The Making of Species

About this eBook

Author

Finn, Frank, 1868-1932

Credits

Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Marcia Brooks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Canada Team at www.pgdpcanada.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)

Language

English

LoC Class

QH: Science: Natural history

Subject

Evolution (Biology)

Category

Text

eBook-No.

44063

Project Gutenberg

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44063

Release Date

October 29, 2013

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.THE MAKING OF SPECIES
2. 2.PREFACE
3. 3.CONTENTS
4. 4.LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS — THE MAKING OF SPECIES
5. 5.CHAPTER I RISE OF THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION AND ITS SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT — Strength of Darwin’s Position — Opponents of Darwin — Evolution and Natural Selection — Huxley — Growing Opposition to Darwinism — The Neo-Lamarckian School — Orr’s Views — Inheritance of Acquired Characters — The Wallaceian School — Complexity of the Problem — The Aim of the Biologist
6. 6.CHAPTER II SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT OBJECTIONS TO THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION — Theory of Natural Selection — Various Anti-Darwinian Views — Darwinism does not explain Variation — Theory of Change of Function — Correlation — Missing Links — Recurrent Mutations — Leaf-butterflies — A Dilemma — The Effects of Chance — The Origin of Mimicry
7. 7.CHAPTER III VARIATION — Nature of Variation — Definite and Indefinite Variability — Monstrosities — Minute Variations — Lines of Variation — Breeders’ Boasts — Albinistic Variations — Over-development — Speed of Racehorses — Experiments of De Vries — Bateson on Variation — Work of Bateson and De Vries — Varieties and Elementary Species — Mutations — Law of Regression — De Vries’s Dictum — Mutating Plants — Mutation Theory Criticised — Definition of a Species — “Scatliff Strain” of Turbit — Mutations among Animals — Mutations among Birds — Color Mutations — Mutations among Invertebrates — Mutating Species — Somatic and Germinal Variations — Somatic Variations
8. 8.CHAPTER IV HYBRIDISM — Alleged Sterility of Hybrids — Fertile Hybrids — A Biological Bogey — Fertile Crosses between Species of Plants — Sterile Plant Hybrids — Fertile Mammalian Hybrids — Fertile Bird Hybrids — Fertile Hybrids among Amphibia — Insects — Limits to the Possibilities of Hybridisation — Characters of Hybrids — Wild Hybrids
9. 9.CHAPTER V INHERITANCE — Phenomena of Inheritance — Existing Theories Unsatisfactory — Types of Crosses — Mendel’s Experiments — Mendelism — Maturation of the Germ-cells — Experiments of Delage and Loeb — Experiments of Cuénot and Castle — Unit Characters — Chemical Molecules — Experiments of Gräfin von Linden — Biological Isomerism — Biological Molecules — Phenomenon of Sex — Struggle for Nourishment — Origin of Mutations
10. 10.CHAPTER VI THE COLOURATION OF ORGANISMS — Robinson on Protective Colouring — Cryptic Colouring — Warning Colouration — Batesian Mimicry — Examples of Mimicry — Müllerian Mimicry — Danger Signals — Obliterative Colouring — Objections to the Theory of Cryptic Colouring — Fauna of Polar Regions — Pelagic Organisms — Unimportance of Colour — Gadow on Coral Snakes — F. C. Selous Quoted — Sexual Dimorphism — Precis Artexia — Striped Caterpillars — Colours of Eggs — Eyesight of Birds — The Theory of Warning Colouration — Examples of Warning Colouration — Warning Colouring a Drawback — Conspicuous Animals Attacked — Aposematic Sounds — Intimidating Attitudes — Mimicry — Theory of Protective Mimicry — Evidence for the Theory — Alternative Theories — Objections to the Theory that the so-called Cases of Mimicry owe their Origin to Natural Selection — The Brain-fever Bird — Hypertely — Birds capturing Butterflies — Observing-powers of Birds — “False” Mimicry among Mammals — False Batesian Mimicry among Birds — Theory of Mimicry Criticised — “Recognition” Colours — Interbreeding of Allied Species — Symmetry in Nature — The Colouring of Flowers and Fruits — Cross- versus Self-fertilisation — Insects and Flowers — Honey — Scents of Flowers — Kay Robinson’s Theory — Accepted Theories Unsatisfactory — White Down of Nestlings — Cranes — Magpie Colouring — Albinos — Biological Molecules and Colour — Mr Tylor Quoted — Pœcilomeres — Biological Molecules
11. 11.CHAPTER VII SEXUAL DIMORPHISM — Theory of Sexual Selection — The Law of Battle — Selection by Females — Male Attractiveness — Pearson’s Investigations — Finn’s Experiments — Display of Undecorated Cocks — Plumage of Herons — Sexual Dissimilarity — Wallace’s Explanation of Sexual Dissimilarity — Wallace’s Theory Criticised — The Theory of Thomson and Geddes — Stolzmann’s Theory — Neo-Lamarckian Explanation — Cunningham’s Theory — Existing Theories not Satisfactory — Hormones — Eye-colour, Comb, and Spurs — The Four Kinds of Mutations — Unilateral Transmission — Greater Value of Females
12. 12.CHAPTER VIII THE FACTORS OF EVOLUTION — The Struggle for Existence — Checks on Increase — Attributes of Successful Species — Correlation — Isolation — Divergence of Character — Isolation — Discriminate Isolation — Indiscriminate Isolation — Mollusca of Sandwich Isles — Local Species — Cormorants — Natural Selection — Origin of the Fittest
13. 13.FOOTNOTES
14. 14.INDEX — ORNITHOLOGICAL AND OTHER ODDITIES — BOMBAY DUCKS — BIRDS OF THE PLAINS — NOTICE — LIVING MASTERS OF MUSIC — STARS OF THE STAGE — A CATALOGUE OF MEMOIRS, BIOGRAPHIES, ETC. — WORKS UPON NAPOLEON
15. 15.Transcriber’s Notes

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