Bilitis was born at the beginning of the sixth century before our era in
a mountain village situated on the banks of the Melas, to the east of
Pamphylia. The country is stony and sad, shadowed by profound forests,
dominated by the enormous mass of Tauros; lime springs issue from the
rocks; great salty lakes abide on the heights, and the valleys are
filled with silence.
She was the daughter of a Greek and of a Phœnician woman. She seems
never to have known her father for he is not mentioned in any part of
the souvenirs of her childhood. Perhaps he died before she came into the
world. Otherwise, it would be hard to explain how she bore a Phœnician
name which her mother alone could have given her.
In this almost deserted land, she lived a tranquil life with her mother
and her sisters. Other young girls, who were her friends, lived not far
from her. On the woody slopes of Tauros, the shepherds pastured their
flocks.
In the morning, at the crow of the cock, she arose, went to the stable,
led the animals to drink and busied herself milking them. During the
day, if it rained, she remained in the gynæceum and spun wool from her
distaff. If the weather was fair, she ran in the fields and played a
thousand games, with her companions, of which she speaks.
Bilitis regarded the Nymphs with ardent piety. The sacrifices which she
offered, nearly every day, were for their fountain. She often speaks of
them but it seems that she never saw them, for she reports with so much
veneration the accounts of an old man who, one day, had surprised them.
The close of her pastoral existence was saddened by a love of which we
know little, although she speaks of it at length. She ceased to sing of
it when it became unhappy. Having become the mother of a child which she
abandoned, Bilitis quitted Pamphylia for unknown reasons and never
returned to the place of her birth.
We find her again at Mytilene where she went by way of the sea along the
fair coasts of Asia. She was then scarcely sixteen years old, according
to the conjectures of M. Heim, who established with probability some
dates in the life of Bilitis from a verse which alludes to the death of
Pittakos.
Lesbos was then the centre of the world. On the main road between
beautiful Attica and magnificent Lydia, it had for its capital a city
more elegant than Athens and more corrupt than Sardis: Mytilene, built
upon a peninsula overlooking the shores of Asia. The blue sea
encompassed the city. From the height of the temples one could
distinguish on the horizon the white line of Atarnea which was the port
of Pergamos.
The narrow streets were always encumbered by a throng resplendent in
many-colored stuffs, tunics of purple and of hyacinth, cyclas of
transparent silks, mantles trailing in the dust of the yellow shoes. The
women carried in their ears great rings of gold set with raw pearls, and
on their arms massive bracelets of silver roughly chiseled in relief.
The men themselves wore their hair brilliantly perfumed with rare oils.
The Greeks wore sandals with the ends fastened to their bare ankles by
large serpents of bright metal, while the Asiatics wore soft, tinted
boots. The passers-by stood in groups before the façades of the shops
where the goods for sale were on display: rugs of sombre colors, cloths
worked with threads of gold, jewels of amber and of ivory, according to
the quarter. The animation of Mytilene did not end with the day; there
was no hour so late that one could not hear, through the open doors, the
joyous sounds of instruments, the cries of women, the noise of dances.
Pittakos himself, who wished to give a little order to this perpetual
debauch, made a law in defense of players of the flute too young to be
employed in the nocturnal festivals; but this law, like all laws that
pretend to change the course of natural morals, determined the secrecy
but not the observance.
In a society where the husbands were occupied at night with wine and
dancing-girls, the women could not fail to unite and find, among
themselves, consolation for their solitude. Thus it was that they
softened to those delicate loves to which antiquity has given their
name, and which have, whatever men may think, more of true passion than
invoked viciousness.
At this time, Sappho was still beautiful. Bilitis knew her and speaks of
her under the name of Psappha which she bore at Lesbos. Without doubt
she was the admirable woman who taught the little Pamphilian the art of
singing in rhythmic phrases, whereby she preserved to posterity the
remembrance of her loves. Unfortunately, Bilitis has given us few
details of this woman, today so little known, and this is to be
regretted, since the least word is precious which touches that great
Inspiration. Instead, she has left us thirty elegiacs, the history of
her love for a young girl of her own age whom she calls Mnasidika, and
who lived with her. Already we knew the name of this young girl from a
verse of Sappho in which her beauty is exalted; but the name even is
doubtful, and Bergk almost thinks that she was called simply Mnais. The
songs we will read soon, prove that this hypothesis may be abandoned.
Mnasidika seems to have been a little girl, very sweet and very
innocent, one of those charming persons whose mission is simply to
permit themselves to be adored, so cherished that they make little
effort to merit that which is given them. Loves without motives last the
longest: this one endured for ten years. One knows how it was broken
through the fault of Bilitis whose excessive jealousy admitted no
eclecticism.
When she felt that nothing held her longer to Mytilene, except unhappy
memories, Bilitis made a second voyage; she went to Cypros, an island
Greek and Phœnician like Pamphylia itself, which must have recalled to
her the aspect of her native country.
It was there that Bilitis began her life for the third time and in a
manner my readers will understand with difficulty unless they recall the
point to which love was considered holy among the people of antiquity.
The courtesans of Amathus were not, like ours, lost creatures, exiled
from all worldly society; they were girls from the best families of the
city. Aphrodite had given them beauty and they thanked the goddess and
consecreated to the service of her worship the beauty they had received.
All the cities, like those of Cypros, that possessed a temple rich in
courtesans, regarded these women with careful respect.
The incomparable history of Phryne, as transmitted to us from the
Athenæum, gives some idea of the nature of this veneration. It is not
true that Hyperides stripped her naked to soften the Areopagos, and
because her crime was great: she had committed murder. The orator tore
off the top of her tunic and revealed only her breasts. And he
supplicated the judges: “Do not put to death the priestess and the
inspired of Aphrodite.”—In distinction from the other courtesans who
went out in transparent cyclas through which all the details of their
bodies appeared, Phryne wore a costume which enveloped even her hair in
a great folded vestment of which the statuettes of Tanagra have
preserved the grace. No one, unless it were her lovers, had ever seen
her arms and her shoulders, and she never appeared in the pool of the
public baths. But one day an extraordinary thing occurred. It was the
day of the festival of Eleusis; twenty thousand people had come from all
parts of Greece and were assembled on the sea-shore when Phryne advanced
to the waves: she removed her garment, she unfastened her cincture, she
removed even her under tunic, “she unrolled her hair and entered the
sea.” And in that throng stood Praxiteles who, after this living
goddess, designed the Aphrodite of Knidos; and Apelles who, from her,
revealed his Anadyomene. Admirable people, to whom naked Beauty could
appear without exciting laughter or false shame!
I would that this history were that of Bilitis, for, in translating her
songs, I have learned to love the friend of Mnasidika. Without doubt her
life was also wonderful. I regret only that she is not spoken of oftener
by ancient authors, and that those whose works have survived, give us
so few tokens of her person. Philodemos, who pillaged her twice, does
not even mention her name. In default of better anecdotes, I beg that
you will be contented with the details which she herself has given us
about her life as a courtesan. That she was a courtesan is undeniable;
and even her last songs prove that, if she had the virtues of her
vocation, she had also its worst weaknesses. But I would know only her
virtues. She was pious and skillful. She remained faithful to the temple
so long as Aphrodite consented to prolong the youth of her purest
adorer. “The day when she ceased to be loved, she ceased to write,” she
has said. Nevertheless it is difficult to admit that the songs of
Pamphylia could have been written at the epoch when the events took
place. How could a little shepherdess of the mountains learn to scan
verses according to the difficult rhythms of the Æolic delivery? It is
more reasonable to believe that, become old, Bilitis found pleasure in
singing for herself the remembrances of her childhood. We know nothing
of this last period of her life. We know not even at what age she died.
Her tomb was found by M. C. Heim at Paleo-Limisso, at the side of an
antique road, not far from the ruins of Amathus. These ruins have
almost disappeared within the last thirty years and the stones of the
house where perhaps Bilitis lived, today pave the quays of Port Said.
But the tomb was subterranean, according to the Phœnician custom, and it
had escaped even the treasure hunters.
M. Heim entered it by a narrow pit, once filled with earth, at the
bottom of which he found a walled-up door which had to be demolished.
The wide, low tomb, paved with slabs of limestone, had four walls
covered with plaques of black amphibolite, on which were graven, in
primitive capitals, all the songs we are about to read, except the three
epitaphs which decorated the sarcophagus.
There reposed the friend of Mnasidika in a great coffin of terra-cotta,
under a cover modeled in delicate sculpture which figured in the clay
the visage of the dead. The hair was painted black, the eyes half closed
and prolonged by the crayon as though she were living and the painted
cheek softened by a slight smile which brought out the lines of the
mouth. Nothing can ever tell of those lips, so clean-cut, with a soft
outward curve, united one to the other and as though intoxicated by
their own contact.
When the tomb was opened, she appeared in the state in which a pious
hand had placed her, twenty-four centuries before. Vials of perfume hung
from pegs of clay, and one of these, after so long a time, was still
fragrant. The mirror of polished silver in which Bilitis had viewed
herself, the stylus which had trailed the blue pigment over her eyelids,
were found in their place. A little naked Astarte, relic forever
precious, watched always over the skeleton ornamented with all its
jewels of gold, and white like a snow-covered branch, but so soft and so
fragile that at the first breath it mingled with the dust.
Pierre Louÿs.
Constantinople. August 1894.