bells for Christmas Ring?" by Eugene Field.

"The Sugar-Plum Tree," by Eugene Field.

"A Visit from St. Nicholas," by Clement C. Moore.

JANUARY.

"What the Wood Fire Said to the Little Boy," by Frank L. Stanton.

"The Snow," from The Youth's Companion.

"The Frost," by Hannah F. Gould.

"Talking in Their Sleep," by Edith M. Thomas.

FEBRUARY.

"The Village Blacksmith," by Henry W. Longfellow.

"From My Arm Chair," by Henry W. Longfellow.

"The Children's Hour," by Henry W. Longfellow.

"Time to Rise"; "Bed in Summer," by Robert Louis Stevenson.

MARCH.

"The Windmill," by Henry W. Longfellow.

"The Wind," by Robert Louis Stevenson.

"My Shadow," by Robert Louis Stevenson.

"The Lost Doll," by Charles Kingsley.

APRIL.

"The Brown Thrush," by Lucy Larcom.

"Wild Geese," by Celia Thaxter.

"The Song of the Lilies," by Lucy Wheelock.

"What is Pink?" by Christina G. Rossetti.

MAY.

"Baby Seed Song," by E. Nesbit.

"Calling the Violet," by Lucy Larcom.

"The Bluebird," by Emily Huntington Miller.

"Spring," by Celia Thaxter.

JUNE.

"Mabel on Midsummer Day," by Mary Howitt.

"The Fairies of the Caldron-Low," by Mary Howitt.

"The Fairy Folk," by Robert Bird.

"Seven Times One," by Jean Bigelow.

JULY.

"Flag Song," by Mrs. Coonley-Ward.

"Independence Bell." (Author unknown.)

"The Flag Goes By," from The Youth's Companion.

"The Star-Spangled Banner," by Francis Scott Key.

AUGUST.

"The Song of the Crickets," by Emily Huntington Miller.

"The Spider and the Fly," by Mary Howitt.

"Wynken, Blynken and Nod," by Eugene Field.

"Old Gaelic Lullaby." (Author unknown.)

LATER WORK.

After the third half year any series of readers may be used. The literature of childhood, carefully selected and edited, should form the subject-matter of these reading books.

Phonic lessons based as far as possible upon the words found in the readers should be practised daily during the first three years. This later work does not differ from that of the preceding phonic lessons.

CONSONANT SOUNDS.

EQUIVALENT SPELLINGS.

1. Two consonant sounds may be omitted from the phonic work in the primary grades.

2. p, b, and m are in a horizontal line indicating that all are made by the same organs of speech.

VOWEL SOUNDS.

COMMON EQUIVALENT SPELLINGS.

Three vowel sounds may be omitted from the phonic work in the primary grades. The sounds in ask, fair, and more should be used with accuracy by the teacher, since the child is at the most imitative and impressionable stage. In the early phonic work it will confuse the child if he is taught two sounds for the same symbol. In this Manual the symbol a means invariably a (short) as in cat, therefore such words as ask, chance, after are taught through the series idea. Fair, hair, bore, more are taught in the same manner.