Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell (1821-1893). Educated at McGill
University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1847. A
candidate for the Legislative Assembly for Argenteuil, 1857, but
defeated by Sydney Bellingham. Bellingham subsequently unseated and
Abbott declared elected, 1860. Solicitor-general for Lower Canada in
Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862-1863, and for a few days retained same
position in Macdonald-Dorion ministry. From 1867 to 1874 and from 1880
to 1887 represented Argenteuil in House of Commons. May, 1887, admitted
to Macdonald ministry as minister without portfolio, and at same time
appointed to Senate, where he became leader of Conservative party. On
death of Macdonald, became prime minister, June, 1891; held this
position until ill health compelled him to resign, November, 1892. A
recognized authority on questions of commercial and constitutional law.
Framed Insolvent Act of 1864, and Jury Law Consolidation Act of Lower
Canada. Index: C Countenances Annexation Movement in 1849, 44-45. BL On
the Annexation Manifesto, 336. Md A witness before Pacific Scandal
Committee, 204. Bib.: Annual Register, 1893; Terrill, Chronology of
Montreal; Thomas, History of Argenteuil and Prescott; Weir, Sixty
Years in Canada; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.
Abbott, Joseph (1789-1863). Born and educated in England. Came to
Canada, 1818. Missionary of the Church of England. Wrote The Emigrant,
containing information for farmers about Canada.
Abenaquis Indians. See Abnaki.
Abercrombie, James. Entered the army, and obtained a captaincy in the
42nd or 1st Battalion of Royal Highlanders, 1756. Appointed aide-de-camp
to Major-General Amherst, 1759, with whom he made the campaigns in
Canada of that and the following year. Appointed major of the 78th or
2nd Highland Battalion, 1760, and, in September following, employed by
General Amherst in communicating to the Marquis de Vaudreuil the
conditions preparatory to the surrender of Montreal, and in obtaining
his signature to them. The 78th Regiment having been disbanded in 1763,
retired on half-pay. Again entered active service, 1770, as
lieutenant-colonel of the 22nd Regiment, then serving in America under
the command of Lieutenant-General Gage; killed in the battle of Bunker
Hill, June 17, 1775. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.
Abercromby, James (1706-1781). Entered the army, and obtained commission
as major, 1742; lieutenant-colonel, 1744; colonel, 1746. Sent to America
with 50th Regiment, 1756; superseded Shirley and Webb in command of the
army; and then resigned command to Lord Loudon. In 1757 commanded second
brigade against Louisbourg. On Loudon's recall, became
commander-in-chief, 1758. Led expedition against Ticonderoga, with Lord
Howe as second in command. On Howe's death, the campaign became a dismal
failure for the British, Abercromby being outgeneralled at every point
by Montcalm. Returned to England, and in 1772 deputy-governor of
Stirling Castle. Index: WM Sent to America with reinforcements, 33;
commands division intended to operate by way of Lake Champlain, 54;
repulsed at Fort Carillon, 55-61. Hd His recall, 21. See also Howe;
Rogers; Ticonderoga; Carillon. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe;
Rogers, Journals during the Late War, ed. by Hough.
Abercromby, Sir Ralph (1734-1801). Commanded a brigade in Holland under
Duke of York, 1793, and wounded at Nimeguen. Afterwards appointed
commander-in-chief of the forces in the West Indies. Held successive
commands in Ireland, Scotland, in the expedition to Holland, and, in
1801, appointed to command the expedition against the French in Egypt.
Won a brilliant victory near Alexandria, but died of wounds received in
the battle. Index: Bk Brock serves under, in Holland, 14. Bib.:
Dunfermline, Sir Ralph Abercromby: a Memoir; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Aberdeen, John Campbell Hamilton Gordon, seventh Earl of (1847- ). A
baronet of Nova Scotia. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Succeeded to
peerage, 1870. Appointed viceroy of Ireland, 1886. Appointed
governor-general of Canada, 1893. Again appointed viceroy of Ireland,
1905. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who.
Abnaki Indians. A tribe of the Algonquian family, inhabiting a portion
of what is now the province of New Brunswick. They were early converts
of the French missionaries, and made common cause with the French
against the English colonists. A number were brought to Canada in the
seventeenth century, and formed a settlement on the St. Francis River, a
few miles above its junction with the St. Lawrence. The Indian town was
destroyed by Robert Rogers in 1759. Index: F Hostile to New England,
240; incited by Governor Denonville, 249; ravages committed by, 316;
attack settlement at York, 326; repulsed at Wells, 327; disposed to make
peace with New England, 328; French influence in opposite direction
prevails, 330; attack settlement of Oyster River, 330; fired on from
Fort Pemaquid under flag of truce, 331. L Ravages committed by, on New
England settlements, 12; in Acadia, 228. WM Enemies of the English, 16.
Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Montcalm and Wolfe; Pilling,
Bibliography of Algonquian Languages; Vetromile, The Abnakis and
their History.
Abraham, Plains of. See Plains of Abraham.
Academy of Arts. See Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.
Acadia. The name Acadia or "la Cadie" is found as early as Nov. 8, 1603,
in the commission of Henry IV appointing Pierre du Gua, Sieur de Monts,
lieutenant-general in La Cadie, extending from the fortieth to the
forty-sixth degree of north latitude. The limits were afterwards
reduced, and the boundaries of Acadia became a cause of contention
between France and England. France claimed that the English possessions
were restricted to the peninsula of Nova Scotia, and that the territory
now known as New Brunswick had not been ceded to England. The first
settlement in Acadia was on the Island of St. Croix in 1604, but the
following year it was transferred to Port Royal, and abandoned in 1607.
Three years later the Sieur de Poutrincourt established a new settlement
at Port Royal, which was destroyed by Argall in 1613. In September,
1621, James I granted the territory of Acadia, under the name of Nova
Scotia, to Sir William Alexander. This grant was renewed in July, 1625,
by Charles I. A small Scottish settlement was established at Port Royal
by the grantee. Acadia was restored to France by the treaty of St.
Germain-en-Laye in 1632, and during the same year new settlers were
brought from France. Acadia was finally ceded to Great Britain by the
treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Index: Ch Its resources and limits, 18;
English king indisposed to restore, 213. F Attempt to form settlement
in, 6; seized by English under Kirke, 22; subsequent vicissitudes,
268-272; seized under orders from Cromwell, 268; settlers disposed to
trade with New England, 270; Port Royal (Annapolis) made capital, 270;
visited by Meulles and Saint Vallier, and census taken, 271; Port Royal
and other posts captured by Phipps, who establishes government, 274;
passes again under French control, 316. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages;
Lescarbot, New France; Denys, Acadia; Parkman, Pioneers of France;
Rameau de Saint-Père, Une Colonie Feodale; Calnek and Savary, History
of the County of Annapolis; Moreau, Histoire de l'Acadie; Hannay,
History of Acadia; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Murdoch,
History of Nova Scotia.
Acadia College. Situated at Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Founded by the Nova
Scotia Baptist Education Society, 1838. Application made to the Nova
Scotia Assembly for incorporation as "The Trustees, Governors and
Fellows of the Queen's College." The corporation created with university
powers, 1840. At the next meeting of the Legislature its name changed to
Acadia College. Power of appointing governors transferred from the
Education Society to the Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces,
1851. Final changes in the Act of Incorporation, 1891. Index: H Founded
by the Baptists, 1838; first known as Queen's College, 81; defended by
James W. Johnstone, 83. Bib.: Canada: An Ency., vol. 4.
Acadian. Newspaper published at Halifax. Index: H Formerly Weekly
Chronicle, 6; purchased and edited by Joseph Howe, 6; sold by Howe, 6.
Acadians. The first permanent settlers were those who came with De
Razilly in 1632, and from these the Acadians of to-day are descended.
Other French immigrants were brought by d'Aulnay de Charnisay from 1639
to 1649, and by La Tour and Le Borgne in 1651 and 1658 respectively.
There were also small immigrations at divers later dates. The first
general nominal census was taken in 1671, and gave a population of 392
souls. In 1686 there were 885 persons in Acadia. Seven years later the
inhabitants numbered 1018. When Acadia was ceded to Britain in 1713, the
Acadian population was 2500. Although from 1713 to 1745 a number of
families had escaped to the new French colonies of Isle Royale and Isle
St. Jean (now Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island), still in 1749, when
the British settled Halifax, there were about 12,500 Acadians in the
province. Another large influx of population to the same colonies, and
to the St. John River, took place between 1749 and 1755, yet there
remained in the latter year in the peninsula and in the Isthmus of
Chignecto some 10,000 inhabitants, of whom nearly 7000 were deported in
1755. The rest escaped to the woods; some went to Miramichi, and later
to Baie des Chaleurs; others crossed over to the Isles Royale and St.
Jean, and quite a number found their way to St. John River, and from
thence to the province of Quebec. The whole population of Acadians in
the peninsula, the Isthmus of Chignecto, the St. John River, Isle
Royale, and Isle St. Jean, at the time of the expulsion, is computed at
16,000. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Campbell, History of
Nova Scotia; Haliburton, Historical and Statistical Account of Nova
Scotia; Hannay, History of Acadia; Raymond, St. John River; Gaudet,
Acadian Genealogy (Report on Dominion Archives, 1905, vol. 2).
Acadians, Expulsion of the. Governor Lawrence in 1755, with the advice
of his Council and of Admirals Boscawen and Mostyn, but apparently
without consulting the home government, decided that the Acadians must
be deported from Nova Scotia. The reason for this decision was the
obstinate refusal of the Acadians to take the oath of allegiance, and
the conviction of the governor that the safety of the colony depended
upon their expulsion. In September, 1755, all preparations having been
made with the utmost secrecy, Monckton at Beauséjour, Winslow at Grand
Pré, Murray at Piziquid, and Handfield at Annapolis, seized the
inhabitants and held them prisoners until the arrival of the transport
and provision ships. These having been delayed, the final embarkation
did not take place until late in December. The Acadians were distributed
among the British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard. Some hired
vessels in 1763, and sailed to Miquelon, and in 1767 and following years
returned gradually to their old Acadian home. Others came directly to
Nova Scotia in 1766, there being no longer any reason for their
exclusion, while others went north to Quebec or south to Louisiana. The
present Acadian population in the three Maritime Provinces is over
150,000, and these are the descendants of the few families who escaped
deportation, and of those who returned from exile. Index: See
references under Acadia. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Richard,
Acadia; Casgrain, Un Pélérinage au Pays d'Evangéline; Une Seconde
Acadie; Les Sulpiciens et les Prêtres des Missions Etrangères en
Acadia; Documents Inédits sur l'Acadie, 1710-1815; Archibald,
Expulsion of Acadians (N.S. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1887); Selections from
the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Calnek and Savary,
History of the County of Annapolis.
Accommodation. First steamboat on the St. Lawrence. Built by John Molson
at Montreal. Arrived at Quebec from Montreal, Nov. 5, 1809, making the
run in 36 hours. The vessel measured 85 feet over all, had 16 feet beam,
and was equipped with an engine of six-horse power. See also Molson;
Steamships. Bib.: Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal Board of Trade,
1893.
Adams. Bk United States brig on Lake Erie, 178; surrendered to British,
256; name changed to Detroit, 274; captured by Americans at Fort Erie,
289; burnt, 290. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.
Adams, John. Came to Nova Scotia from Boston. Appointed member of the
Council, 1720. After the death of Lawrence Armstrong, administered the
government during 1739 and 1740. Returned to Boston, 1740, as blindness
prevented him from attending to his duties.
Addison, Robert. S First chaplain of Upper Canada Assembly, 85, 158;
opens a school at Niagara, 167. R Member of Board of Education, Upper
Canada, 58.
Adet, Pierre Auguste (1763-1832). Appointed on the 10th thermidor,
member of the French Council of Mines. In 1795, went to the United
States in the capacity of plenipotentiary. In 1796 presented to the
United States Congress the tricolour flag on behalf of the French
nation; and the following year, handed to the secretary of state the
famous note in which the Directoire, complaining to the American
government of breach of neutrality, stated that the republic would give
to every neutral flag the same treatment that the latter would get from
Great Britain. Index: Dr French minister to United States, intrigues of,
300, 301.
Agniers. See Mohawks.
Agriculture. Societies for improving the conditions of agriculture were
founded in Nova Scotia, 1789; in Quebec the same year; and in Upper
Canada in 1792. Simcoe in Upper Canada and Dorchester in Quebec did much
to further agricultural interests, but Quebec owes most to J. F.
Perrault (q.v.), and Nova Scotia to John Young (q.v.). An
agricultural school was founded at Ste. Anne de la Pocatière in 1859;
the Guelph Agricultural College was established in 1874; the Nova
Scotia School of Agriculture, 1885; and the Macdonald College, at Ste.
Anne de Bellevue, opened in the fall of 1907. Agricultural Colleges are
also in operation in connection with the provincial universities of
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Index: F In New France,
difficulties in the way of, 87. S Progress of, in Upper Canada, 108,
109; Simcoe's endeavours to promote, 110, 198. E Elgin on, 49-50;
department of, established by Hincks-Morin government, 117; charged with
founding of model farms and agricultural schools, 117. MS Agricultural
experiments of the Red River colony, 1820-1835, 222-223; experimental
farm at Red River, 237; Governor Simpson's views, 273-278. D In British
Columbia, 256-257, 329-330. B Splendid field for in North-West predicted
by Toronto Globe, in 1852, 213-215. See also Farmers; Wheat;
Flour-milling; Puget Sound Agricultural Society. Bib.: Canada: An
Ency., vol. 5; Johnson, First Things in Canada.
Aguesseau, Henri-François (1668-1751). Studied law; appointed third
barrister of the Parliament of Paris, 1690; and attorney-general, 1700.
Seventeen years later became chancellor. His opposition to Law's
financial scheme brought about his temporary disgrace. Reappointed after
the failure of Law's bank, and retired, 1722. Joined the administration
again in 1727 as minister of justice, and finally retired, 1750. Index:
F On French Parliaments, 153.
Aiguebelle, d'. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 257.
Aiken, Thomas B. H Contributes to The Club in Howe's Nova Scotian,
10.
Aikins, James Cox (1823-1896). Educated at Victoria College. Elected for
Peel County, 1854, and sat in Assembly until 1861. Elected to
Legislative Council, 1862; and at Confederation became a member of the
Dominion Senate. Secretary of state in Macdonald administration,
1869-1873, and again in 1878-1880; minister of inland revenue,
1880-1882; lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1882-1888; again called to
Senate, 1896. Index: R Graduate of Victoria College, 143. Bib.: Dent,
Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.
Ailleboust de Coulonge, Louis d'. Administered settlement of Villemarie
during the absence of Maisonneuve. Promoted to governorship of Three
Rivers. Became governor of Canada, 1648. Succeeded by Lauzon, 1651.
Administered the colony, 1657. Died at Quebec, 1660. Index: F Succeeds
Montmagny as governor, 35; interim governor, 42. L His pious
administration, 8. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Douglas, Old France in
the New World.
Aillon, Father de la Roche d'. Ch Récollet interpreter and negotiator
with the Kirkes, 188-190; returns to France, 208. Bib.: Kirke, The
First English Conquest of Canada.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of. Signed between Great Britain and France,
April 18, 1748. Brought the War of the Austrian Succession to a close.
The practical effect of the treaty was to renew the status quo. All
former treaties were renewed and all conquests restored. So far as
British North America was concerned, the most vital article was that
which provided for the restoration to France of Cape Breton. Bib.:
Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.
Alabama Claims. Md Exploits of the Alabama, 98; inflicts injury on
Northern shipping, 165; causes irritation in United States, 167; claims
referred to Joint Commission, 168-169; personnel of Commission, 169;
claims finally submitted to arbitration, 181. See also Washington,
Treaty of.
Alaska Boundary Question. Arose out of differences of opinion as to the
interpretation of the 1828 Convention between Russia and Great Britain,
and particularly as to the boundary of the coast strip. The United
States contention was that the boundary should follow a line
approximately parallel to the coast and thirty marine miles distant
therefrom; the Canadian, that it should follow the summit of the first
range, crossing many of the inlets near their mouths. The decision of
the Joint Commission of 1903 did not concede the United States claims in
full, but gave them an unbroken littoral, substantially what they had
contended for. Index: D Effect of Russian occupation, 38; early history
of, 119; history of dispute, 340-341. Bib.: Hodgins, British and
American Diplomacy Affecting Canada; MacArthur, The Alaska Boundary
Award, in the Univ. Mag., December, 1907; Bourinot, Canada under
British Rule; Proceedings of the Alaska Boundary Tribunal, Washington,
1904; Ewart, The Kingdom of Canada.
Albanel, Charles. L Explores Hudson Bay, 11.
Alberta. Created a province of the Dominion on Sept. 1, 1905. Includes
the former district of Alberta, with the west half of Athabaska, and a
strip of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. Area, 253,540 square miles. The
former district or territory of Alberta was named in honour of the
Princess Louise. Seat of government, Edmonton. See also North-West
Territories.
Alberta, University of. Created by Act of the Legislature of Alberta
passed at the first session after provincial autonomy had been granted.
First president appointed, 1908. Seat of university at Strathcona,
across the Saskatchewan River from Edmonton, the capital of the
province.
Albion. Newspaper published at New York. Index: B Peter Brown
contributes to, 2; a weekly newspaper, published at New York for British
residents of United States, 2. BL On Draper's pronouncement as to
responsible government, 94; on Bagot's reception at Montreal, 118; on
Hincks's appointment as inspector-general, 120; on the seat of
government, 182; on the Metcalfe crisis, 199.
Alexander VII, Pope (1599-1667). Born Fabio Chigi. Elected pope, 1655.
Index: L Appoints Laval his vicar apostolic, 7.
Alexander of Rhodes, Father. L Recommends Laval for mission work in
India, 23.
Alexander, Sir William. See Stirling, Earl of.
Algonquian Indians. The name is now applied to what is probably the most
widely-distributed linguistic stock of North America. In the days of
French Canada, it was given to a comparatively small and unimportant
tribe, whose home was on the banks of the Ottawa. Index: L Two camps of,
destroyed, 9; missions destroyed by drunkenness, 175. Bib.: Parkman,
Conspiracy of Pontiac; Brinton, The Lenape and Their Legends;
Pilling, Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages.
Aliens. Dr Dorchester has Act passed in 1794 by Assembly, 288; designed
to guard against danger of anti-British sentiment, 288. Mc Act passed in
Upper Canada, 1804, 88; designed to guard against sedition, 88-89; terms
of British Act of 1790, 140-141; hardships of, 141; Act of 1826,
141-143.
Alix, Marguerite. Ch Mother of Helen Bouillé, 66.
Alix, Simon. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.
Allan, George William (1822-1901). Born in York, Upper Canada. Educated
at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar, 1846. Served
in the volunteers during the Rebellion of 1837. Mayor of Toronto, 1855;
elected member of the Legislative Council, 1858; appointed to the
Senate, 1867; Speaker of the Senate, 1888-1891. From 1877 until his
death, chancellor of Trinity University. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Allan, Sir Hugh (1810-1882). Founder of the Allan line of steamships.
Came to Canada from Scotland, 1826, and in 1831 entered the shipbuilding
firm of James Millar & Co., Montreal, of which he became a partner in
1835. In 1853 his firm began building iron screw steamships, and their
first vessel, the Canadian, made its first voyage in 1855. The
following year, with a fleet of four vessels, a regular service was
opened between Canada and England, with fortnightly sailings. In 1859
the fleet was increased to eight steamers, and a weekly service opened.
From these small beginnings, the Allan Line has risen to a foremost
place in transatlantic transportation. Index: Md President of the
Canadian Pacific Railway Co.—his agreement with American capitalists,
201-202; corrupt bargains with government, 202; denies charges, 205;
Macdonald denies corrupt bargain, 207; Cartier's connection with, 207;
his Company compelled to abandon railway project, 233. C His Company
offers to build transcontinental railway, 53; asked to subscribe to
Conservative election fund, 53; his indiscreet letters, 53. H President
of Montreal Board of Trade, presides at public dinner to Joseph Howe,
138. D His connection with transcontinental railway project, 321. E His
line secures mail subsidy, 115. See also Transportation; Molson;
Cunard; Royal William. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.;
Taylor, Brit. Am.; Canada: An Ency., vol. 3; Semi-Centennial Report
of Montreal Board of Trade, 1893.
Allanshaw, James. W Appointed to Legislative Council, New Brunswick, 69.
Allard, Father Germain. L Récollet missionary, arrival in Canada, 109.
Allcock, Henry. Studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and called to the bar,
1791. In November, 1798, appointed judge of Court of King's Bench for
Upper Canada. Elected to Legislative Assembly for constituency of
Durham, Simcoe, and E. York, 1800, but unseated by the Assembly, June,
1801. Under the direction of Lieutenant-Governor Hunter, engaged in the
preparation of a bill to establish a Court of Equity in the province,
and was to have been the first chancellor of the Court. The Court of
Equity, however, was not at this time established, and on the removal of
Chief-Justice Elmsley to Lower Canada, October, 1802, was appointed
chief-justice of Upper Canada, and a member of the Executive and
Legislative Councils. On the death of Elmsley, promoted to chief-justice
of Lower Canada, July 1, 1805. In August, 1806, took his seat as a
member of the Executive Council, and in January, 1807, appointed a
member and chairman of the Legislative Council. Died at Quebec, Feb. 22,
1808. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges; Cartwright, Life and Letters
of Richard Cartwright.
Allen, Ethan (1737-1789). Index: Dr Seizes Ticonderoga and Crown Point,
83; marches against Montreal, 98; captured with part of his force, 99;
put into irons, 100; proposes separate arrangements between Vermont and
Canada, 244, 245. Hd His intrigues in connection with political status
of Vermont, 197-216; his great duplicity, 209, 213; proposes secret
treaty to Haldimand, 214; true to Vermont only, 217. See also
Montgomery; Arnold; American Invasion. Bib.: Allen's Captivity: Being a
Narrative Containing his Voyages, Travels, etc.; Henry Hall, Ethan
Allen; Jared Sparks, American Biography, ser. 1, vol. 1; Cyc. Am.
Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada.
Allen, Ira (1751-1814). Index: Hd Brother of Ethan—has conference with
British emissary, 204; little confidence placed in good faith of, 205,
209; receives documents justifying his mission, 210; proposes secret
treaty with Britain, 214; true to Vermont only, 217. Dr His plans for
attacking Canada, 299, 300.
Allen, John Campbell. T Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1856, 41;
opposition candidate in York, 1865, elected, 86; his sterling honesty,
87; attorney-general in Smith government, 91; a Conservative, 91;
appointed to the bench, 93, 95; chief justice, 87. Bib.: Dent, Can.
Por.
Allison, Joseph. H On his death, 1839, Joseph Howe offered his seat in
Executive Council, Nova Scotia, but refuses, 72.
Allouez, Father Claude. Came to Quebec, 1657. Left for the West, 1665.
Laboured for twenty-five years among the tribes of what are now the
states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. Met La Salle in Illinois,
1679. Died in 1690. Index: L Missionary labours of, 11; impresses
Indians of Sault Ste. Marie with power of French king, 104. Bib.: Shea,
Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley; Griffin,
Discovery of the Mississippi.
Allsopp, George. Settled in Quebec, 1761, and became prominent in
maintaining the rights of the civil authority as opposed to the
military. January, 1766, appointed deputy secretary, clerk of the
Council, and registrar of enrolments, but because of his opposition to
the government, Murray refused to admit him to office. In April, 1768,
Carleton confirmed him in these appointments, which he retained until
superseded by George Pownall in 1775. From 1771 to 1776 deputy
commissary-general. One of the original members of the Legislative
Council, under the Quebec Act. In 1780, when the Legislative Council
presented an address to Haldimand opposing the passing of an ordinance
amending the judicial system of the province in accordance with royal
instructions to the governor, voted against the address and caused a
strongly worded protest to be entered in the minutes of the Council.
This action resented by members of the Council, and ultimately led to
his dismissal by Haldimand, February, 1783. Index: Hd Member of Council
suspended for sedition, 1783, 175. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower
Canada.
Almon, William Bruce. H A "bitter Tory," 86; called to Executive and
Legislative Councils of Nova Scotia, 1843, 86; his appointment leads to
resignation of Howe, 87; challenges Howe to a duel, 236. Bib.: Campbell,
History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Alwington. Sy Name of governor-general's residence at Kingston, 294.
American Colonies. Dr Their objections to the Quebec Act, 70. Hd
Loudon's letter to Pitt regarding taxation of, 11; objections to in
colonies, 58; Haldimand's opinion of, 84; feeling in London against
taxation of, 86.
American Invasion (1775-1776). Grew out of the belief entertained by the
rebellious colonists that the French of Canada could readily be won to
their side. As a matter of fact the latter, while for the most part
showing no enthusiasm to join Carleton's forces, were still less
inclined to coöperate with the invading army under Montgomery and
Arnold, or to support the movement for union with the New Englanders. On
the other hand, the Americans had a number of English-speaking
sympathizers in Montreal—men who had come there from the colonies to
the south. This, and its geographical position, made the capture of
Montreal an easy matter; but Quebec was a different problem. Here
Carleton gathered a small but efficient force of regulars and militia,
and successfully held the town against the invading army. Montgomery was
killed in the assault, Dec. 31, 1775, and in the spring of 1776 the
siege was raised. The invading army hastily retreated to Montreal, and
finally was driven out of the country. Index: P Joseph Papineau carries
despatch to Carleton, 5. Dr Agitation worked up by American emissaries,
79-80; disaffection in Montreal, 82; seizure of Ticonderoga and Crown
Point, 82; Arnold captures vessel on Lake Champlain, 83; defence of St.
Johns, 84-85; martial law proclaimed, 86; militia called out, 86-88; the
habitants indifferent or disaffected, 88; English-speaking
inhabitants of Montreal refuse to serve, 88; Guy Johnson raises Indian
levies, 88; measures of defence, 90-93; Congress decides to invade
Canada, 95-96; Arnold starts for the Kennebec, 96; Montgomery assumes
command, 97; Allen appears before Montreal, is captured and sent to
England, 98-99; Montgomery lays siege to St. Johns, 100-101; Chambly
captured by the Americans, 101; Preston surrenders at St. Johns, 102;
Arnold marches on Quebec, 106-111; Carleton escapes to Quebec, 112-113;
organizes the defence, 114-115; progress of the siege, 118-124;
Montgomery and Arnold attack the city, 124-126; death of Montgomery,
126; failure of Arnold's attack, 127-132; Franklin's mission to
Montreal, 135-136; arrival of the fleet at Quebec with reinforcements,
137; Carleton attacks the Americans, 138-139; evacuation of Canada,
141-147. See also Montgomery; Arnold; Dorchester; Ethan Allen. Bib.:
Kingsford, History of Canada; Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth
Colony; Stone, Invasion of Canada; Codman, Arnold's Expedition to
Quebec; Lucas, History of Canada; Coffin, The Province of Quebec and
the Early American Revolution; Bradley, The Making of Canada.
American Revolution. WM Traced to battle of the Plains, 205. T Loyalists
in, 2-3.
Americans. Dr Settled in Canada, disloyalty of, 82, 85; disorderly
retreat of, 146.
Amherst, Jeffrey, Baron (1717-1797). Sent to America, 1758, and in
co-operation with Admiral Boscawen, captured Louisbourg that year. With
General Prideaux and Sir W. Johnson, took Ticonderoga, 1759. Reduced
Montreal the following year. Appointed commander-in-chief and
governor-general in America, 1761. Raised to peerage, 1776, as Baron
Amherst of Holmesdale. Index: WM In command of Louisbourg expedition,
73; commander-in-chief of forces in America, 77; operates against
Montreal, 77; his slowness of movement, 97, 122; held in check by
Bourlamaque, 131; compels Bourlamaque to evacuate Forts Carillon and
Frederic, 146. Hd Replaces Abercromby, 21; wrecks Fort George, 22; his
delay at Lake Champlain, 25; praises Haldimand's forbearance at Niagara,
27; builds a strong fort at Crown Point, 28; arrives at Oswego, 34;
Montreal surrenders to, 38; takes up quarters at New York, 40; nominal
governor of Canada, 41; notifies Haldimand of promotion, 42; approves
scheme for smelting old guns, 47; retirement of, 53; letter from
Haldimand, 82; recommends Haldimand for New York command, 83; his
interest in Louis Haldimand, 88; blind to true situation in America,
103; anxious to see Haldimand on his return to England, 105-106; meets
Haldimand at Sydneys, 311; entertainments given by, 324-325; Haldimand
on, 326, 332; Haldimand visits, 337, 339. Dr Canada surrendered to, 2;
grants religious freedom, 10. See also Louisbourg; Ticonderoga; Crown
Point. Bib.: Expedition of British and Provincial Army ... against
Ticonderoga and Crown Point; Samuel Waldo, Reduction of Louisbourg
(Dominion Archives, 1886); Johnstone, Journal of Louisbourg, 1750-1758
(Coll. de doc. rel. à la Nouvelle France, vol. 3); Dict. of Eng.
Hist.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bradley, The Fight with France; Parkman,
Montcalm and Wolfe.
Amherstburg. A town on the Canadian side of the Detroit River. Index: Bk
Fort, village, and naval station, 59; deputy quartermaster-general
stationed at, 80; military importance of, 177, 236; garrison of, 202,
235. BL Early municipal government of, 298. Bib.: James, Early History
of the Town of Amherstburg.
Amherst's Regiment. WM On British left, at Quebec, 189.
Amiens, Treaty of. Signed between Great Britain and France, March 25,
1802. Brought to an end the war that had lasted since 1793. Among other
provisions, the Newfoundland fisheries were restored to the same
position held before the war. Index: Bk Preliminaries of peace entered
into in London, and treaty signed at Amiens, 30-31. Bib.: Hertslet,
Treaties and Conventions; Bowman, Preliminary Stages of the Peace of
Amiens.
Amnesty Act, 1838. Mc Enables the government to extend conditional
pardon in certain cases to political offenders, 474-475.
Amnesty Act, 1849. E William Lyon Mackenzie takes advantage of, 91. BL
Proposed by Elgin, on behalf of Imperial government, as a measure of
pardon for those implicated in the Rebellion of 1837-1838, 287; Act
passed, 292. Mc Mackenzie takes advantage of, 480. Bib.: Dent, Last
Forty Years.
Amusements in Canada. Hd Contemporary accounts of, in 1781, 221-224.
Anadabijou. Ch Montagnais chief, makes long harangue to Champlain, 10;
his relations with Champlain, 50-51.
Anahotaha. L Huron chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69.
Andastes. A once-powerful tribe, who spoke a dialect of the Iroquois,
but were at deadly enmity with the Five Nations, by whom, according to
Parkman, they were nearly destroyed about the year 1672. Index: Ch
Indian tribe of Virginia, 90; adopted into the Hurons and spoke their
language, 90.
Andehoua. Ch Indian youth baptized, 233.
Anderson, Captain. Dr British officer killed at Sault au Matelot
barrier, 130.
Anderson, A. Caulfield. An officer of the Hudson's Bay Company, employed
for many years in the New Caledonia district, under Dr. McLoughlin.
Index: D In charge at Alexandria, on the Lower Fraser, 186; explores a
road from Kamloops to the Lower Fraser, 186.
Anderson, Anthony. Mc Given command of the rebels, 360; moves on
Toronto, 363; takes prisoners, 364; victim of Powell's treachery, 365.
Anderson, David (1814-1885). Born in London, England. Educated at
Edinburgh Academy and at Exeter College, Oxford. Vice-principal of St.
Bees College, Cumberland, 1841-1847, and incumbent of All Saints',
Derby, 1848-1849. Came to the Red River Settlement as bishop of Rupert's
Land, 1849. Remained until 1864, when he returned to England.
Subsequently vicar of Clifton and chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral,
London. Bib.: Works: Notes on the Flood; Net in the Bay. For biog.
see, Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland; Machray, Life of Archbishop Machray.
Andros, Sir Edmund (1637-1713). Appointed governor of New York, 1674;
governor of all the New England colonies, 1685. Recalled on account of
his extreme unpopularity, 1688. Subsequently governor of Virginia,
1692-1698. Index: F Governor of New England, 263; seized and imprisoned,
266. L His offer respecting liquor traffic, 173. Bib.: Whitmore, Andros
Tracts (Prince Soc., 1868-1874); Ferguson, Essays in American
History.
Aneda. Ch An Indian chief, 29.
Aneda. An evergreen, used by Jacques Cartier and his men as a remedy
against scurvy. Parkman suggests that it was a spruce, or, more
probably, an arbor-vitæ. Douglas believes it to have been balsam.
Cartier spells the name ameda, and Lescarbot, annedda. Index: Ch
Remedy for scurvy, 29; the Iroquois word for spruce tree, 30.
Ange Gardien. A village on the St. Lawrence, north shore, below Quebec.
Index: WM Wolfe seriously ill at, 154.
Angers, Auguste Rèal (1838- ). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and called
to the bar; made Q.C. 1880, and the same year appointed a puisne judge
of the Superior Court of Quebec. Lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1887;
resigned and called to the Senate, 1892. Minister of agriculture,
1892-1895; president of the Council, 1896. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men;
Chapais, Angers (Men of the Day).
Old Fort, near Annapolis Royal
From the John Ross Robertson collection
Anglican Church. See Church of England.
Anglin, Timothy Warren (1822-1886). Born in Ireland. Came to St. John,
New Brunswick, 1849. Established Weekly Freeman that year. Elected to
New Brunswick Legislature for St. John, 1860. Opposed Confederation.
Elected to the House of Commons, 1867, for Gloucester. Elected Speaker,
1874, and again in 1878. Index: C Demands disallowance of New Brunswick
Act abolishing separate schools, 73. T Elected for St. John to New
Brunswick Assembly on Anti-Confederate ticket, 85; member of Smith
government, 91; his influence, 93; differences with colleagues in
railway matter, 94; resigns his seat, 1865, 95; defeated for county of
St. John, 1866, 109. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.
Angus, Richard Bladworth (1831- ). Born at Bathgate, near Edinburgh. Came
to Canada, 1857, and joined the staff of the Bank of Montreal. Rose
steadily in the service of the bank, and in 1869 became general manager.
President of the Bank of Montreal, 1910; and director of the Canadian
Pacific Railway. Index: Md Director of Canadian Pacific Railway
syndicate, 236. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Anian, Strait of. Dr. Ruge says that the name arose through a
misunderstanding of Marco Polo's book (bk. 3, ch. 5). His Ania "is no
doubt the present Anam, but the Dutch cartographers thought that this
land was in north-east Asia, and called the strait that was said to
separate the continents the Strait of Anian." The name appears for the
first time on Gerh. Mercator's famous maritime chart of 1569. Index: D
History of search for, 2; De Fuca's voyage to, 9; Carver's River of
Oregon, 20. Bib.: Soph. Ruge, Fretum Aniam; Dawson, Canada.
Annand, William (1808-1892). Born in Halifax County. Entered the Nova
Scotia Assembly as one of the members for Halifax, 1836; financial
secretary in Howe's ministry, 1860-1863. An active opponent of
Confederation. Formed the first Anti-Confederate or repeal government in
Nova Scotia, 1867; retired in 1874 to accept the position of immigration
agent at London, where he died. Index: H Elected to represent Halifax in
Nova Scotia Legislature, as Joseph Howe's colleague, 1836, 29; assumes
control of Nova Scotian, 74-75; publishes Morning Chronicle, 75;
advocates central non-sectarian college for Nova Scotia, 82; becomes
financial secretary of province, 169; Wm. Miller brings action against
for libel, 188; goes to London, 1866, as Anti-Confederate delegate, 192;
becomes head of Nova Scotia government, 202; member of repeal delegation
to London, 1868, 204; turns against Howe, 208, 209, 217; receives vote
of thanks from Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. Bib.: Campbell, History of
Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Annapolis Royal. When Nicholson, with his fleet and New England troops,
captured Port Royal in 1710, he changed the name to Annapolis Royal, in
honour of Queen Anne. It was besieged the following year by the Acadians
with their Micmac and Penobscot allies, but the New England garrison
held the fort. Under treaty of Utrecht, 1713, ceded to England by
France. In 1744 Paul Mascarene successfully defended the place against
Du Vivier. See also Port Royal. Bib.: Calnek and Savary, History of
the County of Annapolis; Nicholson, Journal of the Capture of
Annapolis (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 1).
Anne, Saint. L Chapel dedicated to, in the church at Quebec, 84; chapels
erected to, at Beaupré, 101; relic of, 102.
Annexation to United States. A fitful movement, never reaching serious
proportions, and generally the result of temporary or local
dissatisfaction with political conditions, or of commercial depression.
Goldwin Smith was for many years its prophet. Index: Md Favoured by
small wing of Reform party, 23; manifesto issued by business men of
Montreal, its causes, 39, 40, 95; opposition to Confederation raises
hopes of American party, 118; movement in Nova Scotia, 145; movement in
British Columbia, 149; Goldwin Smith, the gloomy prophet of, 293;
advocated by Edward Farrer, 312-313. Mc W. L. Mackenzie not in favour
of, 10. BL Manifesto of 1849, 336; Sir John Abbott on, 336; advocated by
many of the Radicals of Lower Canada, 343. C Advocated by Democratic
party in Quebec, 26; said by Elgin to be popular among commercial
classes in 1849, 44; countenanced by Sir John Abbott and L. H. Holton,
44-45; what it would mean for Quebec, 64. B Threatened by repeal of Corn
Laws in 1846, 31, 32; the Montreal Manifesto, 36-37; sentiment for,
charged against Clear Grits, 42; opposition charged with, in
Confederation debate, 185; Brown holds that Reciprocity scheme designed
to promote, 194; charge of, denied by Canada First party, 237. E
Sentiment for, in 1847, 5; Elgin on, 58; Montreal Manifesto, 80-82;
advocated by the Parti Rouge, 109; Elgin's efforts to counteract
movement, 189-190; Durham on, 192-193; conditions favouring movement,
194-195; repeal of Reciprocity Treaty designed to promote, 202. P
Threatened in Ninety-Two Resolutions, 92-93; advocated in 1848, and
since Confederation, 96; advocated by Papineau, O'Callaghan, and their
friends, 97. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Weir, Sixty Years in
Canada; Kirby, Counter Manifesto to the Annexationists of Montreal;
Denison, The Struggle for Imperial Unity.
Anse des Mères. WM Frigates stationed at, 87; British vessels anchored
at, 124.
Anstruther's Regiment. WM In the attack on Quebec, 135; secures Sillery
road, 183; detachment keeps Bougainville's corps in check, 189.
Antell. Dr A disaffected Montrealer, 122.
Anticosti. The first mention of the island is in Cartier's narrative of
his first voyage, 1534. The following year he again visited the island,
which he named Isle de l'Assomption. On the origin of the present Indian
name, see W. F. Ganong's note, Royal Society Trans., 1889, II, 51.
Placed under jurisdiction of Newfoundland in 1763; transferred to
Canada, 1774. Bib.: Huard, Labrador et Anticosti; Guay, Lettres sur
l'île Anticosti; Schmitt, Monographie de l'île d'Anticosti; Lewis,
Menier and his Island.
Apprenticeship, System of. L Adopted with new-comers, in New France, 78.
Archambault, Louis. C Confirms statements as to Cartier's action in
connection with alleged alterations in British North America Act, 103. E
Member of Seigniorial Commission, 186.
Archibald, Sir Adams George (1814-1892). Educated at Pictou Academy.
Studied law; in 1838 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island; and to
that of Nova Scotia in 1839. Elected to the Nova Scotia Assembly for
Colchester, 1851. Attorney-general of Nova Scotia, 1860-1863. Delegate
to the various Conferences leading up to Confederation. Became secretary
of state for the provinces in first Dominion ministry.
Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1870-1872; and of Nova Scotia,
1873-1883. Knighted, 1885. Index: Md. Secretary of state for provinces
in first Dominion ministry, 135; succeeds MacDougall as
lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 161-162. H Becomes
solicitor-general and member of Executive Council of Nova Scotia, 1856,
157; attorney-general, 1860, 169; leader of the opposition, 176;
delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 1864, 177; supports
Confederation, 186; goes to England as delegate to complete
Confederation, 189; his interview with Joseph Howe, 189; member of first
Dominion ministry, 1867, 198; retires from ministry, and succeeded by
Howe, 226. C First lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 130. T Delegate from
Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; delegate to Quebec
Conference, 77; secretary of state in first Dominion ministry, 129.
Bib.: Expulsion of Acadians (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 5). For biog.,
see Dent, Can. Por.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.
Archibald, Samuel George William (1777-1846). Born in Colchester County,
Nova Scotia. Studied law and practised in Nova Scotia; obtained a seat
in the Legislature; became Speaker, solicitor-general, and afterwards
attorney-general of the province. Chief-justice of Prince Edward Island,
1824-1828, remaining Speaker of the Nova Scotia Assembly and
solicitor-general, during the whole term of his incumbency of the
chief-justiceship. Index: H Contributes to The Club in Howe's Nova
Scotian, 10; in House of Assembly, 18; leader of popular party, 35;
becomes Speaker, 57; appointed Master of the Rolls, 74. Bib.: Campbell,
History of Nova Scotia.
Archives. Provision was made by the Parliament of Canada, in 1872, for
an Archives Branch, and Douglas Brymner was appointed Dominion
Archivist. His first report appeared in 1873. The earlier reports were
of a preliminary nature, but in 1884 the first of the important series
of calendars was included in the report. Abbé Verreau made a special
report on historical material in Europe bearing on Canadian history,
published in 1874. A report on manuscript material in the colonial
archives at Paris, by Edouard Richard, was published as a supplement to
the report for 1899. Dr. Brymner died in 1902, and Arthur G. Doughty was
appointed Dominion Archivist in 1904. The report for 1905, in 3 vols.,
represented a new departure; the publication of calendars was abandoned,
and replaced by volumes containing series of documents relating to
definite subjects, systematically arranged. The archives were moved into
a special building in 1907. In 1910 began the issue of a series of
publications, containing historical journals and other special material.
Provincial archives, of a more or less distinct character, have also
been established in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia,
British Columbia, Manitoba, and Alberta. Index: Hd Quoted, 254;
Haldimand collection in, 319.
Arctic Archipelago. Embraces the islands lying north of the mainland of
Canada. Transferred to the Dominion by an Imperial order-in-council,
Sept. 1, 1880. Bib.: Johnson, Canada's Northern Fringe.
Argall, Sir Samuel. Born in Walthamstow, England. A type of the founders
of British colonial dominion. Sent, May, 1609, with a small vessel to
the new settlement at Jamestown, Va., to trade and fish. The following
year took out Lord Delaware to Jamestown, arriving in time to save the
colony from starvation. In 1812 carried off Pocahontas to the settlement
of Jamestown. Later in the year sent with a vessel of 14 guns to destroy
the French settlements on the north coast, regarded as infringing on the
Virginia patent. Captured Mount Desert, St. Croix, and Port Royal. On
return voyage forced the commandant at New Amsterdam to recognize
English suzerainty by hauling down the Dutch flag and running up the
English. May, 1617, made deputy governor of Virginia. In 1620 served
against the Algerine pirates under Sir Robert Mansell. Knighted in 1622.
In 1625 admiral of a squadron cruising after a hostile Dunkirk fleet,
and took some prizes. In October, 1625, with the futile expedition
against Cadiz under Lord Wimbledon. Died, 1626. Bib.: Argall's own
narrative; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Calnek and Savary, History of
the County of Annapolis.
Argenson, Pierre de Voyer, Vicomte d' (1626-1710). Succeeded Jean de
Lauson as governor of New France, 1658. His governorship marked by
personal quarrels with Laval, and a series of humiliating raids
throughout the colony by the Iroquois. Recalled in 1661. Index: F
Arrives as governor, 43; on Laval, 45. L His opinion of Laval, 29;
hostility to Maisonneuve, 176. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Douglas,
Old France in the New World.
Argyll, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, ninth Duke of (1845- ). Married
H. R. H. Princess Louise, 1871; succeeded to dukedom, 1900. Represented
Argyllshire in Parliament, 1868-1878. Governor-general of Canada (as
Marquis of Lorne), 1878-1883. Founded Royal Society of Canada, 1881.
Index: Md Refers Letellier difficulty to Imperial government, 249-250.
Bib.: Works: Memories of Canada and Scotland; Imperial Federation;
Canadian Pictures; Passages from the Past. For biog., see Dent,
Can. Por.; Who's Who; Collins, Canada under the Administration of
Lord Lorne.
Arkansas River. L Reached by Jolliet and Marquette, 146.
Armistice. In War of 1812. Index: Bk Effects of, 261-263, 269, 272;
termination of, 270; position of enemy strengthened during its
continuance, 272.
Armour, John Douglas (1830-1903). Educated at Upper Canada College and
the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar, 1853; made
Q.C., 1867; Bencher of the Law Society, 1871. Appointed a puisne judge
of the Court of Queen's Bench of Ontario, 1877; raised to the
chief-justiceship, 1887. Chief-justice of Ontario and president of the
Court of Appeal, 1890. Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1902; in
the same year represented Canada on the Alaska Boundary Commission.
Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.
Armstrong, Lawrence. Came to Nova Scotia as lieutenant-colonel of
General Philipps's regiment. Appointed to the governor's Council, 1720.
Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1724; held office until
1739. Served in America for more than thirty years. Committed suicide,
1739. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the
Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Arnold, Benedict (1741-1801). A druggist at New Haven, Conn. When the
War of Independence broke out, in 1775, organized an expedition against
British on Lake Champlain. The same year led a body of picked men to
Quebec by way of the Kennebec and Chaudière. After the unsuccessful
assault on Quebec, was in several small engagements near Montreal;
finally driven out of the province. Given command of Philadelphia; took
offence at slights put upon him by Congress, and attempted to betray
West Point to Clinton. Afterwards commanded a corps of American refugees
on the British side; settled for a time in the West Indies; died in
London. Index: Dr Captures and abandons Fort St. Johns, 83; his early
life, 104; assigned command of expedition against Quebec, 105;
constitution of his force, 106; his march through the wilderness,
107-109; assisted by the habitants, 110; crosses St. Lawrence and
lands at Wolfe's Cove, 110; sends summons for surrender of Quebec, 111;
retires to Pointe aux Trembles, 111; repulsed and wounded in attack on
Quebec, 128; surrender of his men, 131; is transferred to Montreal,
132-135; advances to meet Foster, 142; burns château of Senneville, 143;
his narrow escape, 147; in command of American ships on Lake Champlain,
155; defeated near Crown Point, 156. S Applies for grant of land in
Upper Canada, 104. Hd His repulse at Quebec, 112; the invasion, 127;
his "Address to the People of America," 227; commissioners sent to
Montreal to confer with, 276; furnishes list of rebels to Clinton, 281.
See also Montgomery; Ethan Allen; American Invasion. Bib.: Arnold,
Life of Benedict Arnold; Todd, The Real Benedict Arnold; Sparks,
American Biography; Codman, Arnold's Expedition to Quebec; Henry,
Arnold's Campaign against Quebec; Smith, Arnold's March from
Cambridge to Quebec; Jones, The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in
1776; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Arnoux. WM King's surgeon, Montcalm carried into house of, 218.
Aroostook War, 1839. W Arose out of unsettled boundary question between
Maine and New Brunswick, 135. Bib.: Sprague, The North-Eastern Boundary
Controversy and the Aroostook War.
Arrangement of 1830. Provided that United States vessels should have
access to ports in the British West Indies, in return for a similar
privilege granted to British vessels in the ports of the United States.
Arthur. Clergyman. Index: S Teaches school at Niagara, 167-168.
Arthur, Sir George (1784-1854). The last lieutenant-governor of Upper
Canada, 1838-1841. The chief event of his tenure of office was the
suppression of the Upper Canadian Rebellion. Had been successively
governor of Honduras and Van Diemen's Land previous to his Canadian
appointment; and on leaving Canada appointed to the governorship of
Bombay. Index: Mc Governor of Upper Canada, 435; disregards clemency
petitions, 435; learns of intended attack on Canada, 441; renews reward
for Mackenzie's capture, 445; proposes exchange of prisoners and
refugees, 463; United States refuses, 463. Bk Organizes military
gathering at Queenston Heights, 313. Sy Succeeds Sir F. B. Head, 109;
reactionary in his views, 109-110; his attitude towards responsible
government, 125-126; cautioned by colonial secretary, 127; instructed to
act in harmony with new governor-general, 144; meets him at Montreal,
153; explains his position and views, 156-161; receives governor-general
at Toronto, and hands over seal of province, 197. R His efforts to repel
American attacks, 117; Ryerson disappointed in, 118; proposes division
of Clergy Reserves, 119. See Rebellion of 1837 (Upper Canada). Bib.:
Kingsford, History of Canada; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion;
Bradshaw, Self-Government in Canada; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of
Upper Canada.
Asgill, Sir Charles (1762-1823). A lieutenant in Cornwallis's army,
1780. Taken prisoner at Yorktown, condemned to death by the Americans,
to avenge death of a Revolutionary officer. Marie Antoinette having been
interested in his fate, interceded, and Asgill was released. Afterwards
served in the Low Countries and in Ireland. Index: Dr Chosen by lot for
retaliatory hanging, 198. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron (1774-1848). Entered Parliament in
1806. Opposed measures against American commerce. President of board of
trade and master of mint, 1834. Raised to peerage, 1835. Commissioner at
Washington for settlement of boundary dispute, 1842. Index: BL Settles
difficulties between Great Britain and the United States, 118. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.
Ashburton, John Dunning, First Baron (1731-1783). Index: Dr Opposes
Quebec Act in House of Commons, 65. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Ashburton Treaty. Negotiated between Great Britain and the United
States, 1842, Lord Ashburton acting for the former and Daniel Webster on
behalf of the latter. Provided for the settlement of the international
boundary between Maine and Canada. Of the territory in dispute, the
United States got about seven-twelfths and Canada five-twelfths. Also
provided for the determination of the boundary in the St. Mary River
and thence to the Lake of the Woods; for the free navigation of the St.
John River; for the suppression of the slave trade, and for the
extradition of criminals. Index: Sy Sydenham takes part in negotiations
leading to, 336. W Boundary question settled by, 135. T Settlement of,
checks projected railway from St. Andrews to Quebec, 53. BL Settlement
of, 118. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Winsor, Narrative and Critical
History, Vol. vii; White, The Ashburton Treaty, in Univ. Mag.,
October, 1907; The Ashburton Treaty: an Afterword, in Univ. Mag.,
December, 1908; Houston, Canadian Constitutional Documents; Hertslet,
Treaties and Conventions.
Assembly. See House of Assembly.
Assiniboia. One of the provisional districts carved out of the
North-West Territories, in 1882. Now included in the provinces of
Alberta and Saskatchewan, principally in the latter.
Assiniboine Indians. A tribe of the Siouan family; first mentioned in
the Jesuit Relation of 1640. They separated from the parent stock
early in the seventeenth century, and moved north and north-west to the
region about Lake Winnipeg. Later they spread over the country west of
Lake Winnipeg, to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. Their
population was estimated at 8000 in 1829. One-half this number perished
in the smallpox epidemic of 1836. They are now settled on reservations
in Alberta, and in Montana. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.
Assiniboine River. Discovered by La Vérendrye in 1736. Fort Rouge was
built at the mouth of the river in that year, as well as Fort La Reine,
near the present city of Portage la Prairie. From the latter fort, two
years later, La Vérendrye set forth on his memorable journey to the
Mandan Indians on the Missouri. Before the close of the century, both
the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company had trading
establishments at various points on the river. First named Rivière St.
Charles; afterwards Rivière des Assiliboilles, and Stone Indian River;
finally settling in present form. Bib.: Bryce, Assiniboine River and
its Forts (R. S. C., 1892); Dawson, Canada and Newfoundland; Burpee,
Search for the Western Sea; Hind, Canadian Red River and Assiniboine
and Saskatchewan Expeditions.
Association of Canadian Refugees. Mc Formed in 1839, 448; object of,
independence of Canada, 449; ended further expeditions against Canada,
449.
Astor, John Jacob (1763-1848). Founder of Astor Fur Company. Index: Bk
Sends news of declaration of war in 1812, 204. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's
Bay Company; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Astor Fur Company. Index: D Founds Astoria, 64. See also Pacific Fur
Company.
Astoria. Established by Pacific Fur Company, 1811. Turned over to the
North West Company, 1813, and renamed Fort George. The scene of
Washington Irving's delightful narrative Astoria. The fort stood on
the banks of the Columbia River, near its mouth. Index: D Acquired by
North West Company, 71, 149; in possession of United States after War of
1812, 133-134; claimed by United States, 150; American flag raised over,
150. Bib.: Franchère, Voyage to the North-West Coast of America; Cox,
Adventures on the Columbia River; Ross, Adventures of First Settlers
on Columbia River; Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Bryce,
Hudson's Bay Company; Bradbury, Travels in the Interior of America in
the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811.
Astorians. Name applied to members of the two expeditions fitted out by
John Jacob Astor, to found trading establishment at the mouth of the
Columbia. One party sailed around the Horn in the Tonquin; the other
went overland by way of the Missouri and the Columbia. Index: D Their
influence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; their first vessel, the
Tonquin, captured by natives and the crew murdered, 1811, 37; the
overland expedition, 71. See also Pacific Fur Company; Tonquin.
Atahualpa. D Vessel, attacked by Milbank Sound savages, 1805, 37.
Atalanta. Hd Vessel in which Haldimand embarked for England, 309.
Atalante. WM French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.
Athabaska. One of the provisional districts formed out of the North-West
Territories in 1882; area about 122,000 square miles. Now divided
between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, forming the northern
half of each.
Athabaska Lake. First discovered by Peter Pond, about 1778. Ten years
later the first trading post on the lake was built by Roderick McKenzie
of the North West Company, and named Fort Chipewyan. It was afterwards
moved to the north side of the lake. Index: Frobisher's men penetrate
to, 5; importance of in fur trade, 21, 24; called Lake of the Hills, 24.
Athabaska Pass. Discovered by David Thompson of the North West Company,
in January, 1811. The pass was used thereafter by the traders as a route
from the Athabaska to the Columbia. Index: D Discovered by David
Thompson, 58.
Athabaska River. Rises in the watershed range of the Rocky Mountains,
close to the head waters of the north branch of the North Saskatchewan,
and after a course of 765 miles empties into Athabaska Lake. Discovered
by Peter Pond in 1778. Index: MS Pond builds post on, 21; named also Elk
River and Rivière à la Biche, 21.
Atkins, D. A. S Opens school at Napanee, 167.
Attignaouantans. Ch Huron tribe (the Bears), 88, 91.
Attigninonghacs. Ch Huron tribe devoted to the French, 92.
Aube-Rivière, François Louis de Pourroy de l'. Appointed bishop of
Quebec, Aug. 16, 1739. Arrived at Quebec, Aug. 12, 1740, and died of
fever on the 20th of the same month. Index: L Bishop of Quebec, 12.
Aubère, Father Joseph. Ch Jesuit missionary, his labours in Acadia, 236.
Aubert, Joseph. Ch Director of the Company of New France, 170.
Aubert de Gaspé, Philippe (1786-1871). French-Canadian writer. Index: L
His description of Canadians, 118. Bib.: Works: Les Anciens Canadiens,
translated into English by Mrs. Pennie, and by C. G. D. Roberts;
Mémoires. For biog., see Casgrain, Biographies Canadiennes; Roy,
Étude sur "Les Anciens Canadiens" (R. S. C., 1906).
Aubert de la Chesnaye, Charles (1630-1702). Born at Amiens. Came to
Canada, 1655. Chief clerk of the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales, 1665.
Engaged in the fur-trade at Cataraqui, 1674. In 1677 obtained a grant of
Ile Dupas. In 1679 made a visit to Paris, and in 1683 back again at
Cataraqui. In 1696 prepared an important memoir on the commerce of the
colony. Index: L His description of Canadians, 117-118; his liberality
on occasion of Quebec fire, 186. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.
Aubert de la Chesnaye, Jacques. F Trader, La Barre's dealings with, 175.
Aubry. WM Force gathered by, and Ligneris, dispersed, 146.
Aubry. Ch Priest of De Monts's expedition, at Ste. Croix, 25.
Auckland, George Eden, Earl of (1784-4849). Index: Sy President of board
of trade, when Poulett Thomson was vice-president, 26.
Auguste. Hd Transport ship wrecked in St. Lawrence, 40.
Aulneau, Jean-Pierre. Jesuit missionary, with La Vérendrye in his
western explorations. Murdered by Sioux on an island in the Lake of the
Woods, May, 1736.
Aumont, Maréchal d'. Ch Champlain serves under, 1.
Austerlitz. Bk Battle of, its significance, 72-73.
Auteuil, Denis Joseph Ruette d'. See Ruette d'Auteuil.
Avaugour, Pierre Dubois, Baron d'. Governor of New France, 1661-1663,
succeeding D'Argenson. Index: F Governor, 45; disagrees with clergy on
liquor question, 46; describes earthquake, 46. L His attitude on liquor
question, 10, 38; recalled, 39; his report on Canada, 40. Bib.: Parkman,
Old Régime.
Aylesworth, Sir Allen Bristol (1854- ). Born in Newburgh, Ontario.
Educated at Newburgh High School and at the University of Toronto;
studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1878; practised his
profession in Toronto; appointed one of the British Commissioners in
connection with the settlement of the Alaska boundary, 1903; elected to
the House of Commons, 1905; postmaster-general, 1905; minister of
justice, 1906; British agent in connection with the Fisheries case
before the Hague Tribunal, 1910. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Aylmer, Matthew Whitworth, Baron (1775-1850). Entered the army, 1787;
served in the West Indies, in Holland, and in the Peninsula under
Wellington. Reached the full rank of general, 1825, and in 1830 became
the governor-general of Canada; returned to England, 1835. Index: Bk
Present with Brock at battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 17. BL Pays official
salaries from the war chest, 21. P His influence did not extend beyond
Quebec—hostility towards French-Canadians, 39-40; his conciliatory
attitude, 75-76; at open war with the Assembly, 77-78; remonstrates with
Assembly, 86; refuses to interfere in factional strife in Montreal, 87;
held responsible by Papineau and his friends for cholera epidemic,
88-89; bitterly attacked in the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 95; attacked by
Papineau, 100, 105; criticizes the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 106. Bib.:
Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Aylwin, Thomas Cushing (1806-1871). Born in Quebec city. Studied law and
called to the bar, 1828. First entered public life, 1841, as member for
Portneuf. After filling the office of solicitor-general in two
administrations, raised to the bench, 1848. Index: Sy Opposed to union
of provinces, 235. BL Member for Portneuf, his relations with Reform
party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cuvillier for speakership, 1841, 87;
his attitude as to debt for public works, 99; denounces government, 130;
becomes solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 134; elected for Quebec,
1844, 252; his bitter attack on Metcalfe on his elevation to peerage,
257; solicitor-general, 284. E One of opposition leaders in 1847, 45;
returned in 1847 elections, 50; solicitor-general for Lower Canada in La
Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; member of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.:
Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.
Babbitt, Samuel. T Master of Madras School, Gagetown, New Brunswick, 5;
also clerk of the parish, 5.
Baby, James (1762-1833). Born at Detroit. Educated at Quebec Seminary,
and in 1784 travelled in Europe. On his return the following year
engaged in the fur trade at Detroit. On the formation of the province of
Upper Canada in 1791, appointed a member of the Executive and
Legislative Councils. Simcoe made him lieutenant for the county of Kent
and judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Commanded the 1st Regiment of
Kent militia in the War of 1812. In 1815 succeeded McGill as
inspector-general of accounts for Upper Canada. Index: Bk His house
occupied by General Hull, 209, 229. S Member of Legislative and
Executive Councils, 79. Bib.: Daniel, Nos Gloires Nationales; Morgan,
Cel. Can.
Baby, Louis François Georges (1834-1906). Born in Montreal. Studied law
and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1857; made a Q.C., 1873.
Represented Joliette in Dominion House, 1872-1880; minister of inland
revenue, 1878-1880. Appointed puisne judge of Superior Court of Quebec,
1880; transferred to Queen's Bench, 1881. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.;
Morgan, Can. Men.
Back, Sir George (1796-1878). Entered the navy as midshipman in 1808;
accompanied Franklin on his Arctic expeditions of 1818, 1819-1822, and
1824-1827. Promoted lieutenant, 1822, and commander, 1827. In 1833-1835,
led an expedition through what is now northern Canada, to the shores of
the Arctic, to ascertain the fate of Captain Ross. The expedition
resulted in the exploration of Great Fish River, which was renamed Back
River in honour of the explorer. In 1836 explored the Arctic coast,
between Regent Inlet and Cape Turnagain. Twice granted the gold medal of
the Royal Geographical Society; knighted, 1839; promoted admiral, 1857.
Bib.: Works: Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition; Narrative of
Expedition in H.M.S. Terror. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.
Badeaux. Dr His account of American invasion, 89.
Badgley, William (1801-1888). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called
to the bar, 1823. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1847-1855; member
of the Executive Council for Lower Canada, 1847-1848; appointed
attorney-general. Judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada,
1855-1863; assistant judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Quebec,
1863-1864; puisne judge of the same Court, 1866-1874. Index: E Made a
judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. S Member of Constitutional
Association, 112. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.
Badin, Father. L Companion of Father Marquette, 62.
Bagot, Sir Charles (1781-1843). Born in England. Educated at Rugby and
Oxford; entered Parliament, 1807, becoming under-secretary for foreign
affairs. Minister plenipotentiary to France, 1814; and to the United
States, 1815-1820. Privy councillor, 1815; ambassador to St. Petersburg,
1820; and to the Hague, 1824. Governor-general of Canada, 1841-1843.
Died in Kingston soon after retiring from office. Index: Sy Follows
Canadian line of policy, 351; finds country tranquil, 355. BL His letter
to Lord Stanley on La Fontaine's arrest, 49; succeeds Sydenham, 113; a
Tory of the old school, 113; previous career, 113; his policy, 113-114;
studies political conditions, 114-115; his popularity in Lower Canada,
115; plans a coalition government, 117; his speech from the throne, 122;
anxious to bring Baldwin and La Fontaine into Cabinet, 121; his letter
to La Fontaine, 122-124; denounced by Tory press, 140-142; difficulties
of his position, 141; his illness, 149; subjected to bitter attacks and
censure, 149-152; asks for and obtains his recall, 152; his death, May
19, 1843, 152; denounced even in death, 153; on responsible government,
162, 163, 164; Kaye on, 171; lays corner-stone of King's College, 193. E
His political attitude as governor, 30; friendly towards
French-Canadians, 30-31. R Supported by Ryerson, 122; favourable
attitude towards popular government, 126; question of popular education,
163. B Relations of Peel government with, xii; friendly attitude towards
French-Canadians, 16; attacked by Tories for bringing La Fontaine and
Baldwin into Cabinet, 16; his action denounced by Peel and Duke of
Wellington, 17, 18; recalled at his own request, 18; his death, 18. C
Concedes responsible government, 17. Md Succeeds Sydenham, 17; brings
Reform leaders into Cabinet, 18; resigns government, 18. Bib.:
Richardson, Eight Years in Canada; Kingsford, History of Canada,
Dent, Last Forty Years and Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bagot, Father. L Director of Jesuit college of La Fléche, 20.
Baie de Chaleur. In west coast of Gulf of St. Lawrence, on boundary
between Quebec and New Brunswick. Discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534,
described in his narrative, and so named because he found it as warm
there as in sunny Spain.
Baie St. Paul. A village in Charlevoix County, sixty miles below Quebec.
Index: WM Settlements near burnt by Wolfe's orders, 150.
Bailiffs. Dr Accused of instigating litigation, 53.
Baillie, Thomas. W Commissioner of crown lands for New Brunswick,
1824-1851, 21; his income exceeded that of the lieutenant-governor, 21;
his enormous pension, 22; protests against reduction of his salary, 62;
surveyor-general, retires, 69; elected to Assembly for York, 103;
retires from government and pensioned, 116.
Bailly, Mgr. Dr Coadjutor bishop of Quebec, on education in Canada, 229.
Bailly, François. L Master mason of Montreal church, 88.
Bain, James (1842-1908). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with
his parents at early age; educated at the Toronto Academy and the
Toronto Grammar School. Spent some years in London engaged in the
publishing business. Returned to Canada, 1882; appointed chief librarian
of Toronto Public Library, 1883. Index: Bk Discovers list of Brock's
books, 135. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Baldoon. A settlement near Lake St. Clair in Upper Canada, made by Lord
Selkirk, 1803, and named after one of his own estates. Index: MS
Highland colonists in Prince Edward Island settled at, 133; Alexander
Macdonell in charge of, 133.
Baldoon Street. Built by Selkirk settlers, from Baldoon to Chatham on
the River Thames. Index: MS Connected Baldoon and Chatham, 33.
Baldwin, C. T. Born in Ireland. Entered the army; served throughout the
Peninsular War; afterwards in the West Indies; for a time in the service
of the emperor of Brazil. Emigrated to Canada. Served during the
Rebellion of 1837-1838, in command of a regiment of militia. A
magistrate, and in political life a follower of Robert Baldwin. Died,
1861. Index: B Presents address to Elgin, 36. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.
Baldwin, Robert (1804-1858). Index: BL Name associated with responsible
government, ix; a "man of one idea," ix; his ancestry, 23; born, May 12,
1804, at York, 25; early years, 25; studies law, 25; called to the bar,
1825, 26; political views, 27; in public life, 28; drafts Willis
petition, 29; enters the Legislature, 31; defeated in next election, 31;
his marriage, 32; appointed to Council by Head, 38; recommended by
Colborne for a seat in Legislative Council, 38-39; death of his wife,
39; his letter to Peter Perry, 39; disapproves of an elective
Legislative Council, 40; resigns from Council, 41; sails for England,
42; his connection with Rebellion of 1837, 44-45; enters into
correspondence with La Fontaine and other Lower Canada leaders, 63;
offered by Sydenham solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, and accepts,
63; made an executive councillor, 64; resigns office, 64; his action
condemned, 64; his motives, 64-67; elected in two constituencies, 69;
solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 76; his views, 76-77; his letter to
Sydenham on personnel of new Cabinet, 78-79; calls meeting of Reform
party, 79; commends reconstruction of ministry, 79-80; his resignation,
80; censured by Poulett Scrope, 80; his uncompromising attitude in
matter of responsible government, 81; his attitude in the Legislature,
85; his speech on responsible government, 1841, 92-94; supports
Neilson's motion against Union Act, 96; sides with French-Canadians on
question of public works, 99; opposes Municipal Government Bill, 102;
his relations with Hincks, 103; his resolutions on responsible
government, 108-110; proposes candidature of La Fontaine in York County,
116; Bagot anxious to bring him into the Cabinet, 121; referred to in
Draper's speech, 127; replies to Draper, 128-130; withdraws amendment,
132; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 134; his defeat in
Hastings—account of the election, 134-136; beaten in York, 136; elected
for Rimouski, 137; attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance
with La Fontaine, 142-143; personal appearance, 148; references to in
petition to governor, 166, 167; Kaye's description of, 169, 170-171;
Davies on, 172; his part in the Assembly, 178-179; moves resolution to
remove capital to Montreal, 182; his speech, 183; his bill for the
discouragement of secret societies, 185-188; burnt in effigy at Toronto,
187; his University of Toronto Bill, 190-197; resigns office, 199; his
interview with Metcalfe, 201; the official statements of La Fontaine and
Metcalfe, giving their respective versions of the causes of the
ministers' resignation, 201-209; presents to Assembly the reasons for
his resignation, 213-214; returns to practise law in Toronto, 217;
Wakefield on, 219; heads the agitation against Metcalfe in Upper Canada,
220; guest of honour at Toronto banquet, 220-221; his speech, 221;
address before Reform Association, 221-223; speaks at public meetings,
225; address from his constituents of Rimouski, 225; tours Lower Canada,
226; his political views, 229-230; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on,
236; his speech in Toronto, May, 1844, 238; attacked by Buchanan,
239-240; criticized by Ryerson, 242, 243, 245-246; resigns as Queen's
Counsel, 250; elected in York, 252; his University Bill, 256; moves vote
of censure against the governor-general, 256; attacks Metcalfe in the
Assembly, 257; referred to in Caron's letter, 260; correspondence with
La Fontaine as to Draper's proposals, 261, 262, 263-265; his speech at
public dinner given him in November, 1846, 268-269; his tour of Western
Canada, 269; on responsible government, 273; moves amendment to address,
277; aids in foundation of Emigration Association, 278; elected in York,
279; in second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281-284; proposes
Morin for Speaker, 283; interview with Elgin, 285; re-elected, 286; his
Municipal Corporations Act and University Act, 292-300; revision of
judicial system in Upper Canada, 300-301; his part in Rebellion Losses
Bill, 310, 311-312; burned in effigy in Toronto, 318-319; his boarding
house in Montreal attacked by the mob, 324; petitions for removal of
Navigation Act, 337; his political views, 339-340; his relations with
George Brown, 342; his attitude on secularization of Clergy Reserves,
348-349; his resignation, 352-353; MacNab's tribute, 353; defeated in
York and retires finally from public life, 357; lives in retirement at
"Spadina," 357; made a C.B., 357; offered chief-justiceship of Common
Pleas, 357; and nomination for seat in Legislative Council, 358; failing
health compels him to decline both offers, 358; his death, Dec. 9, 1858,
358; value of his public work, 359-360. Sy His premature demand for
strict party government, 187; consulted by Sydenham in regard to Clergy
Reserves question, 247; made solicitor-general, 252; appointed to same
office under Union, 283; advises Sydenham as to choice of returning
officers and polling places, 290; his defection from Sydenham's
government, 294, 296; opposes some of the most beneficial measures of
government, 296; loses for a time sympathy of Reformers, 299, 307;
Sydenham's remarks upon his manœuvres, 305-307; opposes Sydenham's
Bill for local self-government in Upper Canada, 323. R Resigns, 122;
forms party with Hincks, La Fontaine, and others, 122; moves resolutions
on responsible government, 122-123; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126,
128; his scheme for a provincial university, 149-152; his resignation,
152; his University Bill of 1849, 157-159, 160; secures disallowance of
School Bill of 1849, 182. E On responsible government, 28; his political
attitude, 30; forms ministry with La Fontaine in 1842, 31; his greatest
desire the success of responsible government, 32; his conflict with
Metcalfe, 34; in opposition, 45; returned in elections of 1847, 50; on
parliamentary government, 51; sent for by Elgin, 52; attorney-general
for Upper Canada, 53; remains in office until 1851, 85; sound views on
parliamentary practice, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical
statesmanship, 93; carries measure for creation of University of
Toronto, 93, 94; views on Clergy Reserves, 102-103, 160, 162-163, 164;
his resignation and its causes, 103-104, 112; his retirement from
politics, 104, 107; and death, 1858, 104, 220; his strong views on
Imperial connection, 229-230; his value as a statesman, 236. P Alliance
with La Fontaine, 168. C Forms alliance with La Fontaine, 16; called to
Council by Bagot, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again, 1846, 18;
"great reformer and good man," 97; his influence with La Fontaine's
against racial antagonisms, 97; with La Fontaine, 99; wins
constitutional battle, 100; circumstances which led to his retirement
from politics, 132. B Called to Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with
Metcalfe, 19; "father of responsible government," 21; criticized by
Ryerson, 22-23; his views obnoxious to Metcalfe, 23; his wise leadership
of Reformers, 24; forms administration with La Fontaine, 33; burnt in
effigy at Toronto, 36; legislation of his ministry, 39; government
defended by George Brown, 42; his retirement, 44, 47, 48; approves of
MacNab-Morin coalition, 78; leader of movement for responsible
government, 261; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his
retirement, 262. Md Brought into Cabinet by Sir Charles Bagot, 18;
resigns, 1843, 18; criticized by extremists in his own party, 22;
resigns from La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 46; approves coalition of
1854, 64; cause of his resignation, 78-79. Mc Defends Judge Willis, 133;
supported by Mackenzie, 159; elected to the Assembly, 159; on banks in
politics, 170; appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294; goes
to England, 305; opposed by Head, 305; accompanies flag of truce, 368;
retires from Executive Council, 408; Mackenzie defeats government of,
492. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit.
Am.; Davin, The Irishman in Canada; Baldwin, Correspondence
(Toronto Public Library Mss.).
Baldwin, William Warren. Born in Ireland. Came to Canada 1798, and
finally settled in York, now known as Toronto. Represented Norfolk in
the Legislature of Upper Canada. Died 1844. Index: BL Comes to Canada
1798, 23; practises medicine at York, 24; opens a classical school, 24,
106; practises law, 25; his marriage, 25; father of Robert Baldwin, 25;
purchases "Spadina," 26; political views, 26-27; chairman of public
meeting in Willis affair, 28; president of Constitutional Reform
Society, 42; member of Legislative Council, 177. Mc Upholds Judge
Willis, 132; protests against his removal, 133. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can.
Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Scadding, Toronto of
Old.
Baldwin Reformer. B Origin of the name, 78.
Ball. Dr The maiden name of Dorchester's mother, 29.
Ball. F First given in Canada, 59. See also Amusements.
Ballot. Sy Sydenham an early advocate of, 18.
Bancroft, George (1800-1891). Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge,
and in Germany. Secretary of the navy, 1845; ambassador to Great
Britain, 1846-1849; and in 1867-1874 minister at the court of Berlin.
Index: L On La Salle, 153. Ch On the difficulties encountered by
missionaries, 87. Bib.: History of the United States. For biog., see
Howe, Life and Letters of George Bancroft; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Bank of Upper Canada. Established 1823 with a capital of $41,364, which
had increased in 1859 to $3,126,250. Its headquarters were in Toronto.
After a long, prosperous career the bank stopped payment in 1866, the
chief cause being the collapse in real estate in Canada West in
1857-1858. Index: Mc Increase of capital vetoed, 215; run on, 340. Bib.:
See Banking.
Banking. The first bank established in Canada was the Bank of Montreal,
which dates from the year 1817. The Bank of Quebec was established in
1818; and the Bank of Canada the same year. All three were chartered in
1822. A Banking Act was passed in 1841, providing a uniform system of
banking. The Act of 1850 prohibited banks other than those incorporated
by Parliament or royal charter from issuing notes. It also provided for
a deposit with the government to be held as a guarantee; also for bank
statistics. Further provisions designed to place banking on a more
secure footing were incorporated in the Act of 1871. Further banking
legislation was passed in 1881 and in 1890. Index: Sy Sydenham's plans
for establishment of bank of issue, 327-329; idea partially adopted by
Sir F. Hincks, as finance minister of Dominion, 330. Mc Report of House
on system of, 161. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada; Shortt,
Early History of Canadian Banking; Breckenridge, Canadian Banking
System; Hague, Banking and Commerce; Historical Sketch of Canadian
Banking, in Canada: An Ency., vol. 1; History of the Bank of Nova
Scotia; McLachlan, The Nova Scotia Treasury Notes; Walker, History
of Banking in Canada.
Banner. Newspaper, published at Toronto. Index: B Founded in 1843 by
Peter and George Brown, 3, 5; champions government by the people, 5; on
disruption of Scottish Church, 6; controversy with the Church, 6-7;
defines its political principles, 9; becomes the Globe, 10; Peter
Brown writes for, 243.
Baptist Church. Like several other religious denominations in Canada, it
had its origin in Nova Scotia. Some Baptists were living in Lunenburg as
early as 1753. In 1800 the first Baptist Association was formed at
Granville, Nova Scotia, and by 1850 there were Baptist Associations in
many parts of the province. In 1828 the Nova Scotia Baptist Educational
Society was established. The first church was built in Montreal, 1830;
and in 1834 the Baptist Seminary of New Brunswick was founded at
Fredericton. In 1852 the Baptist Missionary Society of Canada was
established. Since then the Baptists have grown rapidly in all the
provinces, and several Baptist colleges and institutions have been
established, notably Acadia and McMaster Universities (q.v.). The
Baptist Church was organized in British Columbia in 1877. Index: W First
founded in Fredericton, 1813, 10; represented by one member in
Legislative Council, 69. Bib.: Wells, History of the Baptist
Denomination in Canada, in Canada: An Ency., vol. 3; Hill, Forty
Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces
of Canada.
Baranof, Alexander Andrevitch (1747-1819). Governor of Russian America.
Had been manager of a glass factory at Irkutsk, Siberia; grew tired of
the monotonous though profitable business, and engaged in the fur trade
of eastern Siberia. Appointed governor of the principal Russian trading
company in America, 1790. Nine years later, the different companies
were united, and Baranof moved his headquarters from Kadiak to New
Archangel (Sitka), where he built a strong fort, with a shipyard,
foundry, churches, and hospitals. Even a library and picture-gallery
were afterwards added to this little outpost of Russian civilization. In
1818 sailed for home, and died at sea on the voyage. Index: D His rule
at Sitka, 44; his character, 44; his death, 1819, 45, Bib.: Laut,
Vikings of the Pacific.
Barbarie, A. W Referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104. T Represents
Restigouche in New Brunswick Assembly, 18.
Barclay, Robert H. Born in Scotland. Took part in the battle of
Trafalgar. Sent to Canada, and commander of British naval force on Lake
Erie in 1813. On Sept. 10, 1813, defeated by the American fleet under
Perry. Subsequently court-martialled, but acquitted. Died, 1837. Bib.:
Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog. See also War of 1812.
Barclay, Thomas (1753-1830). Born in New York. In 1775 served in the
British army during the American Revolution, and in 1777 became major.
At the end of the war moved to Nova Scotia; entered the House of
Assembly, and for some time Speaker. Appointed adjutant-general of
militia; served as a commissioner under Jay's Treaty; appointed
consul-general at New York for the Northern and Eastern states. Index:
Bk Declares war to be inevitable, 202. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Barker, T. B. T Founder of business firm of St. John, 8.
Barkley, Charles William (1759-1832). Served in the East India Company;
sailed on a trading voyage for sea-otter skins to the North-West Coast,
1787. Brought his bride with him, the first white woman on the
North-West Coast. Discovered and named Juan de Fuca Strait the same
year, and carried his cargo of furs to China. In 1792 made another
voyage to the North-West Coast, again accompanied by his wife, who kept
interesting journals of both voyages. Died at North Crescent, Hartford.
Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, discovered and named by him. Index: D
His two voyages to North-West Coast, 23; his wife first woman to visit
North-West Coast, 23. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.
Barnsfare, Captain. Dr Commands battery at Près de Ville, 127.
Baronets of Nova Scotia. An order created by James I, in 1625, for the
purpose of "advancing the plantation of Nova Scotia." The scheme, which
King James had deeply at heart, was designed to assist Sir William
Alexander in his ambitious plans of colonization in the New World, by
offering a special inducement to men of position in Scotland to take
tracts of land in Nova Scotia, and to bring out numbers of colonists to
settle upon them. See also Stirling. Bib.: Duncan, Royal Province of
New Scotland and her Baronets; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia;
Patterson, Sir William Alexander (R. S. C., 1892); Mackenzie,
Baronets of Nova Scotia (R. S. C., 1901); Royal Letters, Charters,
and Tracts Relating to the Colonisation of Nova Scotia and the
Institution of the Order of Knights Baronet of Nova Scotia; Kirke, The
First English Conquest of Canada.
Barré, Isaac (1726-1802). Born in Ireland. Served under Wolfe against
Rochefort in 1757, and at Quebec in 1759, being at Wolfe's side when he
fell. Entered Parliament, 1761, and a member until 1790. In 1763-1764
adjutant-general and governor of Stirling; in 1764-1768, vice-treasurer
of Ireland and a privy councillor; in 1782, treasurer of the navy.
Index: Dr On Quebec Act, 67. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Barren Grounds. The region of northern Canada, lying between the
Mackenzie River and Hudson Bay, and from the northern timber-line to
the Arctic. First visited by Samuel Hearne in 1770-1772. Late explorers
who traversed portions of the country are Franklin, in 1821; Back, in
1833; Dease and Simpson, in 1839; Richardson in 1848; and Anderson in
1855. Within more recent years, Warburton Pike, J. B. Tyrrell, J. W.
Tyrrell, D. T. Hanbury and Caspar Whitney have explored parts of the
Barren Grounds. Bib.: Hearne, Journey to the Northern Ocean; Franklin,
Narrative; Back, Arctic Land Expedition; Simpson, North Coasts of
America; Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition; Anderson, Descent
of Great Fish River, in Royal Geog. Soc. Journal, 1856 and 1857;
Pike, Barren Grounds; Tyrrell, Across the Sub-Arctics; Hanbury,
Northland of Canada; Whitney, On Snowshoes to the Barren Grounds.
Barrington, William Wildman, second Viscount (1717-1793). Entered
Parliament, 1740. Lord commissioner of Admiralty, 1746; a privy
councillor, 1755; chancellor of the exchequer, 1761; treasurer of the
navy, 1762; secretary of war, 1765-1768; joint postmaster-general, 1782.
Index: Hd Informs Haldimand he owes promotion to the king, 83; summary
sent him of Haldimand's expenses, 107; compliments Haldimand, 113;
promises Haldimand pay as inspector-general, 329. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.
Barron, Commodore (1769-1851). Born in Virginia. In command of the
Chesapeake, on board which were some British deserters, 1807. On the
refusal of Barron to give them up, the British frigate Leopard
attacked and compelled his surrender. Court-martialled and suspended
from rank and pay for five years. Fought and killed Commodore Decatur in
a duel, 1820. Became senior officer of the navy, 1839. Index: Bk Enlists
deserters from British ships on board Chesapeake, 83, 85. Bib.: Cyc.
Am. Biog.; Correspondence between the late Commodore Stephen Decatur
and Commodore James Barron.
Barter. L Practised in colony in early days, 122.
Barthe, J. G. Member for Yamaska in Canadian Assembly, 1841-1844. Index:
BL Takes part in Rebellion of 1837; afterwards edits L'Avenir du
Canada; member for Yamaska; offered and refuses seat in Cabinet, 236.
Basques. A pre-Aryan race, occupying the border-land between France and
Spain. Assertions have repeatedly been made that they made voyages to
America, and discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, before Cartier, and
even before Cabot, but these have never been substantiated. All the
evidence goes to show that they frequented the Newfoundland fisheries in
the sixteenth century, but not earlier. Index: Ch Contraband traders,
140; threaten French on St. Pierre Island, 174. Bib.: Dawson, The St.
Lawrence Basin; Reade, The Basques in North America (R.S.C., 1888);
Howley, Old Basque Tombstones at Placentia.
Bathurst, Henry, third Earl (1762-1834). Succeeded to the title, 1794.
Entered Parliament, 1793; president of the board of trade, 1807; foreign
secretary, 1809; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1812. Directed
Britain's colonial policy during the important administrations of
Prévost, Sherbrooke, and Dalhousie, in Lower Canada, and of Gore and
Maitland, in Upper Canada. Lord president of the Council, 1828-1830; one
of the original members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council,
1833. Index: Sy Colonial secretary, his despatch on Clergy Reserves
question, 240. Bk His despatch praising Brock and his officers and
announcing bestowal of K. C. B. on Brock, 296. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.;
Courts and Cabinets of George IV.
Batiscan. Ch Montagnais chief, 68.
Batoche. Md Storming of rebel camps at, 242. See also Riel Rebellion,
1885.
Battle of the Plains. See Quebec, Siege of, 1759.
Battleford. A town on the North Saskatchewan, at the mouth of the Battle
River. In the Rebellion of 1885, it was threatened by Poundmaker's
warriors, and relieved by Otter's column. The battle of Cut Knife Creek
was fought about thirty-five miles from Battleford. See also Riel
Rebellion, 1885.
Bay of Quinte. See Quinte, Bay of.
Bayfield, Henry Wolsey (1795-1885). Born in Hull, England. Entered the
navy, 1806. Had a distinguished career in the navy, and served in
Canadian waters, 1814. Subsequently assisted in the survey of the upper
St. Lawrence, and appointed Admiralty surveyor, 1817. During his tenure
of office surveyed Lakes Erie, Huron, and Superior, with their
connecting waters, and almost the whole eastern coast of Canada,
including Labrador. Made vice-admiral, 1856, and admiral, 1867. Resided
for fourteen years in Quebec, when he removed to Charlottetown. Received
the thanks of the Parliament of Canada for his services, 1854. Died in
Charlottetown.
Baynes, Edward. Born in England. Served in the West Indies, at the Cape,
in the East Indies, and in Malta. From 1794 to 1806 aide-de-camp to Sir
James Craig, and in 1807 adjutant-general of the forces in Canada. In
the War of 1812 served on the Niagara frontier. Died, 1829. Index: Bk
Adjutant-general, writes Brock from Quebec, 134, 136, 137, 138, 145; his
opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 145; notifies Brock that he may
have service in Spain, 180; letter to Brock in immediate expectation of
war, 205; letter on declaration of war, 208; on improvement in militia,
284. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of (1805-1881). British statesman.
Index: BL On Rebellion Losses Bill, 327, 328, 330. Bib.: Speeches and
Letters; O'Connor, Life of Beaconsfield; Monypenny, The Life of
Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bayning, Charles Townshend, first Baron (1728-1810). Dr His criticism of
Quebec Act, 66, 67. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bayonne Decree. Bk Made by Napoleon; sequestered all American vessels
arriving in France as British property or under British protection, 122.
Bearn Regiment. Established 1595, and served with distinction in a
number of European campaigns. Landed at Quebec, June, 1755, with the
regiment of Guienne and a portion of the Languedoc battalion, and added
to its laurels at Fort Frontenac, Niagara, Oswego, Carillon, Fort
William Henry, and Ticonderoga. In 1759, on the Plains of Abraham, it
occupied the place of honour, having been placed by Montcalm in the
centre of his line. Index: WM Regular French troops, 29; in battle of
the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of
Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada.
Beauchesne. Ch Clerk, received gifts from Indians, 115.
Beaucour, de. F Brave conduct of, in command of party against Iroquois,
319; superintends improvements in fortifications of Quebec, 326.
Beaudoncourt, Jacques de. L On the brandy question, 39; his account of
escape of Gannentaha mission, 66.
Beauharnois, Charles, Marquis de (1670-1749). Entered French navy, 1686,
and rose to the rank of admiral in 1748. In 1726 appointed governor of
New France, which position he held until 1747. Took a deep interest in
Western exploration, and was a firm friend of La Vérendrye. Bib.:
Parkman, Half Century of Conflict; Roy, Intendants de la
Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).
Beauharnois, François de (1665-1746). Born in France. Became intendant
of New France in 1702 and held the position until 1705. In 1707 granted
the barony of Beauville. Appointed intendant de l'armée navale, 1706;
intendant of marines, 1710; intendant générale des armées navales, 1739.
Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).
Monument to Laura Secord, Lundy's Lane
Beaumont. A village in Bellechasse County, on the St. Lawrence. Index:
WM Troops landed at, 100; proclamation affixed to church door, 101.
Beauport. A village two miles below Quebec. Index: WM Defended by
entrenched camp, 80; headquarters of intendant and commissary of stores,
88; hasty abandonment of camp at, with all its stores, 228.
Beaupré, Seigniory of. L Acquired for Seminary of Quebec, 58; chapels
and churches erected to Ste. Anne at, 101, 102; pilgrimages to, 102,
103.
Beauséjour. A fort built by the French in 1750-1751, on Chignecto Bay,
three miles from the British Fort Lawrence. A little tidal stream, the
Missaguash, ran between—nominally marking the dividing line between
British and French territory. The fort was captured by the British under
Monckton, in 1755, and renamed Fort Cumberland. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm
and Wolfe; Bradley, Fight with France; Hannay, History of Acadia;
Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia;
Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Beaver. D First steamship on the Pacific, 1835, 47; carries party to
build Fort Camosun (Victoria), 178; north to Forts Taku and McLoughlin,
178; returns to Victoria, 179; to Fort Vancouver, 180; history of ship,
180-181. Bib.: McCain, History of the S.S. Beaver.
Beaver Club. Founded in Montreal in 1775 by the partners of the North
West Company. It opened with nineteen members, and at one time the
registry showed ninety-three members, with eleven honorary members.
Among them were such famous fur traders and explorers as Alexander
Mackenzie and his cousin Roderick, the three Frobishers, Alexander Henry
and his nephew of the same name, Simon McTavish, James Finlay, Simon
Fraser, John Stuart, and David Thompson. The motto of the club was
"Fortitude in Difficulties." No one was admitted who had not made a
journey to the North-West and wintered there. The club entertained many
distinguished guests, including Sir John Franklin, Lord Selkirk,
Washington Irving, and the Earl of Dalhousie. The club was disbanded in
1824 after the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. An
effort to revive it in 1827 proved unsuccessful. Index: MS Founded by
the partners of the North West Company, 139; lavish hospitality and
boisterous banquets, 139. Bk Famous social club at Montreal, 99. Bib.:
Hetherington, Canada's First Social Club, in Univ. Mag., April,
1910.
Beaver Dam, Battle of. In War of 1812. FitzGibbon commanded a detachment
of the 49th Regiment, with several hundred Indians. Boerstler, with a
party of 600 men, advanced from Fort George by way of Queenston to
surprise him, but was ambushed by a body of Indians. FitzGibbon, who had
been warned of the approach of Boerstler by Laura Secord, advanced with
his men of the 49th and demanded the surrender of the Americans, who,
believing themselves surrounded by a superior force, capitulated. The
engagement took place June 24, 1813. See also War of 1812. Bib.:
Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Hannay, War of 1812: FitzGibbon, A
Veteran of 1812; Curzon, Laura Secord, the Heroine of 1812:
Cruikshank, The Fight in the Beechwoods; Thompson, Jubilee History of
Thorold.
Beckwith, John A. T Confederate candidate in York, 108.
Becquet, Romain. L Clerk of Ecclesiastical Court, arrested, 163.
Bédard, Elzéar. For some years a member of the Assembly of Lower
Canada. Moved the celebrated Ninety-Two Resolutions, 1837. Puisne judge
of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837; suspended, but afterwards
reinstated. Died, 1849. Index: P Moves the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 117;
deserts Papineau, 117; appointed judge by Gosford, 117. Bib.: Morgan,
Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Bédard, Pierre Stanislas (1762-1829). Educated at the Seminary of
Quebec; studied law, and appointed advocate, 1790. Elected for
Northumberland to the first Legislature of Lower Canada, 1792. In 1806,
with a number of other French-Canadians in the Assembly, founded Le
Canadien, to represent the views of the popular party. In 1810 the
paper seized, and Bédard and his associates arrested on a charge of
treasonable practices. Released the following year. In 1812 appointed
judge of the District Court of Three Rivers. Retired in 1829 on account
of ill health. Index: P Leader of French-Canadians in Lower Canada
Assembly, 27; opposes property tax, 27; establishes Le Canadien, 28;
considered by Sir James Craig a dangerous revolutionist, 28; sent to
jail, 29; released and charges withdrawn, 29; moves resolution as to
ministerial responsibility, 96. C Claims liberty of the press, 95; sent
to jail, 95; released, 96; asks for ministerial responsibility, 96. Bk
Arrested, 127; demands trial, 128; released, 145. Bib.: Parent, Pierre
Bédard et Ses Deux Fils in Journal d'Instruction Publique, 1859;
Christie, History of Lower Canada; De Gaspe, Memoires; Dionne,
Pierre Bédard et Ses Fils; Dionne, Pierre Bédard et Son Temps (R. S.
C., 1898).
Bedard, Dr. William. T Life-long friend of Sir Leonard Tilley, 145.
Beer, Henry (1835-1886). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.
Elected to the Assembly, 1870; a member of the ministry, 1872; Speaker
of the Assembly, 1877; mayor of Charlottetown, 1885-1886.
Begbie, Sir Matthew Baillie (1819-1894). Educated at Cambridge; and
called to the English bar in 1844. Judge of the colony of British
Columbia and judge of the Vice-admiralty Court, 1858-1870. Chief-justice
of British Columbia, 1870-1894, and also judge of the Admiralty district
of British Columbia, 1891-1894. Knighted, 1875. Index: D First judge in
British Columbia—arrives November, 1858, 239; born in Edinburgh, 1819,
239; succeeds to chief-justiceship of British Columbia and Vancouver
Island, 239; his services to the colony, 239; his notable journey, 1859,
to Upper Fraser, 254; his character, 255. Bib.: Begg, History of
British Columbia; Nicolls, Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie.
Begon, Michel, Sieur de la Picardière (1674-1740). Filled the office of
inspector-general of marines, in France, 1707-1710. In the latter year
appointed intendant of Canada, but did not arrive in Quebec until 1712.
Returned to France, 1726, and for some years acted as intendant of
justice in Normandy. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R.
S. C., 1903).
Belcher, Jonathan (1711-1776). Second son of Governor Belcher of
Massachusetts. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, and in
England; called to the English bar. Appointed chief-justice of Nova
Scotia, 1754. President of the Council of Nova Scotia and administrator
of the government, 1760. Chiefly instrumental in securing for Nova
Scotia a representative Assembly. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova
Scotia.
Belcour, De. WM Brings promise of supplies to Ramezay, 227.
Belette. Dr Captain of armed boat, assists Carleton's escape at Sorel,
113.
Bell, Dr. W Conducts Madras system of schools in New Brunswick, 86.
Bell, Alexander Graham (1847- ). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at
Edinburgh University and London University; came to Canada in 1870.
Professor of physiology in Boston University, 1872. Patented his
invention of the telephone, 1876; and has also invented the photophone,
induction balance, telephone probe, and graphophone. In 1898 appointed
regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1909-1910 engaged in aeroplane
experiments. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who, 1910; Addresses
before Canadian Club of Ottawa, 1910.
Bell, Hugh. H Member of Uniacke administration, Nova Scotia, 1848, 110.
Bell-Smith, Frederic Marlett (1846- ). Born in London, England. Educated
there, and came to Canada, 1866. Founder and first president of the
Canadian Society of Artists, Montreal, 1867; director of Alma College
1881; member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1888; director of
the Toronto Art School, 1889-1891. President of the Ontario Society of
Artists. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Belleau, Sir Narcisse (1808-1894). Born in the city of Quebec and
educated there. In 1852 a member of the Legislative Council, and in
1857-1862 Speaker. Mayor of Quebec, 1860, when King Edward VII, as
Prince of Wales, visited Canada, and knighted on the occasion. In 1862
appointed minister of agriculture in the Cartier-Macdonald ministry; and
in 1865 premier and receiver-general in a coalition government.
Appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, 1867; resigned
in 1873. Index: B Succeeds Sir E. P. Taché as titular head of coalition
government—proposed by J. A. Macdonald, and accepted by George Brown,
191; Macdonald the virtual leader of government, 191. C His connection
with British North America Act, 102-103.. Md Nominal head of government,
1865, 123. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent,
Last Forty Years.
Belleville. Town of Ontario on the Bay of Quinte. Founded by Captain
Myers in 1790. Index: BL Early municipal government of, 298; riot over
Rebellion Losses Bill, 318.
Bellomont, Richard Coote, Earl of (1636-1701). Member of Parliament,
1688-1695; and served in Ireland, 1689. In 1695 appointed governor of
New York, and afterwards of Massachusetts. Index: F Corresponds with
Frontenac, 355. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Belmont, François Vachon de. Came to Canada from France in 1680, and
joined the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal, of which he was
superior, 1698-1732. Died the latter year. Left a History of Canada,
which was published in the first series of Historical Documents of the
Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Index: F On number of
captives taken at Lachine, 226; on excessive use of brandy, 312; and
footnote. L His large donations to religious objects, 135; preaches
funeral sermon on Laval at Montreal, 265.
Bénédiction. Ch English vessel seized by French, 221.
Bennett, George. B An employee of the Globe, 256; shoots George Brown,
257; on Brown's death, is tried and found guilty of murder, 258; his
mind disordered by misfortunes and intemperance, 258.
Bentham, Jeremy (1748-1832). English writer on jurisprudence and ethics.
Index: Sy An associate of Sydenham's, 13. Bib.: Works, ed. by Bowring
and Burton, 1843. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bentivoglis. Papal Nuncio. Index: Ch Authorizes establishment of church
in Canada, 84.
Bering, Vitus (1681-1741). Born at Horsens, Denmark. Joined the Russian
navy in 1704; and in 1725 sent by Peter the Great to explore the waters
east of Kamchatka, and examine the American coast. After a three-years'
journey overland, reached the eastern coast of Siberia, built vessels
there, and in 1728 followed the coast north to the Arctic, proving that
Asia and America were not united. In 1733 set out again on the long
overland journey, hampered with a huge retinue, and it was not until
1741 that his ships were ready at Petropaulovsk. Sailed to the east,
reached and explored the American coast, and was wrecked on what was
afterwards known as Bering Island, where he died, Dec. 8, 1741. Index: D
His explorations, 39, 40; his death, 1741, 40. Bib.: Lauridsen, Vitus
Bering; Muller, Voyages from Asia to America; Laut, Vikings of the
Pacific.
Bering Sea Question. Arose out of a dispute as to the seal-fisheries of
Bering Sea. Several Canadian sealers were seized by the United States in
1886, on the plea that these waters constituted a mare clausum, or
closed sea. Similar seizures were made in 1887 and 1889. Finally the
British and United States governments agreed to submit the question to
arbitration. The Commission met at Paris in 1893. Lord Hannen and Sir
John Thompson represented British interests; the United States was
represented by Judge Harlan and Senator Morgan. The other arbitrators
were Marquis Visconti Venosta of Italy, Gregora W. Gram of Sweden, and
Baron de Courcel of Belgium, who presided. The decision was in favour of
Great Britain, and contrary to the claim of the United States to
jurisdiction over the waters of the Bering Sea and the seals visiting
the coasts and islands of Alaska. Regulations were provided for the
better protection of the fisheries; and the United States was required
to compensate the Canadian sealers for the unlawful seizure of their
vessels. Index: D Influenced by Russian occupation, 38; settled under
Paris award, 1897, 283; history of dispute 340-341.
Berkeley, George Cranfield (1753-1818). Entered the navy, 1766;
accompanied Cook in survey of coast of Newfoundland and Gulf of St.
Lawrence, 1766-1769; and was on the Victory at Ushant, 1778. In 1786
surveyor-general of ordnance, 1786; and vice-admiral on the Halifax
station, 1805-1807, during which time occurred the affair between the
Chesapeake and the Leopard. Index: Bk Gave instructions in matter of
deserters enlisted in Chesapeake, 83; recalled, 85. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.
Berlin Decrees. Issued by Napoleon, November, 1806, to the following
effect: The British Isles were in a state of blockade; intercourse with
them was prohibited; all British subjects within French authority were
to be held as prisoners of war; all British property, private and
public, was declared to be prize of war; also merchandise from Britain;
merchants whose property had been captured by British cruisers were to
be indemnified from the product of such seizures; no British ships were
to be admitted into any port of France, or her allies; every vessel
eluding this rule was to be confiscated. The object of the decrees was
to close the continent against British commerce. The British government
retaliated by issuing an order-in-council, refusing to neutrals the
right of trading from one hostile port to another. Index: Bk Directed by
Napoleon against commerce of Great Britain, 81, 82, 105, 171, 172. Bib.:
Dict. Eng. Hist.; Green, Short History of the English People;
Kingsford, History of Canada.
Bernard, Hewitt (1825-1893). Entered the Canadian public service, 1858;
deputy-minister of justice, 1867; resigned, 1876. In 1872, created I.
C.; and the same year made C. M. G. In 1878 appointed assistant
commissioner to France and Spain to negotiate commercial treaties.
Aide-de-camp to Lord Monck, 1868, and to Lord Stanley, 1888. Index: T
Confidential secretary to the Quebec Conference, 77; acts as secretary
to Confederation delegates in London, 121. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir
John A. Macdonald.
Bernardin, of Siena, Saint. L On the guidance of Providence, 35-36.
Bernetz, Chevalier de. WM Commands battalion of Royal Roussillon
Regiment, 12; second in command of the town (Quebec), 86.
Bernières, Henri de (1635-1700). Born in France. Came to Canada with
Laval in 1659. Curé of Quebec, 1660-1687; and grand-vicar of the bishop
of Quebec. First superior of the Seminary of Quebec, 1663, holding that
position till 1688 and from 1693 to 1697. Index: F Grand-vicar of bishop
of Quebec, 111. L Head of retreat at Caën, 24; first superior of Quebec
Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56; administers
diocese in Laval's absence, 134; claims ecclesiastical rights, 163; made
dean of Chapter, 197; his death, 239. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by
Thwaites; Gosselin, Henri de Bernières.
Bernières, Jean de. L His "Hermitage," 24, 25.
Berry Brigade. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 258.
Berthelot, François. L Laval's relations with, 138. E His seigniory of
St. Laurent made an earldom in 1676, 181.
Berthier, Alexandre (1638-1709). Born in France. Came to Canada in 1665;
and in 1666 commandant at Fort St. Jean, and led expeditions against the
Iroquois. In 1672 granted the seigniory of Berthier in Bellechasse
County, Quebec. Index: F Commands militia in campaign against Iroquois,
209. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France.
Bethune, Alexander Neil (1800-1879). Born in Glengarry, Ontario. In 1823
ordained deacon, and in 1824, priest. In 1847 archdeacon of York
(Toronto), and in 1867 consecrated coadjutor bishop of Toronto;
succeeded to the bishopric on the death of Bishop Strachan. Bib.: Rose,
Cyc. Can. Biog.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Mockridge, The Bishops of the
Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.
Bethune, John. Born in Scotland, 1751. Emigrated in his early years to
South Carolina, and was chaplain of the loyal militia. In 1786 resided
in Montreal; minister of the Presbyterian church there; afterwards
appointed to a mission in Glengarry. Index: S Presbyterian minister,
reputed author of petition, for repeal of Marriage Act, 161, 162; the
first Presbyterian minister to arrive in Upper Canada, 164; received
stipend from the government, 164. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Macdonell,
Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in
Canada.
Betts. T Proposes construction of European and North American Railway,
26, 27.
Beveridge. T Seconds the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.
Biard, Pierre (1565-1622). Came to Port Royal in 1611, with Masse—the
first of their order in New France. The relations of the Jesuits with
Poutrincourt and his son Biencourt were far from cordial; little or no
progress was made with the conversion of the Micmacs; and in 1613 Biard
sailed with Masse for Mount Desert, with an expedition sent out by
Madame de Guercheville. They had hardly begun the new settlement, when
Argall swooped down, seized their ship, plundered their property, and
carried Biard and some of his companions prisoners to Virginia. Argall
brought the Jesuit back with him to Acadia the same year; the vessel in
which he sailed was carried out to sea, and after a series of adventures
Biard finally reached France and remained there. Bib.: Biard,
Relation; Carayon, Première Mission des Jésuites au Canada; Parkman,
Pioneers of France.
Bibaud, Michel (1782-1857). Educated at the College of St. Raphael.
Index: L Historian, his praise of Talon, 113. P On Papineau, 56. Hd On
Haldimand, 291. Bib.: Works: Épîtres, Satires, Chansons Epigrammes, et
autre Pièces de Vers; Histoire du Canada et des Canadiens sous la
Domination Anglaise. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.
Bidwell, Barnabas. R Election contests, 63.
Bidwell, Marshall Spring (1799-1872). Born in New England. Came to
Canada with his father, 1812, and practised law. In 1824-1835 a member
of the Upper Canada Assembly; in 1829 elected Speaker of the House, and
re-elected, 1835. One of the leaders of the popular party of Upper
Canada, and his outspoken sympathy with the Rebellion of 1837-1838
resulted in his banishment. Index: Mc Elected Speaker of the House, 151;
defends Mackenzie, 181, 182; moves committee of inquiry, 184; moves
Mackenzie's eligibility, 243; discountenances royal veto, 251; again
elected Speaker of the House, 261; Head declines to make him judge, 377;
defeated for the House, 380; refuses nomination to Convention, 343;
gives legal advice to rebels, 343; his part in the Rebellion, 357;
accepts voluntary exile, 358. R One of the leaders of the popular party
in Upper Canada Assembly, 66, 67. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Upper
Canadian Rebellion; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Davin, The
Irishman in Canada.
Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Charles (1583-1638?) Son of Jean de
Biencourt. Accompanied his father to Port Royal in 1605. Returned to
France in 1610; made vice-admiral in the seas of New France, and,
somewhat unwillingly, brought with him to Acadia in 1611 the Jesuits
Biard and Masse. While absent from Port Royal, the fort was attacked and
burnt by Argall in 1613. Biencourt partially rebuilt Port Royal, and was
still there in 1618. Returned to France some time before 1621, and
appointed director of the Royal Academy of Paris, which position he held
up to the time of his death. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France;
Patterson, Last Days of Charles de Biencourt (R.S.C., 1896).
Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Jean de, Baron de Saint Just (1557-1615). Had
won distinction as a soldier in the service of France; and in 1604
sailed with De Monts and Champlain to Acadia. Was so charmed with Port
Royal that he determined to make it his home. De Monts made him a grant
of the lands about Annapolis Basin, which the king confirmed. Went back
to France and brought out his family to the new settlement. Accompanied
Champlain in his exploration of the Bay of Fundy. Jesuit missionaries
were sent out to Port Royal, whom Poutrincourt, although a good Roman
Catholic, found far from congenial. Their relations became more and more
strained, and when Poutrincourt sailed to France in 1613, the Jesuits
succeeded in having him thrown into prison. Regained his liberty and
returned to Acadia, but found Port Royal in ashes. Returned to France
and fell in the attack on Méry. Index: Ch Goes with De Monts to Acadia,
19; lieutenant of De Monts at Port Royal, 34; joins Champlain in
exploration and erects crosses on coast (Massachusetts), 35; returns to
France, 37. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime. See also Lescarbot;
Champlain; De Monts.
Bienville, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de (1680-1768). Son of Charles
Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville. Accompanied Iberville to Hudson Bay
in 1697, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson and the defeat of
the English fleet. The following year sailed with his brother to the
mouth of the Mississippi, where they laid the foundations of the colony
of Louisiana. After the death of Iberville, became governor of the
colony, and remained there for thirty-five years. Founded the city of
New Orleans, and laboured unceasingly to advance the interests of
Louisiana. Index: F Joins war party against Schenectady, 235. Bib.:
King, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville; Reed, The First
Great Canadian; Margry, Découvertes des Français. See also
Iberville.
Bierce. Mc Plans attack on Windsor, 446; lands at Windsor, 447;
retreats, 447.
Big Mouth (Grande Gueule). F Onondaga orator, 184, 221.
Biggar, James L. R Graduate of Victoria College, 144.
Bignon. Ch Crown lawyer in proceedings re Champlain's will, 265.
Bigot, François. Born at Bordeaux, Jan. 30, 1703; son of Louis-Amable
Bigot. Through his influence at court, obtained several lucrative
offices in New France, which he turned to his own personal advantage.
Arrived at Louisbourg in 1739. After the capture of Louisbourg in 1745,
returned to France, where serious charges of misappropriating public
funds had been brought against him, but his influence at court was still
powerful enough to extricate him from this scrape, and to secure him the
office of intendant of New France, 1748. Sailed for Quebec and arrived
the same year. There elaborated a system of peculation, by which every
branch of the public service was laid under tribute to enrich himself
and his creatures, helping thereby to bring about the final loss of the
colony. Returned to France after the conquest of Canada; thrown into the
Bastille, and released only to be banished from France. Index: WM
Intendant, appearance and character, 32; made profit of famine, 53;
gambling habits, 54; reprimanded by minister, 88; hostility to
Bougainville, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; letter to
Bougainville, 165. Hd Disliked, 52. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la
Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.
Billings, Elkanah (1820-1876). Born in township of Gloucester, Ontario.
Studied law, called to the bar, 1845, and practised in Ottawa. Appointed
paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1856, and in the same
year established the Canadian Naturalist. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.;
Cyc. Am. Biog.; Ami, Brief Biographical Sketch of Elkanah Billings.
Billings, Joseph. Born in England, 1758. Accompanied Captain Cook on his
last voyage on the Discovery; and afterwards entered the Russian navy.
Commanded an expedition to the north-west boundaries of Asia in 1785,
and in 1786-1794 explored the coasts of Siberia and Alaska. Index: D
Visits Unalaska, Nodiak, and Prince William Sound, 1790, 26. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bindon. Dr Montreal merchant, treasonable proceedings of, 84.
Bizard. F Officer of Frontenac, arrested by Perrot, 91.
Blachford, Frederic Rogers, Baron (1811-1889). Born in England. Educated
at Eton and Oxford. In 1844 registrar of joint-stock companies and
commissioner of lands and emigration; from 1860 to 1871 permanent
undersecretary of state for the colonies; and in 1871 made a privy
councillor. Index: Md On Macdonald's part in Westminster Conference,
126-127. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Black, John (1817-1879). Born in Scotland. Went to the Red River
Settlement as legal adviser to Adam Thom, recorder of Rupert's Land,
1839. Subsequently entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company and
rose to the position of chief trader. Went back to Scotland, 1852. Spent
some time in Australia, and returned to the Red River Settlement as
recorder of Rupert's Land, 1862. Appointed a delegate to Ottawa to
present the views of the settlers on the taking over of the country by
the Dominion government, 1870. Proceeded to Scotland, where he died.
Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba.
Black, John (1818-1882). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to America with
his parents and studied for a time at Delaware Academy at Delhi, New
York. Came to Canada and completed his theological course at Knox
College, Toronto. Ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church
and proceeded to the Red River Settlement, 1851. Remained in charge of
the church at Kildonan until his death. Bib.: Bryce, John Black: The
Apostle of the Red River.
Black, William (1760-1831). Born in England. In 1775 came to Canada and
became a Wesleyan Methodist preacher. Founded the Wesleyan Church in
Nova Scotia, and became general superintendent of British American
Wesleyan missions. Index: W The apostle of Wesleyan Methodism in
Maritime Provinces, 137. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Black, William. W President of New Brunswick Assembly, 1831; refuses to
furnish information, 19; member of New Brunswick Legislative Council,
retires, 72.
Black, William. W Of Halifax, father-in-law of Judge Wilmot, 137.
Blackader, Hugh W. (1808-1863). Descended from Loyalist stock. Began to
learn the trade of printer at the age of twelve. Acquired an interest in
the Acadian Recorder, 1837, and continued to publish the paper until
his death. Closely identified with the Reform movement and a strong
supporter of Joseph Howe. Index: H Called upon to prove publication of
libel in the Nova Scotian, 24. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova
Scotia.
Black Rock. Bk Opposite Fort Erie, fortified, 197.
Blackfoot Indians. A Western confederacy, of Siksika stock. First
described in the journal of Anthony Hendry, 1754-1755, and again by
Matthew Cocking, 1772-1773. They were then known to the Crees as the
Archithinue. Cocking also gives the following for the five tribes in the
confederacy: Powestic-Athinuewuck or Water-fall Indians;
Mithco-Athinuwuck or Bloody Indians; Koskitow-Wathesitock or
Black-footed Indians; Pegonow or Muddy-water Indians; and Sassewuck or
Woody-country Indians. Their habitat was then, and until comparatively
recent times, in the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, on the upper
waters of the Saskatchewan. They are now for the most part on
reservations in Alberta. Bib.: Petitot, Traditions Indiennes du Canada
Nord-Ouest; Grinnell, Blackfoot Lodge Tales; Hendry Journal
(R.S.C., 1908); Cocking Journal (R.S.C., 1909); Franklin, Polar Sea;
Catlin, North American Indians.
Blair, Andrew George (1844-1907). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick.
Educated there, and called to the bar, 1866. In 1878 member of the New
Brunswick Assembly for York; in 1879 leader of the opposition; and in
1883 premier of the province. In 1896 resigned and became minister of
railways and canals in the Dominion government, under Laurier, retiring
in 1903. In February, 1904, chairman of the Railway Commission of
Canada, resigning in October of the same year. Index: T Premier of New
Brunswick during Tilley's governorship, 138. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men;
Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Who's Who, 1906.
Blair, Adam Johnston Fergusson (1815-1867). Member of the Legislative
Assembly of Canada, 1848-1857; appointed to the Legislative Council,
1860; receiver-general, 1863; member of Executive Council and provincial
secretary, 1863-1864; president of the Executive Council, 1866.
Appointed president of the Privy Council and a member of the first
Dominion Cabinet, 1867. Index: Md President of Privy Council in first
Dominion Cabinet, 134; agrees to support coalition, 137; his death, 138.
B Called upon to form ministry, but fails, 149. T Member first
Confederation ministry, 129. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Blake, Edward (1833- ). Born in Adelaide, Ontario. Educated at Upper
Canada College and University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario,
1859. From 1867 to 1872 a member of Alexander Mackenzie's Dominion
ministry; in 1875-1877 minister of justice and attorney-general; and
1877-1878 president of the Council. From 1878 to 1887 leader of the
Liberal opposition in the House of Commons. In 1892 went to Ireland and
elected member for South Longford in the British House of Commons;
retired, 1907. Index: Md Favours attacks Canadian Pacific Railway
scheme, 235; resigns leadership of Ontario Liberals, 1872, 152; attacks
government on Redistribution Bill, 274; supports Costigan's Home Rule
resolution, 277; contrasted with Macdonald, 277-279; mutual antagonism,
277-279; supports Landry's motion that Riel's sentence should have been
commuted, 280; not favourable to commercial union, 296; refuses to run
in election of 1891, 315; denounces policy of unrestricted reciprocity,
315-316. B His speech at Aurora advocating Imperial federation, 235,
240. Mc On when rebellion is justified, 26, 27. Bib.: Morgan, Can.
Men; Who's Who, 1910; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Ewan,
Hon. Edward Blake; Taché, Men.
Blake, William Hume (1809-1870). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity
College, Dublin, and emigrated to Canada in his youth. During the
Rebellion in 1837, paymaster of the Royal Foresters. Called to the bar
of Upper Canada, 1838. A member of the Legislative Assembly for East
York, 1847, and solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin
administration, 1848-1849. In 1850 chancellor of Upper Canada, retiring
March, 1862. Index: BL Speaks before Reform Association, Toronto, 223;
elected for York, 279; solicitor-general, 1848, 284; absent in Europe,
284; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 314-315; quarrel with MacNab, 315; burnt
in effigy in Toronto, 318; raised to the bench, 337. E Returned in
elections, 1847, 50; solicitor-general for Upper Canadian first La
Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; father of Edward Blake; attacks Family
Compact; bitter conflict with Sir Allan MacNab, 69. B Speaks before
Toronto Reform Association, 1811, 21; burnt in effigy, 36; in the fight
for responsible government, 261. Md Challenged by John A. Macdonald, 36.
Mc Solicitor-general, debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 489. Bib.: Dent,
Can. Por., and Last Forty Years; Read, Lives of the Judges; Cyc.
Am. Biog.
Blanchard, Hiram. H Supports Confederation, 186; member of Nova Scotia
government, 1867, 198; elected to Legislature, but unseated, 202.
Blanchard, Jotham. H Associated with Joseph Howe in The Club, 10; in
House of Assembly, 18.
Blanchet, F. Bk Arrested, 127; discharged, 128.
Blanshard, Richard. Appointed governor of Vancouver Island by Earl Grey;
left England, 1849, and reached Victoria in March of the following year
by way of Panama. Resigned office in 1850, and in 1851 returned to
England. Index: D First governor of Vancouver Island, 1849, 203;
relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 203-204; nominates provincial
government and leaves for England, 204. Bib.: Begg, History of British
Columbia.
Bleury. P Joins Papineau party, 78.
Bliss, Daniel (1740-1806). Born in Concord, Mass. Educated at Harvard
University, Cambridge, graduating in 1774. In 1778 proscribed as a
Loyalist, and served with the British army as commissary. At the end of
the war, moved to New Brunswick; appointed a member of the provincial
Council, and later chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Index: W
Becomes member of New Brunswick Council, 4. Bib.: Hannay, History of
New Brunswick.
Bliss, John Murray (1771-1834). Born in Massachusetts. Came to New
Brunswick in 1786; called to the bar; and elected to the House of
Assembly for the county of York. Appointed to the bench in 1816; became
a member of the king's Council; and in 1824 administrator of the
province for one year. Subsequently a judge of the Supreme Court of New
Brunswick. Index: W Judge of New Brunswick Supreme Court, 4. Bib.: Cyc.
Am. Biog.
Bliss, Jonathan (1742-1822). Born in Springfield, Mass. Educated at
Harvard University, Cambridge. Emigrated to New Brunswick in 1783. In
1785 elected a member of the provincial Legislature and appointed
attorney-general. From 1809 to 1822 chief-justice. Bib.: Cyc. Am.
Biog.
Blue, Archibald (1840- ). Born in Orford, Ontario. From 1867 to 1881
engaged in journalism. In 1882 appointed secretary of the Ontario Bureau
of Industries, which he organized. Deputy minister of agriculture, 1884,
and director of the Bureau of Mines, 1891. Appointed Dominion census
commissioner, 1900. Index: B Witnesses shooting of George Brown by
Bennett, 255-256. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Bodega Bay. On the coast of California, lat. 38° 18' 20" N., long. 123°
2' 28". Index: D Russian colony there in 1812, 45.
Boileau, Maître. Ch Lawyer, employed to contest Champlain's will, 265.
Bolduc, Father. D Jesuit missionary—supposed to be first priest on
Vancouver Island, 178; at Whidby Island, 179.
Bolton, Colonel. Hd Commander at Niagara, lost in foundering of
Ontario, 163.
Bompas, William Carpenter (1853-1906). Born in London, England. Ordained
deacon, 1859; priest, 1865; came to Canada latter year and assigned to
the Mackenzie River district. In 1874 consecrated bishop of Athabaska.
In 1884 transferred to see of Mackenzie River, and in 1891 to that of
Selkirk. Author of a number of primers in the Athabaskan and Algonquian
languages, as well as in Eskimo. Bib.: Diocese of Mackenzie River;
Cody, An Apostle of the North; Machray, Archbishop Machray;
Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland. For his native primers, see Pilling, Bibliography of
Athabaskan Languages.
Bond, William Bennett (1815-1906). Born in Truro, England. At an early
age went to Newfoundland. Removed to Quebec, 1840; the same year
admitted deacon, and ordained priest, 1841. For some time engaged as a
travelling missionary; assistant to the rector of St. George's Church,
Montreal, 1848; rector 1862; archdeacon of Hochelaga, 1871; dean of
Montreal, 1874. In 1879 consecrated bishop of Montreal; in 1901
archbishop, and in 1904 primate of all Canada. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men;
Dent, Can. Por.; Who's Who, 1905; Mockridge, Bishops of the Church
of England in Canada and Newfoundland.
Bonne, Captain de. Born in France, and before coming to Canada served in
the regiment of Condé. At the siege of Quebec, 1759, in command of the
Quebec and Three Rivers militia, and took part in the battle of the
Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy. Index: WM Commands Quebec and Three
Rivers militia, 105. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.
Bonnécamps, Joseph Pierre de (1707-1790). Born in France. Entered the
Jesuit order, and came to Canada in 1741, when he was appointed
instructor of hydrography at the Seminary of Quebec. Held that position
until the fall of Quebec in 1759. In 1765-1766 laboured among the
French refugees on the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon.
Bonnerme. Ch Physician, accompanied Champlain to Quebec, 41; death of,
46.
Bonnycastle, Sir Richard Henry (1791-1848). Born in England. Served in
Canada in 1812, and engaged in the capture of Fort Castine. During the
Rebellion of 1837-1838 commanded the engineers in Canada West, and
defended Kingston in 1838; knighted for distinguished service, 1837.
Afterwards commander of engineers in Newfoundland. Bib.: The Canadas in
1841. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bonsecours, Chapel of. L United to parish of Montreal, 176; commenced by
Sister Bourgeois, 177; held in high honour, 178.
Bontemps, Captain. Ch Brings out settlers, 252.
Books. S Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 175. See also Libraries.
Borden, Robert Laird (1854- ). Born in Grand Pré, Nova Scotia. Called to
the bar, 1878, and practised at Kentville and Halifax; appointed Q.C.,
1890. In 1896 elected for the city and county of Halifax to the Dominion
Parliament, and for Carleton County, Ontario, 1905. In 1901 succeeded
Sir Charles Tupper as leader of the Conservative party. Bib.: Morgan,
Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Borgia's House. WM Wolfe occupies, 189; set on fire by Canadians, 193.
Boscawen, Edward (1711-1761). Born in England. Served at Porto Bello,
1739-1740; at Cartagena, 1741; and in the West Indies, 1747. Commanded
on the North American station between 1755 and 1757, and in 1758
commander-in-chief of the fleet at the siege of Louisbourg. In 1759
defeated the French in Lagos Bay, and in 1760 commanded the fleet in
Quiberon Bay. Index: WM In command of naval forces at Louisbourg, 73.
Bib.: Wood, Logs of the Conquest of Canada; Doughty, Siege of
Quebec; Dict. Nat. Biog. See also Louisbourg.
Bossuet, Jacques Benigne (1627-1704). Churchman and orator; bishop of
Meaux; took a leading part in the Gallican controversy. Index: L On
poverty and liberty, 123. Bib.: Works: Histoire Universelle; Oraisons
Funèbres. For biog., see Chambers, Biog. Dict.
Boston. Bk Flags hung there at half-mast on declaration of war against
Great Britain, 208. Hd Rebellious sentiment comes to head at, 84;
Haldimand doubts wisdom of closing the port, 85; dangerous condition of
affairs at, 95-96, 97-98; reception to General Gage, 96; Haldimand's
removal to, 103, people of, revile Haldimand, 105; Haldimand's house at,
107; loss at Bunker Hill, 108; Louis Haldimand at, 109; Loyalists leave,
110; Haldimand's rank at, 121. L Americans of, their designs against
priests and missionaries, 11.
Boston. D Attacked by natives of Nootka, 1803, and crew murdered, 37.
Botsford, Bliss (1813-1890). Born at Sackville, New Brunswick. Educated
at King's College, Fredericton; called to the bar, 1838, and practised
at Moncton until 1870. A member of the New Brunswick Assembly, with
brief intervals, from 1851 to 1870. In 1865 surveyor-general in the
Smith ministry, and a member of the Executive Council, of which he was
Speaker from 1867 to 1870. From 1870 to 1890 judge of the County Court.
Index: T Surveyor-general in Smith government, 91; adds no strength to
the government, 92; represents Westmoreland, 115. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can.
Biog.
Bouchard. L Founder of the Montmorency family, 16.
Boucher de Grosbois et de Boucherville, Pierre (1622-1717). Came to
Canada in 1634 with his father; served as a soldier of the little
garrison of Quebec in 1641. Four years later settled at Three Rivers,
and having made himself familiar with several Indian languages, employed
as interpreter. For nearly a quarter of a century served the town of his
adoption in various capacities, civil and military. Filled the office of
governor of Three Rivers, with short intervals, from 1652 to 1667.
Visited France in 1661-1662, received by Louis XIV, and given a patent
of nobility, and on his return to Canada brought out a number of
colonists. In 1667 retired to his seigniory of Boucherville. Left a
brief but interesting history of New France, written in 1663, while he
was still governor of Three Rivers, and published the following year.
Index: L His opinion of Laval, 29. Bib.: Histoire Veritable et
Naturelle des Mœurs et Productions du Pays de la Nouvelle France.
Paris, 1664. Reprinted, 1849, 1882, 1883, 1896. The last is in the
Trans. of the Royal Society for that year, and is edited by Benjamin
Sulte, with biographical and bibliographical notes.
Bouchette, Captain. Dr Conducts Carleton safely to Three Rivers, 113.
Bouchette, Joseph (1774-1841). Entered the naval service, 1791; in
command of the forces on Lake Ontario; and served in the Royal Canadian
volunteers. In 1813 on active service; and in 1814-1816 in England,
where he published his topographical and geographical description of
Canada. Employed as surveyor-general in delimiting the boundary line
between Canada and the United States, 1817-1818. Bib.: Topographical
Description of the Province of Lower Canada; British Dominions in
North America.
Bouchette, Robert Shore Milnes. P Exiled to Bermuda for his
participation in Rebellion of 1837, 138; commissioner of customs,
Ottawa, 149; sides with Papineau, 149; arrested as a rebel, 149; his
letter to Colonel Dundas, 150-153.
Boudon, Abbé Henri-Marie. L Succeeds Laval as archdeacon of Evreux, 23.
Boues, Charles de. Ch Vicar-general of Pontoise, contributes to building
of Récollet convent, 117; syndic of Canadian missions, 148.
Bougainville, Louis Antoine, Comte de (1729-1811). Born in Paris.
Educated for his father's profession of notary; and soon obtained
recognition as an advocate in the Parliament of Paris. As a student
displayed a remarkable talent for mathematics, and at the age of
twenty-two wrote the first volume of a treatise on the Integral
Calculus. His mathematical work recognized by the Royal Society in
electing him to a fellowship. Joined the army in 1755, and the next year
came to Canada as Montcalm's aide-de-camp. Played an important part in
the siege of Quebec, and wrote an elaborate journal of the campaign,
much of which appears to have been incorporated in Montcalm's Journal,
published by Abbé Casgrain. Returned to France in 1760, and after
serving in Germany, joined the navy. From 1766 to 1769 made a voyage
around the world; served in the West Indies during the Revolutionary
War, and commanded the van of the French fleet in the action off
Chesapeake Bay. Retired from active service, 1790; nominated by Napoleon
to the Senate, and raised to the nobility. Index: WM Aide-de-camp to
Montcalm, 1; despatched to France to represent desperate state of
colony, 62; commands Grenadiers along Beauport shore, 85; incurs Bigot's
hostility, 88; ordered to protect country west of Quebec, 151, 158;
interview with Montcalm at Beauport, 160; Vaudreuil writes that safety
of colony is in his hands, 161; duped by Wolfe's strategy, 177;
criticized by Chevalier Johnstone, 177; his promotion due to court
favour, 177; disregards instructions of governor by changing commander
at Le Foulon, 178; great reliance placed on him, 178; his failure to
reinforce post at the Foulon, 178, 184; his failure to follow British
fleet down from Cap Rouge, 184; held responsible for disaster, 210; his
delay at Sillery, 211; arrives after battle, 222; his letter to
Ramezay, regarding provisions, 226; holds his position at Cap Rouge
while rest of army retreats, 229; on march to Quebec, hears of
capitulation, 234; replaces Lusignan at Ile-aux-Noix, 245; congratulates
Lévis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267. Bib.: Works: Traité du Calcul
Intégral; Voyage autour du Monde; Essai Historique sur les
Navigations Anciennes et Modernes (Acad. des Sciences Morales et Pol.,
Vol. I); Notice Historique sur les Sauvages de l'Amerique
Septentrionale (ibid., Vol. III). His letters are printed in Doughty,
Siege of Quebec; and his manuscript journals are in the Canadian
Archives. See also De Kerallain, La Jeunesse de Bougainville;
Michaud, Biog. Univ.; Larousse, Grande Dict. Univ.; Casgrain,
Montcalm et Lévis; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Wood, The Fight for
Canada; Hart, The Fall of New France, 1755-1760.
Boulay, Angelique Louise Talon du. WM Wife of Montcalm, 5; her grief at
his departure for Canada, 8.
Boulduc. F Prosecutor of Prévoté, dismissed, 138.
Boullé, Eustache. Ch Brother-in-law of Champlain, 134, 145; appointed by
Champlain as his lieutenant, 155; returns to France, 209; converted to
Roman Catholicism, receives bequest from his sister, 267.
Boullé, Hélène. Ch Marries Champlain, 66; spends four years in Quebec,
141; returns to France, 141; studies Algonquian language, 263; her life
at Quebec, 263-264; enters Ursuline convent, 266; dies, 1654, 266.
Boullé, Nicholas. Ch Champlain's father-in-law, secretary of the king's
chamber, 66; pays his daughter's inheritance to Champlain, 67.
Boulton, D'Arcy. Born in England. Came to Canada, 1797, and settled at
York, 1803. Called to the bar of Upper Canada by special Act of the
Legislature, 1803; solicitor-general, 1805. While on his way to England,
1810, captured by a French privateer, and remained a prisoner in France
until 1814. Appointed judge of Assize, 1818. Died in York about 1830.
Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges; Scadding, Toronto of Old.
Boulton, Henry John. Son of D'Arcy Boulton; born in England, 1790.
Studied law and called to the English bar. Emigrated to Canada, 1816,
and practised in Upper Canada. In 1818 appointed solicitor-general;
attorney-general, 1829; elected to the Assembly for Niagara; removed
from attorney-generalship by colonial secretary on account of his
independent votes in Assembly, 1833; proceeded to England to vindicate
his actions; appointed chief justice of Newfoundland, 1833; removed from
office, 1838, and returned to Canada. Represented town of Niagara in
Assembly, 1841-1844, and Norfolk County, 1848-1851. Index: Mc
Solicitor-general, reprimanded, 152-153; dismissed from office of
attorney-general, 232; threatens rebellion, 233; chief justice of
Newfoundland, 235. E Responsible for amendment of Union Act, 123. BL
Removed from office of attorney-general, 16; in Clergy Reserves debate,
349. Bib.: Short Sketch of Upper Canada. For biog., see Morgan,
Cel. Can.
Boundaries of Canada. Dr Not defined by Constitutional Act, 260.
Bouquet, Henry (1719-1765). Born in Switzerland. Served in Holland,
Sardinia, and with the Prince of Orange. Was Captain-commandant of the
Swiss Guards at the Hague, 1748. Entered the British army; came to
America in 1754; with Haldimand and the "Royal Americans"; and held a
leading command for several years in the French and Indian wars. Died at
Pensacola, Florida. Index: Dr His services in Pontiac's War, 6; death
of, 6; Bouquet papers in British Museum, 7. Hd Life-long friend of
Haldimand, 5; his early military service, 6; his studious habits, 8;
member of Swiss Guards at the Hague, 8; recommended for command in Royal
American Regiment, 9; experiences ill-feeling between American colonists
and British troops, 12; in Carolina, 13; his letters throw side-lights
on the affairs in the colonies, 14-15; popular in military profession,
16; Indian warfare, 16; at Fort Pitt, 16; Haldimand advises him not to
leave the service, 40; defeats Indians at Bushy Run, 58; thanked by the
king and promoted, 58; death of, 58, 63; Haldimand laments his loss, 62;
his tomb, 63; his papers preserved in Canadian Archives, 319; some of
his letters missing, 338. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe and
Conspiracy of Pontiac; Canadian Archives Report, 1889.
Bourdages. P Assists Papineau in defeating motion for adoption of Lord
Goderich's offer, 77. Bk Made colonel of militia by Sir George Prévost,
158.
Bourdon. L Brings out a number of girls as colonists, 79. Ch Industrious
settler, 252, 253.
Bourdon, Sister Anne. F On divine protection of Quebec, 301.
Bourdon, Jean (1602-1668). Born in Normandy. Came to Canada, 1634.
Engaged for some years as a civil engineer and land surveyor; sent on
several embassies to the Iroquois; and in 1657 made a voyage towards
Hudson Bay, but prevented by ice from entering the Strait. Mentioned as
being at Quebec in 1665.
Bourgard. L On the zeal of the missionaries, 61.
Bourgeoys, Marguerite (1620-1700). Born at Troyes, in Champagne. Entered
the convent of the Congregation of Notre Dame at the age of twenty, and
while there decided to devote her life to the colony of New France.
Arrived in Quebec in September, 1653, and went on immediately to the new
settlement of Montreal. In 1657 opened the first school, in a stable
granted her by Maisonneuve. In the same year built a wooden chapel in
Montreal. Founded the Congrégation do Notre Dame de Montreal in 1659,
and in 1686 built the convent. In 1675, with funds obtained from France
built the church of Bonsecours. Index: L Establishes school at Ville
Marie (Montreal), 9; her services to the sick on board the St. André,
32; her labours in instruction of the young, 91; her educational work,
126; Abbé Verreau on influence exerted by, 127; founds Bonsecours
Chapel, 177. F Establishes Congrégation de Notre Dame, 29, 39; impressed
on arrival by poverty of country, 39. Bib.: Ransonet, Vie de la Sœur
Bourgeoys; Faillon, Vie de la Sœur Bourgeoys; Parkman, Jesuits in
North America and Old Régime; Colby, Canadian Types of the Old
Régime.
Bourget, Ignace (1799-1885). Born at Point Lévis, Quebec. Ordained in
1822; vicar-general of Montreal, 1836; coadjutor bishop of the diocese,
1837; bishop of Montreal, 1840, and created the first cathedral chapter
of that city. Founded several religious orders, colleges, and asylums,
among others, in 1864, the institution for the deaf and dumb, Montreal.
In 1862 created a Roman count and assistant at the Pontifical Throne. In
1876 archbishop of Martianopolis, in partibus. Index: C His character,
80; dispute with Cartier, 80-83; calls on Cartier, 84. Bib.: Cyc. Am.
Biog.
Bourinot, Sir John George (1837-1902). Born in Sydney, Nova Scotia.
Educated at Trinity University, Toronto. Chief official reporter to the
Nova Scotia Assembly, 1861-1867, and in 1880 appointed chief clerk of
the Dominion House of Commons. For many years honorary secretary of the
Royal Society of Canada. Index: BL On Baldwin's University Bill, 293; on
Tory opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 313, Bib.; Works: Canada
under British Rule; Federal Government in Canada; How Canada is
Governed; Manual of Constitutional History of Canada; Parliamentary
Procedure and Government in Canada; Canada; Builders of Nova
Scotia. For biog., see Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.
Bourlamaque, de. Born in France. Governor of Guadaloupe; sent in 1756
with Montcalm to Canada as third in command and colonel of engineers. In
command at Ticonderoga in 1759; promoted brigadier-general, and took
part in the defence of Quebec. Died, 1764. Index: WM Third in command,
12; holds Amherst in check, 131; evacuates Forts Carillon and Frederic
and falls back on Ile-aux-Noix, 146; which he reports himself able to
hold till fall, 158; joins army of Lévis on march against Quebec, 245;
repairs bridges over Cap Rouge River, 248; occupies position at Lorette
and Ste. Foy, 249; in battle of Ste. Foy, 256; wounded, 260. Bib.:
Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Wood, The
Fight for Canada.
Bouteroue, Claude de. Born in France. Came to Canada to act as intendant
during the absence of Talon from 1668 to 1670. Returned to France, 1671,
and died there, 1680. Index: L Acts as intendant during Talon's absence,
116. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France.
Bouthillier. Ch Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.
Bow River Pass. Through the Bow Range of the Rocky Mountains, head
waters of Bow River. Index: D Entered by David Thompson, 1805, 58.
Bowell, Sir Mackenzie (1823- ). Born in England. Came to Canada with his
parents, 1833, and engaged in journalistic work. In 1867 elected to the
Dominion House of Commons for North Hastings. In 1878 appointed minister
of customs, holding that office until 1891; minister of militia, 1892;
and minister of trade and commerce, 1892-1894. In 1894 succeeded Sir
John Thompson as premier, and resigned office in 1896. Created a K. C.
M. G., 1895. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian
Who's Who.
Bowen, Edward (1780-1866). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada in 1797;
studied law and called to the bar in 1803. From 1809 to 1812 represented
Sorel in the Assembly; and in the latter year appointed to the Court of
King's Bench. In 1821 appointed a member of the Legislative Council, and
in 1835 elected Speaker. In 1849 chief-justice of the Superior Court for
Lower Canada. Index: E Made a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.:
Taylor, Brit. Am.
Bowes, Colonel. Bk Of the 6th Regiment, assumes command on death of
General Hunter, 69; leaves Canada, 73.
Bowring, Dr. Sy An associate of Sydenham's, 13; trade commissioner to
France, 29.
Boyd, Colonel. T Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick Assembly,
102.
Boyd, John (1828-1893). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to New Brunswick, and
engaged in business at St. John. In 1880 called to the Senate, and on
Sept. 22, 1893, succeeded Sir S. L. Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New
Brunswick. Index: T Succeeds Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New
Brunswick, 138. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Braddock, Edward (1695-1755). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1710,
and in 1743 major of the Coldstreams. Served in the expedition to
L'Orient, 1746; and under the Prince of Orange in Holland, 1746-1748.
Colonel of the 14th Foot at Gibraltar, 1753. In 1755 general and
commander-in-chief in British North America; and on July 9, 1755,
commanded the British expedition against Fort Duquesne, where he was
defeated and mortally wounded. Index: WM Death of, at Fort Duquesne, 22.
Hd His defeat rouses Pennsylvania Assembly to vote military supplies,
13. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley,
The Fight with France.
Bradstreet, Simon (1603-1697). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge;
and emigrated to Massachusetts, where he became assistant judge of the
Court in 1630. In 1631 one of the founders of Cambridge, Mass.; from
1630 to 1679 assistant governor of Massachusetts; from 1679 to 1686
governor; and from 1689 to 1692 president of the administration of the
colony. Index: F Made governor of Massachusetts, 266; on failure of
expedition against Quebec, 301. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Bragg's Regiment. WM On British right, 189; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259,
261.
Brandon House. Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1794, on the head
waters of the Assiniboine River, about seventeen miles below the present
city of Brandon. The buildings were burnt about 1814, and the post
abandoned. Index: MS Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6. Bib.: Bryce,
Hudson's Bay Company.
Brandy Question. F Condemned by Champlain, 25; subject of dispute
between civil and religious authorities, 46, 115; king's instructions
regarding, 116, 118, 120; question referred to a meeting of the
principal inhabitants, 121; opinions expressed, 122, 123; king's
decision thereon, 125; evils depicted, 335. L Sale of liquor to Indians,
7, 36-39, 113; Frontenac's opinion and Colbert's instructions, 170, 171;
conference on the subject, 172; Laval's attitude, 173-175; Dollier de
Casson's testimony, 175. See also Liquor question. Bib.: Parkman,
Frontenac and Old Régime.
Brant, Isaac. S Son of Joseph Brant, commits murder, 191; attacks his
father and is killed by him in self-defence, 192.
Brant, Joseph (1742-1807). A Mohawk Indian chief, whose native name was
Thayendanegea. Educated at an Indian school in Connecticut. Visited
England in 1775. In the Revolutionary War sided with the British and
rendered valuable service. Revisited England after the war. Translated
the Book of Common Prayer and St. Mark's Gospel into the Mohawk tongue
(London, 1787). Index: S Mohawk Indian, distrusted by Simcoe, 75, 125;
visits Philadelphia and received by Washington as Indian emissary, 121;
part taken by, in subsequent negotiations, 124, 125; loss of influence
with his own people, 125; his motives and policy, 126, 128, 129; kills
his son Isaac in self-defence, 192. Hd Commands scouting parties, 153;
made a colonel of Indians on Haldimand's recommendation, 154; did not
harm women or children, 154, 170; his success against rebel force under
Lockerby, 169; advises reserve for Six Nation Indians, 258; highly
esteemed by Haldimand, 300; Allan MacLean's opinion of, 308; visits
Haldimand in London, 327. Bib.: Stone, Life of Brant; Cruikshank,
Joseph Brant in the American Revolution; Eggleston, Brant and Red
Jacket; Ke-che-ah-gah-me-qua, Life of Brant; Dent, Can. Por.
Brant, Molly. Hd Sister of Joseph Brant, her influence with Indians,
154; pensioned, 155.
Brantford. City of Ontario, on the Grand River. Named after Joseph
Brant, the Mohawk chieftain. Founded about 1820.
Brassy. T Offers to build European and North American Railway, 25, 27.
Breadalbane, John Campbell, second Marquis of (1796-1862). Represented
Okehampton in Parliament, 1820-1826, and Perthshire, 1832. Index: Sy
Offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Brébeuf, Jean de (1593-1649). Born of a noble family of Normandy. Came
to Canada, 1625; spent the winter of 1625-1626 among the Algonquins. In
the latter year, after a long and difficult journey by way of the Ottawa
and Lake Nipissing, reached the villages of the Hurons, on Georgian Bay,
where he established the first mission. Returned to Quebec in 1629, and
in 1634 re-established the Huron mission. In 1640 made an unsuccessful
attempt to establish a mission among the intractable Neutral Nation,
north of Lake Erie. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in 1649, he
was captured by the Iroquois, and burned at the stake with unmentionable
cruelties. His skull is preserved in the Hôtel-Dieu at Quebec. Index: Ch
Sails for New France on De Caën's vessel, 152; returns to College of
Rouen, 207; returns to Canada, 228; goes to Huron country, 249. L
Sufferings and death of, 5, 62. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North
America; Ragueneau, Relation des Hurons, 1649; Colby, Canadian Types
of the Old Régime.
Breda, Treaty of. Signed between England and France, 1667. Brought to a
close the disastrous war with the Dutch. By its terms Nova Scotia was
handed over to France. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.
Brésolles, Sister de. L Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.
Bretonvilliers, De. L Sulpician, makes liberal contribution towards
erection of church at Montreal, 88; foundation stone laid on his behalf
by M. Dollier de Casson, 89; devotes his fortune to religious work at
Montreal, 135; succeeds M. Olier as superior of seminary in France, 162.
Briand, Jean Olivier (1715-1794). Born in France. Ordained priest, 1739;
came to Canada, 1741; canon of Quebec Cathedral until 1760. In 1766
appointed bishop of Quebec, and resigned, 1784. Rebuilt the cathedral
and palace, destroyed during the siege of Quebec, 1759. Index: L Bishop
of Quebec, 12. Dr Appointed Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, 23.
Bride. Ch English vessel seized by French, 221.
Bright, John (1811-1889). British statesman and orator. Index: T
Friendly to Anti-Confederation party, 123. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
British American League. Md Formed in 1849 in Montreal as a reply to the
Annexation Manifesto—branches followed throughout the country, 40; its
objects, 40-41; largely due to John A. Macdonald's inspiration, 95;
Confederation one of its main objects, 95; commercial national policy
another, 219. H Howe's correspondence with the president, George
Moffatt, 113-115. B Formed in Upper Canada—convention held at Kingston,
1849, 37; its policy, 38; part of Conservative case for Confederation,
38. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
British Chronicle. Newspaper published in New York. Index: B Established
by Peter and George Brown, 4; its objects, 4.
British Columbia. Area 372,630 square miles. Vancouver Island became a
crown colony in 1849; ten years later the mainland was organized as a
separate colony; in 1866 island and mainland became one; and in 1871 the
colony became a province of the Dominion of Canada. Index: D Organic
existence since 1859, or including Vancouver Island, since 1849, 1;
origin of name, 57; gold-fields, 22; created separate colony, 1858, 229;
early government of, 231-235; revenue, 232; roads, etc., 232, 237-238,
249-253; relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 233; character of
early population, 241-243; formal establishment of colony at Fort
Langley, 1858, 245-246; Hill's Bar affair, 248-249; plans for
transcontinental road, 253-254; population in 1859, 256; agriculture,
256-257; financial problems, 258-262; dissatisfaction with dual
governorship, 289; popular grievances, 290-291; views of Douglas,
291-293; Legislative Council, 294-297; union of British Columbia and
Vancouver Island, 297-300, 308; British Columbia Legislature meets for
first time in Victoria, Dec. 17, 1867, 311; entry into Dominion,
311-316; terms of union, 313-315; first Legislative Assembly after the
union, 315; transcontinental railway, 317-328; population, 1900,328;
agriculture, 329-330; fisheries, 330-331; lumber, 332-333; minerals,
333-334; industrial problems, 335; oriental labour, 336-337; education,
338-340. Md Opposition to entry into Confederation, 149; difficulties
removed, 149; terms of union, 149-150; union completed, July 20, 1871,
150; difficulties over building of Canadian Pacific Railway drive
province to verge of secession, 215, 233-234. Bib.: Begg, History of
British Columbia; Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Macdonald,
British Columbia and Vancouver's Island; Macfie, Vancouver Island and
British Columbia; Morice, The History of the Northern Interior of
British Columbia; Herring, Among the People of British Columbia;
Fitzgerald, The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver Island; Mayne,
Four Years in British Columbia; Baillie-Grohman, Sport and Life in
Western America and British Columbia; Métin, La Colombie Britannique;
Indians of British Columbia (R. S. C., 1888); Langevin, Report on
British Columbia.
British Law. Sy Attempts to introduce after passage of Quebec Act, 65. S
Introduced into Upper Canada, 85.
British Legion. Dr Loyalists commanded by Tarleton, 202.
British Newspapers. Hd Sympathy with rebels expressed in, 190. See
also Newspapers.
British North America Act. The constitution of the Dominion; the Act by
which the scattered colonies of British North America were united in one
Confederation. Drafted at the Quebec Conference, 1864; discussed and
passed in the form of resolutions, in the Legislature of Canada, 1865;
put in final shape at the Westminster Conference, 1866; passed by the
Imperial Parliament, and proclaimed, 1867. The essential feature of this
Act, and that which distinguishes it most clearly from the Constitution
of the United States, is the provision that all matters not specifically
assigned to the provinces belong to the Dominion, the reverse being the
case under the United States Constitution. Broadly speaking, the Act
gives the Dominion exclusive jurisdiction over the regulation of trade
and commerce, the postal service, customs and inland revenue, military
and naval service, navigation and shipping, currency and coinage,
banking, weights and measures, patents and copyrights, naturalization,
Indians. To the provinces it gives exclusive jurisdiction over direct
taxation, management and sale of public lands, timber, provincial
prisons, hospitals, asylums, etc., municipal institutions,
administration of justice, education. Index: Md Conference in
London—Macdonald's letter to Tilley, 125-126; the sixty-nine
resolutions passed, 126; draft bill drawn up—completed bill submitted
to House, and received royal assent, March 29, 1867, 127; royal
proclamation fixes July 1 as date upon which it should come into force,
127; opposition develops in Maritime Provinces, 129; provides for
Intercolonial Railway, 151; and acquisition of North-West Territories,
156; question of legislative union, 245; federal system introduced by,
250; provincial rights under, 253; the franchise, 258. C Delegation sent
to London to see it through Parliament, 67; proposal to amend it in the
interests of the New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77, 82; strained
relations of Macdonald and Cartier over terms of, 102-103. H Passed by
Imperial Parliament, 192; opposed by Joseph Howe, 192; its repeal sought
by Nova Scotia Anti-Confederates, 204. T Quietly received in New
Brunswick, 127. Bib.: Bourinot, Constitution of Canada; Houston,
Constitutional Documents; Doutre, Constitution of Canada; Munro,
Constitution of Canada; Ashley, Constitutional History of Canada;
Gooch, Manual of the Constitution of Canada; Howland, The New Empire;
Confederation Debates, 1865; Pope, Confederation Documents.
Brock, Daniel De Lisle. Bk Brother of Sir Isaac, becomes chief
magistrate of Guernsey, 70.
Brock, Elizabeth. Bk Sister of Sir Isaac, 71.
Brock, Ferdinand. Bk Brother of Sir Isaac, served in Royal Americans, 6;
death of, 7, 70.
Brock, Harriet. Bk Married to Sir Thomas Saumarez, 124.
Brock, Sir Hugh. Bk Supposed ancestor of General Brock, 5.
Brock, Irving. Bk Brother of Sir Isaac, 102; an able pamphleteer, 132,
140; estrangement between, and his brother William in connection with
latter's failure, 163; reconciliation, 297.
Brock, Sir Isaac (1769-1812). Bk Birth and descent, 6; enters army at
age of fifteen, 7; joins 49th Regiment with rank of captain, and is sent
to West Indies, 8; returns to England on sick leave, 9; senior
lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, 10; takes part in expedition to
Holland under Sir Ralph Abercromby, 13; his account of battle of
Egmont-op-Zee, 17; quartered in Jersey and visits home in Guernsey, 22;
joins expedition to the Baltic, 24; his regiment ordered to Canada, 31;
arrives at Quebec, 34; his regiment ordered to Upper Province, 48; his
vigorous pursuit of deserters, 60; quells mutiny at Fort George, 61-63;
assumes command at the fort, 64; recommends establishment of corps of
veterans who on discharge might receive grants of land, 64; impressed by
comfortable condition of loyalist settlers, 65; contrasts their
character with that of settlers of the later (1793) immigration, 66;
takes special interest in Sergeant-Major (afterwards Colonel) James
FitzGibbon, 66; quartered in Quebec, 69; made a full colonel and goes to
England on leave, 70; returns to Canada, 73; assumes chief military
command at Quebec, 73; recommends strengthening of the fortifications of
Quebec, 75, 94; differences with President Dunn, 77; leaves control of
Indian affairs in Upper Canada to lieutenant-governor, 78; examines
accounts of the deputy commissary-general, 78, 79; effects improvements
in marine department, 80; tries to make Quebec impregnable, 86;
dissatisfied with measures of defence adopted by the civil government,
94; letters to James Cuthbert of Berthier, 95, 98; confident that
Canadians would vigorously resist American invasion, 97; leaves Quebec
to take command in Montreal, 99; appointed acting brigadier-general 99;
his social qualities, 101; returns to Quebec, 115; anxious for service
in Europe, 123, 124; considers war with United States (1809) imminent,
124; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 126; ordered to Upper
Canada, 133; his books, 135; literary tastes, 136; application for leave
not entertained, 136-138, 155; correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor
Gore respecting grant of land to Colonel Vesey, 138; high opinion
entertained of, at headquarters, 141; pleasantly entertained by
Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 143; anxiety as to management of Indians,
149-152; made major-general, 157; made president and administrator of
Upper Canada in absence of Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 159; financial
misfortune, 161; letter to his brother Irving, 163-165; his strong
family affection, 163; his energy as administrator, 168; his opinion of
the Little Belt affair, 173; his endeavours to avert Indian warfare,
176; sends plan of campaign to General Prévost, 177-179; recommends
increase of naval force on lakes, 178; offered service in Spain, but
does not accept it, 180; his plan for formation of flank companies
adopted, 181; speech on opening of Legislature of Upper Canada, 183;
measures proposed by, to Legislature, 184; recognizes presence of many
persons of doubtful loyalty in the province, 185, 214; disappointed with
action of Legislature, 185; urges importance of prompt seizure of
Detroit and Michilimackinac, 195; selects Major-General Shaw to protect
line between Kingston and Cornwall, 195; his Indian policy, 197;
receives news of declaration of war, 203; establishes headquarters at
Fort George, 204; instructs Captain Roberts to capture Michilimackinac,
210; commends militia in general order, 212; recognizes the great odds
against Canada, 215; sends Colonel Procter to Amherstburg, 215; his
proclamation in answer to Hull's, 217; proclamation as president of
province, 219, 221; opens the Legislature, 222; hears of capture of
Michilimackinac, 223; prorogues Legislature, 229; proceeds to western
frontier, 231; meets Tecumseh for the first time, 245; describes him to
Lord Liverpool, 247; forms three brigades, 247; decides on attacking
Detroit, 248; summons Hull to surrender, 250; attacks, 251-254; his
daring in battle, 253; takes Detroit and makes Hull's army prisoners of
war, 255, 256; praises his army, 258; his message to his brothers, 260;
his proclamation to inhabitants of Michigan territory, 261; armistice
concluded by Prévost deranges his plans, 261; arrives at York, and is
warmly welcomed, 262; letter to his brothers, 266-268; arrives at
Kingston, 268; proposes to attack Sackett's Harbour, but is overruled by
Prévost, 270, 271; letter to Prévost asking for reinforcements, 272,
273; replies to objections made by Prévost to Fort Wayne expedition,
275-277; instructed to evacuate Detroit, 277; extreme anxiety not to
alienate Indians, 277, 278, 280; health, discipline, and morals of his
army, 279; letter to his brother Savery, 280, 281; his force on Niagara
frontier, 287; his account of capture of brigs Detroit and Caledonia
by Americans, 290-293; rejoicing in England over the victory at Detroit,
295; Brock made K.C.B., 296; Prince Rupert's high opinion of, 297; last
despatch to Prévost, 298; in battle at Queenston Heights, 298-304; his
death, 304; a national loss, 312; his burial and monument, 312, 313. BL
Sydenham ranked with, 112. Bib.: Tupper, Life and Correspondence of Sir
Isaac Brock; Read, Life of Brock; Nursey, Isaac Brock; Lucas,
Canadian War of 1812; Dent, Can. Por. See also War of 1812.
Brock, John. Bk Brother of Sir Isaac Brock, 15; killed in a duel, 70.
Brock, John. Bk Father of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.
Brock, Mary. Bk Sister of Sir Isaac Brock, 71.
Brock, Savery. Bk Younger brother of Brock, 15; gallant conduct of at
Egmont-op-Zee, 17-19; his resemblance to his brother Isaac, 18; with Sir
John Moore in Spain, 123; affected by his brother William's failure,
161, 166.
Brock, William. Bk Brother of Sir Isaac, a London merchant, 70;
disastrous failure of, 161-164; his letter to his brother Isaac, 165.
Brock, William. Bk Grandfather of Sir Isaac Brock, 5.
Brock's Battery. Bk Name at first given to king's battery in Quebec
citadel, 94.
Brockville. Chief town of Leeds County, Ontario, on left bank of St.
Lawrence. Formerly known as Elizabethtown. Raided by a detachment of
troops from Ogdensburg in 1813. The town assumed its present name
shortly after the death of Brock. Index: BL Early municipal government
of, 298.
Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor, Duc de (1785-1870). Foreign
secretary under Louis-Philippe, 1832-1834, and prime minister,
1835-1836. Lived in retirement after, 1851. Index: Sy Poulett Thomson
(Sydenham) meets in Paris, 20. Bib.: Écrits et Discours; Souvenirs.
Brooke, Frances. Hd Her novel of Canadian life, 222. Bib.: History of
Emily Montague, London, 1777.
Brouage. Ch In Saintonge, birthplace of Champlain, 1.
Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron (1778-1868). Born in Scotland. Educated at
Edinburgh University. Secretary to Lord Rosslyn and Lord St. Vincent on
a mission to Portugal. In 1810 entered Parliament; in 1830 received the
great seal and elevated to the peerage. In 1828 founded London
University, and in 1860 elected chancellor of Edinburgh University.
Index: S Secretary to the Portugal Commission, 220. W His sarcastic
reference to Glenelg, 42. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Broughton, William Robert (1762-1821). Born in England. Entered the
navy, 1774, and served on the American station until 1778. In 1790
explored and surveyed the Columbia River; and in 1794 surveyed the
north-west coast of America. Served in Lord Gambier's expedition, 1809;
at Mauritius, 1810, and at Java, 1811. Index: D Sails a hundred miles up
the Columbia, 24; surveys coast northwards of Cape Mendocino, 34. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.
Brouillan, De. Born in France. Governor of Placentia, Newfoundland,
1690. Made a chevalier of St. Louis, 1698. In 1701 commandant in Acadia,
and governor of that colony, 1702-1705. Died the latter year. Index: F
French governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 346. Bib.: Charlevoix,
History of New France.
Brouse, W. H. R Graduate of Victoria College, 144.
Brown, George (1818-1880). B His place as a Maker of Canada, ix;
complains that Upper Canada is inadequately represented and dominated by
Lower Canada, ix; an ardent advocate of Confederation, x; relations with
John A. Macdonald, x; and with Roman Catholic Church, x; his birth and
parentage, 1; character, 1; lifelong opposition to slavery, xi, 1-2;
views on Presbyterian Church government, 2; emigrates to America, 2;
establishes the British Chronicle at New York, with his father, 4;
comes to Canada, 1843, 4, 5; described by Samuel Thompson, 4-5;
establishes the Banner at Toronto with his father, 5-6; character of
the Banner, 5-7; begins fight for responsible government, 9-10;
establishes the Globe, 1844, 20; its objects, 20-21; speech before
Toronto Reform Association, 1844, 21-22; refuses to drink toast to
Metcalfe, 27-28; presents address to Elgin, 36; his quarrel with the
Clear Grits, 40; defeated in Haldimand by W. L. Mackenzie, 40; defines
political situation in 1850, 42-43; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's
pastoral letter, 44-45; his political principles, 46-47; takes issue
with Hincks's government, 48-49; advocates secularization of Clergy
Reserves, 55-57; runs for Kent—his platform, 61; advocates free
schools, 62; views on higher education, 62-64; his election for Kent,
64; arouses French-Canadian hostility, 65; attacks Hincks-Morin
government, 66-67; increasing power in the Legislature, 69; prodigious
industry and capacity for work, 69; attitude towards Lower Canada and
Roman Catholic institutions, 70; advocates representation by population,
71; becomes the mouthpiece of Nonconformist sentiment in Upper Canada,
71; tribute of the Cobourg Star, 72-73; pen-picture by James Young,
73-74; growth of the Globe—its declaration of principles, 74-75; in
favour of prohibition, 75,76; defeats Malcolm Cameron in Lambton, 77;
the alliance with the Rouges, 78-79; his friendship with Dorion,
80-81; presses for representation by population, 84; attacked by
Macdonald, 87-91; his interest in prison reform, 91-93; personal charges
disproved, 93-97; elected for Toronto, 1857, 99; carries a motion
disapproving of selection of Ottawa as capital, 100; government defeated
and he forms administration, 101-102; relations with Sir Edmund Head,
103-104; defeated on question of dissolution, 106; the "Double Shuffle,"
106-108; his fight against negro slavery, 112-119; relations with Roman
Catholics, 121-128; opposes denominational schools, 121-123; and
clerical control, 123-128; views on Confederation, 130-132; 137-138; his
temporary retirement from public life, 139, 141; defeated in East
Toronto, 141; opposes "double majority," 143; sails for England, 1862;
interview with Duke of Newcastle, 143; marries Anne Nelson, 144;
reception in Toronto on his return, 144; assails Separate School Bill in
the Globe, 145; accepts Act of 1863 as a final settlement, 145, 146;
his letters on the political crisis, 1864, 150; proposes a federation
system of government either for Canada alone, or for all the British
North American provinces, 150; the negotiations looking towards
Confederation, 151-161; opposes an elective Senate, 164-165; well
satisfied with the results of the Quebec Conference, 165-166; convert to
Intercolonial Railway scheme, 166; explains the new constitution in
Toronto, 166-167; writes Macdonald from England on favourable reception
of the Confederation scheme, and deplores almost universal sentiment in
England in favour of Canadian independence, 167; his speech in
Parliament on Confederation, 171-175; writes of need of haste in putting
through Confederation, 182; opposes submission of Confederation scheme
to the people, 185; Macdonald's negotiations with, as to formation of
new administration, 189-191; accepts Belleau as premier, 191; his
interest in reciprocity, 192; differences with his colleagues on
reciprocity terms lead to his resignation from Cabinet, 193-197; his
connection with Confederation, 199-209; Holton's appeal to, 201; his
interest in the North-West Territories and their acquisition by Canada,
211-221; his connection with the Reciprocity Treaty of 1874, 223-233;
attacks protectionist budget, 233; hostile to Canada First party,
237-238, 239, 241; his family relations, 243-244; death of his wife, May
6, 1906, 244; his children, 244; writes Holton as to his retirement from
public life, 245-246; defines his attitude as a journalist, 246-247;
relations with Liberal leaders after his retirement, 247-248; farming on
his Bow Park estate near Brantford, 248; appointment to the Senate,
December, 1873, 248; the Simpson libel suit, 249-250; attacks Judge
Wilson in the Globe, 250-252; sued for contempt of court, 252; his
defence, 253; shot by George Bennett, 255-256; his death, May 10, 1880,
258; estimate of his character and public life, 258-265; as a
journalist, 265. C Cauchon's antagonism, 24; relations with Quebec
Liberals, 28; his policy of representation by population, 28; fights for
Protestant and English supremacy, 28; Cartier takes strong stand against
his aggressiveness, 68; comes into power with the Reformers, 99. E
Arrives in Canada and enters journalism, 111; attacks French-Canadians,
112, 113-114, 137, 225; becomes leader of the Clear Grits, 112; enters
Parliament, 113; his influence there, 114; urges representation by
population, 117-118; attacks Hincks, 125, 140; distrusted by Liberals,
138; his warm support of Confederation, 225. R Opposes Sir Charles
Metcalfe, 126; opposes separate schools, 224, 225-226; conflict with
Ryerson over separate schools, 233. BL His speech before Reform
Association, Toronto, 1844, 223-224, 225; establishes Globe, March 5,
1844, 223-224; his relations to the Reformers and the Clear Grits, 224,
342; attacks Roman Catholicism, 343. T Makes overtures to government,
looking towards Confederation. 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75;
delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; opposes coalition government, 128. Mc
Defeated by W. L. Mackenzie, 486; relations with Mackenzie, 487;
Haldimand election, 488; Alexander Mackenzie's good offices, 496. Md
Macdonald's great antagonist in Canadian public life, 51; pre-eminent
as a reformer, 52; comes to Canada from Scotland in 1844, 52; founds the
Globe, 52; his character, 52-53; contrasted with Macdonald, 53-54;
first opposes Clear Grits, then becomes their leader, 54; attacks racial
and religious ideals of Quebec, 54-55; question of Clergy Reserves, 55;
his solution of representation by population, 71-72; opposes proposal
for elective Legislative Council, 75; his quarrel with Macdonald, 80-81;
opposes separate school system, 82; forms ministry with Dorion—the
"Short administration," 85; its defeat, 86; his influence declining, 89;
opposes Sandfield-Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 89; they join forces, 89;
proposes coalition to further Confederation, 92-93; enters Taché
ministry, 102; quarrel with Macdonald patched up, for the time, 102;
delegate to England in regard to Confederation, defence, reciprocity,
etc., 120-121; his entrance into coalition ministry largely due to Lord
Monck, 121; resigns from Cabinet, 123; supports Confederation, but
resumes old hostility to Macdonald, 123; attempts to break up coalition,
136-137; appointed to Senate by Mackenzie, 138. Bib.: Taylor, Brit.
Am.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Mackenzie, Life and
Speeches of the Hon. George Brown.
Brown, George Mackenzie (1869- ). Son of George Brown. Born in Canada.
Educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, Merchiston Castle School,
Edinburgh, and at Cambridge. Moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, and in 1900
elected to the British House of Commons for Central Edinburgh. Managing
trustee of Thomas Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh. Index: B Only son of George
Brown, a member of the publishing firm of Thomas Nelson & Sons, 244.
Bib.: Who's Who, 1910.
Brown, Henry. WM Lieutenant of Grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off the
field, 200. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.
Brown, James. W Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick Assembly,
brings in bill for teachers' training school, 88. T Surveyor-general in
Fisher ministry, 32, 33, 43. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Brown, John Gordon (1827-1896). Brother of George Brown. Born in
Scotland. Educated in Edinburgh and New York. In 1844 engaged on the
Toronto Globe; in 1851 editor, and in 1880 managing director. In 1882
retired from the Globe; appointed registrar of the Surrogate Court of
Toronto, 1883. Index: B Consulted by George Brown on political
situation, 143; George Brown's brother, 243; enters Globe office—his
connection with the newspaper, 244, 245; E.W. Thomson's estimate of,
245; his death, June 9, 1896, 245. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.
Brown, John Storrow. P With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125;
preaches rebellion, 126; heads the Patriotes at St. Charles, 128, 133;
charged with cowardice, 133; his letter to Dr. Nelson, 133. Bib.:
Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Brown, Peter (1784-1863). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to New York in
1838; was owner and editor of the British Chronicle. Removed to
Toronto, 1843, and founded the Banner, a Free-Church Presbyterian
organ. In 1844 with his son, George Brown, established the Toronto
Globe, and contributed to it for some years. Index: B Father of George
Brown, 1; his hatred of slavery, 1; emigration to America, 1838, 2;
contributes to Albion, 2; publishes The Fame and Glory of England
Vindicated, 2; establishes the British Chronicle, New York, 4;
removes to Toronto, and with his son establishes the Banner, 5; on
committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 113; his work on the Globe,
243-244; his death, 1863, 244. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can.
Por.
Brown's Point. Bk On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 301.
Bruey. F Agent of Governor Perrot at Montreal, 97.
Brûlé, Étienne. A famous coureur de bois who accompanied Champlain on
his exploration of the Ottawa, in 1615, and subsequently made extensive
explorations in the country of the Hurons and the Iroquois (1615-1618).
Treacherously murdered near the present town of Penetanguishene by a
party of Hurons in 1632. Index: Ch Interpreter, accompanies Champlain to
Quebec, 41; accompanies Champlain to the Ottawa River, 88; at Cap de la
Victoire, 139; learns Huron language, 144; sent on mission to Three
Rivers, 163; sides with the Kirkes, 194; conduct in the Huron country,
202; his death, 203, 246. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Sagard, Voyage du
Pays des Hurons; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Butterfield, History
of Brûlé's Discoveries and Explorations; Sulte, Étienne Brûlé (R. S.
C., 1907).
Brulon, Jean Gauthier de. L Canon and confessor of chapter of Quebec,
197.
Bruyères, Lieutenant-Colonel R. E. Bk Reports on condition of forts in
Upper Canada, 157.
Bryce, George (1844- ). Born at Mount Pleasant near Brantford, Ontario.
Educated at Toronto University and Knox College. Took part in the
skirmish at Ridgeway during the Fenian Raids. In 1871 removed to
Manitoba and organized Manitoba College. Professor of English literature
in Manitoba College, 1871-1909; and head of the faculty of science and
lecturer in biology in Manitoba University, 1891-1904. Moderator of the
General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1902-1903.
President of the Royal Society of Canada, 1909-1910. Index: Md On causes
of Riel Rebellion, 158. Bib.: Works: Manitoba; Short History of the
Canadian People; Apostle of Red River; Hudson's Bay Company;
Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists. For biog., see
Morgan, Can. Men.; Canadian Who's Who.
Bryce, James (1838- ). Born in Belfast. Educated at the universities of
Glasgow and Cambridge. Entered Parliament in 1880. In 1886
under-secretary of state for foreign affairs; in 1892 chancellor of the
Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1894 president of the board of trade. Chief
secretary for Ireland, 1905-1906, and in 1907 appointed British
ambassador at Washington. Index: E On the disadvantages of congressional
government, 255-257. Bib.: Works: Holy Roman Empire; American
Commonwealth. For biog., see Who's Who, 1910.
Brymner, Douglas (1823-1902). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1857.
For some time editor of the Presbyterian, and associate editor of the
Montreal Daily Herald. In 1872 appointed Dominion Archivist, and held
the position up to the time of his death, laying the foundations of the
present splendid collection of manuscript material bearing on the
history of Canada. Index: Hd His services as Dominion Archivist, 319;
his opinion of Haldimand, 320; his translation of Haldimand's diary,
321. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.
Buade, Antoine de. F Grandfather of Frontenac, 61.
Buade, Henri de. F Father of Frontenac, 61.
Buade, Louis de. See Frontenac.
Buchanan, Isaac (1810-1883). Born in Scotland. In 1833 emigrated to
Canada and entered into business life. Strongly opposed the Rebellion of
1837. Elected for York to the first Parliament of Canada. In 1864
appointed president of the Council in the Taché-Macdonald ministry,
retiring the same year. From 1878 to 1883 a Dominion arbitrator. Index:
H Joseph Howe's letter to, 1866, 190. BL On responsible government, 90;
in political controversy, 1844, 238; his "Five Letters against the
Baldwin Faction," 239-240. B Retires from government with Foley and
Simpson, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, 159. Mc
Urges Mackenzie's amnesty, 474; generosity of, 504. Bib.: Cyc. Am.
Biog.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.
Buchanan, James (1791-1868). Fifteenth President of the United States.
Index: E His tribute to Lord Elgin, 123-124. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Buckingham, Richard Plantagenet Grenville, third Duke of (1823-1889).
Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1846; lord of the treasury, 1852;
and privy councillor, 1866; president of the Council, 1866-1867, and
colonial secretary, 1867-1868. Governor of Madras, 1875-1880. Index: Md
Referred to by Sir John A. Macdonald in connection with Confederation
negotiations, 128-129. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Budé, General de. Hd Haldimand's letters to, 116, 117, 119, 191, 222;
Haldimand gives Carleton letter of introduction to, 191; consulted on
housekeeping matters by Haldimand, 328; his interest in Mathews, 331;
Grenville's plan for placing him in Duke of York's family, 333;
mentioned in Haldimand's will, 342.
Bulkeley, Richard. Came to Nova Scotia with Governor Cornwallis, 1749.
Appointed secretary of the province, 1759, and continued to hold office
under thirteen successive governors, until 1793. Member of the Council
of Nova Scotia, 1759. Administrator of Nova Scotia, 1791; judge of the
Admiralty Court; brigadier-general of militia. Died, 1800. Bib.:
Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Buller, Charles (1806-1848). Born in Calcutta. Entered Parliament in
1830; and called to the bar, 1831. In 1838 secretary to Lord Durham and
accompanied him on his momentous mission to Canada. In 1846 judge
advocate-general, and in 1847 chief poor law commissioner. Index: BL His
connection with Durham's Report, 235; on colonial self-government, 235.
Sy Lord Durham's chief secretary, 98; object of great dislike to Upper
Canada Tories, 98; his speech in House of Commons on union resolutions,
122; advocates responsible government for Canada, 123. Mc Credited with
authorship of Lord Durham's Report, 82, 83. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.;
Strachey, Charles Buller: Bradshaw, Self-Government in Canada.
Bullion. Ch Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.
Bullion, Mme. de. F Benefactress of Hôtel Dieu at Montreal, 29.
Bulyea, George Headley Vickers. Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick.
Educated at University of New Brunswick. For a time principal of the
Sunbury County Grammar School. Removed to Qu'Appelle, North-West
Territories, 1883. Elected to the North-West Council, 1894; special
representative to the Yukon, 1896; commissioner of agriculture and
public works in the Territorial government; appointed first
lieutenant-governor of Alberta, 1905. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.
Bunker Hill. Hd Battle of, 108.
Burel, Brother Gilbert. Ch Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208.
Burgoyne, John (1723-1792). Born in England. Educated at Westminster,
and entered the army in 1740. In 1775 served in New England; second in
command, 1776, and lieutenant-general, 1777. In the latter year
succeeded General Carleton as commander-in-chief of the forces in
Canada. After several successful engagements with the Americans,
defeated at Saratoga in October, 1777. In 1782 commander-in-chief in
Ireland. Index: Dr Arrives with reinforcements, 144; marches up
Richelieu, 146; returns to England, 163; returns to Canada, haying been
promoted over head of Carleton, 171; his personal charm, 174; his
previous career, 175, 176; occupies Ticonderoga, 178; injudicious speech
of, 178; his surrender at Saratoga, 180; his defence of himself, 182. Hd
A court favourite, supersedes Carleton, 112; his disastrous campaign,
113, 126; Hamilton's expedition compared to his, 168. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.
Burk, Rev. J. S Censured by Simcoe, 190.
Burke, Edmund (1729-1797). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College,
Dublin; and entered Parliament in 1765. In 1771 agent for New York
province; and in 1774-1775 strongly opposed war with America. In 1782
paymaster of the forces. One of the leaders in the impeachment of Warren
Hastings, 1788-1795. Index: Dr Wants more information on Quebec Act, 67;
discusses Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265. S Supports
division of province, 7; his quarrel with Fox, 8, 9. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.
Burlamaché. Ch Commissioner in dispute between Kirke and De Caën, 217,
218; sent to France in connection with restoration of French
possessions, 220. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.
Burlington Bay Canal. An open cut across a sand-bar at the entrance of
Burlington Bay, designed to enable vessels to reach the city of Hamilton
from the lake. It was authorized by the Legislature, 1823, and
completed, 1832. Enlarged, 1841. Index: BL Provision made for by
government in 1841, 98.
Burns. S Presbyterian minister, establishes school at Niagara, 167.
Burns, Edward. S Clerk of Crown and Pleas, 178.
Burns, Robert Easton (1805-1863). Born in Niagara. Called to the bar of
Upper Canada, 1827. Practised at Niagara, St. Catharines, and Hamilton.
Appointed judge of the Niagara District, 1836; judge of the Home
District, 1844; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1850. Bib.: Read,
Lives of the Judges.
Burpee, Isaac (1825-1885). Born at Sheffield, New Brunswick. Represented
city of St. John in Dominion Parliament, 1872-1885; minister of customs,
1873-1878. Died in New York. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.
Burr, Aaron (1756-1836). Born in New Jersey. In 1775 served in the
Revolutionary army, and accompanied Arnold on his expedition to Quebec.
In 1791 elected to the Senate, and in 1801 vice-president of the United
States. In 1804 killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. Index: Dr
Aide-de-camp to Montgomery, 122. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Jenkinson,
Aaron Burr; Todd, The True Aaron Burr.
Burton, Sir Francis. P Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada—meets views
of Assembly as to the budget, 60; his action repudiated by Dalhousie,
61; acting governor during absence of Dalhousie in 1825, 70.
Burton, Ralph. Served in the siege of Quebec. On July 29, 1759, in
command of thirteen companies of Grenadiers, and on September 2 wounded
at the battle of Montmorency. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec
after the capture of the city. Index: WM Of the 48th, in action at
Montmorency, 142; holds troops in readiness on south shore opposite
Wolfe's Cove, 172, 183; commands reserve in battle of Plains, 189;
Wolfe's last orders to, 200; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. Hd Governor of
Three Rivers, 41; ordered to West Indies, 42; leaves his family in
charge of Haldimand, 51; returns to Three Rivers, 53; replaces Gage at
Montreal, 53. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for
Canada.
Buteux, Jacques (1600-1652). Born in France. In 1634 sent as a
missionary to Canada, and arrived at the new settlement of Three Rivers
in September. Worked among the Indians there for several years. Superior
of the missions from 1639 to 1642, and from 1647 to 1652. Index: Ch
Stationed at Three Rivers, 256. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New
France.
Butler, John. Born in Connecticut. In 1759 served under Sir William
Johnson in the Niagara campaign, and in 1760 in the Montreal expedition.
During the Revolution served on the British side in New York and in
Canada. Appointed superintendent of Indian affairs. Died in Niagara,
1794. Index: Hd Of Rangers, lays waste Wyoming district, 151; value of
his services, 154; acts for Guy Johnson, 155; conduct of Indians
commanded by, disapproved, 170; cruelties practised upon his Rangers,
172; disbands Rangers and takes up land on Niagara frontier, 256;
entertained by Haldimand, 327. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Butterfield, Major. Dr Surrenders post at Cedars to British force, 142.
Buttes-à-Neveu. WM Name given to rising ground extending to city walls,
Quebec, 186, 256.
By, John (1781-1836). Born in England. Entered the army in 1799. In 1802
came to Canada; returned to England in 1811; and served in the
Peninsular War. In 1826 again came to Canada, and engaged on important
military and engineering works until 1832. Constructed the Rideau Canal
from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston, the first steamer passing through in
the spring of 1832. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.;
Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, Trans., vol. 1.
Byng, John (1704-1757). Born in England. Entered the navy in 1718. In
1727-1736 stationed at Mahon, Minorca; and in 1747-1748 commanded in the
Mediterranean. In 1756 engaged the French at Minorca and after an
indecisive battle retreated to Gibraltar, leaving Minorca to its fate.
Recalled to England, court-martialled, and shot on March 14, 1757.
Index: WM His reserve at Minorca, 33. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bytown. Former name of the city of Ottawa. Index: Md Chosen by the queen
as capital, 85; suggestion came from Sir Edmund Head, 85; opposition to
decision in Parliament, 85. BL An all-water route between Montreal and
Kingston, 75; favoured by some persons as capital, 1843, 181. E Water
communication established with Montreal, 98. See also Ottawa. Bib.:
Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, Trans., vols. 1 and 3.
Cabir-Coubat. Ch Indian name of St. Charles River, 148.
Cables. The first submarine cables in America were those laid between
New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, 1851; and between Cape Breton
and Newfoundland, 1856. Newfoundland was connected with Ireland by cable
in 1858. In 1902 the Pacific Cable was laid, between Canada and New
Zealand and Australia. See also Gisborne; Fleming. Bib.: Bright,
Submarine Telegraphs; Johnson, The All Red Line.
Cabot, John. Probably a native of Genoa. Became a citizen of Venice,
March 28, 1476, and at that time had been a resident of the city for
fifteen years. Went to England, and in 1497, under the direct authority
of Henry VII, sailed to the westward on a voyage of discovery. Landed on
the shores of America, but his exact landfall has been a moot point. It
is now generally believed that it was the easternmost cape of Cape
Breton. The following year sailed again, but there is no record that he
ever returned from this second voyage. Bib.: Beazley, John and
Sebastian Cabot; Dawson, The Voyages of the Cabots (R. S. C., 1894,
1896, 1897); Deane, Voyages of the Cabots, in Winsor, Nar. & Cr.
Hist. of America, vol. 3; Harrisse, John Cabot, the Discoverer of
North America; Weare, Cabot's Discovery of North America; Ober. John
and Sebastian Cabot. Cabot, Sebastian (1477?-1557?). Son of John
Cabot. His share in the discovery of North America has been the subject
of much controversy. From having once been regarded as the sole
discoverer, it is now considered doubtful that he had anything to do
with the voyages of 1497 and 1498. He was in the service of Spain, and
also of England, receiving from Edward VI the title of Grand Pilot of
England. Bib.: Biddle, Memoir of Sebastian Cabot; Nicholls, Life of
Sebastian Cabot; Tarducci, John and Sebastian Cabot. These are
favourable to Sebastian's claims. See references under preceding entry
for the other side of the controversy.
Cadboro. D First sea-going vessel on Fraser River, 116; arrives at
Victoria from Fort Vancouver, 180; leaves for the Columbia, 180; built
1824, destroyed 1862, 180.
Cadet, Joseph Michel. Began life as a butcher; won the confidence of the
intendant Bigot, and as commissary-general seconded him in his infamous
schemes for plundering the colony. Index: WM Commissary of stores, 88;
makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; feeds his poultry with grain,
while the people starve, 88. See Bigot.
Cadieux. A French coureur de bois, whose tragic death forms the
subject of one of the popular chansons of Quebec. His reputed grave is
at the foot of Grand Calumet Island, on the Ottawa. Bib.: Le Moine,
Legends of the St. Lawrence; Bourinot, The Ottawa Valley in the
Canadian Monthly, January, 1875; Gagnon, Chansons Populaires.
Cadillac, Antoine de la Motte. Came to Canada as an officer of the
Carignan Regiment. In 1694 appointed to the command of the post at
Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a fort at Detroit, and remained in
command there until 1710. From 1712-1717 governor of Louisiana.
Subsequently appointed governor of Castel Sarassin, in Gascony, his
native province. Died there Oct. 16, 1730. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime;
Cadillac Papers (Michigan Pion. & Hist. Coll., vol. 33).
Cadot, Jean-Baptiste. Pioneer fur trader in the West. When the French
abandoned their fort at Sault Ste. Marie, Cadot remained behind with his
native wife and family. Alexander Henry found him there in 1762; in
charge of the fort when Carver visited the place five years later. Is
said to have been still alive in 1812. Bib.: Henry, Travels and
Adventures in Canada; Carver, Travels through the Interior Parts of
North America; Morice, Dict.
Caën, Emery de. Ch Nephew of Guillaume, 137; left in command of colony,
141; prohibits psalm-singing by Huguenots on his ships, 156; his
character, 182; actively defends colony, 183; captured by Thomas Kirke;
returns to France, 185; his ship the Hélène restored to him, 221. F
Takes over Quebec from the English, 23. Bib.: Douglas, Quebec in
Seventeenth Century; Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France;
Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.
Caën, Ezechiel de. Ch Brother of Guillaume, 137.
Caën, Guillaume de. Ch Head of Company formed by Montmorency, 131, 132;
difficulties with the old Company, 133 et seq.; returns to France,
136; comes out to Canada, and returns to France, 138; arrives with
supplies, June, 1624, 140; sails for France, 141; brings out Jesuit
fathers, 152; appoints Raymond de la Ralde as admiral of Company's
fleet, 155; disposed to overlook murder of a Frenchman by an Indian,
161; his character as given by Theodat-Sagard, 182; Cardinal Richelieu
suspicious of, 183; his merchandise seized by Kirke, 183; disagreement
with Kirke as to goods seized at Quebec, 217-222. F Head of trading
Company, 23. Bib.: Douglas, Quebec in Seventeenth Century; Biggar,
Early Trading Companies of New France; Kirke, The First English
Conquest of Canada.
Cæsar, Sir Julius (1558-1636). Sat in Parliament, 1589-1622; chancellor
of the exchequer, 1606; master of the Rolls, 1614-1636. Index: Ch
English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Cahaigué. Ch Largest of the Huron villages, 89.
Caire, M. de. WM Engineer, constructs defences on river St. Charles, 86.
Caldwell, Henry. Dr His house occupied by Arnold, 111; commands British
militia in siege of Quebec, 115; his house burnt by Arnold, 121. Bib.:
Lemoine, The Hon. Henry Caldwell, L.C., at Quebec.
Caldwell, Sir John. Eldest son of Sir James Caldwell, the third baronet.
Succeeded his father, 1784. Appointed receiver-general of Lower Canada,
and found to have misappropriated the public funds. Made restoration
afterwards of the greater part of the amount. Died in England, 1830.
Index: P Receiver-general, Lower Canada,—misappropriates public funds,
56; government fails to prosecute him, 57. Bib.: Christie, History of
Lower Canada; Morgan, Cel. Can.
Caledonia. Bk Brig belonging to North West Company, 210; captured by
Americans at Fort Erie, 289.
Callicum. Indian chief. D His relations with Meares at Nootka, 27.
Callières, Louis-Hector de (1646?-1703). Born at Cherbourg, son of
Jacques de Callières, governor of Cherbourg. Entered the army, and
became captain of the regiment of Navarre. In 1684 came to Canada as
governor of Montreal; and in 1699 appointed governor-general of the
colony. Died at Quebec. Index: F Memorandum by, on French claims in
Hudson Bay, 204; commands regular troops in attack on Iroquois, 209;
sent to France to represent situation of colony, 230; leads eight
hundred men from Montreal to defence of Quebec, 292; commands vanguard
in attack on Onondagas, 351; commended in despatches, 353; succeeds
Frontenac as governor, 362. L Placed in charge of Fort Frontenac
(Cataraqui), 214; proceeds to France, 218; succeeds Frontenac as
governor, 235; death of, 235. Bib.: Sulte, La Famille de Callières (R.
S. C., 1890); Parkman, Half Century of Conflict.
Calvinistic Agents. Ch Fanaticism of, 86.
Camaret, Marie (Mme. Hersault). Ch Cousin of Champlain, contests his
will, 265.
Cameron, David. Brought up as a draper; drifted to the West Indies,
where he had charge of an estate; and thence to New Caledonia. In 1852
superintendent of the coal mines at Nanaimo. Nominated by Douglas as
chief justice of Vancouver Island, 1853, and the appointment confirmed
by the colonial office the same year. Succeeded by Needham in 1858.
Retired from the bench, 1864. Died at Belmont, Vancouver Island, 1872.
Index: D First chief justice of Vancouver Island, 200; charges preferred
against, 200. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia.
Cameron, Duncan. Son of a United Empire Loyalist; born at Schenectady,
on the Mohawk. His father brought the family to Canada, and settled in
Glengarry. The son entered the service of the North West Company, in
1786, and was for many years in charge of the Nipigon district. In 1814
sent to Red River, to oppose Selkirk's plans. In 1816, before the Seven
Oaks affair, seized by Colin Robertson, of the Hudson's Bay Company,
carried to York Factory, and sent to England, where he was promptly
released. Returned to Canada, settled at Williamstown, and represented
Glengarry from 1820 to 1824 in the Assembly of Upper Canada. Index: MS
Sent by North West Company to Red River to break up Red River Colony,
173; wins ten colonists from their allegiance to Selkirk, 173; takes
them to Upper Canada, 174; captured by Semple and sent to York Factory,
and finally to England, 178. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and Hudson's Bay
Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Masson, Bourgeois
de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. Cameron's Sketch of the Customs, etc.,
of the Natives in the Nipigon Country, and Nipigon Journal,
1804-1805, are in Masson, vol. 2.
Cameron, James. Mc Attempts to kidnap Mackenzie, 464.
Cameron, John Hillyard (1817-1876). Solicitor-general, Upper Canada,
1846-1848; represented Cornwall in Legislative Assembly, 1846-1847 and
1848-1851; Toronto, 1854; Peel, 1861-1866. Represented Peel in first
Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872; Cornwall, 1872-1874; and 1874-1876.
Index: E Elected 1848, 50. B Opposes Confederation scheme, his motion
for an appeal to the people defeated, 185. BL Defeated in elections of
1848, 279. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Cameron, Malcolm (1808-1876). Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for
Lanark, 1836. A persistent opponent of the Family Compact. Appointed
inspector of revenue, under Bagot. Held various offices in the La
Fontaine-Baldwin and Hincks administrations. In 1863 resigned his seat,
to accept appointment as Queen's Printer. Represented South Lanark in
Dominion House, 1874-1876. Index: B Opposes George Brown in Kent and
Lambton, 1851, 40, 41; a Clear Grit, who had joined Hincks-Morin
government, 40-41; defeated by Brown, 77. BL Opens discussion on
responsible government, 1841, 90; assistant commissioner of public
works, 1848, 284; a bitter opponent of Sir F.B. Head—held minor office
under Bagot, radical in his sympathies, 284; his resignation, 337; a
leader of the Radicals, 341. E Elected 1847, 50; becomes assistant
commissioner of public works, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a
leading member of Clear Grits, 110; joins Hincks-Morin government, 112;
president of the Executive Council, 113; becomes minister of new
department of agriculture, 117; postmaster-general, 1853, 126; defeated
in Lambton, 134; advocates complete secularization of Clergy Reserves,
163. R Opposes separate schools, 224. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.;
Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Cel. Can.
Cameron, Sir Matthew Crooks (1822-1887). Born in Dundas, Ontario.
Educated at the Home District Grammar School, Toronto, and at Upper
Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849.
Sat in the Assembly for North Ontario, 1861-1863 and 1864-1867. Defeated
in North Ontario for election to the House of Commons, 1867. Elected to
the Ontario Assembly for East Toronto; provincial secretary, 1867-1871;
commissioner of crown lands, 1871-1872; leader of the opposition in the
Assembly, 1872-1876. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench,
1878; chief-justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of
Justice, 1884. Index: B Seconds motion to submit Confederation scheme to
the people, 185. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Rattray, The Scot in British
North America; Read, Lives of the Judges.
Cameronians. Bk 26th Regiment, stationed at Fort Niagara, 57.
Camosun. D Indian village on site of Victoria, B.C., 175; meaning of
name, 175.
Campbell, Captain. Dr Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36;
tried and acquitted, 38.
Campbell, General. Dr Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.
Campbell, Sir Alexander (1821-1892). Studied law under John A.
Macdonald, with whom he later formed a partnership; and called to the
bar of Upper Canada, 1843. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858; and
Speaker, 1863. Commissioner of crown lands, 1864-1866;
postmaster-general in first Dominion ministry, 1867-1873; minister of
the interior, 1873; receiver-general, 1878-1879; postmaster-general,
1879-1880; 1880-1881; 1885-1887; minister of militia and defence, 1880;
minister of justice, 1881-1885. In 1887 appointed lieutenant-governor of
Ontario, an office which he retained up to the time of his death. Index:
Md Enters J. A. Macdonald's law office as a student, 6; forms
partnership with Macdonald, 10; his letter to Macdonald on the political
situation, 31; postmaster-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134;
consults Imperial government as to proposed withdrawal of troops from
Canada, Fenian Raids, etc., 168; his attempt to merge the two Canadian
Pacific Railway syndicates, 200. T Delegate to Charlottetown Conference,
74; to Quebec Conference, 76; postmaster-general in first Dominion
Cabinet, 129. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Read,
Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.
Campbell, Sir Archibald (1769-1843). Born in Scotland. Entered the army,
1787. Served throughout the Peninsular War, 1808-1814; in 1821 commanded
a regiment in India; conducted the Burmese War; and 1826-1829, governor
of British Burmah. From 1831 to 1837 lieutenant-governor of New
Brunswick. Index: W Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, correspondence
with Goderich on crown lands, 23; with Stanley on same subject, 25;
addressed by Assembly on question of revenues, 27; refuses to lay before
Assembly his correspondence with colonial secretary, 28; dissolves the
Assembly, 29, 31-32; opposed to popular reform, 35; refuses to assent to
Civil List Bill, 44-45, 46; resigns, 47. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.;
Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Campbell, Sir Colin (1776-1847). Served in India, 1801-1804, and
afterwards in Denmark and the Peninsula; attached to Wellington's staff
at the battle of Waterloo; promoted major-general, 1825;
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1834-1840; governor of Ceylon,
1840-1847. Index: H Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 45, 58;
antagonizes popular party, 62; his removal asked for at the instance of
Joseph Howe, 65-67; defended by James W. Johnstone, 67; succeeded by
Lord Falkland, 69. Bib.: Howe, Letters and Speeches; Dict. Nat.
Biog.; Chisholm, Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe;
Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova
Scotia. See also Joseph Howe.
Campbell, Robert (1808-1894). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company,
1832, and sent to the Mackenzie River district, 1834. For the next
eighteen years, engaged in exploring the upper waters of the Liard and
Yukon Rivers, and establishing the fur trade in this region. In 1852
made a remarkable journey on snow-shoes, from Fort Simpson to Crow-wing,
Minnesota, about three thousand miles. Made a chief factor, 1867, and
retired from the service of the Company, 1871. Index: D Builds Fort
Dease, 1838, 123-124; ordered to Mackenzie River department, 1834, 124;
crosses to Pacific by Stikine, 124; Fort Dease burned, 124; ascends
Liard River to Lake Francis, crosses to Lake Finlayson, and reaches
Pelly River, 124; builds post on Lake Francis, and at Pelly Banks, 124;
descends Pelly to junction with Lewes, 124; builds Fort Selkirk at mouth
of Lewes, 124; descends Yukon to mouth of Porcupine, and returns to Fort
Simpson by Porcupine and Mackenzie, 125. MS Ascends Liard River and
discovers the Upper Yukon, 111; a Perthshire Highlander, 228; discoverer
of Upper Yukon, 228. Bib.: Discovery and Exploration of the Youcon
River. For biog., see Bryce, Sketch of the Life and Discoveries of
Robert Campbell and Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the
Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.
Campbell, Stewart. H Chosen leader of Anti-Confederation party in Nova
Scotia, 187; chairman of Halifax meeting on behalf of Joseph Howe, 194;
elected to House of Commons for Guysborough, 1867; supports
Confederation, 203. Bib.: Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Campbell, Major William. Dr His correspondence with General Wayne, 286.
S Placed in command of fort at rapids of Miami, 136; refuses to evacuate
fort at summons of General Wayne, 139; his conduct highly approved by
Simcoe, 140.
Campbell, Sir William (1758-1834). Born in Scotland. Enlisted as a
private in a Highland regiment; came to America during the Revolutionary
War; took part in the battle of Yorktown, 1781; after his release
determined to remain in America. Studied law and called to the bar of
Nova Scotia; practised his profession for nineteen years; elected to the
Assembly of Cape Breton; attorney-general. Appointed to a puisne
judgeship in Upper Canada, 1811; chief-justice, 1825; retired, 1829;
knighted, 1829. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lives of the Judges.
Camperdown. Bk Naval victory of, 12.
Canada. Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by
Jacques Cartier, in 1535, on the banks of the St. Charles. In 1608
Champlain founded the city of Quebec, almost on the spot where Jacques
Cartier had wintered; the country ceded to Great Britain by France, by
the treaty of Paris, 1763; civil government provided by Quebec Act,
1774; and a measure of responsible government by the Constitutional Act,
1791; invasion by Americans, 1775-1776; War of 1812; Rebellions of
1837-1838, in Upper and Lower Canada; union of Upper and Lower Canada,
1841; Confederation of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1867;
Manitoba added to the Dominion, 1870; British Columbia, 1871; Prince
Edward Island, 1873; provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta created,
1905. Index: Dr Surrender of, 2; under military rule till conclusion of
peace, 2; acquisition of, by Britain, hastened American Revolution, 3;
ceded by treaty of Paris to Great Britain, 7; its wide extent at that
time, 8; French population of, at cession, 9; English-speaking
population, 9; petition for restoration of its ancient limits, 61;
division of, into two provinces proposed, 248; political possibilities
after conquest, 253-257; boundaries of, not defined by Constitutional
Act, 260. B Party government—origin of the double ministries, 81-82;
election frauds in 1857, 99-100; process of expansion—Confederation and
after, 264. E First railway in, 99; early political conditions in,
17-40; difficulties connected with responsible government in, 26;
principles of responsible government, 228; her political system
contrasted with that of United States, 241 et seq. WM Interests French
commanders and their men but little, 11; its vulnerable points, 17; its
strong social and political organization gave it an advantage in war,
24; but was unfavourable to internal development, 24. Sy Rapid progress
made in Anglicizing previous to passing of Quebec Act, 63; unfortunate
change of policy regarding, 64. F Population of, 36, 55, 58, 131, 147,
148; poverty of impresses Sister Bourgeoys, 39; morals of the people,
58, 59; overgoverned, 131; trade, 148; affected by all the vicissitudes
of mother country, 150, 151; "farmers" of revenue appointed for, 154;
Bishop St. Vallier's first description of country and inhabitants, 192;
Governor Denonville's description, 192; St. Vallier's revised opinion,
193; real character of the people, 193-195; state of depression
throughout the country, 219, 240; drinking habits of people, 223;
described by Laval as the country of miracles, 301; exhaustion of, after
departure of New England fleet, 305, 317. See also New France;
Cartier, Jacques; Cabot, John; Champlain; Quebec Act; Constitutional
Act; Union Act; Upper Canada; Lower Canada; Confederation.
Canada Act. See Constitutional Act.
Canada Company. Founded in London, 1824, by John Gait, as a colonizing
scheme. A large tract of land was purchased in what is now western
Ontario. Dunlop, Talbot, Strickland, and other pioneers of Upper Canada
were associated with Gait in the enterprise. The company is still in
existence. Index: E An agency in settlement of Upper Canada, 145; its
unpopularity, 145. R Offers to buy Clergy Reserves, 50. B Recommends
whiskey to intending immigrants, 75. See also Galt, John; Dunlop,
William; Talbot, Thomas. Bib.: Lizars, In the Days of the Canada
Company; Strickland, Twenty-seven Years in Canada West; Galt,
Autobiography; Jameson, Winter Sketches; Talbot, Six Years in the
Canadas; McTaggart, Three Years in Upper Canada; Dunlop, The
Backwoodsman.
Canada Corn Act, 1843. C Builds up flour industry in Canada, 43.
Canada First Association. B Platform, 235; criticized by the Globe,
236; suspected of aiming at national independence, 237; Goldwin Smith,
leader of party, attacked by Globe, 237; his reply, 238; spirit of the
movement, 239; its effect, 240-241; Liberal party injured by hostility
to movement, 240-242. Md Formed in Toronto, 1870, 226; its policy, 226.
Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Canada First: A Memorial of the Late
William A. Foster; Denison, The Struggle for Imperial Unity.
Canada Trade Act. Passed by Imperial Parliament in 1822, with the object
of correcting the injustice to Upper Canada in the apportionment of
duties collected. The Quebec Legislature had refused to re-enact the old
Acts apportioning a share of duties to Upper Canada, and these Acts were
now made permanent. Lower Canada was debarred from imposing new duties
on imports by sea without the consent of Upper Canada and the approval
of the Imperial Parliament. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada.
Canadian Alliance Society. Mc Founded, December, 1834, 258; its objects,
258. BL Founded at York, 16; its political programme, 16.
Canadian Contingents in the Boer War (1899-1902). Consisted of the Royal
Canadian Infantry, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Royal Canadian Artillery,
and Strathcona's Horse. The first contingent, which sailed for South
Africa from Quebec, Oct. 30, 1899, numbered 1141. The second contingent,
which sailed from Halifax in January and February, 1900, mustered 1320.
These two contingents comprised the official Canadian contribution to
the British forces in the war, but Lord Strathcona also raised a
contingent at his own expense. This contingent, known as Strathcona's
Horse, sailed from Halifax in March, 1900, the force numbering 540
officers and men, and 599 horses. Over 3000 Canadians therefore took
part in the war against the Boers. Throughout the operations in South
Africa, the Canadians signally distinguished themselves, particularly at
the battle of Paardeberg on Feb. 27, 1900, when with the Gordon
Highlanders and the Shropshires they led the final attack on Cronje's
position. Bib.: Evans, The Canadian Contingents; Marquis, Canada's
Sons on Kopje and Veldt; Doyle, The Great Boer War.
Canadian Freeman. Mc Newspaper, published by Collins, in 1825, 111.
Canadian Institute. Founded at Toronto, June 20, 1849, by Sandford
Fleming, and Kivas Tully, with several other surveyors, civil
engineers, and architects practising in and about Toronto. A royal
charter was granted Nov. 4, 1851, in which the objects of the society
are declared to be "the encouragement and general advancement of the
physical sciences, the arts and the manufactures," etc. Among the early
presidents were Sir W. E. Logan, Sir Henry Lefroy, Sir John Beverley
Robinson, George W. Allan, W. H. Draper, Sir Daniel Wilson, and Sir
Oliver Mowat. The publications of the Institute began with the Canadian
Journal, 1852, and have been continued, as Proceedings, Transactions,
etc., to the present time. Bib.: The Canadian Journal, 1852-1878;
Proceedings, 1879-1890; Transactions, 1890- . A semi-centennial
memorial volume, published 1899, contains Early Days of the Canadian
Institute by Sir Sandford Fleming.
Canadian Magazines. Among the earliest magazines published in what is
now Canada were the Nova Scotia Magazine, Halifax, 1789; the Quebec
Magazine, Quebec, 1791-1793; L'Abeille Canadienne, Quebec, 1818-1819;
the Canadian Review, 1824-1826; the Bibliothéque Canadienne,
Montreal, 1825; Literary Garland, Montreal, 1838; Acadian Magazine,
Halifax, 1826; and the Revue Canadienne, 1845. There have been several
periodicals bearing the name of Canadian Magazine, the earliest
published at Montreal in 1823; a second published at Toronto in 1833;
another at Toronto, 1871; and the present periodical of the same name,
which dates from 1893. Of the earlier magazines, the Literary Garland
and the Revue Canadienne alone lived for any considerable time, the
former having been published for over thirteen years, and the latter
still survives. Bib.: Hopkins, Canada: An Ency., vol. 5.
Canadian Northern Railway. The first link in this transcontinental
railway dates back to 1896, when construction was commenced on the line
from Gladstone towards Lake Winnipegosis. Since then the system has been
extended east and west, and within a few years will reach from the
Atlantic to the Pacific, with numerous branches. Bib.: Historical
Sketch of the Canadian Northern Railway in Canadian Annual Review,
1906.
Canadian Pacific Railway. The contract for construction of the railway
was signed Oct. 21, 1880, the surveys having already been carried out
under the direction of Sandford Fleming. Work was begun on the railway
in May, 1881, and the last spike driven by Sir Donald A. Smith (now Lord
Strathcona), Nov. 7, 1885. A summary of the evolution of the project
will be found in Johnson's First Things in Canada. Index: Md Compact
with British Columbia for its construction, 150; the Pacific Scandal,
200-211; difficulties of construction, 232; terms of agreement, 233;
Mackenzie government adopts policy of government ownership, 233;
Macdonald, on his return to power, reverts to original scheme, 234;
contract signed September, 1880, and railway completed in five years,
234; Mackenzie's views as to time needed for completion, 234-235; Blake
attacks railway policy, 235; Globe criticizes, and British financiers
pessimistic, 235; directors of the syndicate, 236; terms of contract,
236; Howland syndicate, 237; financial difficulties, 237; last spike
driven at Craigellachie, Nov. 7, 1885, 238; problems of operation, 238;
what the great enterprise means to Canada, 238-239; its military value,
239; conflict with Manitoba as to its monopoly of transportation,
284-285; its effect on Macdonald government, 301. C First charter
engineered by Cartier, 51; the railway the crowning work of
Confederation, 51; its eastern terminus, 52; the Allan Company and the
MacPherson Syndicate, 53; the Pacific Scandal, 53-54; bill in
Parliament, 131. B Its building approved by country as a measure of
national growth and expansion, 241. D Revolutionizes old conditions of
trade in British Columbia, 265; Imperial government asked to guarantee
its completion, 315; delays in building, 317, 323; movement for a
transcontinental railway, 317-318; negotiations, 318-320; Pacific
Scandal, 321; Carnarvon Terms, 320-322; building operations, 324-326;
completion, 1885, 326; terminus, 327. Bib.: Hopkins, Canada: An Ency.,
vol. 2; Parkin, The Great Dominion; Begg, History of the North-West;
Fleming, Reports on Canadian Pacific Railway, 1874, 1877, 1878, 1879,
1880.
Canadian Sharpshooters. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 263.
Canadien. Bk Newspaper founded in 1806, appealed to race prejudices, 92;
claimed unconstitutional power for Legislative Assembly, 92, 93; on the
rights of Parliament, 116; seized and temporarily suppressed by Governor
Craig, 127; seizure not approved by British authorities, 147. Bib.:
Dionne, Pierre Bédard et Son Temps (R. S. C., 1898).
Canals. The earliest canal in Canada and in North America was that at
Lachine, which dates back to the beginning of the eighteenth century.
Between 1779 and 1783, lock canals were built by the Royal Engineers, at
the Coteau and the Cascades, on the St. Lawrence. In 1798 a boat canal
was built at Sault Ste. Marie by the North West Company. A canal to
connect the St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain was advocated as early as
1775, by Silas Deane of Connecticut, but was not actually undertaken
until 1831. The Welland Canal was commenced in 1824; and the Rideau
Canal two years later. These artificial waterways of Canada are
controlled by the Department of Railways and Canals, of the Dominion
government. Index: Bk First in American continent made in Canada, 48. BL
Construction and improvement of, provided for by government in 1841, 98;
completion of St. Lawrence canals, 286-287. B Improvement of, advocated
by George Brown, 61; extension of, approved by Quebec Conference, 166;
enlargement of, suggested by Fish, United States secretary of state, in
1874, 227. S Four made at different points on St. Lawrence, 112. P
Opposed by Papineau, 172. See also Waterways; and under names of
individual canals, as Lachine; Rideau; Welland, etc. Bib.: Keefer,
Canals of Canada (R. S. C., 1893); Waterways of Canada (Women's Can.
Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, Trans., vol. 2); Kingsford, Canadian Canals;
Report of Royal Commission on Canals, 1871; Annual Reports on
Railways and Canals, Ottawa.
Cânanée. Ch Famous French seaman, joins Champlain at Gaspé, 141; the
Turks capture his ship, the Ste. Madeleine, on the coast of Bretagne,
and put him to death, 141.
Canard River. A small stream in Essex County, Ontario, falling into the
Detroit River. Index: Bk Americans repulsed at, in War of 1812, 237.
Candiac, Chateau of. WM Birthplace of Montcalm, 3; position of, still
remains, 5.
Canning, Charles John, Viscount (1812-1862). Postmaster-general, under
Aberdeen and Palmerston. Governor-general of India, 1855, and through
the period of the Indian Mutiny. Index: E His record in India, 217.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Canning, George (1770-1827). Entered British Parliament, 1793; foreign
secretary, 1807; ambassador to Portugal, 1814; president of Board of
Control, 1816; succeeded Londonderry as foreign secretary, 1822; prime
minister, 1827. A consistent advocate of constitutional principles.
Index: Sy Foreign secretary and afterwards prime minister, 16; death of,
16. Bk Secretary of war, 81; deals with matter of Leopard and
Chesapeake, 83, 85; disapproves of Walcheren expedition, 118; foreign
secretary, 120. Bib.: Canning, Speeches; Stapleton, Political Life of
George Canning; Stapleton, George Canning and His Times; Dict. Nat.
Biog.
Cannon, Captain. WM Repulses landing of English, 107.
Canterbury, John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton, Viscount (1814-1877). Born
in England. Entered Parliament, 1841; home secretary from 1841 to 1846
in Peel's ministry. From 1854 to 1861, lieutenant-governor of New
Brunswick; in 1864-1866 governor of Trinidad; and in 1866-1873 governor
of Victoria. Index: T Dissolves New Brunswick Assembly, 38-39. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.; Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
"Canvas House." S Purchased by Simcoe from Captain Cook, and used as
winter residence at York, 204.
Cap de la Victoire. On St. Lawrence, near mouth of Richelieu. Index: Ch
Fur trade carried on at, 119, 139.
Cap du Ciel. Ch French vessel seized by English, 222.
Cap Rouge. On the St. Lawrence, above Quebec. Index: WM Vaudreuil orders
posting of two hundred men at, 162; Bougainville's headquarters at, 163;
difficulty of crossing the river, 248.
Cape Breton. An island at the eastern extremity of Nova Scotia, now
forming part of that province. Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First
settlement made by the French in 1712. Town of Louisbourg built and
strongly fortified. It was captured by Pepperrell and Warren in 1745;
restored to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; again
captured by the British, under Amherst and Boscawen, 1758. Cape Breton
was a separate colony of Great Britain, 1784-1820, with Sydney (founded
1785) as its capital. In 1820 it was incorporated with Nova Scotia.
Index: Ch Named St. Lawrence Island by Champlain, 236; Jesuit mission
at, for benefit of Micmacs, 236; maintained until 1659, 237. See also
Louisbourg; Sydney; Nova Scotia. Bib.: Brown, History of Cape Breton;
Bourinot, Cape Breton and its Memorials; Grant, Cape Breton, Past and
Present.
Cape Diamond, Quebec. Ch Fortified, 157.
Cape St. Vincent. Bk British naval victory of, 10.
Car Brigade. Bk Formed, 196.
Carden, Major. Dr Killed in dispersing Ethan Allen's force, 99.
Cardinal Joseph. P At meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88.
Carey. Sy Made deputy inspector-general, 333.
Carheil, Étienne de. A Breton, of noble birth. Came to Canada as a
Jesuit missionary in 1666. After two years spent at Quebec, left in 1668
for his mission among the Cayugas. Spent a number of years there in a
zealous but largely fruitless effort to convert the Indians to
Christianity. In 1683 sent to the Hurons at Michilimackinac, and
laboured among that tribe for many years. Finally returned to Quebec,
where he died. Bib.: Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America;
Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites.
Cariboo Gold-fields. D History of, 284-289.
Carignan-Salières. The first regiment of regular troops sent to America
from France. Raised in Savoy by the Prince of Carignan in 1644; employed
for some years in the service of the king of France, and after the peace
of the Pyrenees, was regularly incorporated in the French army. Fought
against the Turks in 1664, and ordered to America the following year.
With the original regiment was incorporated the fragment of a regiment
of Germans, the whole under the command of Colonel de Salières. The
regiment served with distinction in Canada until 1668, when it was
ordered home; a large number of officers and men, however, remained in
the colony, where they were given generous grants of land. The regiment
was reconstructed in France, and under the name of the Regiment of
Lorraine existed until 1794. Index: L Gives strength to the colony, 53;
discharged soldiers of, become settlers, 77; further detachment of,
arrives, 79. E Officers settle on lands along the Richelieu, 178-179,
181. F Sent out, 51; some of the officers settle in Canada and become
seigneurs, 57. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Susane, Ancienne Infanterie
Française, vol. 5.
Carillon, Fort. Hd Repulse of British forces at, 18-21. WM The fort
defended by Montcalm with De Lévis and Bourlamaque, 54-55; attacked by
the British under Abercromby, 55-60; failure of the attack, 60-61;
Bourlamaque evacuates the fort and destroys it, 146. See also
Ticonderoga. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.
Carion, Philippe de. L Lays second foundation stone of church at
Montreal, 88. F Officer at Montreal, refuses to recognize Frontenac's
order for arrest of coureurs de bois, 91.
Carleton, Christopher. Dr Father of Guy Carleton, 29; his widow marries
Rev. Thomas Skelton, 29.
Carleton, Sir Guy. See Dorchester.
Carleton, Lady Maria. Dr Gains social popularity at Quebec, 162; lives
to great age, 308; her extreme hauteur, 309.
Carleton, Thomas (1736-1817). Served with Wolfe in 1755;
quartermaster-general of the army in Canada, 1775; wounded in the naval
battle on Lake Champlain, 1776. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of
New Brunswick, 1784. Returned to England in 1803; the colony was
governed by administrators until 1817, when General Smyth was appointed
governor. Index: Dr Nephew of Lord Dorchester, 249; lieutenant-governor
of New Brunswick, 249. W First governor of New Brunswick, 5; his
Council, 5; opposes reforms in government, 13; grants charter to
Fredericton Academy, 86. Hd Devastates country bordering on Lake
Champlain, 149; his expedient for obtaining rebel letters, 194; his
connection with the Du Calvet case, 280, 281. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.;
Bradley, The Making of Canada.
Carleton Island. Hd Indians of, 148; projects of Americans against, 150;
reinforcements sent to, 153; depot for stores established at, great cost
of transporting provisions to, 184.
Carling, Sir John (1828- ). Represented town of London in Legislative
Assembly, 1857-1867; and continued to sit for the same constituency in
the Dominion Parliament. Appointed receiver-general in Cartier-Macdonald
ministry, 1862; and commissioner of agriculture and public works in
Ontario government, 1867. Entered federal government as
postmaster-general, 1882; minister of agriculture, 1885-1892. Called to
the Senate, 1891; resigned, 1892; again called, 1896. Bib.: Morgan,
Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.
Carlton House. Two forts of this name were founded by the Hudson's Bay
Company. One stood on the banks of the Saskatchewan, above the forks;
the other on the upper waters of the Assiniboine. Both were established
about the end of the eighteenth century. Index: MS Built by Hudson's Bay
Company, 6.
Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, fourth Earl of (1831-1890).
Colonial secretary, 1866-1867, and as such introduced the British North
America Act; colonial secretary again, 1874-1878; chairman of Colonial
Defence Commission, 1879-1882. Joined Imperial Federation League, 1884.
Index: Md President of Westminster Conference in London, 126; effect of
his resignation on Confederation, 128; Macdonald's letter to, on the
franchise, 259. T Conference with, on Confederation scheme, 122. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.
Caroline. Mc Steamboat, goes over Niagara Falls, 419; cutting out of,
420; merits of act, 421; international complications, 423. Bib.: Drew
and Wood, The Burning of the Caroline; Dent, Upper Canadian
Rebellion.
Caroline Almanac. Mc Mackenzie publishes, 459.
Caron, Sir Joseph Philippe Réné Adolphe (1843-1908). Born in Quebec.
Studied law; entered public life in 1873 as member of Dominion House for
Quebec County; elected for Rimouski, 1891. Minister of militia and
defence, 1880-1892; postmaster-general, 1892. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men;
Dent, Can. Por.
Caron, Réné Édouard (1800-1876). Born in the parish of Ste. Anne, Lower
Canada. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec and at St. Pierre College;
studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1826. Mayor of
Quebec, 1833-1837; sat in Assembly, 1834-1836; appointed a member of the
Legislative Council of Lower Canada by Lord Gosford, but did not take
his seat. Member of the Legislative Council of Canada, 1841; Speaker,
1843-1847 and 1848-1853; member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government
and of the Hincks-Morin government; judge of the Superior Court of
Quebec, 1853; afterwards judge of the Court of Queen's Bench and judge
of the Seigniorial Court. Index: BL Mayor of Quebec, and member of
Legislative Council, 1841, 83; a man of liberal views, 83; member of La
Fontaine's ministry, 83; Speaker of Legislative Council—acts as
go-between for Draper and La Fontaine, 259-263; president of Legislative
Council, 284. E Refuses to enter Draper ministry, 43; becomes president
of Council in first La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; leading member of
Liberal party in Lower Canada, 109; president of Council in Hincks-Morin
government, 113; raised to Bench, 126; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187.
Bib.: Turcotte, R. E. Caron; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am.;
Dent, Last Forty Years and Can. Por.
Carondelet. S Spanish governor of Louisiana, his proposition to Simcoe
to assist in repelling expected French invasion, 134-136.
Carroll, Charles (1737-1832). Represented Maryland in the Congress at
Philadelphia, 1776, and signed the Declaration of Independence.
Afterwards elected to the Senate of Maryland and the federal Senate.
Index: Dr Accompanies Franklin to Canada, 135. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Carter, Sir Frederic Bowker Terrington (1819-1900). Born at St. John's,
Newfoundland. Studied law and called to the bar of Newfoundland, 1842;
appointed Q. C., 1859. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1855-1878;
Speaker, 1861-1865; premier, 1865-1870 and 1874-1878; knighted, 1878;
chief-justice of Newfoundland, 1880. Represented Newfoundland at the
Quebec Conference, 1864. Index: T Speaker of Newfoundland Assembly,
delegate to Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Morgan,
Can. Men.
Carter, Sir James (1805-1878). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge;
called to the bar, 1832. In 1834 a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of
New Brunswick, and in 1851 chief-justice of the province, retiring on a
pension in 1865. In 1859 knighted. Spent the latter part of his life in
England. Index: W Appointed to New Brunswick Bench and afterwards
chief-justice, 74, 130; releases Doak and Hill, 75. T Appointed to New
Brunswick Bench, 17, 31; resigns as chief-justice, 1865, 93. Bib.:
Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Cartier, Sir Georges Étienne (1814-1873). Md Associated with Macdonald
in MacNab-Taché ministry, 75; forms administration, 86-88; member of
mission to England to confer with British government on Confederation,
defence, reciprocity, etc., 120; acquisition of North-West Territories,
156-157; supports demand of Red River for self-government, 160; takes
advantage of Macdonald's illness to attempt to forestall the Wolseley
expedition, 161-162; leads the House during Macdonald's absence in
Washington, 173; defeated in Montreal, his influence weakened in Quebec,
195; his early life and alliance with Macdonald, 266; his splendid work
for Confederation and its inadequate recognition, 267; the C. B.
replaced by a baronetcy, 267; his defeat in Montreal East, 1872, 268;
his death in England in 1873, 268; Macdonald's tribute to, on unveiling
of his statue, 268. T Delegate to England in union negotiations, 63; at
Charlottetown Conference, 74; at Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the
queen, 124; in first Confederation ministry, 129. P A man of action, 1;
lacking hi personal magnetism, 2; compared with Papineau, 2; blames
Papineau and his friends for expelling Mondelet from Assembly, 72. E On
Papineau's responsibility for amendment to Union Act, 122; first elected
to Legislature in 1849—government candidate for speakership in 1854,
defeated, 135,136; his statue, 226. C Follows Papineau, 1; subsequent
loyalty to British constitution, 1; born at St. Antoine, on the
Richelieu, 3; a descendant of Jacques Cartier, 3; parentage, 3;
education, 3-5; Papineau's influence, 5; studies law with Édouard
Rodier, 7; Rodier's influence, 7; the poet of Les Fils de la Liberté,
7; takes part in the Rebellion, 7, 8; his escape and exile, 8-9; returns
to Montreal, 9; statesmanlike attitude towards Union Act, 16; takes the
field against D. B. Viger, 17; his maiden speech, 17, 19; bitterness
against Papineau, 18; enters the Assembly, 1849, for Verchères, 21; a
born leader, 21; offered seat in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851, and again
in 1853, 22; enters Cabinet, 1855, 22; his law practice, 22-23; causes
of his success as a political leader, 23-24; and clerical influence, 28;
helped by Radicalism of Liberals, 29; defeated at general election,
1872, by Le Parti National, 30; member of Executive Council, 1855, 31;
alliance with Sir Allan MacNab and John A. Macdonald, 31, 33; urges
settlement of Seigniorial Tenure, 32; his political principles, 32-33;
defends alliance with Upper Canada Conservatives, 33-34; bitterly
attacked in Verchères election, 34; breadth of his political activities,
35; reorganizes system of public instruction, 37-38; protects interests
of Protestant minority, 38; establishes judicial districts, 38; codifies
the laws, 39; gives civil status to parishes, 39-40; his independence,
40-41; his interest in railways and other means of transportation,
45-50; his connection with Pacific Scandal, 53-54; works for
Confederation, 55-56; insists on the federal principle, 57-58; and
Confederation, 59-65: delegate to London to see British North America
Act through Parliament, 67; guest of the queen, 67; elected practically
without opposition, 67; premier of Canada, 1858, 62, 67; advises Lord
Monck to intrust Taché with duty of forming Cabinet, 68; purchase of
Hudson's Bay Company's territories, 68; his definition of the position
of French-Canadians, 69; ignores Bishop Taché's warning as to trouble in
North-West, 70; introduces Manitoba Bill, 71; safeguards interests of
Roman Catholics in Manitoba as to their schools, 71-73; separate schools
in New Brunswick, 73; defends federal policy of non-interference, 74-76;
loses support of the Ultramontanes, 79-84; defeated in Montreal East,
84; his illness, 85; resigns upon defeat of Militia Bill, 1862, 87;
reorganizes the militia, 1868, 87-88; his speeches on British
connection, 92; protests against withdrawal of British troops, 92; his
political wisdom, 98; establishes political union of the country,
99-100; secret of his Power, 101; relations towards Macdonald, 101-103;
his character and policy, 105-108; his personal appearance, 108; his
optimism and humour, 109-110; his conservatism, 111; advice to his
fellow-countrymen, 112; views on property, 113-114; his economic creed,
115-116; Sir Wilfrid Laurier on, 116-117; religious views, 117; early
home influences, 118-122; his social qualities, 122-124; difficulty over
his refusal of the honour of C. B., 124-129; made a baronet, 128;
quarrel with Wolseley, 130; his last appearance in Parliament, 131; his
health breaks down, 131-132; his death in London, May 23, 1873, 132. B
And the "Double Shuffle," 107; called on in 1864 to form ministry, but
fails, 149; Brown's motion for constitutional changes, 1864, 150;
meeting with Brown, 152; Brown's alliance with, for Confederation, 153;
suggested by John A. Macdonald as premier of coalition ministry, 191;
asks Brown to reconsider his resignation, 196; his prejudice against the
Rouges, 200; compared with Joseph Howe, 204. H Accompanies Sir John
Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210. Bib.: Author of Speeches on the
Militia Bill, and of the popular song, O Canada! Mon Pays, Mes
Amours! For biog., see David, Esquisse Biographique; Morgan, Cel.
Can.: Taylor, Brit. Am.: Dent. Can. Por. and Last Forty Years;
Turcotte, Sir G. E. Cartier.
Landing of Jacques Cartier at Quebec, 1535 From the
painting by A. Suzor Cote
Cartier, Jacques (1491-1557). In 1534, sailing out of St. Malo, made his
first voyage to the New World, entering the Gulf of St. Lawrence by way
of the Straits of Belle Isle, landing on the Gaspé shore, and coasting
around the eastern end of Anticosti. Returned to France. The following
year again sailed to the gulf, and entered the river St. Lawrence.
Continuing his voyage, passed the mouth of the Saguenay, and landed on
the Island of Orleans, which he named Île Bacchus. Brought his little
ships into the St. Charles River, upon whose banks stood the Indian
village of Stadaconé. After exploring the St. Lawrence as far as the
Indian town of Hochelaga (Montreal), returned to Stadaconé, where he
wintered. In the spring of 1536 sailed back to France, taking with him
the Iroquois chief, Donnacona. In 1541, made a third voyage to Canada.
Roberval was to have followed with a number of colonists, but did not
actually sail until the spring of 1542. When he reached Newfoundland, he
met Cartier on his way home. Roberval's colony proved disastrous, and
Cartier undertook a fourth voyage to the New World to rescue the
survivors. Index: Ch Names Hare Island, 13; ravages of scurvy among his
men, 23; finds a remedy in the plant aneda, 29; Membertou pretends to
have met him in 1534, 36; his winter quarters identified by Champlain,
44-45; his Rivière de Fouez identified as the St. Maurice, 52. F His
voyages, 1; attempt at colonization, 2. L With his men, receives
communion from bishop of St. Malo, 7. C Sir Georges É. Cartier a
descendant of the explorer's family, 3. Bib.: For a complete list of the
original editions of Cartier's voyages, see Harrisse, Notes pour
Servir, etc. Tross, Paris, reprinted them as follows: D'Avezac, Bref
Récit et Succinte Narration de la Navigation Faite par le Capitaine
Jacques Cartier aux Îles de Canada, etc. (1863); Michelant et Ramé,
Voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 (1865); Michelant et Ramé,
Relation Originale, du Voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534
(1867). The first English version is that of Florio (1580). In 1600
Hakluyt included a more accurate translation in his Principal
Navigations. H. B. Stephen's essay, Jacques Cartier and his Voyages to
Canada, is accompanied by a new translation of the voyages. The Cartier
voyages are discussed in the Trans. R. S. C., by W. F. Ganong (1887),
(1889); Paul de Gazes (1884), (1890); Abbé Verreau (1890), (1891),
(1897); Archbishop Howley (1894); and in the Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc.
Trans., Voyages de Découvertes au Canada (1843); Demazieres, Notes
sur Jacques Cartier (1862). See also Pope, Jacques Cartier;
Winsor, Cartier to Frontenac; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Des
Longrais, Jacques Cartier; Dionne, La Nouvelle France de Cartier à
Champlain; Dent, Can. Por.
Cartwright, J. S. Sy Opposes union of provinces in Upper Canada
Assembly, 207, 211.
Cartwright, Rev. Richard. Sy Assists in funeral service of Lord
Sydenham, 344.
Cartwright, Richard (1759-1815). Born at Albany, New York. On the
outbreak of hostilities with the mother country came with his parents to
Upper Canada. For a time served as secretary to Colonel Butler of the
Queen's Rangers, and later engaged in business at Kingston in
partnership with Robert Hamilton. Made judge of the Court of Common
Pleas for the district, and on the formation of Upper Canada into a
separate province appointed to the Legislative Council. Urged to accept
a seat in the Executive Council, but repeatedly refused. Created
lieutenant of the county of Frontenac by Simcoe, and during the War of
1812 served as colonel of the militia. Occupied a position of great
prominence in the political and business life of the province. Index: BL
Offered and refuses solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, 120; his
letter of explanation, 121. R His influence on Strachan, 37. Bk Brock's
high opinion of, 179. S On later emigration from United States, 57;
member of Legislative Council, 79; his report on marriage question, in
Upper Canada, 86; accused by Simcoe of republicanism, 97, 98; asserts
his loyalty, 98; advises Simcoe in regard to land regulations, 103;
describes methods of business in early times, 109. Bib.: Cartwright,
Life and Letters of Hon. Richard Cartwright.
Cartwright, Sir Richard John (1835- ). Grandson of the preceding. Born at
Kingston. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Entered public life,
1863, as member for Lennox and Addington. Minister of finance in
Mackenzie Cabinet, 1873-1878. On the return of the Liberals to power, in
1896, became minister of trade and commerce. Index: Md Favours
commercial union, 297; introduces unrestricted reciprocity resolution,
1888, 298-299; his modified resolution of 1889, 299. B His account of
pre-confederation scenes in the house, 153-154. C Discussion with
Cartier in 1872, on the militia, 110. Bib.: Works: Remarks on the
Militia of Canada; Memories of Confederation. For biog., see Dent,
Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's
Who.
Carver, Jonathan (1732-1780). Born at Stillwater, New York. Joined the
company of rangers raised by John Burk of Northfield, 1756-1757. After
the treaty of Paris, 1763, conceived the idea of exploring the Western
territory acquired by England. Between 1766 and 1768, travelled from
Michilimackinac to the Mississippi, ascended the Minnesota River, and
returned by way of Grand Portage, Lake Superior. Went to England, 1769,
to secure government support for his plans of Western exploration, but
failed. Died there, Jan. 31, 1780. Index: D His River of Oregon, 19;
reference to Oregon, 56-57. Bib.: Travels through the Interior Parts of
North America, in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768. The best edition is
the third, published at London, 1781. For a bib. of the various
editions, and translations, see Lee, Bibliography of Carver's
Travels (Wisconsin State Hist. Soc. Proc., 1909). See also Durrie,
Jonathan Carver and "Carver's Grant" (Wisconsin Hist. Soc. Coll.,
vol. 6); Gregory, Jonathan Carver: His Travels in the North-West
(Parkman Club Pub., No. 5); Bourne, Travels of Jonathan Carver in
Amer. Hist. Review, 1906; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac.
Cas Reservé. L In connection with sale of liquor to Indians, 171, 174.
Cascades. On the St. Lawrence River. Hd Improvements in navigation at,
185.
Case, William. R Visits England, 1831, 90; his connection with split in
Methodist body, 105.
Casgrain, Henri Raymond (1831-1904). After studying medicine, decided to
enter the church, and ordained a priest in 1856. In 1872, owing to an
affection of the eyes, compelled to abandon the ministry, and thereafter
devoted himself entirely to literature. His first work, Légendes
Canadiennes, appeared in 1861; and this was followed by many other
publications, in history, biography, and belles-lettres. One of the
principal contributors to the Soirées Canadiennes, the Foyer
Canadien, and other French-Canadian periodicals. A charter member of
the Royal Society of Canada; elected president of that body in 1889.
Index: L His pen-portrait of Mme. de la Peltrie, 153-154. Ch On the
question of Champlain's tomb, 261-262. Bib.: Among his principal works
are: Histoire de la Mère Marie de l'Incarnation; Biographies
Canadiennes; Un Pélerinage au Pays d'Evangéline; Montcalm et Lévis.
For bib., see R. S. C., 1894, 21. For biog., see Routhier, Éloge
historique de H. R. Casgrain (R. S. C., 1904); Morgan, Can. Men.
Cass, Lewis (1782-1866). Served under General Hull in War of 1812. Drew
up Hull's flamboyant proclamation to the people of Canada. Opposed
surrender of Detroit. Governor of territory of Michigan. Index: Bk On
surrender of Detroit, 257. Bib.: Contributed to Historical Sketches of
Michigan, 1834. For biog., see McLaughlin, Lewis Cass; Cyc. Am.
Biog.
Castillon, Jacques de. Ch Assisted in forming Company of New France,
168; presents pictures to church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 240.
Castle Frank. S Country chalet built for Simcoe near York, 215.
Castle of St. Louis. See Château St. Louis.
Catalogne, Gédéon de. Employed for some years on military and other
engineering works in Canada. In 1701 commenced a canal from Lachine to
the Little River, with the object of providing a boat channel around the
rapids. The work was abandoned, and resumed in 1717, but was again
abandoned, owing to the cost of the rock cutting. Accompanied Denonville
on his expedition against the Iroquois, in 1687.
Cataraqui. A fort, built by the engineer Raudin in 1673, under
Frontenac's orders, the site having been selected by La Salle. The fort
stood at the mouth of the Cataraqui, on the site of the present city of
Kingston. Here Frontenac held a great Council with representatives of
the five Iroquois nations, 1673. On Frontenac's recommendation,
Cataraqui was granted to La Salle as a seigniory, upon his repaying the
amount the fort had cost the king. Fort Frontenac, as La Salle named it,
became the base of his ambitious scheme of western explorations. Index:
F Expedition of Courcelles to, 59; of Frontenac, 76-84; fort, afterwards
known as Fort Frontenac, erected at, 83. Hd Lands allotted to Loyalists
in neighbourhood of, 236, 255; settlers at, 258, 265. S Barracks of, on
site of old Fort Frontenac, 51; Loyalist settlements in surrounding
country, 58; detail of, 59. See also Kingston; Fort Frontenac; La
Salle. Bib.: Machar, Old Kingston; Sulte, Le Fort de Frontenac (R.
S. C., 1901); Girouard, L'Expédition du Marquis de Denonville (R. S.
C., 1899).
Cathcart, Charles Murray, Earl (1783-1859). Served in Holland, 1799; saw
service through Peninsular War; fought at Waterloo; assumed title, 1843;
succeeded General Jackson as commander-in-chief of the forces in British
North America, 1845; administrator the same year, on the departure of
Sir Charles Metcalfe; governor-general, 1846; succeeded by Lord Elgin,
1847. Index: Md Succeeds Metcalfe as governor-general, 25;
correspondence with Draper over Macdonald's appointment to Cabinet, 26.
BL Becomes administrator, and afterwards governor-general, 265-266; his
character and attitude towards political questions in Canada, 266. E
Succeeds Metcalfe as governor-general, more interested in problems of
defence than in politics, 38; replaced by Elgin, 40; his instructions to
Rebellion Losses Commission, 65. B His appointment and character, 28;
warns British government of disaffection in Canada, 31. Bib.: Dent,
Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Cel. Can.
Catherine. Ch Champlain sails for France in (1626), 155.
Cauchon, Joseph Édouard (1816-1885). Educated at the Séminaire de
Québec; studied law and called to the bar, but turned immediately to
journalism. Edited Le Canadien for a time; and in 1842 established the
Journal de Québec. Entered public life, 1844, as member for
Montmorency, which county he represented continuously until 1872.
Entered MacNab government, 1855, as commissioner of crown lands. Became
commissioner of public works in Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1861-1862.
Speaker of the Senate, 1868-1872. Accepted presidency of the Council in
Mackenzie administration, 1875-1877; minister of inland revenue, 1877.
Resigned the same year to accept the lieutenant-governorship of
Manitoba, 1877-1882. Index: C As journalist and politician, 24; attitude
towards Cartier, 24; his writings, 24; praises Cartier in the Journal
de Québec, 88. E Brings up question of Seigniorial Tenure in
Parliament, 126; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves,
164. Bib.: Works: Remarks on the North-West Territories; Étude sur
l'Union Projectée des Provinces Britanniques; L'Union des Provinces de
l'Amérique du Nord. For biog., see Revue Canadienne, 1884; Dent,
Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.
Caughnawaga Indians. A community of Iroquois, chiefly drawn from the
Oneida and Mohawk, and speaking a modification of the Mohawk tongue.
Having been converted by the Jesuit missionaries, they were induced to
settle in 1668 at La Prairie, near Montreal. In 1676 they removed to
Sault St. Louis, and the majority have remained in that vicinity ever
since. About 1755 a new settlement was formed at St. Regis, farther up
the St. Lawrence. Many accompanied the fur traders to the west as
hunters. In the narratives of the fur trade they are referred to as
Iroquois. Index: Hd Their sympathies secured for Congress by Jesuits,
130; village of, burned by Sir John Johnson, 156; their disloyalty, 189.
Bib.: Colden, Five Nations; Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.
Caumont. Ch Pont-Gravé's clerk, 121; chief clerk of De Monts's (Rouen)
company at Quebec, 133.
Cayahoga. Bk United States schooner carrying Hull's stores and baggage,
captured, 218.
Cayet, Victor Palma. Ch His work on French navigation, 15.
Cayley, William. Inspector-general, 1845-1848, and again, 1854-1858. By
the Act of 1859, the office was changed to minister of finance. Index: E
Inspector-general, 1854, 140; favours division of Clergy Reserves among
various denominations, 163. B Galt takes his place in government, 107.
Bib.: Finances and Trade of Canada. For biog., see Dent, Last Forty
Years.
Cayugas. One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. Parkman gives
four forms of the name: Cayugas, Caiyoquos, Goiogoens, Gweugwehonoh.
Their fighting strength is given in the Relation of 1660 as 300. At
this time, however, they had been weakened by continual warfare. The
Cayuga villages stood on the shore of Cayuga Lake, and their territory
extended from that lake to the Owasco, both included. The tribe lay
between the Senecas on the west and the Onondagas on the east. By the
beginning of the nineteenth century they had been crowded off their
ancestral lands, and scattered abroad. Some seven hundred are now on the
Six Nation reserve, in the Niagara peninsula. The remainder are for the
most part in the western United States. Index: Ch Iroquois tribe, 50.
See also Iroquois; Senecas; Onondagas; Mohawks; Tuscaroras. Bib.:
Pilling, Iroquoian Languages. See also Iroquois.
Cazeau, François. Hd Arrested on charge of treason, 279.
Census. The first census in Canada seems to have been taken in 1640,
when the inhabitants numbered 375, distributed as follows: married men,
64; married women (three born in Canada), 64; widower, 1; widows, 4;
unmarried men, 35; boys (30 born in Canada), 58; girls (24 born in
Canada), 48; nuns, 6; Jesuits, 29; others, 66. Benjamin Sulte finds the
population in 1650 to have been 705; and in 1663 about 2500. The census
of 1665 gives the total population as 3251. The first census of the
Dominion was taken in 1871, when the population was 3,635,024; the
census of 1881 gave a total of 4,324,810; of 1891, 4,833,239; of 1901,
5,371,315. See also Acadians. Index: E Provided for by La
Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86; placed under Department of Agriculture
by Hincks-Morin government, 117. F Of 1666, 55. Bib.: Census of
Canada, 1851, 1861, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901. See also Johnson, First
Things in Canada; and General Index, Trans. R. S. C., under Census.
Centurion. WM Admiral Saunders's ship, in action off Beauport shore,
136.
Chabanel, Noél. Jesuit missionary in the Huron country, 1643. Had been a
professor of rhetoric in France, before coming to Canada. When the
Hurons were driven from their country by the Iroquois, in 1649, he and
Garnier led their demoralized flock to the Island of St. Joseph, in
Matchadash Bay, an inlet of Georgian Bay. Even here the Iroquois
followed them, and attacked the mission of St. Jean, Dec. 7, 1649.
Chabanel had left the place a short time before, and so escaped the
general massacre. He, however, fell a victim to one of his own Hurons,
who confessed that he had murdered the missionary and thrown his body
into a river. Index: L Died a martyr, 62. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in
North America.
Chabot, J. (1807-1860). Born at St. Charles, Bellechasse, Lower Canada.
Studied law and practised in Quebec. Sat in the Assembly for Quebec,
1843-1850; for Bellechasse, 1851-1854; and for Quebec, 1854-1856. Became
chief commissioner of public works, 1849, and again in 1852; government
director of the Grand Trunk, 1854; and Seigniorial Tenure commissioner
the same year. Appointed judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada,
1856. Index: E Commissioner of public works, 1853, 126; and again in
coalition ministry, 1854, 141; votes against secularization of the
Clergy Reserves, 164; commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.
Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years.
Chalmers, Thomas. R Offered, but declines, charge of educational policy
in Upper Canada, 37.
Chamberlain, Joseph (1836- ). British statesman. Mc Justifies Upper
Canada Rebellion, 29, 30. Bib.: Who's Who.
Chambers, Captain. Bk Sent to Moraviantown to oppose enemy, 219, 235; in
command of 2d Brigade, 247.
Chambly, Jacques de. An officer of the Carignan Regiment; built Fort St.
Louis, on the Richelieu, 1665, and given its command. In 1672 the
seigniory of Chambly granted to him. Succeeded De Grandfontaine as
governor of Acadia; transferred to Grenada; and later to Martinique,
where he died. Index: F Appointed governor of Acadia, 90, 269; taken
prisoner to Boston and there set at liberty, 269; again governor, 270;
governor of Grenada (W. I.), 270. Bib.: Sulte, Régiment de Carignan
(R. S. C., 1902).
Chambly. Fort, otherwise known as St. Louis, on the Richelieu. Built by
Jacques de Chambly, 1665. Index: F Fort erected at, 51. Dr Captured by
Montgomery, 99; abandoned, 146. L Fort erected at, 53. Hd Weak defences
of, 134.
Champdoré. Ch Carpenter to De Monts's expedition, 22.
Champlain, Antoine. Ch Father of Samuel Champlain, 1.
Champlain, Samuel (1567?-1635). WM His elevated sentiments, 20. Ch Birth
and education, 1; sails to West Indies, Mexico, and Panama in command of
Spanish vessel, 3, 4; suggests channel through isthmus, 5; captures
English vessels and returns to France, 6; publishes account of travels,
7; obtains pension and made hydrographer to king of France, 8; accepts
offer of Aymar de Chastes of Dieppe to go to Canada, 9; arrives at
Tadoussac, 10; explores Saguenay, 12; ascends St. Lawrence to Sault St.
Louis, anchors at Quebec, and explores Gaspesia, 13; sails for France,
14; submits narrative of his voyages to the king, 14; accompanies De
Monts to Acadia, 19; explores country and gives names to places, 19;
describes river St. John, 20; discovers a copper mine, 22; makes plan of
Ste. Croix Island, 24; explores coast of Norembega, 25; describes
Pentagouet (Penobscot) River, 27; further explorations, 30; describes
settlement at Port Royal, 32; returns to France, 37; sails for Quebec,
40; resists Basque traders, 40; arrives at Quebec, 41; conspiracy formed
against, 42; execution of chief conspirator, 43; explores vicinity of
Quebec, 44; illness, 46; fits out expedition against Iroquois, 47;
conference with Huron chiefs, 48; his Indian policy, 49-52; encounter
with Iroquois on Lake Champlain, 53; sails for France, 54; has audience
with the king, 55; consults with De Monts, 56; returns to Canada, 59;
arrives at Quebec, 61; proceeds again to attack Iroquois, 61; wounded in
encounter near mouth of Richelieu River, 62; returns to Quebec, 63;
hears of the assassination of Henry IV, and sails for France, 64;
marries Hélène Boullé, 65-67; returns to Canada, 67; arrives at Quebec,
68; makes a clearing at Montreal, 69; names St. Helen's Island after his
wife, 69; sails for France, 70; final interview with De Monts, 71;
motives for pursuing his work in Canada, 72, 82; becomes lieutenant in
Canada of Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Soissons, 73; on death of
Soissons, becomes lieutenant of the Prince de Condé and returns to
Canada, 73; arrives at Quebec and proceeds to Falls of St. Louis, 74;
goes up the Ottawa River, 75; his astrolabe, 76; sails for France, 79;
engages the services of missionaries for Canada, 83; brings to Canada
three Récollet fathers and one friar, 85; arriving at Quebec, proceeds
to Falls of St. Louis, 85; ascends Ottawa River, passes through Lake
Nipissing into Georgian Bay and reaches territory of Hurons, 88;
proceeds with Hurons on another campaign against Iroquois, 101; wounded
in fight with Iroquois, 103; desires to return to Quebec, but is
detained by Hurons, 103; settles quarrel between Algonquians and Hurons,
105; returns to Quebec, 106; convokes meeting to consider question of
missions, 108; sails for France, 111; returns to Canada (1617), 112;
sails for France (1618), 116; returns to Canada (1620), 121; his
projects for the advancement of Canada, 124, 125; obtains letter from
the king in his favour, 126; his commission renewed by Duc de
Montmorency, 129; takes his wife to Canada, 129; receives letters from
Montmorency and the king, 130, 131; his difficulties with rival
Companies, 132, 136; confirmed as lieutenant of viceroy, 137; salary and
trading privileges, 138; publishes ordinances, 139; returns to France
with his wife (1624), 141; meets Montmorency, 150; appointed by the Duc
de Ventadour as his lieutenant, 152; sails for Canada (1626), 155;
arrives at Quebec, 156; fortifies Cape Diamond, 157; reconstructs Fort
St. Louis, 158; his treatment of the Indians, 159; tries to make an
alliance with Iroquois, 160; his policy towards the Montagnais, 162;
imprisons Montagnais suspected of murder, 165; receives three young
Montagnais girls to be educated, 165; one of the Hundred Associates
(Company of New France), 170; forms establishment at Cap Tourmente, 171;
criticizes conduct of Roquemont, 175; summoned by David Kirke to
surrender Quebec, 176; his answer, 178; builds mill for grinding pease,
180; sends part of population of Quebec to Gaspé, 181; asserts
superiority of his commission over Pont-Grave's, 182; summoned by Kirke
to surrender Quebec, 188; capitulates, 190; his action criticized, 192,
193; signs articles of capitulation on board Kirke's ship, 195; delayed
several weeks at Tadoussac, 204; his two Indian girls, Esperance and
Charité, taken back by the Indians, 205; embarks for France, 206; goes
to London and sees French ambassador, 207; shows him map of the country,
211; names given by, to harbours and rivers of New England, 212; crosses
over to France, and has interview with the king, 212; returns to Quebec
(1633), 228; takes active part in civilization of Micmacs, 237; erects
chapel of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 238; his bequest to it, 239;
appointed governor, by Company of New France (Hundred Associates), 244;
his last letter to Cardinal Richelieu, 246; defrays expenses of some
families coming to Canada, 250; approves of exclusion of Protestants as
settlers, 255; his piety, 258; death, 261; question of his tomb, 261;
his will, 265; will set aside, 266; character and fame, 267; monument
to, 268, 275; the Father of New France, 269; crossed the Atlantic twenty
times, 270; his conduct towards and influence over Indian tribes, 271;
his Indian alliances, 272; his writings, 274, 275; eulogies pronounced
on, 276-279. F Early career of, 3; sails for St. Lawrence and explores
river to Lachine Rapids, 4; explores Baie des Chaleurs, returns to
France, 5; accompanies De Monts to Acadia, 7; founder of Quebec, 8; plot
against his life, 8; expedition against Iroquois, 9; returns to France
and sails again for Canada, 10; returns to France, marries, and sails
again for Canada, 11; prospects island of Montreal, 12; returns to
France (1611), sails for Canada (1613), again to France, again to Canada
(1615), 13; brings out Récollet missionaries, 13; heads another
expedition against Iroquois, 14; begins construction of Château St.
Louis, 15; surrenders Quebec to English under Kirke, 20; lands in
England, 21; urges restitution of Canada, 22; sails for Quebec (1633),
24; death of, 26. L His anxiety for the propagation of the faith, 4; his
pious administration, 8. Bib.: Works: [OE]uvres de Champlain
(Laverdière), 1870; Voyages (Laverdière), 1870; Voyages (trans. by
Otis, with memoir by Slafter), 1878-1882; Grant, Voyages of Samuel de
Champlain; Bourne, Champlain's Voyages; Biggar, Works of Samuel de
Champlain (Champlain Society, in prep.). For bib. of the original
editions, see Harrisse, Notes pour Servir, etc. For biog., see
Gravier, Vie de Samuel Champlain; Sedgwick, Samuel de Champlain;
Dix, Champlain: the Founder of New France; Verreau, Samuel de
Champlain (R. S. C., 1899); Parkman, Pioneers of France; Dent, Can.
Por.
Champlain Lake. Discovered by Samuel Champlain, July, 1609. Here took
place the first hostile encounter between the French and the Iroquois.
The French were the aggressors, and had bitter enough cause to remember
the fact throughout the century. In 1666 the Sieur de la Motte built a
fort on Île La Motte, which was afterwards abandoned. Fort St. Frederic
was built at Crown Point, 1731. It was enlarged and strengthened in
1734, and again in 1742. Lake Champlain became the war thoroughfare, not
merely between the Iroquois and French, but between New France and New
England. Fort Carillon was built, 1755-1756. With this lake are
associated the names of Dieskau and Sir William Johnson, Montcalm and
Abercrombie, Ethan Allen and Montgomery. Index: F Champlain reaches, in
his expedition against the Iroquois, 9, 10. Hd Canada to be attacked by
way of, 34; trouble among the settlers on, 89, 197; guarding against
invasion from, 125, 133, 134; Major Carleton on, 149; messengers
intercepted on, 129; forts captured by Ethan Allen, 198; Vermont
negotiations held upon, 204; fear of rebel approach by, 208, 216; Ethan
Allen offers to meet Haldimand upon, 214; Loyalists on shores of, 250.
WM Montcalm at, 32, 34; 54-61; forts on, evacuated by Bourlamaque, 146.
Dr Armed craft on, captured, 82; Americans evacuate Canada by way of,
146; route of attack on New England, 147; Carleton builds a fleet on,
149; description of the lake, 153; Carleton defeats Arnold on, 154-157.
Ch Encounter with Iroquois at southern extremity of, 53. Bib.: Parkman,
Montcalm and Wolfe; Crockett, History of Lake Champlain; Smith, Our
Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Reid, Lake George and Lake
Champlain; Palmer, History of Lake Champlain. See bib. note in
Crockett.
Chandler, Edward Barron (1800-1880). Elected to New Brunswick Assembly,
1827, for Westmoreland, which he represented until 1836, when called to
Legislative Council. Became executive councillor, 1844. Engaged in
negotiations for Intercolonial Railway, 1850-1852; reciprocity, 1854;
and Confederation, 1865. Succeeded Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New
Brunswick, 1878. Index: W Sent by New Brunswick Assembly to lay
grievances before colonial secretary, 24; becomes member of government,
72; resigns, 76. T Goes to London to secure support for Intercolonial,
26-27; 54; member of Executive Council, 1856, 41; delegate to
Charlottetown Conference, 73; to Quebec Conference, 77; Confederation
delegate to England, 120. H Joins Joseph Howe in mission to Toronto on
behalf of Intercolonial Railway project, 137; secures support of New
Brunswick government, 139; his speech at Amherst on behalf of Howe, 140;
accompanies Hincks to England on Intercolonial Railway mission, 142. B
Complains at Quebec Conference, that proposed union legislative, not
federal, 163. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Dent, Can.
Por.
Chandler, Samuel. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 397.
Chansons of French Canada. Most of the inimitable folk-songs of Quebec
came in their original form from France, and have undergone more or less
of a transformation in their new environment. A few originated in French
Canada. Index: C Chansons de ronde among the habitants, 119-120; at
Cartier's house, 123. Bib.: Gagnon, Chansons populaire; McLennan,
Songs of old Canada; Burpee, Songs of French Canada; Wood,
Footnotes to Canadian Folk-Songs (R. S. C., 1896); Bourinot, Songs of
Forest and River in Rose-Belford Monthly, 1877; French Songs of Old
Canada, pictured by W. Graham Robertson; Tiersot, French Folk-Songs.
Chapais, Jean Charles (1812-1885). Born in Rivière Oùelle, Quebec.
Member of the Executive Council and commissioner of public works,
1864-1867. In 1867 privy councillor and minister of agriculture; and
1869-1873 receiver-general. In 1868 called to the Senate. Index: T
Delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; minister of agriculture in first
Dominion Cabinet, 129. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Chapais, Joseph Amable Thomas (1858- ). Educated at Laval University.
Called to the bar, 1879. Edited Le Courrier du Canada since 1884.
Appointed member of Legislative Council of Quebec, 1892, and elected
Speaker, 1895; president of the Executive Council, 1896, and minister of
colonization, 1897. Index: F His work on Talon referred to, 57. Bib.:
Works: Jean Talon, Intendant de la Nouvelle France; Discours et
Conférences. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Chapleau, Sir Joseph Adolphe (1840-1898). Studied law and called to the
bar, 1861. Elected to Quebec Legislature, 1867, and successively
solicitor-general, and provincial secretary, of the province. Premier of
Quebec, 1879. Entered Dominion Cabinet, 1882, as secretary of state.
Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1892; knighted, 1896. Bib.:
Works: Léon XIII, Homme d'État; Question des Chemins de Fer. For
biog., see J. A. Chapleau: Sa Biographie et Ses Discours; Morgan,
Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.
Chapman, Henry Samuel (1803-1881). Born in England. Came to Canada,
1823, and established at Montreal the Daily Advertiser, the first
daily newspaper published in British America, 1833. Connected with
several other newspapers. A strong supporter of the Reform party.
Removed to England and called to the bar, 1840. Went to New Zealand,
where he became a judge. Died in Dunedin, New Zealand. Index: H Attempts
to secure Joseph Howe's support for agitation in Lower Canada, 50;
Howe's reply, 50.
Charbonnel, Armand François Marie de. Roman Catholic bishop of Toronto,
1850-1860. Died, 1860. Index: R Opposes public schools, 219, 225;
Ryerson's letter to, 224-225; referred to in Globe, 226; his letter to
Ryerson, 226; his policy, 228; his complaints, 229; drafts Separate
School Bill, 230; his pastoral letter, 234; resigns charge of Toronto
diocese, 235.
Charest, Dufils. WM Commands party sent to heights of Lévis, 103.
Charles I (1600-1649). King of England; succeeded to the throne, 1625.
Index: Ch His instructions to English ambassador at Paris, 215; restores
New France and Acadia to France, 221. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Charles II (1630-1685). King of England; succeeded to the throne, 1660.
Index: W Annuls charter of London and other towns, 54. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.
Charles Emmanuel III (1701-1773). King of Sardinia. Succeeded to the
throne, 1730. Index: Hd His foreign policy, 5.
Charlesbourg. WM De Pontbriand retires to, 153.
Charlevoix, Pierre-François-Xavier de (1682-1761). First came to Canada
in 1705, as an instructor in the Jesuits' College at Quebec. Returned to
France in 1709. It was at this time that he gathered the material for
his Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle-France. Again
visited Canada in 1720 by order of the French government to report as to
the best route for an overland expedition in search of the Western Sea.
In the course of this journey visited the mission and posts of what was
then the extreme western frontier of New France, returning to France in
1723, by way of Mobile. Index: L On the character of the Canadian
population, 117; on the character of Frontenac, 144, 145. F On bravery
of Canadians and indifferent conduct of French troops, 212; on Lachine
massacre, 224, 227; on old age of François Hertel, 235; his account of
"flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 295; on character and conduct of
Frontenac, 333-336. Ch His opinion of Lescarbot, 37; his description of
the French settlements in Canada, 243; his eulogy of Champlain, 276,
277. Bib.: Besides his Histoire du Paraguay and Histoire de l'Isle
Espagnole ou de S. Dominique, Charlevoix was the author of La Vie de
la Mère Marie de l'Incarnation and of the first general history of
Canada, Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle-France. His
Voyage dans l'Amerique Septentrionale was translated into English in
1756. Dr. J. G. Shea's translation of the History was published at New
York in 6 vols., 1866-1872; and reprinted by F. P. Harper, New York, in
6 vols. An abridged translation of Charlevoix's Journal is found in
vol. 3 of French Hist. Coll. of Louisiana. For biog., see J. E. Roy,
Essai sur Charlevoix (R. S. C., 1907).
Charlottetown. Capital of Prince Edward Island. Originally founded by
the French, about 1750, and then known as Port la Joie. In 1713 it was a
fortified post, with a garrison of sixty soldiers. The population
numbered 1354 in 1752; and in 1758 it had been increased to over 4000 by
the arrival of a large number of Acadians from the mainland. It came
under British rule in 1763, and received its present name about 1768.
Bib.: Campbell, History of Prince Edward Island.
Charlottetown Conference, 1864. Md Arranged by Tupper, 104; the Canadian
proposals, 104; terms of union, 107. H Joseph Howe invited to attend as
delegate, but declines, 176-177; Sir Charles Tupper's connection with,
176-177; Nova Scotia delegates, 177; maritime union found impracticable,
178; Sir John Macdonald proposes Confederation, 178. B History of, 161.
T Delegates to, 73; history of, 73-75. See Quebec Conference;
Macdonald; Tupper. Bib.: Whelan, Union of the British Provinces;
Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Charny-Lauzon. See Lauzon-Charny.
Charron, Jean-François. L Charitable work of, and of his brother, 125;
house of charity established by, 245; death of, 246.
Chartier de Lotbinière, Eustache Gaspard Michel. Dr Advised in
connection with question of Canadian laws, 63, 68; elected Speaker of
the Assembly, 277.
Chartier de Lotbinière, René Louis. L Appointed to Sovereign Council,
166. F Member of the Sovereign Council, 106.
Charton, François. Ch Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208.
Chastes, Aymar de. Ch Governor of Dieppe, obtains charter for
colonization of Canada, 8; suggests that Champlain should visit Canada,
9; death of, 9. F Trading patent granted to, 3; his death, 5.
Château de Ramezay. At Montreal. Index: Hd Purchased for government
house, 186; belonged to William Grant, 186. BL Government offices in,
during Elgin's governorship, 325.
Château Haldimand. At Quebec. Index: Hd Foundation stone laid by
Haldimand, 344; used as school in connection with Laval University until
1892, then pulled down, 344.
Château St. Louis. At Quebec. Commenced by Governor de Montmagny, 1647,
and completed by his successor, D'Ailleboust. Demolished, 1694, and
rebuilt with new wing. Enlarged, 1723; and in 1808 renovated and again
enlarged, by government of Lower Canada. Up to the close of French
régime, it was the official residence of the governors of Canada; and
after the cession, their British successors continued to occupy the
building. It was destroyed by fire, 1834. The Château Frontenac hotel
now stands immediately back of the site of the Château St. Louis, which
occupied part of what is now Dufferin Terrace. See Habitation de
Québec. Index: F Construction begun, 15. Bk Description of, 90; occupied
by Sir James Craig, 90. Hd Governor's residence at Quebec, 169, 222,
304, 314; balls at, 223; wing added by Haldimand named in his honour,
344. Bib.: Gagnon, Le Fort el la Château St. Louis; Doughty, Fortress
of Quebec; Douglas, Old France in the New World.
Châteaufort, Marc Antoine Bras-de-fer de. F Interim governor after death
of Champlain, 27.
Châteauguay. Battle in War of 1812, Oct. 26, 1813. The stream from which
the battle took its name, rises in Franklin County, New York, and falls
into the St. Lawrence a few miles above Caughnawaga. The scene of the
battle was about six miles above the confluence of the English with
Châteauguay River. Hampton was in command of the Americans, and De
Salaberry commanded the Canadian troops, with Colonel Macdonell in
charge of the reserves. Although the former had an overwhelmingly
superior force, the result of the battle was in favour of the Canadians;
and the contemplated attack on Montreal was abandoned. The battle was
won by French-Canadian militia under a French-Canadian commander. See
also War of 1812; Salaberry. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812;
Lighthall, An Account of the Battle of Chateauguay; Macdonell, The
Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada; Kingsford,
History of Canada.
Chateauneuf, Pierre Antoine de Castaguere, Marquis de (1644-1728). Ch
French ambassador in London, instructions to, 214.
Chatel, Aimée. L Member of the Congregation de Notre Dame, 91.
Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of (1708-1778). The "Great Commoner,"
who brought England "to a height of prosperity and glory unknown to any
former age." He urged continually a conciliatory policy towards America,
until it became apparent that the colonists would be satisfied with
nothing less than independence. His broad outlook and unerring instinct
in the choice of men were chiefly responsible for the triumphs of
British policy at home and abroad. Sent Boscawen and Amherst to the
capture of Louisbourg, and Wolfe and Saunders to victory at Quebec.
Index: Dr Opposes Quebec Act, 65. Bib.: Almon, Anecdotes and Speeches
of Chatham; Rosebery, William Pitt; Green, William Pitt, Earl of
Chatham; Correspondence of William Pitt with Colonial Governors, ed.
by Kimball. See his letters and instructions to Wolfe, Saunders, and
Amherst, in Doughty, Siege of Quebec, and Wood, Logs of Conquest of
Canada.
Chaumonot, Joseph. Came to Canada, 1639, with Madame de la Peltrie,
Marie de l'Incarnation, and Fathers Vimont and Poncet. Accompanied
Brébeuf as missionary to the Neutral Nation, whose country was along the
north shore of Lake Erie, 1640. Sent to the Onondagas, 1655. Missionary
in charge of the Hurons at Old Lorette, where, in 1674, he built the
chapel in honour of Our Lady of Loretto. Died, Feb. 21, 1693. Index: L
Accompanies mission to Gannentaha, 65; chief promoter of cult of Holy
Family, 86. Bib.: Shea, Vie de Chaumonot; Parkman, Jesuits in North
America; Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America.
Chaussegros de Léry, Gaspard (1682-1756). Sent to Canada in 1716 to
superintend the fortifications of Quebec, Montreal, and other places in
the colony. Prepared a plan of the cathedral at Quebec in 1725; and of
the fortifications at Quebec in 1730. Mentioned as having been at Fort
St. Frederic in 1742; made a plan of Detroit in 1750. Index: L Makes
plans for entrance to Montreal church, 90. WM Criticized by Montcalm,
79. Bib.: Traité de Fortification.
Chaussegros de Léry, Gaspard-Joseph. Son of preceding. Engineer; made a
legislative councillor, in 1774.
Chauveau, Pierre Joseph Olivier (1820-1890). Born at Quebec. Educated at
Quebec; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. First
entered public life, 1844, defeating John Neilson in Quebec County.
Represented the same constituency in the Assembly until 1855.
Solicitor-general, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; and provincial
secretary, 1853. In 1855 succeeded Dr. Meilleur as chief superintendent
of education of Lower Canada. In 1867 elected to the Dominion
Parliament, as well as to the Quebec House, and the same year formed a
provincial ministry. Resigned, 1873, and the same year Speaker of the
Senate, retiring in 1874. Three years later sheriff of Montreal. Index:
Md Leader of Quebec government, 141; the appointment revealed
Macdonald's judgment, 141-142. C Conservative leader in Quebec, 24;
superintendent of public instruction, 24, 37; premier of Quebec, 68; his
character, 68. E One of leaders of the opposition in 1847, 45; returned
in elections of 1848, 50; Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 113;
provincial secretary in Hincks ministry, 126; and in MacNab-Morin
government, 141; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves,
164. Bib.: Works: Charles Guérin, Roman de Moeurs Canadiennes;
François-Xavier Garneau, Sa Vie et Ses [OE]uvres; L'Instruction
Publique au Canada; Souvenirs et Légendes. For biog., see Dent,
Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Morgan, Cel. Can.
Chauvin, Pierre, Sieur de Tonnetuit. A Huguenot, born at Dieppe.
Appointed captain of the garrison at Honfleur, 1589. Obtained trading
monopoly for ten years in Canada. Made a trading voyage to Canada, 1600,
bringing out a few colonists, whom he landed at Tadoussac. Sailed again
the following year, with a larger fleet, but no colonists; and again in
1602. Died, 1603. Index: Ch Attempts to form settlement at Tadoussac, 8;
left in charge of Quebec colony, 54. F Obtains patent for exclusive
trade in Canada, 2; sails for the St. Lawrence, 3. Bib.: Biggar, Early
Trading Companies of New France.
Chedabucto, now known as Guysborough, Nova Scotia. Index: F Frontenac
arrives at, 232.
Cheffault. Ch Agent of Company of New France, 244.
Cherououng. Ch Montagnais chief, sent on embassy to Iroquois, 163.
Chesapeake. Bk Affair of, 82-86.
Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley (1827-1896). Entered the House of
Commons, 1860; financial secretary, 1865-1866; first lord of the
Admiralty and privy councillor, 1868. In 1875 came to Canada on Lord
Dufferin's invitation as a commissioner under the Prince Edward Island
Land Purchase Act. Secretary of state for war, 1880-1882; chancellor of
the exchequer, 1882-1885; and home secretary, 1886. Index: W
Commissioner under Land Purchase Act, 136. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Chimeourimou. Ch Montagnais chief, sent on embassy to Iroquois, 163.
Chipman. W Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; one of Maine
Boundary commissioners, 8.
Chipman, Ward. W Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; succeeds
Saunders as chief justice, 74; resigns, 129. T Resigns as chief justice,
17.
Chippewa Indians. A large tribe, of Algonquian stock, formerly ranging
along both shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, and westward as far as
North Dakota. First mentioned in the Jesuit Relation of 1640, as
living around Sault Ste. Marie. During the eighteenth century, they
fought successfully against the Sioux, Foxes, and Iroquois. They
numbered in 1764 about 25,000; and at the present time count over
30,000, of whom about one-half are on reservations in Canada. Index: Hd
Sioux offer to attack, 148. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians;
Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes; Grant, Sauteux Indians in Masson,
Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.
Chisholm, G. C. Sy Sergeant-at-arms of Legislative Assembly, 334.
Chittenden, Thomas (1730-1797). First governor of Vermont, 1778-1797.
Index: Hd Claims separation of Vermont from New York, 201; negotiates
with Haldimand, 202; General Washington's letter to, 212-213; Ira
Allen's proposed treaty with, 214-215. Bib.: Chipman, Thomas
Chittenden; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Choiseul, Étienne-François, Duc de (1719-1785). Minister of foreign
affairs; signed the treaty of 1759 with Austria; minister of war, 1761.
Index: WM French minister, glad to get rid of Canada, 11.
Cholera Epidemic, 1832 and 1834. P Imported by immigrants, 87;
government blamed for neglect to provide quarantine, 88; committee
formed to inquire into causes, etc., 88-89; one of the grievances in the
Ninety-Two Resolutions, 89. See also Epidemics.
Chouageun. See Oswega.
Chouart dit des Groseilliers, Médard. Born in France about 1621. Came
to Canada, 1642. After serving the Jesuits for some years as a donné,
or lay helper, engaged in the fur trade, and with his brother-in-law
Radisson (q.v.) made extensive explorations in the West and North,
1659-1663. With Radisson afterwards went to England and was instrumental
in establishing the Hudson's Bay Company, and laying the foundations of
its gigantic fur trading monopoly on the shores of Hudson Bay. Bib.:
Dionne, Chouart et Radisson (R. S. C., 1893); Sulte, Radisson in the
North-West (R. S. C., 1904); Sulte, Découverte du Mississippi (R. S.
C., 1903); Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Pathfinders of the
West and Conquest of the Great North-West.
Christian Doctrine, Brothers of the. L Arrival of, in Canada, 125.
Christian Guardian. R Founded at York (Toronto), 1829, 82; Egerton
Ryerson, first editor, 82; exponent of Methodist views on religious,
educational, and political questions, 82-83; its policy, 94-95;
Ryerson's articles in, 96, 97, 98, 100, 109, 110, 134, 137.
Christie, Alexander. MS Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, and later
governor of Assiniboia, 222. Bib.: Ryerson, Story of my Life.
Christie, David (1818-1880). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at
Edinburgh High School. Came to Canada, 1833, and devoted himself to
farming. Took a prominent part in politics as a leader of the Reformers.
Sat for Wentworth in the Legislative Assembly, 1851-1854, and for East
Brant, 1855-1858. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858, and held his
seat until Confederation. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867;
secretary of state, 1873; Speaker of the Senate, 1874-1878.
Administrator of Ontario during the illness of the lieutenant-governor,
1875. Died in Paris, Ontario. Index: B A leader of the Clear Grits, 39.
E Well-known agriculturist, and a leader of the Clear Grits, 110. Bib.:
Dent, Last Forty Years.
Christie, Robert (1788-1856). Born in Nova Scotia. Repeatedly expelled
from the Assembly of Lower Canada; re-elected after the union, and held
his seat until 1854. Contributed to Quebec Gazette and Mercury.
Index: F Papineau causes his expulsion on four occasions from Assembly,
80; his reconciliation with Papineau, 180; Papineau's letters to, 144,
181-182, 191-193. Mc On Union Act, 405. Bib.: History of the Late
Province of Lower Canada, from the Commencement to the Close of its
Existence as a Separate Province. For biog. see Morgan, Cel. Can.
Chronicle. Newspaper, published at Halifax. Index: H Published by Wm.
Annand, 75; Joseph Howe contributes to, 90-93; letters of Howe in, on
Irish question, 75; Jonathan McCully editor, 186; Howe's "Botheration
Scheme" articles, 186; action for libel, 188; opposes Confederation,
189; attacks Howe, 209; Howe's letter to editor of, 210-212.
Chronicle and Gazette. Newspaper published at Kingston. Index: Sy
Praises Sydenham's policy, 351. BL On the debate on responsible
government in the Legislature, 1841, 95; on Draper's speech, 27. Mc
Question of government printing, 103.
Chrystler's Farm. Battle in War of 1812-1814, fought Nov. 11th, 1813.
The scene of the fight was near the head of the Long Sault Rapids, on
the St. Lawrence. Morrison commanded the British troops, about 800 men,
and Boyd the Americans, numbering 1800, increased during the fight to
2400. The Americans were driven off the field. Morrison captured 100 men
and a gun. The American loss was 300 men; and the British, 200 men. See
also War of 1812. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Kingsford,
History of Canada.
Chubb. F Commandant of Fort Pemaquid, fires on Indians while under flag
of truce, 331; killed, 332.
Church. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: BL Quoted on debate on
responsible government in 1841, 90; on Bagot's letter to La Fontaine,
125; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197; on Rebellion Losses Bill,
319-320. B Controversy with the Banner—opposes responsible
government, 6.
Church of England. The first Anglican church in what is now Canada was
built at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1750, when Cornwallis was governor of
the province. The first see was established in 1787. Dr. Charles Inglis
as bishop of Nova Scotia had charge of the whole of British North
America. The first service held in Quebec was in the Ursuline Convent,
September, 1759. The first Anglican bishop of the diocese of Quebec was
Dr. Mountain, appointed in 1793; and in 1839 Dr. John Strachan became
first bishop of Toronto. As population grew, the eastern dioceses were
subdivided into nine. The see of Rupert's Land, founded 1849, was
subsequently divided into Rupert's Land, Moosonee, Saskatchewan,
Calgary, Mackenzie River, Qu'Appelle, Athabaska, Keewatin, and Selkirk.
In 1859 was established the see of British Columbia, divided later into
New Westminster and Caledonia. In 1857 the Church of England Synod was
legally constituted; and after that year bishops were elected by the
votes of clergy and laity in Canada. The first Church Congress was held,
1883. The General Synod of the Church in the Dominion was established,
1893, and the metropolitans of Canada and Rupert's Land were made
archbishops, the first of whom were Dr. J.T. Lewis and Dr. R. Machray.
Index: B And the Family Compact, 11; and the Clergy Reserves, 48-49;
privileges granted under Act of 1791, 51-52; Durham's estimate of
numerical strength, 52-53; recognition of its exclusive claims said by
Durham to have been chief cause of Rebellion, 53; E Its claims to the
Clergy Reserves under the Constitutional Act, 1791, 145, 150 et seq. R
Its relations with mother church in England, 39; advantages in Canada,
39; statistics in Upper Canada, 51. Dr Allowed use of Récollet church at
Montreal, 241; Jesuit church transferred to them, 242; first Anglican
conference and confirmation held in Récollet church at Quebec, 242, 272.
W In New Brunswick, 7. T Controls King's College, 21. Bib.: Hopkins,
Canada: An Ency., vol. 2; Cross, The Anglican Episcopate and the
American Colonies; Anderson, History of Church of England in the
Colonies; Akins, Church of England in North American Colonies;
Taylor, The Last Three Bishops Appointed by the Crown; Lowndes,
Bishops of the Day; Machray, Life of Archbishop Machray; Mockridge,
Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland;
Champion, The Anglican Church in Canada; Wynne, The Church in Greater
Britain.
Churchill, Fort. See Prince of Wales, Fort.
Churchill River. Rises in La Loche Lake, lat. 56° 10' N., long. 109° 40'
W., and after a course of 1000 miles, empties into Hudson Bay. The mouth
of the river was discovered by Munk, a Danish navigator, in 1619, but it
was not until 1774 that its upper waters were discovered by Joseph
Frobisher (q.v.), and explored by Thomas Frobisher and Alexander
Henry, the Elder (q.v.), in 1775. The Churchill was formerly known
under various names: Danish River, in honour of Munk; English River, so
called by Frobisher; and Missinipi, the native name. Bib.: Laut,
Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
Citizen. Newspaper published at Ottawa. Established, 1844. Index: Mc
Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 517; urges monument to, 518.
Civil Law. Dr Importance of the question to the French population, after
1760,10-11; British authorities at Quebec find difficulty in defining,
11; attempt to enforce English law abandoned, 13; Murray establishes
courts, 13; criticisms of the grand jury, 15; confusion of English and
French codes, 40-41; dissatisfaction of the French-speaking inhabitants,
41; Masères suggests four plans to Carleton, 41-42; Maurice Morgan sent
out to study legal situation, 43; Carleton favours the French civil
code, 43; dishonest magistrates and tyrannical bailiffs, 51-54; report
of Committee on Administration of Justice, 1769, 54; Ordinance of 1770,
54; French-Canadians petition for their own laws, 61; French law
established by Quebec Act, 64; discussed in British Parliament, 65-68;
confusion of civil procedure, 225-227. Bib.: Bourinot, Constitutional
History of Canada and How Canada is Governed; Ashley, Earlier
Constitutional History of Canada; Houston, Canadian Constitutional
Documents.
Civil List. Sy Permanent provision for, considered necessary, 120;
Sydenham asks for, 204; possible opposition to, 308. S In Upper Canada,
under Simcoe, 177.
Civil Secretary. Sy Of the governor, large range of duties undertaken
by, in pre-union times, 331.
Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, fourth Earl of
(1800-1870). Ambassador at Madrid, 1833-1839; lord privy seal,
1839-1841; foreign minister, 1853-1858, 1865-1866, and 1868-1870. Index:
Sy Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.
Clark, George Rogers (1752-1818). American frontier leader. Index: Hd
Rebel leader, his cruel treatment of garrison of Vincennes, 168. Bib.:
Campaign in the Illinois; English, Conquest of the Country North-West
of the Ohio.
Clark, Peter. S Commands boat sent to meet Prince Edward, 183.
Clark, Samuel. T Rector of Gagetown, 5.
Clark, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas. Bk Command assigned to, on Niagara
frontier, 206. Hd Death of his wife, 237.
Clark, Sir William Mortimer (1836- ). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland.
Educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen; studied law at the University
of Edinburgh, and admitted a writer to the signet, 1859. Came to
Toronto, 1859; called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Engaged largely in
financial affairs. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1903-1908. Bib.:
Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Clarke, Captain. F Killed at Fort Loyal, two daughters taken to Quebec,
303.
Clarke, Sir Alured (1745-1832). Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada,
1790-1795. Had been governor of Jamaica before coming to Canada; and
after leaving the country, filled several high offices in India, finally
becoming governor-general. Returned to England, 1802, and made
field-marshal, 1830. Index: Dr Appointed lieutenant-governor, 249;
administers government in Carleton's absence, 269; gives names to
counties, 269. S Appointed lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada in
absence of Dorchester, 47; Simcoe's harmonious relations with, 130.
Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.
Clarke, Jonathan. S Teaches school at Fredericksburg and Matilda, 167.
Claus, Colonel. Bk Command assigned to, on Niagara frontier, 206.
Clay, Henry (1777-1852). American statesman and orator. Index: Bk His
confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. Bib.: Works, ed. by
Colton, 1857; new ed., 1898; Schurz, Life of Henry Clay; Cyc. Am.
Biog.
Clayoquot Sound. West coast of Vancouver Island. Index: D Natives of,
attack Tonquin, 1811, and massacre crew, 37.
Clear Grits. B Leaders of the party, 39; origin of name, 40; denounced
by the Globe, 40; platform, 41; significance of movement, 235. C
Clamouring against institutions of Quebec, 25. E Leading members of
party, 110; its platform, 111; George Brown becomes recognized leader,
112; influence of party—defection of Rolph and Cameron, 112; attack
government on account of Gavazzi riots, 125; unite with Conservatives
and Rouges to defeat Hincks government, 127; their strength in 1854,
134; fight for the speakership, 135; obnoxious to French-Canadians, 137;
advocate secularization of Clergy Reserves, 161, 163. BL Beginnings of,
335; their programme, 341; Brown's connection with, 342. Md Struggle
against religious and racial influence, 46; George Brown first opposes
and later becomes leader of, 54. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years;
MacKenzie, George Brown.
Clément, Pierre. Dr On causes of failure of West India Company, 149; on
galley service, 215. Bib.: Histoire de Colbert; Madame de Montespan
et Louis XIV.
Clergy, French-Canadian. Dr Faithful to the British government, 72, 80.
Hd Illiterate but highly respected, 42; receive donations for fire
sufferers, 44; refuse to believe that Canada would ever be ceded to
Britain, 128; Quebec Act and, 174; Haldimand's attitude towards, 180,
181, 182; attempt to get French priests into Seminary, 187; their
interest in establishment of public library, 191; alarmed at large
numbers of Protestant settlers, 264.
Clergy Reserves. Md Question embitters public life of Upper Canada, 13,
28; nature and history of the dispute, 55-62; secularization of, carried
out by MacNab-Morin coalition ministry, 63; Macdonald introduces bill,
Oct. 17, 1854, 65; bill passed by Assembly, November 23, and by
Legislative Council, Dec. 10, 65; provisions of the bill, 65-66. S
Created by Constitutional Act, 12, 156. Dr Created by Constitutional
Act, 267. Sy Designed for support of state church, 77; treatment of, in
Durham's report, 93; conflict over, 238-244; Sydenham's plan for
settlement of questions, 245-246; attitude of Reform party respecting,
246; bill recommended by governor passed and sent home for approval,
248; question settled by Imperial Parliament, 249. BL Set apart by
Constitutional Act, 1791, 42; William Morris's connection with, 83; and
Upper Canada College, 192; and Ryerson, 240; pressing for settlement,
339; secularization of, advocated by Clear Grits, 342; history of
question, 343-349. B Taché advises French-Canadians to oppose
secularization of, 48; history of question, 51-60. R Ryerson enters the
controversy, 19, 26-27; endowment of established church provided for, in
Act of 1791, 34-35; influence of John Strachan, 36-37; dominance of
Church of England party, 38-40; extent and value of the Reserves, 47;
question comes up in Legislature, 47; claims of Church of Scotland,
48-49; petition and claims referred to select committee of British House
of Commons, 1827, 50; Ryerson proposes sale and appropriation of
proceeds to general educational purposes, 115; Sir George Arthur
proposes division among various religious bodies, 119; Ryerson's
attitude towards division, 119-120. E Granted to Protestant clergy by
Constitutional Act, 1791,102; Baldwin's attitude towards, 102-103; La
Fontaine's attitude towards, 102-103; Canadian Legislature receives
power to settle question, 119; settlement delayed, 126, 132;
secularization proposed by Sicotte, 126-127; secularization a condition
of MacNab-Morin coalitions, 140; history of the question, 145-169;
report of select committee, 147; Imperial Act passes, 158-159; its
repeal proposed by Price, 161; value of the Reserves, 161—162;
provincial Legislature given power to vary or repeal Union Act, and to
settle Clergy Reserves, on certain conditions, 167; bill introduced by
John A. Macdonald, finally settling question, 168; terms of bill, 168.
Mc Created by Constitutional Act, 70; details of, 70; Durham on, 71;
Mackenzie's views on, 94-95; grievance report on, 72; Glenelg's
position, 283. Bib.: Lindsey, The Clergy Reserves; Hincks's Letters in
Montreal Herald, December, 1882; Dent, Last Forty Years; Bradshaw,
Self-Government in Canada; Ryerson, Story of my Life; Bethune,
Memoir of Bishop Strachan.
Clermont, Chevalier de. F Killed in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294.
Clermont, College of. L Laval studies at, 21.
Clinton, Sir Henry (1738-1795). Sent to America, 1775; served in the
South, and with Howe at Philadelphia; succeeded him as
commander-in-chief, 1778; Captured Charleston, 1780; succeeded by Sir
Guy Carleton, and returned to England, 1782. Index: S Replaced as
commander-in-chief by Sir Guy Carleton, 39; secures promotion for
Queen's Rangers, 39. Dr Returns to England, 192. Hd In command at New
York, 131; succeeded by Dorchester, 188; his efforts to bring Vermont
back to allegiance to Britain, 199-200; Haldimand's report to, on Ira
Allen's diplomacy, 207; Haldimand's letter to, on the policy of Vermont,
208; and his proposed proclamation to the people of, 211; Haldimand's
letter on crisis in spring of 1782, 212; his list of rebels, 280; his
emoluments in America, 330. Bib.: Works: Narrative of the Campaign in
North America, Rejoinder to Cornwallis's Observations; Observations on
Stedman's American War. For biog. see Dict. Am. Biog.; Cyc. Am.
Biog.
Clitherow, John (1782-1852). Entered army, 1799; lieutenant-colonel,
1812; served in the Egyptian campaign, 1801; the Hanover campaign, 1805;
the Walcheren expedition, 1809, and throughout the Peninsular War.
Appointed major-general, 1830; lieutenant-general, 1841. Adminished the
government of Canada after the death of Sydenham, 1841. Index: Sy Closes
session of 1841, 342; senior military officer at Kingston, 342. Bib.:
Morgan, Cel. Can.
Closse, Major. L His piety, 8.
Cloutier, Zacharie. Ch Joiner, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada,
252.
Club Démocratique. C Their appeal to the public, 26-27.
Cobb, Sylvanus (1709-1762). A native of Plymouth, Mass. Served in the
expedition against Louisbourg, 1745. For some years engaged in the coast
defence of Nova Scotia. Served at the second siege of Louisbourg under
Amherst and Boscawen. Removed to Liverpool, Nova Scotia. Died of the
plague at the siege of Havana, 1762. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova
Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by
Akins.
Cobden, Richard (1804-1865). British statesman. Index: Sy A more
advanced radical than Sydenham, 20. Bib.: Morley, Life of Richard
Cobden; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Cochrane, Thomas (1777-1804). Born in Nova Scotia. A member of the
English bar. Chief-justice of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island,
1801; judge of the King's Bench of Upper Canada, 1804. Drowned in wreck
of the Speedy, while on his way to hold court. Index: Bk Drowned in
foundering of the Speedy, 69. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lives
of the Judges.
Cockburn, James (1819-1883). Born in Berwick-on-Tweed, England. Came to
Canada, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1846. Practised his
profession at Cobourg. Represented West Northumberland in the Assembly,
1861-1867; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 1864-1867. A delegate to
the Quebec Conference. After Confederation sat in the House of Commons
for West Northumberland, 1867-1874, and during that time was Speaker of
the House. Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878, and retained his
seat until 1881, when he retired to accept the chairmanship of the
commission on the consolidation of the statutes of Canada. Index: T
Solicitor-general, West, delegate to Quebec Conference, 76. E Last
Speaker of the House of Commons to exercise privilege of addressing the
governor-general on measures of the session, 1869, 130. Bib.: Taylor,
Brit. Am.; Rattray, The Scot in British North America; Dent, Last
Forty Years.
Cockrel. S Establishes school at Niagara and afterwards at Ancaster,
167.
Coffin, William Foster (1808-1878). Born in Bath, England. Came to
Quebec with his father, an army officer, 1813. Returned to England,
1815, and until 1824 was a student at Eton. Came back to Canada, 1830.
Called to the bar, 1835. Took part in the suppression of the Rebellion
of 1837. Joint sheriff of Montreal, 1840-1851. Appointed commissioner of
ordnance lands, 1856, and one of the Intercolonial Railway
commissioners, 1868. Held many important offices under the government of
Canada and in the militia. Bib.: Works: History of the War of 1812;
Three Chapters on a Triple Project; Thoughts on Defence from a Canadian
Point of View; Quirks of Diplomacy. For biog., see Morgan, Annual
Register, 1878.
Coke, Sir John (1563-1644). Sat in Parliament, 1621-1629; secretary of
State, 1625; a commissioner of the treasury, 1635-1636. Index: Ch
English Commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619-1683). First minister to Louis XIV. Index:
F Creates West India Company, 49; disapproves Frontenac's action in
summoning "three estates," 67; anti-clerical tendencies, 73; Madame
Maintenon's opinion of, 74; advice to Courcelles in relation to
ecclesiastical power, 115; asks for particulars as regards effect of
liquor traffic, 118; speaks of bishop as aiming at too much power, 119;
overthrow of his commercial policy, 151. L Minister of marine and
colonies, not favourable to emigration, 80; enjoins Frontenac to act
with more moderation, 165; prejudiced against clergy, 170; his despatch
on subject of liquor traffic, 170. Bib.: Colby, Canadian Types of the
Old Régime; Chambers, Biog. Dict.
Colebrooke, Sir William Macbean George (1787-1870). After serving in the
army, and as political agent in the East, became lieutenant-governor of
the Bahamas, 1834-1837; governor of the Leeward Islands, 1837; and in
1841 succeeded Sir John Harvey as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick.
Afterwards governor of Barbados and the Windward Islands, 1848-1856.
Index: W Appoints son-in-law as provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 76;
action resented by members of government, 76-80; his unpopularity,
100-101. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Rattray, The Scot
in British North America; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Coles, George (1810-1875). T Delegate to Quebec Conference, 77.
Collins, Francis. Mc Reports legislative debates, 106; publishes
Canadian Freeman in 1825, 111; convicted of libel, 134; fined and
imprisoned, 134. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Collver, Jabez. S Presbyterian minister, the first to come to Upper
Canada, 165.
Colonial Advocate. Newspaper, published by William Lyon Mackenzie.
Index: Mc Newspaper, published at Queenston, May 18, 1824, 85; reviews
condition of provinces, 86, 87; topics discussed in, 94-97; reports
debates, 102, 103; granted a subsidy for printing, 103; moved to York,
January, 1825, 106; House refuses publication of reports in, 108;
destruction of, 113; W.J. Rattray on, 116; defendants made to pay £625
damages, 129; criminal prosecution of, 130; second destruction of, 221;
last issue, November, 1834, 259. BL Its extravagant language, 12;
established by Mackenzie, 13; aids in consolidating Reform party, 13;
its office attacked by Tories, 14-15. R Edited by W. L. Mackenzie, 64,
66; attacks Egerton Ryerson, 98.
Colonial Conference, 1894. Opened at Ottawa, June 28, with Mackenzie
Bowell in the chair. Delegates present from the Imperial government, New
South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, New
Zealand, Cape Colony, and Canada. Resolutions were passed in favour of
an Imperial Customs Union and a Pacific Cable. Conference adjourned,
July 11. See also Imperial Conference. Bib.: Proceedings of the
Colonial Conference, 1894; Ewart, Kingdom of Canada.
Colonial Empire. Newspaper, published at St. John. Index: T Brings
charge against government, 51.
Colonial Gazette. Newspaper, published in London. Index: Sy Publishes
article on Poulett Thomson's mission to Canada, 135-141; not entirely
confident of his success, 140.
Colonist. Newspaper, published in Toronto. Index: B Edited by Samuel
Thompson, 4; George Sheppard, editorial writer on, 135.
Colonization. L Laval's interest in, 77; arrival of colonists from La
Rochelle, 1663-1664, 77; system of apprenticeship, 77-78; Sovereign
Council asks for men from north of France, 78; Bourdon brings out a
ship-load of girls, 79; soldiers of Carignan Regiment come out as
colonists, 79; Talon's immigration policy, 80; Colbert's opposition, 80.
F Cartier's attempts at, 2; settlement at Port Royal, 6-7; at Quebec,
7-8; and the trading Companies, 19, 28; of Montreal, 33-34; marriageable
girls sent out, 57. Ch Character of, in New France, 143-147; by Company
of New France, 168-169. D Impetus to, from western side, 2.
Coltman, W. B. A merchant of Quebec, and lieutenant-colonel in the
militia. Sent by Governor Sherbrooke, 1816, to Red River, to investigate
dispute between the Hudson's Bay and the North West Companies. Index: MS
Sent to Red River to investigate troubles, 195; his report, 196.
Columbia. D Hudson's Bay Company, vessel, 183.
Columbia Fur Company. D Organized, 1822, by recruits from the North West
Company, 134. See also Astor; Astor Fur Company.
Columbia River. Rises in Upper Columbia Lake, lat. 50° 10', long. 115°
50', and flows into Pacific Ocean. Total length about 1150 miles. Its
mouth was discovered by Robert Gray, of Boston, May, 1792, and named by
him after his vessel. It was first reached overland by Lewis and Clark,
in 1805; and first explored throughout its entire length by David
Thompson, of the North West Company, 1807-1811. Its principal branch is
the Kootenay. Index: D Carver's "River of Oregon," 19; Russian colony
projected at, 44; named by Gray, 57; Fraser raised mistaken for, 59;
Lewis and Clark on, 67.
Comfort, Thomas. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 384.
Commerce. Bk In Upper Canada, 50. See also Trade.
Commercial Union. Complete and entire free trade with the United States,
first proposed by Ira Gould, before Montreal Board of Trade, February,
1852. (See Montreal Gazette, Feb. 18-22, 1852.) The question was
repeatedly discussed in succeeding years, down to 1890, in and out of
Parliament, and for a time was adopted by the Liberal party as a trade
policy, but abandoned before they came into power in 1896. Index: Md
Brought forward by Liberals as an alternative to protection, 261-262;
history of the movement, 291-292; the Commercial Union League, 293-298.
See also Unrestricted reciprocity; Reciprocity; Zollvrein. Bib.:
Canadian Emancipation and Commercial Union; Adam, Handbook of
Commercial Union; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal
Party; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Commissariat Department. S Abuses in, 212.
Company of Canada (Merchant Adventurers of Canada). Organized by David
Kirke, and chartered by Charles I, to exploit the fur trade of the St.
Lawrence. The restoration of Canada to France in 1632 brought the
operations of Kirke, Sir William Alexander, and their associates to an
untimely end. Index: Ch Letters patent granted to, 176. Bib.: Douglas,
Old France in the New World; Kirke, The First English Conquest of
Canada.
Company of De Caën. Organized by William de Caën and his nephew Emery,
merchants of Rouen. Monopoly granted the company on usual terms as to
settlement, missionaries, etc., 1621. Absorbed Champlain's Company,
1622, and the united Companies carried on trade until 1633. Index: Ch
Organized, 130-132; rivalry with Company of Rouen, 133-137; amalgamation
of two companies, 136-137. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New
France; Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Company of New France (Compagnie des Cent-Associés). Established, 1627,
by Cardinal Richelieu, on the advice of Isaac de Razilly. A monopoly of
fifteen years was granted, with full ownership of the entire valley of
the St. Lawrence, in return for which the Company was to take out three
hundred colonists every year up to 1643. No serious effort was made to
carry out this obligation, although the Company continued to enjoy its
monopoly until 1663. Index: L Resigns its charter, 41; renders
assistance to missions, 50; succeeded by the West India Company, 145. Ch
Established, 169; list of directors, 170; documents relating to, 171;
sends out four vessels, 172; equips ships to retake Quebec, 213; terms
of grant to, 222; bears expense of Jesuit mission stations, 228;
sincerely interested in conversion of savages and progress of
colonization, 244; special committee for its financial affairs, 244;
appoints Champlain governor, 244. F Created by Cardinal Richelieu, 19;
colonists sent out by, 28; cedes some of its rights to colonists, 36;
new arrangement works badly, 37; surrenders all its powers to the king,
1663, 49; its failure to fulfil its engagements, 55. E Creates
seigniories, 175. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France;
Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Company of Notre Dame de Montreal. L Consecrates the island of Montreal
to the Virgin, 85; makes over its rights to the Seminary of St. Sulpice,
in 1663, 108, 135; its debts discharged by De Belmont, 135.
Company of Rouen and St. Malo (Champlain's Company). Established at the
instance of Champlain, in 1614. The shares were divided among the
merchants of Rouen and St. Malo. The terms of their charter required the
Company to bring out colonists, but as usual they did not take this
obligation very seriously. They did, however, make one notable addition
to the population of New France, for in the spring of 1617 they brought
out Louis Hébert and his family. Hébert's experience as a colonist was
not such as to encourage others to follow his example. The Company's
monopoly was cancelled in 1620. Index: Ch Formed by Champlain, 122; its
chief members, 122; terms of its charter, 122; pays large salary to the
Prince de Condé, 122; Champlain has trouble with 123, 125; the king
intervenes on his behalf, 126; colonists to be brought out, 127-129;
absorbed by Company of De Caën, 130, 137; conflict with new Company,
133-137. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman,
Pioneers of France.
Company of the West Indies (Compagnie des Indes Occidentales). Chartered
by Louis XIV, 1664, following the cancellation of the charter of the
Company of New France. Its field of operations was enormous, covering
the west coast of Africa, the east coast of South America from the
Amazon to the Orinoco, Canada, Acadia, and Newfoundland. The
Christianization of the native tribes was given as the principal object
of the Company, commerce being of only secondary importance. Despite its
many privileges, and the readiness with which its stock was subscribed,
it did not prosper, and by 1672 was hopelessly in debt. Three years
later its charter was revoked, so far as Canada was concerned. Index: L
Resigns its charter, 145. E Creates seigniories, 175. Bib.: Douglas,
Old France in the New World; Parkman, Old Régime.
Condé, Prince Henri de (1588-1646). Ch Licenses three vessels to trade
in St. Lawrence, 78; letter to, in Champlain's Quatrième Voyage, 79;
contributes to building of Récollet Convent, 117; source of trouble to
the colony, 122; incarcerated for conspiracy, 122; released, and
transfers his commission to the Duke of Montmorency, 127. F
Lieutenant-general of New France, 12. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of
France.
Confederation. The first definite step in the movement looking towards
the union of the British North American colonies, was the Charlottetown
Conference, 1864. Delegates from the three Maritime Provinces met to
consider the union of those provinces. At the Conference, delegates from
Canada (constituting what are now the provinces of Ontario and Quebec)
appeared, and urged the broadening of the discussion to cover all the
provinces. Out of this meeting grew the Quebec Conference, of the same
year, attended by delegates from Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland; the two latter subsequently
withdrew from the movement. The Quebec Conference drew up a series of
resolutions, which were made the basis of the final legislation. In 1866
delegates from the provinces met at the Westminster Hotel in London, and
framed the British North America Act. The Act was passed by the Imperial
Parliament, and received the queen's assent, March, 1867. It was
proclaimed throughout the new Dominion of Canada, July 1, 1867. Manitoba
was created a province, July 15, 1870. British Columbia joined the
union, July 20, 1871; and Prince Edward Island, July 1, 1873. The
provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created Sept. 1, 1905. Index:
Mc Mackenzie advocates, 104-105; Robinson reports on, 105. T History of,
59-71, 73-87; defeated in New Brunswick, 89-110; accepted by New
Brunswick, 111-125; completion of, 127-132. Md History of the movement,
93; outlined by Durham, 93-95; principle adopted by British American
League, 95; and by Legislature of Nova Scotia, 95; advocated by Howe and
Haliburton, 96; in speech from throne, 1858, 96; Galt's speech, 96;
Cartier, Galt, and Rose confer with Imperial government, 96-97; growth
of the movement, 97-100; attitude of Macdonald and George Brown,
100-103; the Charlottetown Conference, 104; Quebec Conference, 104-114;
legislative versus federal union, 106-110; resolution of Quebec
Conference debated in Parliament, 118-119; passed by Assembly, 120;
mission sent to England to confer with home government on this and other
questions, 120-121; Imperial government strongly in favour of, 121;
supported by Brown in Globe, 123; Monck's impatience over delays,
123-124; Macdonald's reply, 124; Westminster Conference, 125-127;
British North America Act passed and receives royal assent, 127;
Macdonald's letter to Lord Knutsford, 128-129; opposition to
Confederation, 129; negotiations with Newfoundland, 146-147; and Prince
Edward Island, 147-149; and British Columbia, 149-150. Sy Favoured at
first by Lord Durham, afterwards deemed impracticable, 120. H J. W.
Johnstone's speech in favour of, 174; Joseph Howe's attitude towards,
180-182, 185, 186; opposition to, 186-192; abandons opposition, 214-216;
advocated by Sir Charles Tupper, 186-189; opposed by Halifax
Chronicle, 189. C Cartier's connection with, 55-65; Cartier insists on
federal principle, 57-58; Macdonald favours legislative union, 57;
Canadian constitution compared with that of the United States, 58-61;
weak points of the former, 61-62; its advantages, 62-63; opposed in
Quebec, 63-64. E Only feasible solution of difficulties arising out of
Union Act, 118. B Ardently championed by George Brown, x, xi; indirectly
promoted by United States Civil War, xi; the British American League
advocates, 38; McGee on, 129-130; founders of movement, 129; George
Brown and, 130-132, 137-138, 139; Reform Conventions of 1857 and 1859
discuss question, 131, 135-138, 208, 217; Galt advocates federal union,
132-133; step towards, 133; question of defence one of forces tending
towards, 142; events leading up to, 147-161; the Quebec Conference,
163-166; approval of British government, 167; the debate in Parliament,
169-179, 181-185; Quebec Resolutions passed, 185; the mission to
England, 186; the question in the Maritime Provinces, 187-188; attitude
of Brown and the Reform party, 199-210; first and greatest step in
process of expansion, 264. BL The Toronto Church proposes federal
union of all British North American provinces, 125. P Papineau's
opposition to, 199. See also Charlottetown Conference; Quebec
Conference; Westminster Conference; Macdonald; Tupper; Brown; Howe;
Cartier. Bib.: Whelan, Union of the British Provinces; Cauchon, Union
of British North American Provinces; Howe, Organization of the
Empire; McGee, Two Speeches on Union of the Provinces; Hamilton,
Union of the Colonies of British North America; Pope, Confederation
Documents; Rawlings, Confederation of the British North American
Provinces; Parliamentary Debates on Confederation, 1865; Bourinot,
Constitutional History of Canada. References to pamphlet and other
material on this subject will be found in Johnson, First Things in
Canada.
Congrégation de Notre Dame. F Montreal, established, 29.
Congress, United States. Dr Address of, to French-Canadians, 71, 77;
action of, at Philadelphia, 77; sends commission to inquire into
military situation of Canada, 135; its action in the Asgill case, 199.
Hd Meets at Concord, 102; rumour of French and Spanish treaty with, 124;
its designs against Canada, 129, 130, 132, 319; its attitude towards
Vermont, 198, 199, 201-209, 211, 214-216; defeat of its troops
celebrated in Quebec, 223; its interests, and that of army opposed,
225; passes laws against Loyalists, 252; sends ambassador to Canada,
259; slow to fulfil treaty, 260; addresses Canadians, 276.
Conkling, Senator Roscoe (1829-1888). American statesman. Index: B
Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231.
Connecticut. F Takes part in expedition against Montreal, 279.
Connell, Charles. T Resigns as postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 49-51;
runs for Carleton County in Confederation interest, 89; member of
Mitchell government, 105; elected for Carleton County, 107.
Connolly, William. MS Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, 1825, 224; his
family, 224. D Succeeds Stuart in New Caledonia, 1824, 99; his native
wife, and family, 99.
Conolly, William. Dr Of Stratton Hall, Staffordshire; member of
Parliament and privy councillor, 30; his powerful influence exerted on
behalf of Guy Carleton and his brother, 30; Wolfe alludes to his death,
1754, as "a deadly blow to the Carletons," 30.
Connor, George Skeffington. Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity
College, Dublin. Came to Canada, 1832, with William Hume Blake. Settled
on a farm near Lake Simcoe. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1842. Sat
in the Assembly as a Reformer, 1859-1862; judge of the Court of Queen's
Bench, 1863. Died in Toronto, 1863. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.
Conseil Souverain. See Sovereign Council.
Conservative Party. B Organized by Sir John A. Macdonald, out of old
Tory party, 69; its debt to Canada First Association, 241. Bib.: Pope,
Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Dent, Last Forty Years.
Constitution. Mc Newspaper, Mackenzie starts, 320; destroyed by mob,
321; draft constitution of provisional government published in, 356.
Constitutional Act, 1791. The Act was designed to harmonize the
conflicting interests of French and English by dividing Quebec into two
provinces,—Upper and Lower Canada,—thereby giving to each a larger
control of its own local affairs. It established in each province a
Legislative Council, appointed by the crown for life, and a Legislative
Assembly, elected by the people. See other constitutional acts: Quebec
Act, 1774; Union Act, 1840; British North America Act, 1867. Index: E
Racial and political difficulties arising out of, 17, 18; Clergy
Reserves granted by, 102, 119, 145, 150, 151, 158. C Its weak points, 6;
constitution suspended after Rebellion of 1837, 11; its faults exposed
by Durham, 12-13. B Clergy Reserves originate in, 51, 52. Sy A fatal
compromise, 68; meant to confer privileges of British constitution, 73;
its actual operation, 74-84; greatly increases power of French majority
in Lower Canada, 72, 80. S Introduction of, 1; discussion of, 5-9;
passed, 10; provisions of, 10-12; its far-reaching effects, 13; put in
force by proclamation, 48. R Its terms and how they were applied, 29-35;
Clergy Reserves, 46-47; Ryerson's interpretation of, on question of
established church, 78; its effect on religious questions, 103. BL Its
terms, 6-7; Pitt and Burke on, 6; Grenville on, 7; Simcoe on, 7; its
results, 8; intended to obviate racial conflict, 8; makes landed
provision for Church of England, 42, 343-344. P Divides Canada into two
provinces, 21; its shortcomings, 21-23; abuse of personal power under,
24; constitution suspended, 25; suspension recommended by Sir James
Craig, 29; Papineau's eulogy of, in 1820, 34-38. Mc Its objects, 48, 49;
debate on the bill, 49, 50; handiwork of Pitt, 51; germ of the federal
system, 51; divided Canada into two provinces, 52; created Legislative
Assembly, 52; created Legislative Council, 52; created Executive
Council, 53; General Simcoe on, 54; Goldwin Smith on, 54; Durham's
commentary on, 53, 56; recommends revision of, 57; provisions creating
Clergy Reserves, 70; effect on parliamentary rule summarized, 71, 72;
Mackenzie declares war against, 72; silent on question of executive
responsibility, 80; evils of system of government summarized, 73-75;
Durham on evils of, 76, 77. Bib.: Bourinot, Parliamentary Procedure and
Government and Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada;
Houston, Canadian Constitutional Documents; Dominion Archives Report,
1890; Watson, Constitutional History of Canada; Durham, Report;
Bradshaw, Self-Government in Canada; Egerton and Grant, Selected
Speeches and Despatches relating to Canadian Constitutional History;
Kingsford, History of Canada; Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional
Documents of Canada.
Constitutional Associations. Sy Of Quebec and Montreal, their aims, 112;
send delegations to Upper Canada and to England to urge union of the
provinces, 112.
Constitutional Reform Society. BL Organized in Upper Canada, July 16,
1836. Dr William Baldwin, president, Francis Hincks, secretary, 42; its
programme, 42.
Cook, Dr. Henry. T Tilley in his service, 7.
Cook, Captain James (1728-1779). Served in Canada during siege of
Quebec, 1759. Discovered New Zealand, 1769, and New South Wales, 1770.
In his famous voyage of 1776-1778, explored the north-west coast of
America. Returning the following year, murdered by the natives of
Owhyhee or Hawaii, in the Sandwich Islands. Index: D At Nootka, 14;
motive of his voyage to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and
endurance, 19; search for North-West passage, 19; his voyage of 1778,
20; refits his ship at Nootka, 20; names the Sound, 20; denies existence
of Fonte's and De Fuca's channels, 21; discovers and names Prince
William's Sound and Cook's Inlet, 21; visits Unalaska, 21; sails through
and names Bering Strait, 21; reaches the Arctic, 21; killed by natives,
at Sandwich Islands, Feb. 14, 1779, 21; his narrative published, 1784,
21. Bib.: Voyage to the Pacific Ocean. For biog., see Besant,
Captain Cook; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Cook River. D Named by Captain Cook, 21; Captain Douglas there in 1788,
27, 28.
Coote's Paradise. Bk Early name of Hamilton, 52. See also Hamilton.
Copenhagen, Battle of (1801). Bk Description of, 25-31; bombardment of,
and capture of Danish fleet, 106.
Coppermine River. Rises in a small lake, a little west of long. 110°,
and south of lat. 66°, and after a course of 525 miles flows into
Coronation Gulf, on the Arctic coast of Canada. It was discovered by
Samuel Hearne, 1771; and subsequently visited by Sir John Franklin,
1821; Sir John Richardson, 1848; and later travellers. Index: D
Discovered by Hearne, 51. MS Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31. See
Hearne. Bib.: Hearne, Journey from Prince of Wales Fort to the Frozen
Ocean; Franklin, Journey to the Polar Sea; Richardson, Arctic
Searching Expedition.
Coquart, Claude-Godefroy. Jesuit missionary. Accompanied La Vérendrye on
his Western explorations, 1741, but got no farther than Michilimackinac.
His letter, quoted by Margry, throws an interesting light on La
Vérendrye's explorations.
Coram, Joseph. T Runs for St. John County as Anti-Confederate, 85; a
leading Orangeman, 86; defeated in St. John County, 109.
Corbière, Captain. WM Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.
Corlaer. See Schenectady. Index: F Indian name for governors of New
York, 253.
Corn Laws. Sy Their repeal advocated by Poulett Thomson, 37, 40, 52. B
Their effect on Canadian industries, 15, 31, 32.
Cornwall Canal. BL Construction of, provided for by government in 1841,
98. Bib.: Keefer, Canals of Canada (R. S. C., 1893); Mme. L. N.
Rhéaume, Origin of Cornwall and Williamsburg Canal (Women's Can. Hist.
Soc. of Ottawa, Trans.).
Cornwallis, Charles, first Marquis (1738-1805). Served in American
Revolutionary War; won victory at Camden over Gates, 1780, and in 1781
defeated Greene at Guildford. In 1781 hemmed in at Yorktown between the
American army and the French fleet, and forced to surrender.
Governor-general and commander-in-chief of Bengal, 1786-1793.
Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1798; British plenipotentiary to negotiate
peace of Amiens, 1801. Five years later again returned to India as
governor-general, and died at Ghazeepore. Index: Bk British
plenipotentiary in negotiating peace of Amiens, 30. Dr Surrender at
Yorktown, 191. Hd His capitulation, 211-212, 297. Bib.: Cornwallis,
Despatches; Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers; Dict. Nat. Biog.;
Johnston, Yorktown Campaign; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Cornwallis, Edward. Born, 1812. Member of the British House of Commons
for Eyre, 1749. Appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 1749. Sailed from
England with 2576 emigrants and on July 2, 1749, reached the harbour of
Chebucto, the site of the present city of Halifax. His administration
marked by energetic measures against the discontented Acadians. Returned
to England, 1752. Elected to the House of Commons for Westminster, 1753;
major-general, 1759; subsequently governor of Gibraltar. Bib.: Campbell,
History of Nova Scotia; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Selections
from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Corpo, Father. L Dies a martyr, 62.
Correspondent and Advocate. Newspaper. Index: Mc Newspaper, published by
Dr. O'Grady, 259.
Corrupt Practices. BL Bill in reference to, introduced, 99; excites
great public attention, 99; passed by Assembly, but rejected by
Legislative Council, 100.
Corvée. Hd Ancient French custom, 122; used in transporting provisions
to upper posts, 140; complaint against Haldimand's use of, 182, 291;
MacLean asks for decrease of, 306.
Cosmos, Amor de. D Editor of British Colonist, 271; bitter opponent of
Sir James Douglas, 306-307; his character, 306; his tribute to Douglas,
307-308; advocates union of colonies, 308. Bib.: Begg, History of
British Columbia.
Costa, Francis. S Naval officer, Upper Canada, 178.
Costigan, John, (1835- ). Represented Victoria in New Brunswick
Legislature, 1861-1866; elected to Dominion House of Commons, 1867;
interested himself in questions of Roman Catholic schools of New
Brunswick, and Irish home-rule. Minister of inland revenue, 1882;
secretary of state, 1892; minister of marine and fisheries, 1894. Index:
C Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools,
73, 77; demands amendment of constitution to secure separate schools for
New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian
Who's Who.
Côte Ste. Geneviève. WM Slope to the north of Plains of Abraham, 186,
252.
Côteau du Lac. Hd Canal at, 185.
Coton, Father. Ch Jesuit provincial, accepts proposals of Récollets,
151.
Couillard, Guillaume. Ch Early settler, 145.
Couillard, Henry. Ch Captain of the Don de Dieu, 39.
Couillard, Jacques. Ch An interpreter, 144.
Council. See Legislative Council; Executive Council; Sovereign
Council.
Council of Assiniboia. Appointed by the Hudson's Bay Company, for the
government of the colonists in their territory. The first meeting was
held Feb. 12, 1835, with Sir George Simpson as president. Bishop Taché,
Alexander Christie, Alexander Ross, Cuthbert Ross, and ten others formed
the Council. The Council, among other useful work, organized a volunteer
corps for defensive and police purposes; divided the settlements into
four districts with a magistrate for each; and made provision for a
public building. Index: MS Established by Hudson's Bay Company, 223; its
character, 223; Simpson head of, 244. Bib.: Begg, History of the
North-West; Bryce, Manitoba; Hargrave, Red River; Ross, Red River
Settlement.
County Courts. Sy Act passed establishing, 339.
Courcelles, Daniel de Rémy, Sieur de. Governor of Canada, 1665-1672. His
tenure of office marked by an unsuccessful expedition against the
Iroquois, and a long and acrimonious dispute with Laval and the Jesuits.
The Marquis de Tracy was viceroy over all the French possessions in
America during a portion of the governorship of De Courcelles; and Talon
was twice intendant of New France during the same period. Index: F
Governor of Canada, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; moves against Iroquois,
52; character, 54; expedition to Cataraqui, 59; recalled, 60. L
Appointed governor, 51; stands godfather to converted Iroquois chief,
65; arrival of, 79; his high character, 81; executes justice on certain
murderers, 82, 83; leads expedition as far as Cataraqui, 83; plans
erection of a fort at that point, 84; returns to France, 143. Bib.:
Douglas, Old France in the New World; Parkman, Old Régime; Sulte,
Régiment de Carignan (R.S.C., 1902).
Coureurs de bois. WM Described, 17, 18; furnished recruits to militia,
31; summoned to defend the hornwork, 206. Hd Stir up Indians against
British, 55. F Created by policy of trading companies, 37; two classes
of, 88; Frontenac instructed to repress, 89; twelve captured, 99; one
hanged, 100; king's decision respecting, 125; difficulty in enforcing
the law, 127; amnesty granted on certain conditions, 127; punishments
prescribed for offenders, 128. L Mentioned, 158; decree against, 159. D
Their character, 52. Bib.: See General Index, R. S. C.; Bancroft,
History of the North-West Coast; Parkman, Old Régime.
Courier. Newspaper published at Brantford. Established, 1834. Index: Mc
Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 515.
Courier, Upper Canada. Mc Publishes doggerel abuse of Assembly, 165.
Courtemanche, De. F Sent to Michilimackinac, 310. WM Goes to island of
Orleans to prepare ambuscade, 90; slight success of, 92.
Courts of Justice. Dr Established, 13; not satisfactory to Canadians,
41; reform of, 54.
Courval, De. WM Directs movements of fire rafts, 130.
Couture, Guillaume. Born in Normandy, 1608. Came to Canada, 1640. Two
years later, on his way to the Huron country with Father Jogues
(q.v.), they were captured by the Iroquois, and carried off to their
villages, where they were tortured. Couture escaped a worse fate by
being adopted into an Iroquois family. In 1661 accompanied Fathers
Dablon and Drouillette (q.v.) on an expedition towards Hudson Bay.
Threatened by an Iroquois war-party, however, they got no farther than
Lake Necouba, and retreated down the Saguenay to Tadoussac. Bib.:
Parkman, Old Régime.
Cowlitz. D Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.
Cox, Ross. Went to Astoria on the Beaver in 1811-1812 as an employee
of the Pacific Fur Company. When Astoria was transferred to the North
West Company, joined that Company. Spent five years on the Columbia, and
returned to the East overland. His narrative formed one of the principal
sources of Irving's Astoria, and is a valuable account of the fur
trade on the Pacific coast. Bib.: Adventures on the Columbia River.
For biog., see Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
Craig, Sir James (1748-1812). Distinguished himself at Lexington and
Bunker Hill, in American Revolutionary War. Appointed governor of
Jersey, 1793; and governor of the Cape, 1795. Sent to India two years
later; and in 1807 governor-general of Canada, retiring in 1811. Index:
PGovernor-general of Canada, 27; his prejudice against French-Canadians,
28; suppresses Le Canadien, and sends its contributors to jail, 28-29;
advises that bishop of Quebec be deprived of appointment of parish
priests, suspension of constitution of 1791, union of Upper and Lower
Canada, and confiscation of Sulpicians' estates, 29, 159; his
administration, 30-31. Bk Governor-general and commander-in-chief, 90,
91; distrusts French-Canadians, 91; changes name "Brock's battery" to
"King's battery," 94; his hesitation as to issuing arms to
French-Canadian militia, 102, 103; gives his reasons, 103; his speech at
opening of Legislature conciliatory, 104; cancels commissions of
Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. Panet and others, 105; dissolves Assembly, 116;
popular with the Anti-Canadian party, 116; calls for reinforcements,
118; uses military labour in road making, 125; dissolves the Assembly,
127; seizes Canadien newspaper and arrests its proprietors, 127; makes
other arrests in Montreal district, 128; his proclamation defending
British government, 128; sends Ryland to London, 129; expresses very
unfavourable opinion of French-Canadians, 129; praises Legislative
Council, 130; releases Bédard, 145; breakdown of his health, 147, 155;
gives his favourite horse "Alfred" to Brock, 156; leaves Canada, 156;
appearance and character, 156. E His shortcomings as a colonial
governor, 1, 19. BL His "blundering patriotism" as governor, 17. Bib.:
Rattray, The Scot in British North America; Dict. Eng. Hist.; Dict.
Nat. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Cramahé, Hector Theophilus. Dr Member of Council, sent by Murray on
mission to England, 16; replaces Carleton during his absence from
Canada, 59; declines to decide question of an Assembly, 61;
lieutenant-governor under Carleton, and member of Council, 90; refuses
to receive Arnold's summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; his fear of
traitors within the walls, 114; improves fortifications, 117; his
careful administration during Carleton's absence, 159. Hd Haldimand
solicits good offices of, 111; entertainment given by, 224; personal
relations with Haldimand, 313. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada.
Cramoisy, Sebastien. Ch One of the Hundred Associates (Company of New
France), 171.
Crane, William. W Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick
grievances, 41, 45; again sent to England by Assembly, 46; appointed to
Council, 69; resigns, 72.
Crawford, Isabella Valancy (1851-1887). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada
at age of five. Lived at Peterborough, Ontario. Collected volume of her
Poems published, 1905, with biographical and critical introduction by
Ethelwyn Wetherald.
Crawford, John Willoughby (1817-1875). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada,
1824; studied law and called to the bar, 1824. Sat in the Legislative
Assembly for East Toronto, 1861-1863; represented South Leeds in the
House of Commons, 1867-1873; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1873-1875.
Died at Government House, Toronto. Index: B Defeats George Brown in East
Toronto, 1861, 141. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.
Crawford, Colonel. Hd Leader in attack on Moravian Indians, 171.
Crawley, Edmund Albern (1799-1880). Graduated from King's College,
Windsor; studied law under James W. Johnstone, and called to the bar,
1882. One of the leaders of the Baptist Church in Nova Scotia; entered
the ministry; and became the principal founder of Acadia College. Index:
H Halifax lawyer—becomes a Baptist and enters ministry, 77; Dalhousie
College refuses to appoint him to professorship, 81. Bib.: Dent, Can.
Por.; Hill, Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the
Maritime Provinces of Canada.
Credit River. Rises in Caledon Mountains, and enters Lake Ontario,
fourteen miles west of Toronto. Index: Bk Tract of land on, purchased by
Lieutenant-Governor Hunter from Indians, 65. See also Ryerson.
Cree Indians. An important Algonquian tribe, formerly ranging throughout
what are now the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and
north-eastwards to Hudson Bay. First mentioned in Jesuit Relations,
1640, 1661, and 1667, and in the early journals of the Hudson's Bay
Company. They formed an alliance with the Assiniboines, formerly of
Siouan stock, and carried their raids against hostile tribes westwards
to the Rocky Mountains, and north to the Mackenzie River. In 1776 they
numbered about 15,000, but were reduced by smallpox in 1786, and again
in 1838. By the end of the nineteenth century they had again regained
their former numbers. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians;
Harmon, Journal; Mackenzie, Voyages.
Creek Indians. A confederacy of the Muskhogean family. Known to the
English as occupying what are now the states of Alabama and Florida.
First visited by the Spaniards, under De Soto, in 1540. As a result of
the Creek War, in 1813-1814, they were removed by the American
government to Indian Territory, between 1835 and 1840. Index: Hd War
with, 69; character of, 70; their raids in Georgia, 91; Gage's opinion
of, 98. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.
Creighton, John (1794-1878). Born in Nova Scotia. Called to the bar,
1816, and created Q. C. by royal warrant, 1845. Sat in the Legislative
Assembly of Nova Scotia, 1830-1850. Called to the Legislative Council,
1859, and elected Speaker, 1875.
Crémazie, Octave (1827-1879). His life a peculiarly sad one. Having made
a failure of his business as a bookseller in Quebec, went to France, and
died there in poverty. One of the founders of the Institut Canadien of
Quebec; and contributed for some years to the Soirées Canadiennes and
other periodicals. His poetical works published, 1882, under the
patronage of the Institut Canadien, with an introduction by Abbé
Casgrain. Bib.: [OE]uvres Complètes, Montreal, 1882. For biog., see
Casgrain, Biog.; Gagnon, Quelques Notes sur O. Crémazie in Revue
Canadienne, vol. 49; also articles in same review by Abbé Casgrain
(vol. 31); and by Abbé Degagné (vol. 30).
Crillon, Count Edward de. Bk His connection with the John Henry letters,
186, 187; discovered to be an impostor, 188.
Criminal Law of England. Dr Established by Quebec Act, 64. BL Amendments
of 1841 to reduce its severity, 99.
Crisacy, Marquis Antoine de. F Conducts expedition for restoration of
Fort Frontenac, 341.
Crooks, Adam (1827-1885). Son of James Crooks; born at West Flamboro,
Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto.
Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1851. Contested West Toronto for the
Assembly, 1867, but defeated; elected, 1871; defeated in East Toronto,
1875, but shortly afterwards elected for South Oxford. Attorney-general,
1871-1872; provincial treasurer, 1872-1877, to which was added in 1876
the portfolio of education; minister of education, 1877-1883. Retired on
account of ill-health. Died in Hartford, Conn. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.;
Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.
Crooks, James (1778-1860). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1794, and
settled at Niagara. Engaged in mercantile life. Commanded a company of
militia during the War of 1812-1814. Shortly after the close of the war
removed to West Flamboro. Helped in the suppression of the Rebellion of
1837. For twenty-five years a member of the Legislative Councils of
Upper Canada and Canada. Died in West Flamboro. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.
and Last Forty Years.
Crosby, Thomas. D Methodist missionary—arrives, 1862, 270; opens school
at Nanaimo, 1863, 270; removes to Port Simpson, 1876, 270.
Crown Point. West side of Lake Champlain. Fort Frédéric was built here
in 1731; rebuilt, 1734; and strengthened, 1742. It was blown up by
Bourlamaque, 1759, to prevent its falling into the hands of the British;
and the same year Amherst built a fort about two hundred yards west of
the site of Fort Frédéric. This fort was captured, 1775, by Ethan
Allen's men; recaptured by Carleton the following year. Under the terms
of the treaty of Paris, 1783, Crown Point became American territory.
See Arnold; Allen; Abercrombie; Montgomery. Index: Dr Seized by
Americans, 82; Arnold in his retreat burns houses at, 156. Hd Haldimand
commands battalion of Abercrombie's expedition by way of, 17; fort built
by Amherst at, 28; Haldimand asks that pay be allowed for, 90; vessels
cruise up the lake to, 125; settlements near, to be destroyed, 137; St.
Leger sent to occupy, 211. Bib.: Crockett, History of Lake Champlain;
Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Parkman, Montcalm and
Wolfe.
Crow's Nest Pass. Discovered in the latter sixties by a trapper, Michael
Phillips, formerly in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. The pass
took its name from Crow's Nest Mountain, which is named Loge des
Corbeaux on one of the maps accompanying Palliser's Report, 1859. The
original Cree name, of which these are translations, is
Kah-ka-ioo-wut-tshis-tun. Bib.: Dawson, Crow's Nest Pass (Geol.
Survey, 1885); McTavish, The Climb of Crow's Nest Mountain in
Canadian Alpine Journal, 1907.
Cudlip, John W. T Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 85;
defeated in St. John County, 109.
Cumberland, Richard (1732-1811). English dramatist. Index: Hd Asked to
select books for the Quebec library, 191. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of (1721-1765). Second son of George
II. Commanded British armies in Flanders and Hanover. Index: Hd
Interested in raising Swiss and German regiment in America, 9.
Cumberland House. Hudson's Bay Company post. Index: MS Built by Samuel
Hearne, on Pine Island Lake, or Sturgeon Lake, in 1774, 4; rival
establishment of Montreal traders, 4.
Cunard, Sir Samuel (1787-1865). Born in Halifax. His practical training
fitted him for the important rôle he was to fill in the evolution of
ocean shipping. Watched closely the early attempts to cross the Atlantic
by steam, and when in 1838 the British government invited tenders for
carrying the mails between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston, immediately
sailed for England and laid before the Admiralty his carefully-matured
plans for a line of steamships. Succeeded in enlisting the support of
several big shipping firms in England, and had no difficulty in securing
the contract. So originated the Cunard company, which from an initial
fleet of four vessels of 1200 tons each and 440 horse-power has grown to
its present gigantic proportions. Was one of the owners of the Royal
William (q.v.). Made a baronet, 1859. Index: H Establishes steamship
line between Halifax and Great Britain, 234; makes New York western
terminal of his line, 234. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Johnson, First
Things in Canada, under Steam Communication.
Cuoq, Jean-André (1821-1901). Entered the Sulpician order in 1843, and
came to Canada two years later. Devoted his life to a minute study of
the languages of the Algonquian and Iroquois tribes, and became one of
the leading authorities on the subject. Bib.: Works; Jugement Erroné de
M. Ernest Renan sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de l'Amérique; Livre des
Sept Nations; Etudes Philolgiques sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de
l'Amérique; Lexique de la Langue Iroquoise; Lexique de la Langue
Algonquine, Anotc-Kekon. For biog., see Trans. R. S. C., 1902, I,
127-128; Morgan, Can. Men.
Curacies, permanent (curés fixes). F Question of, 165, 190.
Currency. The British authorities passed an ordinance in 1764 by which
the French Louis d'or and crown were kept in circulation. First step for
a revision of the currency was taken, 1795, when an Act was passed
fixing standard of values. So-called "army bills" were issued and used
between 1812 and 1820. In 1871 an Act was passed by the Dominion
Parliament establishing a uniform currency. Index: E Decimal system
introduced by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86, L In New France, 123.
S Act respecting, in Upper Canada, 94-95; insufficient supply of, a
great drawback, 111. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada; Weir,
Sixty Years in Canada.
Curry, Thomas. One of the first fur traders from Montreal to reach the
Saskatchewan, about 1771. Preceded by James Finlay (q.v.). Index: MS
Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. Bib.: Mackenzie, General
History of the Fur Trade in his Voyages to the Frozen and Pacific
Oceans; Burpee, Hendry's Journal (R. S. C., 1907); Cocking's
Journal (R. S. C., 1908).
Customs. S Arrangement with Lower Canada respecting revenue of, 93. W
Maintained in New Brunswick by British government, 16; changes in
system, 16-18.
Cuthbert, James Ross. Bk Of Berthier, forms a volunteer company, from
inhabitants of his seigniory, 95; an intimate friend of Brock, 95; his
zeal appreciated by Sir James Craig, 96. Sy Member of Special Council,
opposes union of the Canadas, 193. BL Supports Papineau and popular
party, 20. P Seignior of Berthier—supports Papineau in his opposition
to proposed union of the Canadas in 1822, 46. Bib.: Christie, History
of Lower Canada.
Cuvillier, Augustin. Entered public life in 1815 as member for
Huntingdon, which he represented almost continuously up to 1844. Speaker
of Assembly, 1841-1844. Died, 1849. Index: BL Nominated by Reformers as
Speaker of Legislature, 1841, 86; member for Huntingdon, 86; his
political views, 86; carries petition to Imperial government, 86; votes
against "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 86; government inclined to accept his
nomination, but tactics of Reformers make this impossible, 87; elected
Speaker, 88. P Delegate to England to present grievances of
French-Canadians, 63; withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his
seat in Assembly, 102. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.
Dablon, Claude (1619-1697). Born at Dieppe. Educated at Paris and La
Flèche; joined Canadian mission, 1655; accompanied Chaumonot to Onondaga
territory, where he remained for three years; then returned to Quebec
and remained till 1661, when sent on a mission to Cree tribes in
district of Hudson Bay. In 1668 went with Marquette to Algonquian tribes
of Lake Superior. In 1770 named superior of Canadian missions and rector
of College at Quebec, but did not reach the St. Lawrence till following
year; held these positions until August, 1680, and from October, 1686,
to 1693. Edited the Relations of 1671 and 1672 and compiled others
relating to 1673-1679. Died at Quebec. Index: L One of the founders of
the mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; dies of plague, 62; accompanies
mission to Gannentaha, 65; describes Laval's visit to Prairie de la
Madeleine, 74; quoted as to extent of Jesuit missions, 103; laments
absence of Laval, 140. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites;
Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America.
Dablon, Simon. Ch Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168.
Dacre, Lieutenant. Dr Sailing-master on Carleton's ship, 154.
Daine. WM Lieutenant-general of police and mayor of Quebec. Signs
petition to De Ramezay for capitulation, 224.
Dalhousie, George Ramsay, ninth Earl of (1770-1838). A Scottish peer.
Entered the army at an early age and saw service in various parts of the
world. From 1812 to 1814 commanded the 7th division of the British army
in France and Spain. Received the thanks of Parliament for his services
at Waterloo. Raised to the peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron
Ramsay. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1816. In 1819
appointed governor-general and commander-in-chief of British North
America. Served in this capacity for nine years. From 1829 to 1832
commander-in-chief in the East Indies. Index: P Influence did not extend
beyond Quebec, 1; his arrival as governor, 1820, 33; conflict with
Papineau, 34, 61; his harsh policy towards French-Canadians, 39; his
character, 41; founds Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 41;
erects monument to Wolfe and Montcalm, 41; sides with Council against
Assembly, 42; promises remedy for abuses, 43; interview with Papineau,
58; refuses to confirm election of Papineau as Speaker and dissolves
Parliament, 61; his speech to Assembly, 61-62; recalled, 64, 70. BL
Governor-general, 1820, 19; a "disciplinarian devoid of diplomacy," 19;
leaves Canada, 20. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Rattray, The
Scot in British North America; Dict. Eng. Hist.; Campbell, History
of Nova Scotia.
Dalhousie College. Located at Halifax. Founded by George Ramsay, ninth
Earl of Dalhousie, 1818. Original endowment derived from funds collected
at the port of Castine, Maine, during its occupation, 1814, by Sir John
Sherbrooke, then lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Act of
Incorporation passed, 1821. First president elected and classes opened,
1838. University powers conferred, 1841. College closed for some years,
owing to lack of funds for its support. Reorganized, 1863. Index: H
Founded by the "Castine Fund," 81; taken possession of by Presbyterians,
81. Bib.: Hopkins, Canada: An Ency., vol. 3.
Dallas, A. J. Born in Scotland. Engaged for some years in the China
trade. Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company; chief factor at Fort
Victoria, Vancouver Island; succeeded Sir George Simpson as governor of
Rupert's Land, 1862. Index: D Marries daughter of Sir James Douglas,
103; governor Hudson's Bay Company, at Winnipeg, 103; president of
Victoria board of management, 265; moved to Rupert's Land, 265. Bib.:
Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
Dallet. L Sulpician, arrival of, 105.
Dalling and Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron (1801-1872).
British diplomatist. Index: Mc On the power of agitation, 16. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.
Dalling's Light Infantry. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 259.
Dalquier, Colonel. WM Of Béarn regiment, 209; in battle of Ste. Foy,
259, 261, 262.
Daly, Sir Dominick (1798-1868). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1825;
provincial secretary for Lower Canada, 1827-1840; provincial secretary
of Canada, 1841-1848. Left Canada, and appointed by the Imperial
government lieutenant-governor of Tobago, 1851-1854. Afterwards
lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1854-1859; and governor of
South Australia, 1861-1868. Index: Sy Provincial secretary for Lower
Canada, 283. BL Provincial secretary for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; his
character, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 79; retains office under La
Fontaine-Baldwin government, 134; remains in office when rest of Cabinet
resign, 213; defends Metcalfe, 214; sole adviser, 216; provincial
secretary, 247; proposal to throw him overboard, 263. E Remains sole
adviser of Lord Metcalfe, 35. Md Constitutes an administration of one,
19. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.;
Morgan, Cel. Can.; Davin, The Irishman in Canada.
Daly, John Corry Wilson (1796-1878). Born in Liverpool, England. For
some time an assistant surgeon in the navy. Emigrated to the United
States, and removed to Hamilton, 1826. Appointed surgeon to the Canada
Company, 1827, and settled at Stratford, 1829. Succeeded John Galt as
agent of the Canada Company, 1831, and took up his residence at Guelph.
In the next year returned to Stratford, where he resided until his
death. For many years agent of the Bank of Upper Canada at Stratford.
Daly, Malachy Bowes (1836- ). Son of Sir Dominick Daly; born in Quebec.
Educated at St. Mary's College, Oscott, England; studied law and called
to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1864. Private secretary to various governors
of Nova Scotia. Sat in House of Commons for Halifax, 1878-1887;
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1890-1900. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Damours, Mathieu. F Member of Sovereign Council, 106; arrested by
Frontenac, 139. L Member of Sovereign Council, 158, 166; imprisoned,
167.
Daniel, André. Eldest son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe, and brother of
Charles. Died in 1637. Index: Ch Sent to London (1629) to demand
restoration of New France, 212-213.
Daniel, Antoine (1600-1648). Son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe. Entered
the Society of Jesus; came to Canada in 1633; and in 1634 accompanied
Brébeuf to the Huron country, where they laid the beginnings of that
ill-fated mission. In 1636 came to Quebec to open the Seminary, which,
from very modest beginnings, has since developed into Laval University.
Returned to the Huron mission, and in 1648 murdered by the Iroquois.
Index: L Wounded while ministering to the dying, 5. Ch Murdered by the
Iroquois, 92; missionary in Cape Breton, 1633, 237. Bib.: Parkman,
Jesuits in North America.
Daniel, Charles. Son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe. Made a notable voyage
to New France in 1629, of which he left a graphic narrative. Arriving at
Cape Breton that year, with two armed vessels, found Lord Ochiltree, who
had joined Sir William Alexander in his colonization schemes, building
a fort near Louisbourg. Seized the colonists and carried them off to
France. Index: Ch Captured by the Kirkes, 200. Bib.: Voyage à la
Nouvelle-France du Capitaine Charles Daniel. For biog., see Biggar,
Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman, Pioneers of France;
Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.
Daoust, J. B. C One of the Liberal leaders in Lower Canada, 25.
Darache, Captain. Ch A Basque, disregards monopoly granted to De Monts,
40.
Darontal. Ch Huron chief, 103.
Dartmouth, William Legge, second Earl of (1731-1801). Dr Succeeded as
secretary of state by Germain, 148.
Daubressy, Captain. WM Carries articles of capitulation of Quebec to
Vaudreuil, 234.
Daulac. See Dollard des Ormeaux.
David, Laurent Olivier (1840- ). Educated at St. Therese College; studied
law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. One of founders, and
editor, of L'Opinion Publique, 1870. Represented Montreal East in
Quebec Legislature, 1886-1890. Called to the Senate, 1903. Index: C One
of the founders of Le Parti National, and its organ, Le National,
30. Bib.: Works: Biographies et Portraits; Les Héros de Chateauguay;
Les Patriotes de 1837-1838; Mes Contemporains; Les Deux Papineau;
L'Union des Deux Canadas; Le Drapeau de Carillon; Laurier et Son
Temps; Le Clerge Canadien: Sa Mission et Son [OE]uvre. For biog.,
see Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Davidson, John. Sy Made commissioner of crown lands, 333. BL
Commissioner of crown lands, proposed to retire him with pension, 125;
opposition to, 126; collector of customs, 133.
Davin, Nicholas Flood (1843-1901). Born in Ireland. Studied law and
called to the English bar, 1868. Served as war correspondent during
Franco-Prussian War. Came to Canada, 1872; joined staff of the Globe,
and later, the Mail. Called to the Ontario bar, 1874. Established the
Regina Leader, 1883. Represented West Assiniboia in Dominion
Parliament, 1887-1900. Index: BL Quoted on Hincks, 121, 131; on Baldwin,
172. Bib.: Works: The Irishman in Canada; Eos, an Epic of the Dawn;
Culture and Practical Power; Ireland and the Empire. For biog.,
see Morgan, Can. Men.
Davies, Sir Louis Henry (1845- ). Born in Prince Edward Island. Educated
at Prince of Wales College; studied law and called to the bar of Prince
Edward Island, 1866. Sat in the Assembly, 1872-1879; premier and
attorney-general, 1876. Elected to the House of Commons for Queen's,
1882; minister of marine and fisheries in the Laurier administration,
1896; counsel for Great Britain before the International Fisheries
Commission at Halifax, 1877; one of the joint high commissioners on
behalf of Great Britain to settle differences between the United States
and Canada, 1898; knighted, 1897; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court
of Canada, 1902. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Davis, Captain Sylvanus. F Captured at Fort Loyal, 252; a prisoner in
Quebec, during siege by Phipps, 294.
Davost, Father. Ch Jesuit missionary in Cape Breton, 237.
Dawson, George Mercer (1849-1901). Son of Sir J. W. Dawson (q.v.).
Studied geology and palæontology under Huxley, Ramsay and Etheridge at
the Royal School of Mines, London. Geologist and botanist to North
American Boundary Commission, 1873-1875. Appointed to staff of
Geological Survey, 1875; assistant director, 1883; director, 1895. One
of British commissioners in Bering Sea Arbitration, 1892. Bib.: For his
numerous reports and papers on geological and allied subjects, see
General Indexes to Geological Survey Reports, 1863-1884, and
1885-1906; and Bibliography of the Royal Society (R. S. C., 1894). For
biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.
Dawson, Sir John William (1820-1899). Born at Pictou, Nova Scotia.
Educated at Edinburgh University. Accompanied Sir Charles Lyell on his
geological explorations in Nova Scotia. Appointed superintendent of
education for Nova Scotia, 1850. Principal of McGill University,
1855-1893, and mainly instrumental in building up the institution from a
small college to one of the first rank. Elected F. G. S., 1854, and F.
R. S., 1862; knighted, 1884. First president of Royal Society of Canada.
Author of many works on geology and palæontology. Index: T Commissioner
to investigate King's College, 48. Bib.: Works: Acadian Geology;
Story of the Earth and Man; Science and the Bible; Dawn of Life;
Origin of the World; Fossil Men; Change of Life in Geological
Times; Chain of Life; Egypt and Syria. For biog., see Dict. Nat.
Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Morgan, Can. Men;
Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dawson, Fifty Years' Work in Canada.
Day, Charles Dewey (1806-1884). Born in Bennington, Vermont. Came with
his parents to Canada, 1812. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1827;
created Q.C., 1837. Assisted in the prosecution of the insurgents who
had been arrested during the Rebellion of 1837-1838. Appointed
solicitor-general and called to the Special Council, 1839. Summoned by
Sydenham to the Executive Council, 1840, and subsequently elected to the
Assembly for the county of Ottawa. Appointed judge of the Court of
Queen's Bench, 1842; transferred to the Superior Court, 1849; resigned,
1862. Acted as commissioner for the codification of the civil laws of
Quebec; as representative of Quebec on the Arbitration Commission
appointed under the British North America Act to settle the claims of
the provinces; and as chairman of the Royal Commission to investigate
the charges against the Macdonald government in connection with the
granting of the charter to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. Held the
office of chancellor of McGill University from 1857 until his death.
Died in England. Index: BL Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76;
represents British interests, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; introduces
School Bill, 107; elevated to bench, 122. Sy Solicitor-general for Lower
Canada, 283. E Judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Taylor, Brit.
Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.
Dean. Bk Private of the 41st, gallant conduct of at Canard bridge, 236;
praised by Brock on parade, 258.
Deane, Silas (1737-1789). Delegate from Connecticut to Continental
Congress, 1774. Sent to France as secret political agent, 1776.
Instrumental in negotiating treaties with France, and bringing Lafayette
to America. Index: Dr Advocates canal to complete navigation between
Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence, 230, 231. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Dearborn, Henry (1751-1829). Served through War of the Revolution;
accompanied Arnold's expedition to Canada. Secretary of war, 1801-1809;
appointed major-general, 1812, and assigned to command of northern
department in War of 1812; captured York, 1813, and Fort George, same
year. Minister to Portugal, 1822-1824. Index: Bk Commanded United States
troops in War of 1812, 192; at Plattsburg, 285. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Dease, Peter Warren. D In charge of New Caledonia for Hudson's Bay
Company, 285. MS Succeeds William Connolly, 224; chief factor, 1828,
224; his explorations of Arctic coast, 224-225. Bib.: Narrative of
Discoveries on the North Coast of America; Bryce, Hudson's Bay
Company.
Debartzch, P. D. Engaged in journalism. First elected to the Assembly of
Lower Canada, 1810; member of the Legislative Council, 1815. Index: P
Accepts Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept mission to
England to oppose union of the Canadas, 46; his daughters, 46; withdraws
his support of Papineau, 86; interview with O'Callaghan, 146; attacked
by Papineau, 169. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.
De Bonne, Judge. Bk Resolution of Assembly excluding, 126.
Debt, Public. Sy Arrangements for, under Union, 115, 193, 204, 205, 206,
207; estimated amount of, 319.
Declaration of Independence. In Upper Canada. Mc July 1837, its history,
330; work of Rolph and O'Grady, 330.
De Grey. See Walsingham.
De Grey and Ripon. See Ripon.
Delagrave, C. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.
De Lancy's Brigade of Loyalists. Dr Mentioned, 202.
Delaune, Captain. WM Commanded the volunteers who first climbed hill at
Le Foulon, 181.
Delaware Indians. A confederacy, of Algonquian stock, occupying the
basin of the Delaware River. They were known to the British as
Delawares; to the French as Loups; and they called themselves, Lenape.
Early in the eighteenth century, the Iroquois brought them into
subjection. They crossed the mountains, and formed settlements in
eastern Ohio, about the middle of the century. The remnant of the
Delawares are now on reservations in Oklahoma, with a few hundred in
Canada. Index: Hd Bring prisoners from Wyoming, 149. Bib.: Hodge,
Handbook of American Indians.
Delessert, B. Sy Philanthropist and naturalist, 20.
De Lisle, Elizabeth. Bk Mother of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.
Demers, Jérome. P Criticizes Papineau for accepting mission to England,
65-66.
Demers, Joseph. P Urges Papineau to accept mission to England to oppose
union of the Canadas, 45.
Demers, Modeste. First Roman Catholic bishop of Vancouver Island,
1847-1871. Index: D Missionary on Vancouver Island prior to 1846, 269;
visits upper Fraser, 269; made bishop, 269.
De Mille, James (1833-1880). Born in New Brunswick. Educated at Horton
Academy and at Brown University, Rhode Island. Subsequently professor of
classics at Acadia College and at Dalhousie College. Bib.: Works:
Elements of Rhetoric; Helena's Household; A Tale of Rome in the First
Century; Young Dodge Club Series.
Déné Indians. A group of tribes, of Athapaskan stock. The name means
men. Morice includes four tribes in the Western Dénés: Sekanais, on
the west slope of the Rocky Mountains; Babines, who occupy the shores of
the lakes of the same name, and the neighbouring country; Carriers,
whose villages extend from Stuart Lake to Alexandria on the Fraser; and
Chilcotins, who occupy the valley of the river of the same name. Index:
D In New Caledonia, 97. Bib.: Morice, The Western Dénés; Déné
Sociology; Notes on the Western Dénés.
Denison, George Taylor (1839- ). Police magistrate at Toronto since 1877.
Commanded Governor-General's Bodyguard in Fenian Raid, 1866; and in Riel
Rebellion, 1885; in 1877 won the first prize offered by the Czar of
Russia for the best History of Cavalry; president of the British
Empire League in Canada since 1896. One of the founders of Canada First
Party. Index: Md Opposes commercial union, 295. Bib.: Works: Fenian
Raid on Fort Erie; Modern Cavalry; History of Cavalry; Soldiering
in Canada; Struggle for Imperial Unity. For biog., see Morgan,
Can. Men.
Dennis, John Stoughton (1820-1885). Born near Toronto. Educated at
Victoria College; commissioned as surveyor of public lands, 1842.
Assisted in the organization of the Canadian militia, 1855; raised and
appointed to the command of the Toronto Field Battery, 1856;
brigade-major of the 5th Military District, 1861-1869; saw active
service during the Fenian Raid, 1866. Sent to Red River Settlement to
organize system of surveys, 1869, but was forced to withdraw.
Surveyor-general of Dominion Lands, 1871; deputy-minister of the
interior, 1878; retired, 1881; created C. M. G., 1882. Index: C His
surveys held responsible for first Riel Rebellion, 69-70. R
Surveyor-general, graduate of Victoria College, 144. Bib.: Denison, The
Fenian Raid on Fort Erie and Soldiering in Canada. See also Riel
Rebellion, 1869-1870.
Denonville, Jacques-René de Brisay, Marquis de. Eleventh governor of New
France. Colonel of Dragoons in French army; spent thirty years in
military service before coming to Canada, in 1685, as successor to La
Barre. Although a capable officer, found himself in a difficult
situation owing to the condition to which the country had been brought
by the failure of La Barre and the intrigues of the English governor of
New York. Adopted a severe policy with the Indians, and was condemned
for his treacherous seizure of Iroquois at Fort Frontenac in 1687. The
horrible massacre of Lachine was one of the consequences of his
maladministration. Succeeded in the government of the colony by
Frontenac in 1689. Died in 1710. Index: F Succeeds La Barre as governor,
189; comes out in same ship with Saint Vallier, 191; gives unfavourable
account of Canadian people, 192; his piety, 197; asks for more troops,
198; corresponds with Dongan, governor of New York, 198; desirous of
constructing a fort at Niagara, 199; proposes to French king to buy
colony of New York, 202; instructed to cultivate peaceful relations with
English neighbours, 203; sends expedition to Hudson Bay, 205; receives
reinforcements, 206; determines to march against Iroquois, 207; crafty
policy, 208; complains of French troops, 212; erects fort at Niagara,
213; asks for more troops, 217; receives visit from Big Mouth, 221; in
attack by Iroquois on Lachine, orders troops to remain on defensive,
225; recalled, 228; orders Fort Frontenac to be blown up, 228;
stimulates Abenaquis to attack New England settlements, 249. L On liquor
question, 175; succeeds La Barre as governor, 193; his measures for
defence of Canada, 213; seizes certain Indian chiefs, 214; builds fort
at Niagara, 216; recalled, 218; conduct in Lachine massacre, 226, 227.
Bib.: Girouard, L'Expédition de Marquis de Denonville (R. S. C.,
1899); Parkman, Old Régime and Frontenac.
Dent, John Charles (1841-1888). Born in England. Came to Canada at an
early age; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada. Went back
to England and for a time engaged in newspaper work in London. Returned
to America, 1847, and spent three years in Boston; came to Canada again,
1870, and became one of the editors of the Globe. Index: B On the
"Double Shuffle," 108. Bib.: Works: Last Forty Years; Upper Canadian
Rebellion; Canadian Portrait Gallery. For biog., see MacMurchy,
Canadian Literature.
Denys, Charles, Sieur de Fronsac. Ch Settles in Miramichi, 237.
Denys, Nicolas (1598-1688). Born at Tours. Early took to sea and in
1633 became interested in the fisheries of Nova Scotia. A short time
after made one of the lieutenants of Acadia under the Company of New
France, and settled at Miscou. In 1647 his fort seized by D'Aulnay, who
had just been made lieutenant-general of the colony. In 1650 his
establishment in Cape Breton captured and he himself taken prisoner. A
second attempt to settle in Cape Breton frustrated by Le Borgne.
Returned to France in 1653, and received a grant of the islands of the
St. Lawrence, including a monopoly of the fur trade, and shortly after
became governor of that territory, together with Newfoundland. In 1667
obtained a confirmation of his rights, but in the winter of 1668-1669
his establishment at St. Peters completely destroyed by fire. In 1671
returned to France and engaged in the preparation of his work on Acadia.
About 1685 returned to Acadia, but his closing years darkened by the
scattering of his vast estates. Died three years later, at the age of 90
years. Index: Ch Abandons Chedabucto and goes to Cape Breton, thence to
Miscou and Gaspé, 236. Bib.: Description and Natural History of
Acadia, ed. by Ganong. For biog., see Parkman, Old Régime.
De Peyster, Arent Schuyler (1736-1832). Joined the 8th Regiment, 1755,
and served with distinction upon the British side in the Revolutionary
War. In command at Detroit, and also at Michilimackinac. Retired to
Dumfries, Scotland, where he enjoyed the friendship of Robert Burns, and
died there. Index: Hd Commander at Detroit, 146; Haldimand's letter to,
158; on the freemasonry of Indians, 161; Haldimand's letter to, on
defence of frontier posts, 260; thought Du Calvet should have been
hanged, 314. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.
Dequen, Jean. L Jesuit, devotion of, 32; his death, 33.
Derby, Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley, fourteenth Earl
(1799-1869). Entered Parliament, 1820; Irish secretary, 1830-1833;
colonial secretary, 1833-1834 and 1841-1844. Prime minister, 1852,
1858-1859, and 1866-1868. Index: E Induces Elgin to accept governorship
of Jamaica, 9; endorses Metcalfe's policy, 37; on an elective Upper
House, 121-122. W Receives New Brunswick delegates, 24; on casual and
territorial revenue, 25, 27, 29; on King's College Bill, 53, 54;
increases New Brunswick Council, 69; cancels Reade's appointment, 80-81;
on initiation of money grants, 92; crown lands case, 101. T His
government defeated, 63. B Offers governorship to Metcalfe, 18;
justifies his policy, 23. BL Restores Hagerman to office, 16; threatens
to curtail existing privileges of people of Lower Canada, 21; petition
and correspondence as to public affairs in Upper Canada, 30; condemns
Bagot's policy, 151; correspondence with Metcalfe, 160-166, 167,
168-169, 176, 186-187, 209-211; defends Metcalfe in House of Commons,
and expresses his views on colonial government, 230-234; his
confidential letters to Metcalfe, 230; Sullivan's criticism of his views
on responsible government, 244; on Metcalfe's resignation, 265. Mc
Restores Hagerman to office, 234; colonial secretary, 236; discusses
post office, 236. Bib.: Kebbel, Earl of Derby; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Derby. D Formerly Fort Langley—proposed as capital of British Columbia,
246.
De Salaberry. WM Seigniorial manor of, headquarters of Montcalm, 94;
council of war meets at, 147.
Desandrouins, Captain. WM His account of massacre at Fort William Henry,
47-50.
Des Barres, William Frederick (1800-1885). Born in Nova Scotia. Educated
at Halifax Grammar School; called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1821.
Represented Guysborough in the Assembly, 1836-1848; solicitor-general in
Uniacke government, 1848; appointed judge of the Supreme Court, 1848;
resigned, 1881. Index: H Member of Uniacke government, Nova Scotia,
1848, 110; solicitor-general, 111; commissioner for Halifax-Windsor
Railway, 118. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Des Brisay, Alexander C. T Confederate candidate in New Brunswick,
elected, 89; attacks government in Assembly, 102.
Deschamps. Ch Surgeon, with the expedition at Port Royal, autopsy
performed by, 33.
Deschamps, Isaac (1722-1801). A native of Switzerland; came to Nova
Scotia in early life. Elected to the Assembly, 1761; judge of the Court
of Common Pleas for King's County, 1761; judge of the Island of St.
John, 1768; assistant judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1770;
chief-justice, 1785. Appointed a member of the Council, 1783. Bib.:
Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Desdames. Ch Clerk sent to Gaspé, returns with news of English
depredations, 181; returns to France, 209.
Deseille, Father. L Companion of Father Marquette, 62.
Desertions. S Very prevalent, 72; punishments for, 72; causes of, 73. WM
From ranks of Canadian militia frequent, 152. Bk Followed by capture,
60; three shot, 63; two shot, 134; from United States regiments of the
line to the Canadian side, 281.
Des Groseilliers. See Chouart.
Des Marets, Claude Godet, Sieur de. Ch Son-in-law of Pont-Gravé, arrives
at Quebec, 47; accompanies Champlain in expedition against Iroquois, 52;
at Cap de la Victoire, 139.
De Soyres, Rev. John. T Conducts funeral service of Sir Leonard Tilley,
146.
Desportes, Pierre. Ch An early settler in Quebec, 145, 146; goes to
Gaspé, 181; remains in Quebec during English occupation, 196, 208.
Désquérat, Captain. F Killed at Laprairie, 313.
Des Rivières, Captain. WM Accompanies captured British officers to
Quebec, 90.
Dessaules, Louis A. Born 1819. Member of Legislative Council, 1856-1863.
Edited Le Pays at Montreal. Index: E Member of Parti Rouge, 108. C
One of Liberal leaders in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering
Cartier's ministry, 106-107. Bib.: Works: Rouge et Noir; Lectures sur
l'Annexion du Canada aux États-Unis; Galilée, Ses Travaux
Scientifiques et sa Condamnation; La Guerre Américaine. For biog.,
see Morgan, Bib. Can.
Destouches. Ch Clerk, appointed by Champlain as his second lieutenant,
155; returns to France, 209.
Detroit. Founded by Antoine de la Motte Cadillac (q.v.) in 1701. The
fort remained under Cadillac's command until 1710. A census taken that
year shows six settlers cultivating the land, and twenty-nine soldiers,
traders, etc., occupying houses within the fort. De la Forest succeeded
Cadillac at the fort, 1710. Fort surrendered to the British, 1760.
Pontiac laid siege to the fort, 1763, but failed to capture it.
Transferred to United States, 1796. Captured by Brock, in War of 1812;
restored by treaty of Ghent. Index: S The most important of western
fortified posts, 51; Great Britain retains possession of, pending
settlement of certain questions, 55, 119; threatened by army under
Wayne, 133; handed over to United States, 142; River aux Raisins the
boundary of territory dependent on, during British occupation, 145. Dr
Defence of by Major Gladwin, 5; retained with other western posts as
security for proper treatment of loyalists, 231; handed over to United
States, 291. Bk Founded by La Motte Cadillac, its exciting history, 54;
Brock determines to attack, 248; its strength and garrison, 249, 250;
attacked, 251, 254; Hull surrenders with his whole army, 255; important
results of capture, 256. MS Under French régime, 11; in days of North
West Company, 12. Hd Company of 8th Regiment sent to, 137; a source of
anxiety, 145; De Peyster in command at, 146, 158; reinforcements sent
to, 153; Jehu Hay, lieutenant-governor of, in 1784, 158; doubtful
subjects settle round, 161; difficulty of navigation to, 163;
Haldimand's letter to Henry Hamilton, lieutenant-governor at, on means
for recovery of Illinois country, 167; unfortunate expedition from, 168;
Haldimand's letter to De Peyster on importance of, 260; boat built at by
North West Company, 262; Major Mathews, lieutenant-governor at, in 1787,
332. Bib.: Cadillac Papers (Mich. Pion. & Hist. Coll., vol. 33 et
seq.); Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.
Detroit. Brig. See Adams.
Devil's Hole. Bk Near Fort Niagara, massacre of British troops at, 55.
Devos, Frederick. Hd Great-nephew of Haldimand, 312.
Dewart, Edward Hartley (1828-1903). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada with
his parents at age of six. Educated at local schools and at the Toronto
Normal School. Taught school for a time; entered the ministry of the
Methodist Church, 1851; editor of The Christian Guardian, 1869-1894.
Bib.: Works: Selections from Canadian Poets; Songs of Life: A
Collection of Poems; Essays for the Times. For biog., see Morgan,
Can. Men.
Dewdney, Edgar (1835- ). Born in Devonshire, England. Came to British
Columbia, 1859. Had charge of survey of site of New Westminster, and
other engineering works. First elected to provincial Legislature, 1869;
returned to Dominion House, 1872. Appointed Indian commissioner for
North-West Territories, 1879; and lieutenant-governor of North-West
Territories, 1881. Member of Dominion Cabinet as minister of interior,
1888-1892. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, 1892.
Index: D Builds Dewdney trail, from Hope to Similkameen, 252-253. Bib.:
Morgan, Can. Men.
Dickey, Robert Barry (1811-1903). Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia. Studied
law, and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, and of New Brunswick, 1834.
Sat in Legislative Council, Nova Scotia, 1858-1867. Appointed to the
Senate, 1867. Took an active part in the negotiations leading up to the
building of the Intercolonial Railway, and the Confederation of the
provinces. Index: H Delegate from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown
Conference, 177. T Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to
Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Campbell, History of
Nova Scotia.
Dickson, Walter Hamilton (1806-1884). Born in Niagara. Called to the bar
of Upper Canada, 1830. Served during the Rebellion of 1837 as a cavalry
officer. Represented Niagara in the Assembly, 1841-1851; sat in the
Legislative Council of Canada, 1855-1867; appointed to the Dominion
Senate, 1867.
Dieskau, Jean Armand, Baron de (1701-1777). Of German descent; served
with distinction under Marshal Saxe. When it was made known to the court
at Versailles that the British had sent two regiments to America under
Braddock, the French decided to fit out an expedition on a larger scale,
and six regiments embarked for Canada under Dieskau, who was given the
rank of general. Immediately after assuming command, prepared to attack
the British and marched at the head of a body of men against Johnson.
Although his plans appear to have been well laid, his position was
betrayed through the action of the Indians. Severely wounded, made
prisoner and well cared for by the British. Taken to England, ruined in
health and fortune. Liberated at the conclusion of the war in 1763; and
returned to France. Index: WM Defeated and taken prisoner at Lake
George, 22. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, Fight with
France.
Digby, Robert (1732-1815). Commanded the Dunkirk at Quiberon Bay,
1759; second in command in Rodney's expedition for relief of Gibraltar,
1779; commander-in-chief in North America, 1781. Index: Dr Appointed to
chief naval command in America, 194. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Disney, Captain. Dr Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried
and acquitted, 38.
Dissenters. S Preponderance of, in Upper Canada, 159, 160. See also
Presbyterian; Methodist.
District Courts. Sy Establishment of in Lower Canada, 255.
Doak. W Proprietor of Loyalist newspaper, arrested and released, 75.
Dobson. Bk Brock's faithful servant, 11.
Dodd, E. M. H Solicitor-general and member of Executive and Legislative
Councils, Nova Scotia—makes statement as to ministerial responsibility,
76; attempts to reconcile Joseph Howe and his colleagues to the
appointment of W. B. Almon to the Executive Council, 87. Bib.: Campbell,
History of Nova Scotia.
Dollard des Ormeaux, Adam. A young officer of the garrison at Montreal,
who saved Montreal and the colony from probable destruction by the
Iroquois, in 1660. With sixteen companions and a few Indian allies, he
intercepted the Iroquois at the Long Sault Rapids, on the Ottawa, and
with a heroism seldom equalled in the world's history, this little band
gave their lives for their country's sake. The Iroquois, discouraged by
such unexpected resistance, abandoned the projected raid on the colony.
Index: L His heroic resistance to Iroquois at the Long Sault, 39, 69-72.
Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Jesuit Relations, 1660; Faillon,
Histoire de la Colonie Française; Dollier de Casson, Histoire de
Montreal. The exploit has inspired several Canadian poems. See
Martin, Marguerite; Fréchette, Legende d'un Peuple.
Dollebeau, Father. Ch In charge of mission at Miscou, 235; death of,
235.
Dollier de Casson, Francis (1636-1701). Born in Basse Bretagne. Served
with distinction as a cavalry officer under Turenne. Came to Montreal
and joined the Sulpicians in 1666. In 1669-1670 carried out with Galinée
an important exploration of the Great Lakes. Became superior of the
Seminary of Montreal, and later vicar-general of the diocese. Index: L
Labours with Galinée on the shores of Lake Erie, 11; gives account of
Dollard's exploit, 75; lays foundation stone of Montreal church, 89; on
evil effects of sale of liquor to the Indians, 175; at Quebec, 190. F
His history of Montreal, 34; depicts evils of liquor traffic, 335. Bib.:
Histoire de Montréal. For biog., see Parkman, Old Régime;
Exploration of the Great Lakes by Dollier de Casson and de Bréhant de
Galinée, ed. by Coyne.
Dolu. Ch Grand almoner of France, intendant, 129; his instructions to
Champlain, 132. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France;
Douglas, Old France in the New World.
Domergue, Lieutenant. F Killed at Laprairie, 313.
Don de Dieu. Ch Name of vessel in which Champlain sailed for Quebec in
1608, 39; also one of vessels of Company of New France, 245.
Dongan, Thomas, Earl of Limerick (1634-1715). Colonial governor of New
York. Sent to America as governor, 1682. Resigned, 1688. Became Earl of
Limerick, 1698. Index: F Governor of New York, correspondence with La
Barre, 182; policy with Iroquois, 183; correspondence with Denonville,
199-200; claims right to trade with Lake tribes, 203; demands
destruction of Fort Niagara, 218; advice to Indians, 219. L Governor of
New York, stirs up Iroquois, 185, 191. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dict.
Nat. Biog.
Dorchester, Guy Carleton, first Baron (1724-1808). Dr Birth and
parentage, 29; enters army, 29; lieutenant-colonel, 30; Wolfe's
friendship for, 30; military preceptor to Duke of Richmond, 30; Wolfe
secures him for quartermaster of Quebec expedition, 31; entrusted with
important tasks, 32; wounded at Battle of the Plains, 32; served under
Albemarle at siege of Havana, 32; appointed to succeed Murray at Quebec,
32; finds divisions in the country, 33; has difficulty with his Council,
34; forwards petition of Jesuits, 35; issues proclamation relinquishing
all fees, 35; his despatch on the subject, 36; has the Walker case on
his hands, 37; dismisses Irving and Mabane from the Council, 39; his
views in regard to English and French laws, 41, 43; on state of the
colony, 44-47; anticipates revolt of American colonies, 50; endeavours
to check legal abuses, 51; orders release of small debtors, 52; issues
new ordinance respecting administration of justice, 54, 55; opposed to
creation of House of Assembly, 55; his return to England, 57; becomes
governor-general on Murray's resignation, 1768, 57; absent in England
four years, 59; replaced by Cramahé, 59; his report on manufactures of
Canada, 59; took important part in framing Quebec Act, 63; his evidence
before House of Commons, 67; sails for Canada, 75; his marriage, 75;
sends troops to Boston on requisition of General Gage, 78; receives news
of Benedict Arnold's attack on St. John's, 83; forwards troops and
proceeds to Montreal, 85; calls out militia, 86; returns to Quebec, 89;
gives guinea to Canadian soldier, 89; hurries back to Montreal, 91;
applies to Gage for two regiments, 92; his despatch explaining fall of
St. John's and impossibility of defending Montreal, 103; reaches Quebec,
112; orders all to leave the city who would not help in its defence,
114; his courage and watchfulness, 124; his estimate of the killed in
the attack on Quebec, 131; great source of strength to his followers,
133; moves out to attack enemy, who took to flight, 138; makes search in
surrounding country for fugitives in distress, 139; makes arrangements
to pursue the retreating American army, 144; meets Burgoyne at Quebec,
144-145; his operations successful, 147; Lord George Germain's enmity
to, 149; plans to improve the defences of the country, 150-151;
re-establishes the Courts of Quebec, 151; defeats the Americans in naval
engagement on Lake Champlain, 153-157; refuses to attack
Ticonderoga—his reasons, 157-158; retires with army in winter quarters,
159; superseded in charge of next year's campaign by General Burgoyne,
163; his authority limited to Canada, 163; his bitter replies to
Germain's despatches, 164-166; indignant at transfer of command to
Burgoyne, he resigns, 169; no friction between him and Burgoyne, 174;
Burgoyne's testimony, 174; makes forced levy of militia to recruit
Burgoyne's army, 178; his correspondence with Hamilton in the West, 179;
his appointments to judgeships, 183; objects to appointment of Livius
and Owen as judges, 184; his protests against improper appointments,
185; calls out one-third of militia, 187; constitutes committee of
Council, 187; his last despatch to Germain, 188; returns to England,
189; sent to America as commander-in-chief and commissioner, 193;
arrives at New York, 195; instructed to make pacific representations to
Congress, 200; applies for recall on hearing that complete independence
is to be granted to the colonies, 203; his anxiety to protect the
Loyalists, 206; appoints commissioners for exchange of prisoners, 207;
the force under his command, 208; anxious to return home but urged to
remain at New York, 212; writes to governor of Nova Scotia on behalf of
the Loyalists, 214; his correspondence largely occupied with Loyalist
affairs, 218; his last despatch from New York, 219; supports petition of
Loyalist widows for pensions, 219; created Baron Dorchester, and accepts
governorship of Canada, 221; difficulties of his position, 221; his
acquaintance with Haldimand, 222; Shelburne's opinion of value of his
influence, 222; his reception at Quebec very cordial, 223; extent of his
commission, 224; brings out William Smith as chief-justice, 224; his
correspondence with Lord Sydney, 225; appoints committee to consider
state of the law, 225, 227; also committees on commerce, police, and
education, 226-230; negotiations with Silas Deane on subject of Chambly
Canal, 230; anxiety in regard to Indian question in the west, 231;
announces intention of visiting Nova Scotia, 235; recognizes necessity
for a more popular form of government, 237; visits Loyalists in western
Canada, 238; transfers Jesuit church at Montreal to Anglicans, 241; his
efforts to increase efficiency of militia, 243, 246; receives
propositions from Vermont and Kentucky looking to separation from other
American states, 244-247; declines to allow French minister to United
States to visit Canada, 248; receives draft of bill for better
government of province, 248; thought introduction of parliamentary
institutions premature, 258, 259; sends home lists of proposed
legislative councillors, 258; not pleased with Simcoe's appointment,
259; urges claims of Sir John Johnson, 259; sails for England, 269;
returns to Canada, 271; opens second session of Lower Canada
Legislature, 276; calls out militia, 277; fully expects war with United
States, 282; his speech to the Miami Indians, 282; speech not approved
by home government, 283; expresses desire to resign, 284; gets Alien Act
passed, 288; reports improved condition of affairs, 291; wages war on
fees and perquisites, 291; surrenders his own fees, 292; opposes holding
of appointments by absentees, 292; his relations with Simcoe, 293-296; a
believer in centralized power, 294; not being sustained by home
government, resigns, 297; points of difference with Simcoe, 302; meets
his last Parliament, 303; returns to England, 303; receives addresses of
regret, 303; his character, 304; his sympathy with French-Canadians,
305; saves Canada to the Empire, 306; wreck of the frigate in which he
sailed, 306; lands at Percé, proceeds to Halifax, and sails from there
to England, 306; his death, 307; his descendants, 307. S His connection
with the Constitutional Act, 2; not favourable to creation of separate
province of Upper Canada, 3; goes to England, 5; orders names of
Loyalists who declared themselves before treaty of 1783 to be
registered, 70; does not support Simcoe's views in regard to Indian
department, 127; controls military operations in Upper Canada, 131; his
bold speech to deputation of Indians, 133, 146; recommends Simcoe to
fortify post on the Miami, 134; proceedings not approved by home
government, 142; his resignation, 142; disapproves of Simcoe's plans for
defence of Upper Canada, 206; supersedes purchasing agent appointed by
Simcoe, 212; his relations with Simcoe, 228. WM Chief of staff to Wolfe,
75; as governor of Canada, wins affection of Canadians, 75; establishes
fortified camp on island of Orleans, 108; lands near Pointe-aux-Trembles
and takes a number of prisoners, 125; wounded in battle of the Plains,
199. Sy His Canadian policy, 67, 82. Bk His defence of Quebec and
liberal policy towards French-Canadians, 36. E His character as
governor, 1. Hd Leases St. Maurice forges, 62; his failure to enlist
Canadian militia, 111; governor of Canada, his defence of Quebec, 112,
121; succeeded in military command by Burgoyne, 112; resignation of,
113; Haldimand's opinion of, 119; Captain Schank writes to, 159; pulls
down houses during siege, 187; proposal to have him supersede Haldimand
at Quebec, 188; Haldimand writes to, 189; raises Loyalist corps, 253;
returns to Quebec as governor, with title of Lord Dorchester, 314; his
opinion of Dr. Mabane, 315; his relations with Haldimand, 330-332. W
Thomas Carleton, a brother of, 5. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada;
Lucas, History of Canada; Bradley, The Making of Canada; Egerton and
Grant, Canadian Constitutional Development; Shortt and Doughty,
Documents Relating to Constitutional History of Canada.
Doreil. WM Commissioner of war, goes to France, 62.
Dorion, Sir Antoine Aimé (1818-1891). Educated at Nicolet College.
Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1842. Represented
Montreal in Legislature, 1854-1861. Formed administration with George
Brown, 1858. Defeated by Cartier in Montreal, 1861. Provincial secretary
in Sandfield Macdonald-Sicotte government, 1862. Succeeded Sicotte as
attorney-general, 1863. Minister of justice in Mackenzie government,
1873-1874. Chief-justice of Quebec, 1874-1891. Index: Md Opposes
political domination of the priesthood, 45-46; leader of the Rouge
party in Quebec, 64, 102; opposes Confederation, 115, 118, 142; moves
amendment on Intercolonial route, 152; refuses to act upon Pacific
Scandal Commission, 205. C Liberal leader, and disciple of Papineau, 25;
his followers, and their revolutionary programme, 26; accepts policy of
representation by population, 28; his radicalism keeps him in
opposition, 29; offered seat in administration of 1858 by Cartier, and
declines, 106-107. E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81; member of the
Parti Rouge, 108; becomes less radical in his views, 134. B Leader of
the Rouges—his character—friendly relations with George Brown,
80-81; consulted by Brown as to forming ministry, 101; enters his
government, 102, 105, 106; his part in converting George Brown to
Confederation, 132; moves resolution favouring union of the Canadas in
1856, 132; pledged to settlement of question, 132; opposed to coalition,
160; his speech against Confederation, 175-178, 207; his motion for
adjournment defeated, 185; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry,
199. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty
Years; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.
Dorion, Jean Baptiste Eric (1826-1866). Brother of preceding. One of
founders of L'Avenir, 1848. Sat in the Legislature, 1854-1857, and
again in 1861. Index: E Member of Parti Rouge, 108. C A Liberal leader
in Lower Canada, 25; nicknamed L'enfant terrible, 25. Bib.: Morgan,
Bib. Can.
Dorland, Philip. S Quaker, elected to Assembly, but, unable to take
oath, resigns, 81.
Dosquet, Pierre-Herman (1691-1777). Native of Lille, France; came to
Canada, 1721; on his return to France, 1725, consecrated bishop of Samos
and appointed coadjutor to Bishop Mornay. Later made bishop of Quebec.
While in Canada lived in the style of a seignior, much in contrast to
the simple life of Laval and of St. Vallier. Died in Paris. Index: L
Succeeds Mornay as bishop of Quebec, 12. Bib.: Tetu, Evêques de
Québec; Casgrain, L'Habitation de Samos (R. S. C., 1906).
Double Majority. Md Meaning of the term—attitude of public men towards,
78-79; leading plank in platform of the Macdonald-Sicotte government,
89. B Origin and meaning of the principle, 82; advocated by John
Sandfield Macdonald, 142; opposed by George Brown, 143; Duke of
Newcastle on, 143; and separate school question, 145. BL Beginnings of
the system, 258; Hincks's views on, 259; Baldwin opposed to, 352;
Turcotte and Hincks on, 352. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Pope,
Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Mackenzie, George Brown.
Double Ministries. Brown-Dorion; Hincks-Morin; La Fontaine-Baldwin;
Macdonald-Cartier; Macdonald-Dorion; Macdonald-Sicotte; MacNab-Morin;
MacNab-Taché; Sherwood-Daly; Taché-Macdonald. See under names of
individual ministers.
"Double Shuffle," 1858. B History of, 107-108. Md An ingenious device
resorted to by Macdonald, Cartier, and their colleagues, to avoid the
necessity of re-election, 85-87. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A.
Macdonald; Dent, Last Forty Years; Mackenzie, George Brown; Biggar,
Sir Oliver Mowat.
Doucett, Joseph. Lieutenant-governor of the Fort of Annapolis,
1717-1726. Member of the governor's Council.
Dougall, John (1808-1886). Born in Paisley, Scotland. Came to Canada,
1826, and took up mercantile pursuits. For a time editor of the Canada
Temperance Advocate; founded the Montreal Witness, 1826. Died in
Flushing, New York.
Douglas, David (1798-1834). Made extensive botanical collections on the
Pacific coast of North America, for the Horticultural Society of London,
1824-1826. Crossed the continent from Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia,
to Hudson Bay; met Sir John Franklin there and returned with him to
England. Came out again to the Columbia River on a similar mission,
1829, and went from there to the Hawaiian Islands, where he was killed.
The gigantic Douglas fir named after him.
Douglas, Sir Howard (1776-1861). Entered the army, 1794; commanded a
regiment at Quebec, 1797; served at Corunna and Flushing, 1809. After
discharging various military missions, appointed governor of New
Brunswick, 1823, holding the position until 1828. Lord high commissioner
of the Ionian Islands, 1835-1840. Index: W His efforts on behalf of
King's College, New Brunswick, 50-51. T His appearance described, 6.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Douglas, Sir James (1803-1877). MS A man of Imperial mind, 225; highest
qualities as administrator, 225; with Dr. McLoughlin, 225; marries
daughter of William Connolly, 225; chief factor, 1840, 226; governor of
Vancouver Island, 1851, 225; knighted, 225; receives Simpson at Fort St.
James, 238. D Visits Etoline, Russian governor, 1842, 45-46; in New
Caledonia, 59-60; character, 84-91; dearth of documentary material for
his life, 90; born Demerara, Aug. 15, 1803, 91; parentage, 92; educated
in Scotland, 92-93; sails for Canada, 1820, and enters service of North
West Company, 93; meets John McLoughlin at Fort William, 93; McLoughlin
persuades him to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; accompanies McLoughlin
to Columbia department, 94; McLoughlin's friendship for Douglas, 94; his
training under McLoughlin, 96; sent to New Caledonia, 96; accompanies
William Connolly over mountains, 99; with Connolly at Fort St. James,
100; with John Tod at McLeod Lake, 100; his activities there, 100-102;
marries Amelia Connolly, 103; transferred to Fort Vancouver, 1830,
103-110; family life there, 103; eldest daughter marries Dallas,
afterwards governor of Hudson's Bay Company at Winnipeg, 103; his work
in New Caledonia, 104; his connection with Fort George massacre,
105-109; receives Sir George Simpson at Fort St. James, 109; at Fort
Vancouver, 110; revises system of accounting at Fort Vancouver, 121; in
charge of York Factory express, 1835, 121; in charge of party that
raised British flag above Fort Stikine, 1840, 121-122; builds Fort
Durham, 122; sent to dismantle Fort Durham, 122; moves Fort McLoughlin
to head of Vancouver Island, 122; sent to treat with Mexican governor,
1840, 126-127; succeeds McLoughlin as manager of Puget Sound
Agricultural Company, 132; severs his connection, 1859, on accepting
governorship of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, 132; becomes
chief trader, 1852, 135; chief factor, 1840, 133; founds Victoria, 1843,
146; examines site for fort on Vancouver Island, 176; commands
expedition charged with the building of the fort, 177; selects site,
178; proceeds next to dismantle Forts Taku and McLoughlin, 178; brings
Bolduc, first missionary, to Vancouver Island, 178; completes Fort
Camosun (Victoria), 179; returns to Fort Vancouver, 180; associated with
McLoughlin and Ogden on board of management of western department, 187;
succeeds McLoughlin in charge of western department, 1846, 187; succeeds
Blanshard as governor of Vancouver Island, 205; dual position of
Hudson's Bay Company officer and representative of crown, 207;
establishes representative government, 1856, 208-210; his inaugural
speech, 211-215; reports gold on Queen Charlotte Island, 220; issues
gold-mining licenses, 221; reports gold discoveries on Upper Columbia,
etc., 223; difficulties with the miners, 227; visits the camps, 227-228;
appointed governor of British Columbia, 229; retires from Hudson's Bay
Company, 229-230; full powers of government given him under instructions
of colonial secretary, 1858, 231; Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton's opinion of
him, 234-235; his administration of the government, 236; appoints
provincial officers, 240-241; second visit to the mining camps, 243-245;
proposes Queensborough as name of capital of British Columbia, 247;
settles Hill's Bar affair, 248; builds roads, 249-253; 257; his
resourcefulness, 249-250; plans for a transcontinental road, 253-254;
financial problems, 258-262; charged with extravagance, 261; his
prejudice in favour of Hudson's Bay Company, 263; defends their policy,
264-265; justice to the natives, 267; recommends church endowments,
270-271; conflict with Assembly over site of public buildings, 272-273;
governorship of Vancouver Island ends, 1863,—knighthood,—succeeded by
Arthur Kennedy,—retires from governorship of mainland of British
Columbia, 1864, 289; advocates union of British Columbia and Vancouver
Island, 295; public appreciation of his rule as governor, 304; leaves
British Columbia and sails for Europe, 308-309; his personal side, 309;
death, Aug. 1, 1877, 310; wife dies, 1891, 310; his character and
achievements as man, fur trader, and statesman, 342-354; compared with
McLoughlin, 351-353; personal appearance, 350-351. Bib.: Morgan, Cel.
Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bancroft, History of
British Columbia; Begg, History of British Columbia.
Douglas, Captain W. M. D With Meares on North-West Coast, 1788, 27; at
Cook River, 27; arrives at Nootka from Cook River with cargo of
sea-otter, 28; sails for Sandwich Islands, 28; returns to Nootka, 28;
sails from Nootka to Queen Charlotte Islands, 29.
Doutre, Joseph (1825-1886). Born in Beauharnois, Quebec. Called to the
bar, 1847. Early became a leader of the Liberal party. One of the
founders of Le Pays, besides contributing to other newspapers. As a
result of one of his articles, fought a duel with Georges E. Cartier,
but without serious consequences. Joined the Institut Canadien at
Montreal, and became the president, 1852. Took a leading part in
opposition to the Roman Catholic Church in the "Joseph Guibord Case."
Counsel for the Dominion government before the Halifax Fisheries
Commission. Index: C Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against
Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107. Bib.: Works: Les
Fiancès de 1812; Le Frère et la Sœur; Les Sauvages du Canada;
The Constitution of Canada. For biog., see Willison, Sir Wilfrid
Laurier and the Liberal Party.
Doutre, R. E Member of the Parti Rouge, 108.
Douville, d'Agneau. Hd Abandons French post at Toronto, 26.
Dow, Dr. T Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 108.
Downshire, Wills Hill, first Marquis of (1718-1793). Secretary of state
for colonies, 1768-1772. Index: Dr Approves Carleton's recommendations,
51. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Doyle, Sir Charles Hastings (1805-1883). Served in the army. Commander
of the forces in Nova Scotia, 1861-1868; lieutenant-governor of New
Brunswick, 1866-1867; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1867-1870;
commander of the forces in British North America, 1870-1874. Index: H
Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia; Sir John Macdonald his guest in
1868, 213, Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Doyle, Lawrence O'Connor. H Contributed to The Club in Howe's Nova
Scotian, 9; his wit, 35; offered seat in government, 103-104; elected
for Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110. Bib.: Bourinot,
Builders of Nova Scotia.
Drake, Sir Francis (1540?-1596). Sailed from Plymouth for the River
Plate, 1577; passed through the Straits of Magellan, 1578; plundered
Valparaiso, 1579, and explored the western coast of North America the
same year; returned to England, 1580, by way of the Cape of Good Hope.
Vice-admiral of the fleet in the defeat of the Spanish Armada off
Gravelines, 1588. Died on board his own ship off Porto Bello and buried
at sea. Index: D On Pacific coast, 7, 8; lays foundation of British
naval supremacy, 16; takes possession of Pacific coast for Queen
Elizabeth, 62; and the Spaniards, 147. Bib.: Southey, Lives of the
Admirals; Corbett, Drake and the Tudor Navy; Payne, Voyages of the
Elizabethan Seamen to America; Froude, English Seamen in the
Seventeenth Century; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Draper, William Henry (1801-1877). Born in London, England. In his youth
ran away to sea and served on an East Indiaman. Came to Canada in 1821
and taught school at Port Hope; subsequently studied law and began
practice at York. Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for city of
Toronto in 1836, and made a member of the Executive Council. During the
Rebellion of 1837 acted as aide-de-camp to the lieutenant-governor. In
March, 1837, became solicitor-general, and in 1840 promoted to office of
attorney-general. After the union of the provinces retained in the
Executive Council as attorney-general of Upper Canada. It fell to his
lot to pilot the ministry through the stormy debates of the first
session, and to resist the attacks of Baldwin, Hincks, and their
fellow-Reformers. In September, 1842, saw the necessity of resigning and
gave way in order that the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry might be formed.
In 1843 appointed to the Legislative Council, where he led the
opposition. On the resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry in
December, 1843, accepted office with Viger, and in the exciting election
held in the autumn of 1844 obtained a bare majority for the new
ministry. In January, 1845, resigned his seat in the Legislative Council
and elected to the Assembly for London. An unsuccessful attempt to
secure the support of the French-Canadian Reform section discredited him
with the Tories of Upper Canada, and in May, 1847, withdrew from the
Cabinet, and shortly afterwards resigned his seat in the Assembly.
Appointed puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Upper Canada,
and in 1856 made chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas. In July,
1863, succeeded Archibald McLean as chief justice of Upper Canada, and
in 1869 appointed president of the Court of Error and Appeal. Continued
to act in this position until his death. Index: Md Joins Metcalfe's
administration, 19; seeks seat in Assembly, 23-24; his administration,
24; recommends Macdonald for office of commissioner of crown lands, 26;
accepts judgeship and withdraws from public life, 27-28; commissioner to
represent Canada before Hudson's Bay Committee, 1857, 83. BL Appointed
attorney-general, Upper Canada, 1841, 76; his previous career, 77; his
character, 77; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; pledged to support the
administration, 81; succeeds in carrying on government, 85; in
discussion as to speakership, 88; his public policy, 90; defines his
position on question of responsible government, 91-92, 94; his nickname
of "Sweet William," 92; his successful policy, 95; difficulties with
French-Canadians, 96-97; realizes need for reconstruction of ministry,
115, 122; resigns office, 123; reads Bagot's letter to La Fontaine in
the Assembly, 124; his speech in the Assembly, Sept. 13, 1842, 127;
resigns, 132; appointed to Legislative Council, 177; opposes transfer of
capital to Montreal, 183; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197;
supports Metcalfe, 212; executive councillor, 216; referred to in George
Brown's speech, 224; visits Lower Canada, and reports to Metcalfe on
political situation, 236-263; forms ministry, 246; attorney-general for
Upper Canada, 247; secures narrow majority in elections, 1844, 250-251;
his political dexterity, 253-255; his University Bill, 256; his scheme
for obtaining French-Canadian support, 258-235; his policy, 266-267; his
government dying, 276; resigns and becomes puisne judge of Court of
Queen's Bench, 276; his University Bill, 293; his municipal legislation,
299; his Indemnification Bill of 1845, 307-308. Sy Solicitor-general,
introduces Union resolution in Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, 206,
213; brings in bill for settlement of Clergy Reserves question, 245;
made attorney-general, 252; appointed to same office under Union, 283. B
Becomes Metcalfe's chief adviser, 20; Globe criticizes his attempt to
form a coalition, 27. C Forms ministry, 17. E Acknowledges necessity of
bringing French-Canadians into Cabinet, 31; forms ministry under Lord
Metcalfe, 35; his retirement, 43. R Ryerson's public letters to, 100,
120; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126; presents case for King's College
before Legislature, 149; his Provincial University Bill, 153; bill
defeated, 155. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Pope,
Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Read, Lives of the Judges. For his
own writings, see Morgan, Bib. Can.
Dreuilletes, Gabriel (1610-1681). Studied at Jesuit College, Toulouse.
In 1643 came to Canada and spent a year in study of Algonquian language.
Soon became proficient in that tongue and accompanied wandering bands on
their hunting trips. In 1646 went on an expedition to the Abnaki tribes
of Maine, who had become interested in Christianity through converts of
the Sillery mission. Remained with the Abnaki one year and then removed
to district of Tadoussac, where he spent three years among the
Montagnais. In 1651 again sent to the Abnaki to form an alliance with
the New England colonies against the Iroquois, but in this was
unsuccessful. Laboured for twenty years in missions of Sillery, Three
Rivers, and other posts. In 1661 had charge of the mission to the Cree
tribes, and in 1672 spent some time in the mission of Sault Ste. Marie.
Died at Quebec. Index: L One of the founders of the Sault Ste. Marie
mission, 11. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America and La Salle.
Drew, Andrew (1792-1878). Entered the navy, 1806. Took part in many of
the most important engagements during the war with France, including the
Walcheren expedition. Promoted to lieutenant for gallantry during the
fight between the Eurotas and the French frigate Clorinde, 1814.
Promoted to commander for his brilliant defence of Cape Coast Castle
against the Ashantees, 1824. Retired and settled in Canada. During
Rebellion of 1837 offered his services to the government. Conducted the
capture of the Caroline, for which he received the thanks of the Upper
Canada Parliament and was appointed commander of the provincial marine.
A grant by the Assembly to provide seventy-five guineas for the purchase
of a sword of honour was not approved by the Legislative Council.
Remained in active service in Canada until 1839. Appointed to the
command of the Wasp on the West India Station, where he discovered and
surveyed a dangerous rock which still bears his name, 1842. Appointed
naval storekeeper at the Cape of Good Hope, 1850. Raised to the rank of
admiral, 1862. Retired from active service and resided in England until
his death. Index: Mc In charge of the expedition which cut out the
Caroline, 420-421; thanked by the Upper Canadian Assembly, 423. Bib.:
Drew and Woods, The Burning of the Caroline; Dent, Upper Canadian
Rebellion; Lizars, Humours of '37; Read, Rebellion of 1837. See
also Caroline.
Drewe, Rev. Edward. S Accompanies Simcoe as chaplain, 47.
Driscoll, Captain. Bk Letter of, relating to death of Brock, 307.
Drummond, Sir Gordon (1771-1854). Son of Colin Drummond, at one time
deputy paymaster-general of the forces in Canada. Born at Quebec.
Entered the army, 1789, and rapidly promoted until in 1794 became
lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Liverpool Regiment. Saw distinguished
service in the Netherlands and in the West Indies; became colonel, 1798,
and commanded his regiment during the campaign in Egypt, assisting in
capture of Cairo and Alexandria. In 1805 given rank of major-general and
took command of a division in Jamaica. In December, 1808, transferred to
the staff in Canada, until 1811. Served for a time in Ireland; returned
to Canada as second in command to Sir George Prévost, 1813. Took a most
prominent part in the War of 1812. From December, 1813, to April, 1815,
president and administrator of Upper Canada, and during this period
succeeded in turning the tide of victory to the British forces. Defeated
the Americans at Niagara, July 28, 1814, and followed this up by
occupying Fort Erie in November. In recognition of his splendid services
during the war, gazetted a K. C. B. On the departure of Sir George
Prévost appointed administrator of Lower Canada, and assumed office Apr.
4, 1815. Had expressed a strong desire to return to England, as it was
understood that the appointment was to be only temporary. Accordingly
relieved by Major-General Wilson, and departed from Quebec, May 20,
1816. Obtained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1825. In 1827 made a G.
C. B. Died in London. Index: Bk Takes command of troops at Montreal,
115; commander of forces in Canada, 157. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.;
Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Lucas, Canadian War of
1812; Rattray, The Scot in British North America.
Drummond, Lewis Thomas (1813-1882). Born in Londonderry, Ireland. Came
to Canada with his mother, 1825. Educated at Nicolet College; studied
law, and called to the bar, 1836. Elected to the Assembly for Montreal,
1843, but prevented from taking his seat by the dissolution of the
Assembly. Defeated in the general election that followed, but in the
same year elected for Portneuf. Held office in the La Fontaine-Baldwin
ministry as solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1848-1851, and became
attorney-general for Lower Canada in the Hincks-Morin government, 1851.
Held office under various administrations until 1856, when he resigned,
owing to a dispute over the leadership of the Assembly. Again took
office as attorney-general in the short-lived Brown-Dorion
administration, 1861, and as commissioner of public works in the
Macdonald-Dorion government, 1863. In the same year defeated for
re-election and retired from political life. Appointed a judge of the
Superior Court for Lower Canada, 1864. Retired, 1873. Died in Montreal.
Index: E One of the leaders of the Liberals in Lower Canada in 1851,
109; becomes attorney-general for Lower Canada in Hincks-Morin
government, 113; retains same portfolio in reconstructed ministry, 126;
and in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141; takes a leading part in settlement of
the Seigniorial Tenure, 186. B Enters George Brown's ministry, 102.
Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Du Bois d'Égriseilles, Abbé J. B. L Devotes his fortune to religious
work at Montreal, 135.
Du Calvet, Pierre. Under the French régime engaged in the fur trade,
and, having acquired considerable wealth, remained in the colony after
the conquest. In 1764 made a magistrate and justice of the peace.
Vigorously opposed an ordinance of 1770 regulating the administration of
justice, and on several subsequent occasions clashed with the executive
authority. Suspected by Haldimand of having been in secret
correspondence with the United States, and arrested in September, 1780;
from November, 1780, to May, 1783, kept in confinement without the
opportunity of a legal trial. In 1784 went to England, where he
denounced Haldimand and sought redress before the British ministry. In
this connection published an "Appel à la Justice de l'État," setting
forth his personal grievances, but concluding with a carefully prepared
plan of government, which was considered as the basis for that adopted
in the Constitutional Act of 1791. Complaints were not favourably
received, and returned to Canada. In March, 1786, left New York for
London on board the Shelburne, which is supposed to have been lost
with all on board. Index: Hd Arrested on suspicion of treason, 279-280;
evidence against, 281; his resentment against Haldimand, 282; being
released, enters action against him, 283; his memorial to Lord Sydney,
284-288; his misstatements, 288; supported in his action against
Haldimand by Masères, 290; demands a Legislative Assembly and the
Habeas Corpus Act, 291; drowned at sea, 292; praised by Fréchette,
292; blames Mabane for ill will of Haldimand, 305; serves writ against
Haldimand, 310. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Shortt and
Doughty, Constitutional Documents of Canada. For full titles of his
Appel à la Justice de l'État, and The Case of Pierre Du Calvet,
see Morgan, Bib. Can. See also Haldimand, Sir Frederick.
Duchesne, Adrien. Ch Surgeon, early settler, 145.
Duchesne, David. Ch Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168.
Duchesneau, Jacques. Intendant of New France, 1675-1682. His commission
invested him with the title of president of the Sovereign Council, an
office which had hitherto been filled by the governor. As Frontenac, a
man of dominant spirit, was then governor, interminable disputes arose
between him and the intendant touching questions of precedence.
Frontenac lost no opportunity of showing his resentment; and the
intendant sided with the bishop in the vexed question of selling brandy
to the Indians. Finally the quarrel came to the ears of the king, and
both governor and intendant were recalled. Index: L Appointed intendant,
166; disagrees with Frontenac, 167; recalled, 168. F Intendant, 108;
his instructions, 109; claims to rank above bishop, 115; causes king's
prohibition of trading licenses to be registered in Frontenac's absence,
117; asked to furnish particulars as to ill effects of liquor traffic,
118; censured for interfering in matters beyond his sphere, 120; his
recommendations on the coureurs de bois question, 127; dispute with
Frontenac as to presidency of the Sovereign Council, 133-140; severely
censured in despatch from minister, 134; accuses Frontenac of
manufacturing the news he sends to the minister, 142; his son imprisoned
for disrespect to Frontenac, 143; recall of, 143; makes report on
Acadia, 271. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in New World; Parkman,
Frontenac; Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).
Duclos, Captain. WM Constructs and commands floating battery Le
Diable, 82, 87, 104.
Dudley, Joseph (1647-1720). F Provisional governor of Massachusetts,
264. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Dudouyt, Jean. F Grand-vicar to bishop of Quebec, 111; sent to France by
bishop in connection with liquor question, 118; advice to bishop, 171. L
Director of seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56;
to administer diocese in case of necessity, 134; his mission to France,
171; grand cantor of chapter of Quebec, 197; death of, 219. Bib.:
Parkman, Frontenac.
Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Temple Hamilton Blackwood, Marquess of
(1826-1902). British commissioner to Syria, 1860; under-secretary for
India, 1864-1866, and for war, 1865-1867; governor-general of Canada,
1872-1878; ambassador to Russia, 1879; transferred to Constantinople,
1881; viceroy of India, 1884; ambassador to Italy, 1888; ambassador to
France, 1891; Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1891. Index: D Visits
British Columbia in connection with Confederation negotiations, 323.
Bib.: Works: Journey from Oxford to Skibbereen; Letters from High
Latitudes; Inquiry into State of Ireland; Irish Emigration;
Speeches and Addresses, ed. by Milton. For biog., see Leggo,
History of the Administration of Lord Dufferin in Canada; Stewart,
Canada under Lord Dufferin; Black, The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava;
Lyall, The Life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava; Dent, Can. Por.;
Cyc. Am. Biog.
Dufort, Thomas. Mc Agent of Papineau to Upper Canada, 345; sets out for
Michigan, 345; secures assistance in Michigan, 427.
Dugas, Du Gua, or Du Guast, Sieur de Monts. See Monts.
Duggan, Jeremiah. Dr Citizen of Quebec, assists Americans, 120.
Du Lhut, Daniel Greysolon (1640?-1710). Took part in the campaign in
Flanders, and present at the battle of Seneffe, 1664. Came to Canada
latter year. Left Montreal for the West, 1678, and the following year
took possession of the country of the Sioux for France; explored the
country about Lake Superior, and gained unusual influence over some of
the western tribes; commanded at Fort Frontenac, 1696, and later at
Detroit; the city of Duluth named after him. Index: F Explorer,
discoveries of, 162; imprisoned on return to Quebec, 163; appointed post
commander among north-western tribes, 164; diverts trade from English
posts on Hudson Bay to Montreal, 164; under orders from La Barre
confiscates goods in La Salle's fort of St. Louis, 179; instructed to
rendezvous at Niagara, 181, 186, 187;, fortifies post at outlet of Lake
Huron, 202. Bib.: Margry, Découvertes et Établissements des Français;
Sieur Du Lhut (Minn. Hist. Coll., vol. 1); McLennan, Death of
Duluth (R. S. C., 1903); Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites, vol. 62;
Roy, DuLhut (Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 4); Colby, Canadian Types of
the Old Régime.
Du Marche. Ch Priest at Miscou, 234.
Dumas, N. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.
Dumas, Major. WM Commands night expedition to destroy British batteries
at Pointe Lévis, 113-115; commands Canadians in battle of the Plains,
192, 195.
Dumay, Captain. Ch Champlain consults with, 133.
Dumont's House. WM Occupied in turn by British and French, 256, 258.
Dumoulin. Ch Murdered by Montagnais Indians, 164.
Duncan, Adam (1731-1804). Entered the navy 1755; commanded the Royal
Exchange, 1759-1760; commander-in-chief in the North Sea, 1759-1801;
defeated the Dutch off Camperdown, 1797. Raised to the peerage as
Viscount Camperdown. Index: Bk Gains victory off Camperdown, 12. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.
Duncan, Alexander. D Sails for North-West Coast with Colnett, 22;
confirms discovery of Portlock and Dixon that Queen Charlotte Islands
are not part of mainland, 22.
Duncan, Richard. S Member of Legislative Council, 79.
Duncan, William. D Sent out from England, 1856, by Church of England
Missionary Society, 270; establishes native industrial community at
Metla Kahtla, 270; dispute with ecclesiastical authorities, and removal
to Alaska, 270. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names;
Arctander, Apostle of Alaska: the Story of William Duncan.
Duncombe, Charles. Medical doctor. Resided at Burford Plains, near
Brantford. Elected to the Legislature, 1824, and re-elected, 1836. After
the failure of the Rebellion, escaped to the United States. In 1843
returned to Canada, but remained only for a short time. Mc Complains to
Glenelg of Head, 315; deals with York election, 316; his letter referred
to a committee, 321; report of the committee, 322; assembles his forces
at Brantford, 425; retreats to Scotland village, 425; increased by one
thousand, 425; men disperse, 426; amnestied, 474. Bib.: Dent, Upper
Canadian Rebellion.
Dundas, George (1819-1880). Lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island,
1859-1869. Afterwards lieutenant-governor of St. Vincent, West India
Islands, where he died.
Dundas, Henry. See Melville.
Dundas Street. Also known as the Governor's Road. Built by Governor
Simcoe; connected London with the village of Dundas. Place and road were
named after the then secretary for the colonies. Index: S Name given by
Simcoe to his military road from Burlington Bay to site of present city
of London, 201. BL Its extent, 8.
Dunfermline, James Abercromby, first Baron (1776-1858). Sat in British
Parliament, 1807, 1812-1830 and 1832; Speaker of House of Commons,
1835-1839. Index: Sy Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Dunkin, Christopher (1811-1881). Born in London, England. Educated at
the Universities of London and Glasgow. Emigrated to America; studied at
Harvard University, and for a time tutor of Greek in that institution.
Came to Canada about 1836, and engaged in newspaper work. Appointed
secretary to the Education Commission, 1838, and subsequently secretary
to the Post-office Commission. Assistant-secretary for Lower Canada,
1841-1847; called to the bar, 1846. Unsuccessfully contested the county
of Drummond for a seat in the Legislative Assembly, 1844, but elected to
represent Drummond and Arthabaska, 1857. Defeated, 1861, but elected for
the county of Brome, 1862. Retained his seat until Confederation, when
elected by the same county to the House of Commons. At first an opponent
of Confederation, but afterwards a strong supporter. Provincial
treasurer of Quebec, 1867; entered the Dominion Cabinet as minister of
agriculture, 1869. Appointed a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec,
1871; held office until his death. Name associated with the Canada
Temperance Act, better known as the "Dunkin Act." Bib.: Dent's Can.
Por. and Last Forty Years.
Dunlop, William (1795?-1848). Born in Scotland. Served as a regimental
surgeon in War of 1812 and in India. Came to Canada in 1826, with John
Galt (q.v.); and took part in the establishment of the Canada Company
(q.v.). In Scotland, had been the intimate of John Wilson
("Christopher North," of Blackwood's), Maginn, and Hogg, and had done
some literary work, which he continued in Canada. Founded the Toronto
Literary Club, 1836. Represented Huron in the Legislature, 1841-1846.
Index: BL Attacks proposed reconstruction of ministry, 1842, 132;
significance of his nickname of "Tiger," 132. See also Canada Company;
Galt; Talbot. Bib.: Statistical Sketches of Upper Canada. For biog.,
see Lizars, Days of the Canada Company and Humours of '37; Dent,
Last Forty Years; Rattray, The Scot in British North America;
Morgan, Bib. Can.
Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of (1732-1809). Royal governor of Virginia,
appointed 1771. Returned to England after the Revolutionary War, and in
1786 appointed governor of the Bermudas. Index: Hd His letter to
Haldimand, 92. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Dunn, John Henry. Came to Canada in 1820, from England. Receiver-general
and member of Executive and Legislative Councils of Upper Canada. Died
in London, 1854. Index: BL Receiver-general, appointed to Council by
Head, 38-39; receiver-general, 1841, 76; a moderate Reformer, 78;
Baldwin's confidence in, 78; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin
government, 134; beaten in Toronto, 1844, 253. Sy Made receiver-general
of united province, 283, 332. Mc Appointed executive councillor, 294;
resigns, 294. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Dunn, Oscar (1844-1885). Journalist. Index: C His statements as to
Cartier's quarrel with Macdonald over terms of British North America
Act, 103. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Dunn, Robert. S Presbyterian clergyman, performed marriage services in
contravention of the law, 164; second clergyman to settle in Niagara
district, 165; drowned in wreck of the Speedy, 165.
Dunn, Thomas (1731-1818). Engaged in mercantile life; came to Canada
shortly after the conquest. In 1764 appointed a member of the first
Legislative Council of Quebec. A member of the new Council formed under
Quebec Act, and one of the five selected by Carleton for the Special
Privy Council. On the passing of the Constitutional Act, appointed one
of the first executive and legislative councillors of the Lower
Province, and during five different periods acted as president of the
Legislative Council. On departure of Sir Robert Milnes, in 1805, assumed
the administration of the province and continued to act until the
arrival of Sir James Craig in October, 1807. Again in 1811, during the
interval between the departure of Sir James Craig and the arrival of Sir
George Prévost, entrusted with the administration. Index: Dr Appointed
judge, 183. Bk Becomes civil administrator with title of president on
departure of Sir R.S. Milnes, 69, 73; differences with Brock, 77;
confident of loyalty of French-Canadians, 86; calls out one-fifth of
militia, 94, 96; becomes administrator again on departure of Craig,
157. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Dunning, John. See Ashburton.
Dunvegan. A trading-post on the left bank of the Peace River, about lat.
56°, and long. 118° 40'. Built by A. R. McLeod for the North West
Company about the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was named
after the "cold, bleak, rock-built castle of the McLeods of Skye."
Daniel Williams Harmon stationed there, 1808-1810, and Simon Fraser
visited him there on his way east from exploring the river that bears
his name. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.
Du Parc, Jean Godet, Sieur. Ch Comes to Canada, 47; left in charge of
colony (1610), 60.
Dupleix, General. WM Abandonment of, by French government, 53.
Duplessis-Bochart, Guillaume Guillemot. Sent to Canada, 1632, by the
Company of New France. Led a trading expedition up the Ottawa River,
1636. Killed by the Iroquois at Three Rivers, 1651. Index: Ch Presents
pictures to church of Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 240; brings out
settlers, 252.
Du Plessis Bonneau, Thomas, Sieur. Ch Director of Company of New France,
170.
Duplessis de Ste. Hélène, Mère André. L Her piety, 92.
Duplessis-Mornay. See Mornay.
Duplessis, Pacifique. Came to Canada with Champlain, 1615. Returned to
France, 1618. Came again, 1619, and died the same year. Index: Ch
Récollet missionary, 85; death of, 117. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in
the New World; Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Dupont, Nicolas. F Member of Sovereign Council, 106. L Member of
Sovereign Council, 158, 166.
Dupont. Ch Name given by Champlain to the Nicolet River, 52.
Dupont-Gravé. See Pont-Gravé.
Duprat, Captain. WM Brings word of impending attack on left of French
position, 138.
Dupuis, Captain. L Heads mission established at Gannentaha, 65, 67.
Dupuy, Claude Thomas. Intendant of New France, 1726-1728. Although a man
of some ability, was extremely pretentious and self-opinionated, and
became involved in constant quarrels with the governor and the bishop.
Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).
Duquesne de Menneville, Michel Ange, Marquis de. Appointed governor of
New France 1752, in succession to La Jonquière. His policy was to
intercept communication between New England and the western Indians and
thus to restore the Indians to dependence on France. In the spring of
1753 sent a force of a thousand men under Morin to the Ohio district; a
fort was built at Presque Isle and another, Fort Le Bœuf, inland on
River Le Bœuf. Disease made ravages among the troops, and while 300
were left to garrison the forts, the remainder were compelled to return
to Montreal, and Duquesne's plans for a further advance were frustrated.
Nevertheless the Indians were brought into submission to the French.
Improved the organization of the government of the colony, and through
thorough discipline raised the efficiency of the colonial troops.
Succeeded in 1755 by the Marquis de Vaudreuil. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm
and Wolfe; Bradley, The Fight for Canada; Fiske, New France and New
England.
Durell, Philip. Second-in-command, under Admiral Saunders, before
Quebec, 1759. Index: WM Instructed to cruise off St. Lawrence, 75;
makes some captures, 78; arrives at Ile-aux-Coudres, and establishes
camp, 88; his grandson captured, 90. Bib.: Wood, Logs of the Conquest
of Canada and The Fight for Canada; Doughty, Siege of Quebec.
Durham, John George Lambton, Earl of (1792-1840). Entered British
Parliament, 1814, for county of Durham, and won recognition as an
advanced Reformer. Brought forward plan of parliamentary reform in 1821.
Raised to peerage, 1828. Member of Grey's ministry, 1830. Sent to St.
Petersburg on special mission, 1833. Ambassador to Russia, 1836. Sent to
Canada in 1838 to bring order out of the chaos of the Rebellion. His
famous Report followed. His policy in Canada excited much opposition
both in Great Britain and Canada. The House of Lords voted disapproval
of some of his acts, and he took the extraordinary step of returning to
England without either being recalled or obtaining the royal consent.
Nevertheless the wisdom of his recommendations has since been abundantly
justified. Died at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, soon after his return.
Index: Mc "A man ahead of his time," 6, 7; speech on the Reform Bill,
14, 15; his report on the Constitutional Act, 55; on the position of
lieutenant-governor, 56; on the Legislative Council, 57; on the
Executive Council, 58, 63, 64; says Reformers are justified in demanding
responsible executive, 59, 67, 68, 69; points out powerlessness of
Assembly, 60; on the Family Compact, 62, 65; Clergy Reserves one of the
chief causes of Rebellion, 71, 72; on evils arising from Constitutional
Act, 75, 76; says representative government was guaranteed by
Constitutional Act, 76; his report justifies Reformers, 77; Stuart J.
Reid on the Report, 78, 79; analogy between Report and "Seventh Report
on Grievances," 79, 80; Union Act of 1840 based on Report, 80;
recommends responsible government, 81; authorship of Report, 82, 83; on
Head's interference in election, 309; on the causes of disaffection,
402; the remedy, 403. Md On representation by population, 71; on federal
union, 93-95. T His views on union, 61. C His inquiry and report, 11-12;
Poulett Thomson sent out to Canada to give effect to his
recommendations, 12; would merge French-Canadians in the Anglo-Saxon
race, 12; exposes frauds of Constitution of 1791, 13; in favour of
ministerial responsibility, 96. H His report before Nova Scotia
Legislature, 53; advocates Intercolonial Railway, 99. P On Papineau's
refusal to accept Lord Goderich's offer of control of the revenue, 77;
exiles leaders of Rebellion to Bermuda, 138; his action vetoed by
Imperial government, 139; vindicates his action in a parting
proclamation, 139; on the system of government in Lower Canada, 157;
denied access to Canadian documents in Paris archives, 165; his scheme
for union of the Canadas arouses opposition of French-Canadians, 170. R
Ryerson on, 115; Ryerson supports his recommendations, 117; his Report,
120-122. MS Comes to Canada, 243; his Report, 243; appoints Adam Thom to
his staff, 245. Sy His lack of discretion, 57, 89; his Report, 85,
89-97, 345; his Report welcomed by British party in Lower Canada, 95;
and Reformers of Upper Canada, 96; criticized in report of the Upper
Canada Assembly, 97-100; also in report of committee of Legislative
Council, 100-103; quoted against his own Report, 162. B On causes of
Rebellion in Lower Canada, 11, 53; his remedy for political discontent,
12, 13; estimates numerical strength of Church of England in Upper
Canada, 52-53; his Report quoted, on land grants, 53-54; on
representation, 82-83; and Confederation, 129; his plan of legislative
union, 263. BL On political situation in Upper Canada, 17; and Lower
Canada, 17; in period of reconstruction, 50; sent to Canada, 53;
previous career, 53; his arbitrary methods in Canada, 54; attacked in
House of Lords, and his ordinance granting amnesty disallowed, 55; his
proclamation, 55; his recall, 55; his Report, 55-58; Imperial government
acts upon his advice, 59; his recommendations, 66; recommends
responsible government, 137, 273; John Stuart Mill on, 149; on the
duties of the governor, 161, 163; his Report quoted by Baldwin, 222; and
Elgin, 274; eulogized by Draper, 277. E His characteristics as a
statesman, 2; his daughter marries Lord Elgin, 14; sound principles laid
down in his Report indicated by Lord Elgin, 15; compared with Elgin, 15;
sums up nature of conflict in Lower Canada, 18; advocates ultimate
domination of English element, 23, 55; his views on representative
government, 25-26; on land grants to United Empire Loyalists, 144-145;
on Clergy Reserves, 148, 154-155; on American misconstruction of
conditions in Canada, 190-191; on economic conditions in Canada in
1838-1839, 191; suggests remedies, 192-193, 194, 195. Bib.: Report on
the Affairs of British North America; Haliburton, Reply to the Report
of the Earl of Durham; Bradshaw, Self-Government in Canada; Egerton
and Grant, Canadian Constitutional Development; Garnett, The
Authorship of Lord Durham's Report; Christie, History of Lower Canada;
Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dict. Eng. Hist.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can.
Por.; Reid, Life and Letters of Lord Durham.
Dutch Colonists. Ch Their relations with the Iroquois, 52. Dr Admixture
of, among United Empire Loyalists, 240. Bk Emigration of, from
Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49.
Duval, Jean. F Executed for conspiracy against Champlain, 8. Ch
Locksmith, accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; leads conspiracy to
assassinate him, 42; executed, 43. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Duval, Jean François Joseph (1801-1881). Born in Quebec. Studied law and
called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1823. Represented Quebec in the
Assembly, 1830-1834. Appointed to the bench, 1839; judge of the Superior
Court, 1852; judge of the Queen's Bench, 1855; chief justice of the
Queen's Bench, 1864; retired, 1874. Died in Quebec. Index: E Member of
Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Du Verger, Father. Ch Promotes Récollet mission to Canada, 83.
Du Vernet. Ch Interpreter, 144.
Du Vignau, Nicolas. Ch His alleged discoveries, 74-77, interpreter, 144.
Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Earthquake of 1663. Known in Canadian history as the "Great Earthquake."
The most extravagant accounts have come down as to the circumstances
attending this earthquake, but it was undoubtedly the most serious
disturbance of the earth's crust, in Canadian territory, of which we
have any record. It affected chiefly the valley of the St. Lawrence from
Montreal to the gulf, a region more susceptible to seismic disturbance
than any other in Eastern Canada. Kingsford cites contemporary reports
of similar phenomena in 1638 and 1766. Index: F Described by Avaugour,
46-47. L Lalemant's account of, 42-45; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 45;
conversions resulting from, 45-46. Bib.: Charlevoix, Histoire de la
Nouvelle France; Lalemant, Relation, 1663; Ragueneau, Vie de
Catherine de St. Augustin; Marie de l'Incarnation, Lettres; Parkman,
Old Régime; Kingsford, History of Canada.
Eastern Townships. Hd Proposition to settle with disbanded Loyalists,
264. Dr Settled by British Americans, 289; mixed population of, 288.
Bib.: Day, Pioneers of the Eastern Townships; Day, History of the
Eastern Townships; Thomas, History of the Eastern Townships.
Easton, James. Dr American officer, demands surrender of Carleton at
Sorel, 113. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Eau, Chevalier d'. F Goes on embassy to Iroquois, 262.
Echemin Indians. A tribe closely resembling the Micmacs of Nova Scotia,
and inhabiting in the seventeenth century what is now eastern Maine and
New Brunswick. They lived by hunting and fishing. Index: WM Enemies of
the English, 16.
Edgar, Sir James David (1841-1899). Studied law, and called to the bar
of Upper Canada, 1864. Elected to House of Commons, 1872. Sent on
political mission to British Columbia, in connection with Canadian
Pacific Railway. Returned to Parliament, 1884; elected Speaker of the
House of Commons, 1896. Index: Md Sent to British Columbia by Mackenzie
government, 234. D Sent to Victoria, 1874, as special agent of Dominion
government, in connection with Canadian Pacific Railway, 320. Bib.:
Works: This Canada of Ours and Other Poems; The White Stone Canoe;
Canada and its Capital. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.
Edmonton. Capital of province of Alberta. Situated on the North
Saskatchewan. Occupies site of Edmonton House, of the Hudson's Bay
Company, and, at a still earlier date, Fort Augustus, of the North West
Company. Later was built by Hughes, and known at one time as Fort des
Prairies. Bib.: Cameron, The City on the Saskatchewan.
Edmonton House. MS Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6.
Education. Md University endowment in Upper Canada, 28-30; Macdonald's
connection with separate school question, 82, 84; compulsory education
established, 116. W State of, in New Brunswick, 83; Wilmot's interest
in, 83; grammar schools, 85-86; college of New Brunswick, 86; Madras
System, 86-87; lack of public interest in schools, 88-90; Wilmot's views
on education, 90-91. T Improvement in school system, 20; King's College,
20-22. WM Limited to a few, but excellent, 23. R In Upper Canada, 51-59;
petitions, 54-55; Common School Bill, 1816,—its provisions, 56-57;
Board of Education, 58; provisions of amending Act, 1824, 58; the
university question, 133-162; the common school system, 163-213;
separate school question, 215-245; grammar or high schools, 247-268. E
Gradual improvements in common school system after 1841, 87-89; Mrs.
Jamieson on the Upper Canadian schoolmaster, 87; Lord Elgin's interest
in educational problems, 88. BL System of common schools provided for in
government programme, 1841, 89; Act passed, 105; previous legislation
for higher education, 105-106; for elementary schools, 106-107; terms of
new Act of 1841, 107-108; school laws of 1843,189-190; Baldwin's
University Act, 190; history of the university movement in Upper Canada,
191-197; under second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 281, 286, 292,
338-339. Sy Demand that Clergy Reserves should be applied to purposes
of, 240-242. S Simcoe's efforts in cause of, 166. C In the clerical
colleges of Quebec, 3-5; Lord Elgin on, 5; Cartier's work for, in Lower
Canada, 114; in Quebec, 37-38. Dr Committee on, appointed, 226;
conflicting views on, 227-229. H In Nova Scotia,—Joseph Howe advocates
compulsory education, 79; and an undenominational provincial university,
82; again introduces his measure for public schools, 115. B George
Brown's views on, 47, 59, 61, 62-64, 75, 121-123, 145; separate school
question, 121-123, 144-145. Hd In the early days of British rule,
233-236. See Ryerson, Egerton; Strachan, John; Simcoe, John Graves;
Grammar Schools; Universities; Public Schools; Libraries; Manitoba
School Question; Separate Schools. Bib.: Canada: An Ency., vols. 2,
3, and 4; Chauveau, L'Instruction Publique; Dawson, Fifty Years' Work
in Canada; Hodgins, Documentary History of Education in Upper Canada;
Ryerson, Story of my Life; Meilleur, L'Education du Bas-Canada;
Millar, Educational System of Ontario; Ross, Universities of Canada;
Education in the Canadas (Archives Report, 1899).
Edward VII (1841-1910). Succeeded to throne, 1901. Index: E His visit to
Canada in 1860, 7. Md Visits Canada in 1860, and opens Victoria bridge,
87. Bib.: Dict. Eng. Hist.; Morgan, Tour of Prince of Wales through
Canada; Gough, The King's Visit to Canada.
Edward and Annie. MS The vessel which brought the Red River settlers
from Stornoway to Hudson Bay, 150-151.
Effiat, Duc d'. Ch Second in list of Hundred Associates (Company of New
France), 170.
Eldon, John Scott, first Earl (1751-1838). British statesman. Index: Sy
Resigns from Cabinet, 16. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Election Frauds. B In Russell County and Quebec City in 1857, 99-100,
106.
Election Laws. BL Bill introduced, 99; rejected by Council, 100; La
Fontaine-Baldwin government brings in a broader measure, 144; its terms,
144-145; opposition of Conservative press, 145-146; electoral reform
measures, 286.
Elgin, James Bruce, eighth Earl of (1811-1863). E His qualities as a
statesman, 3-4; his success in Canada, 4; his lineage, 5-6; his personal
character, 6-8; education, 6; his contemporaries at college, 7; enters
Parliament, 8; accepts governorship of Jamaica, 9; death of his first
wife, 9; his successful administration in Jamaica, 10-12; returns to
England, 1846, 13; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, 13; his
second marriage, 14; influence of Durham, 15; contrasted with Durham,
15; his arrival in Montreal, 1847, 16, 26, 40, 41; views on the
political situation, 41-43; obtains from Imperial government
reimbursement of plague expenses, 48; his tour through Upper Canada, 49;
on agricultural associations, 50; dissolves Parliament, 50; calls upon
La Fontaine and Baldwin to form administration, 52; comments on
character of new government, 52-53; his letters to Lord Grey, 54-56;
views on the French question, 55-56; his antipathy to Papineau, 56; on
economic conditions, 57-58; on annexation sentiment, 58; on
inter-imperial trade, 58-59; his course in connection with Rebellion
Losses Bill, 71-78; attacked by mob, 74; Imperial government approves
his action in signing bill, 78; second visit to Upper Canada, 79; raised
to peerage, 80; condemns Annexation Manifesto, 81; on causes of
commercial depression, 82; urges reciprocity with United States, 82,
101, 107; vindication of his policy on Rebellion Losses Bill, 83-84;
views on education, 88-89; his admiration for Baldwin, 104; on
parliamentary representation, 118-119; on an elective Upper House,
120-121; visits England in 1853, 123; tribute from United States
minister in London, 123-124; visits Washington and negotiates
Reciprocity Treaty, 124; resents John Sandfield Macdonald's rebuke, 129;
on the appeal to the country in 1854, 132, 133; opens fifth Parliament,
135; advises repeal of Imperial Act of 1840, 164-165, 167; on the
attitude of the Church of England in Canada, 169; his efforts to kill
annexation sentiment, 189-190, 194, 195; his efforts to secure
reciprocity, 196; visits United States and negotiates treaty, 197; signs
treaty June 8, 1854, 198, 201; succeeded as governor-general by Sir
Edmund Head, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; parting address from Legislature, 203;
his reply, 204-205; his last speech in Quebec, 205-208; returns to
England, 209; views on colonial self-defence, 209-212; accepts mission
to China, 212; his part in suppressing Indian Mutiny, 213; negotiates
treaty of Tientsin, 214; official visit to Japan, 214; negotiates treaty
of Yeddo, 214; returns to England, 215; British apathy as to colonies,
215; becomes postmaster-general in Palmerston government, 215; Lord
Rector of Glasgow University, 215; his second mission to China, 215;
governor-general of India, 216; his tour in Northern India, 218; holds
Durbar at Agra, 218; suppresses Nahabu outbreak, 218; illness and death,
Nov. 20, 1863, 218-219; his views on Imperial honours, 222; his
principles of self-government, 227; on British connection, 229, 231; on
the status of a constitutional governor, 231-232; beneficial results of
his policy, 233, 235; on colonial self-government, 239-240; on the
American political system, 257-258. B On causes of depression in Canada,
32; his far-sighted statesmanship,—views on imperial unity, 33;
introduces self-government in Canada, 33; and the Rebellion Losses Bill,
34-38. Md Succeeds Cathcart as governor-general, 26; upholds responsible
government, 32-33; gives assent to Rebellion Losses Bill, 36-38; mobbed
in Montreal, 38; sober second judgment of the people justifies his
action in approving the bill, 41; his action approved by British
government, 42; effects Reciprocity Treaty with United States, 45, 98,
216. T Brings about Reciprocity Treaty, 29. BL Mentioned, 75; attitude
to responsible government, 138; chosen by Liberal government as
governor-general, 272; his character, 272; his grasp of the colonial
situation, and attitude towards responsible government, 273; first to
apply successfully the principle, 273; liberally interprets his
instructions, 274; marries Durham's daughter, 274; a thorough believer
in Durham's doctrines, 274; his statesmanlike grasp of the true attitude
of the governor, 274-275; enters Montreal, January, 1847, 275; Hincks
on, 275-276; Draper on, 277; dissolves Parliament, Dec. 6, 1847, 278;
his solution of the Canadian question, 282-283; calls Parliament at
Montreal, Feb. 25, 1848, 283; sends for La Fontaine to form ministry,
284; his high opinion of second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 285;
interview with Baldwin and La Fontaine, 285-286; brings session to a
close, 286; on commercial depression in Canada, 301; consents to
Rebellion Losses Bill, 321; mobbed in Montreal, 305, 322, 324; his
attitude towards the bill, 332-334; loyal reception to in Toronto, 338.
R Concedes full measure of responsible government, 126. C On education
in Quebec, 5; urges Cartier to enter Cabinet, 22; and the Rebellion
Losses Bill, 32; his letter to Lord Grey on the state of the country in
1849, 44; most enlightened and most popular governor before
Confederation, 98; aids cause of responsible government, 98. H Attends
public dinner to Joseph Howe at Toronto 1851, 138; represents British
North America at Boston railway celebration, 1851, 250. Mc Assents to
Amnesty Act, 480. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last
Forty Years; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Walrond, Letters of Lord Elgin;
Wrong, The Earl of Elgin; Le Moine, Le Comte d'Elgin (R. S. C.,
1894).
Eliott, G. A. See Heathfield.
Elisa, Francisco. Commanded Spanish expedition to Nootka, 1790. Carried
on extensive explorations in 1791, returning to Monterey the following
year. Index: D His attempt to explore Juan de Fuca Strait in 1790, 26;
sends Fidalgo to examine northern coast same year, 26. Bib.: Bancroft,
North-West Coast.
Ellice, Edward (1781-1863). P Seignior of Beauharnois, suggests to
colonial secretary union of Upper and Lower Canada, 47; his design
revealed, 49; meets Papineau, 53. MS Opposes sale of Red River land to
Selkirk by Hudson's Bay Company, 210-212; quoted on Dr. John McLoughlin,
220; before Hudson's Bay Company Committee, 272. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.
Elliott, Colonel. Bk Indian superintendent at Amherstburg, 151; in
charge of Indians in western district, 230.
Elliott. Dr Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.
Elmsley, John (1762-1805). Born in England. Succeeded William Osgoode as
chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1796, and again as chief-justice of Lower
Canada, 1802. At the same time became a member of the Executive Council.
In February, 1803, appointed president of the Legislative Council—a
position he held until his death. Index: S Becomes chief-justice, 178.
Bk His death, 69. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lives of the
Judges.
Embargo. Bk On United States ships, 83, 108; benefits Canadian trade,
109, 115; disastrous effects of, both in United States and in England,
110, 111; withdrawn, 114.
Emigration. Sy Sydenham's views on, 321; grant by British government in
aid of, 322.
Emulous. Bk British ship, prizes taken by, 224.
End, William. W Votes against address of New Brunswick Assembly, 46;
referred to by Wilmot, 95; moves amendment in regard to money grants,
97; interrupts Wilmot's speech, 108, 109.
Endemare, Father. Ch Jesuit, goes to Fort Ste. Anne in Cape Breton, 237.
England. Bk At war with republican France, 8; its invasion threatened,
10; mutiny in the fleet and insubordination in the army, 11; isolation
of, 23; makes peace of Amiens, 30; declares war with France, 44;
threatened by Napoleon, 71; the Berlin Decrees directed against, 81;
without an ally in Europe, 82; orders-in-council in reply to Berlin
Decrees, 93, 106, 111, 120; intense anxiety in, as to war in Peninsula
(1811), 140; prostration of trade, 167; neglect of military protection
of Canada (1812), 184; its main force necessarily concentrated on
struggle in Europe, 269.
English Colonies. F Goods cheap in, 154; pay better price for furs, 154,
175, 201; political confusion prevailing in, after downfall of James II,
263. WM Colonists sell goods to Indians on more advantageous terms than
the French, 21.
English Colonization. WM Egoism the principle of, 17; Parkman on, 20;
demoralizing effect of, 20. Bib.: Fiske, New France and New England.
English Law. Hd Introduction of, by the royal proclamation, 59. Dr
Sometimes inconsistently invoked by those who in general objected
thereto, 40.
English Settlers in Canada. Dr Position taken by, 9; find French laws
irksome, 12; Murray's description of, 14, 24, 26; send delegate to
England, 16; petition for Murray's recall, 17; described by Carleton,
47; object to Carleton's ordinance of 1770, with respect to
administration of justice, 55.
Enos, General Roger (1729-1808). Hd In command of Vermont troops, 211;
proposes to settle two Canadian townships, 266. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Epidemics. L Ravages of, 239. See Smallpox.
Equal Rights Association. Formed in Toronto, in 1889, to secure the
disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, and generally to oppose what
was described as the "political encroachments of ultramontanism." Among
the principal founders were D'Alton McCarthy, William E. O'Brien, and
Clarke Wallace. Index: Md Grew out of agitation over Jesuits' Estates
question, 289.
Erie Indians. A large tribe, of Iroquois stock, inhabiting in the
seventeenth century the country between Lake Erie and the Ohio. After a
long war, the Eries were practically wiped out by the Iroquois, in 1656,
the few survivors being adopted into the Iroquois confederacy. Bib.:
Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.
Erie, Lake. Area 10,000 square miles. Discovered by Brébeuf and
Chaumonot, 1640. It is possible that the lake may have been first seen
by white men at a still earlier date, when the Franciscan friar, La
Roche Dallion, visited the Neutral nation, 1626, but there is no direct
evidence. The lake is mentioned under its present name in Lalemant's
Relation of 1641, as well as in that of Ragueneau, 1648. La Salle's
Griffon was the first ship to sail its waters, 1679. First clearly
shown on Sanson map of 1650. Bib.: Chaumonot, Vie; Harris, Early
Missions; Parkman, Jesuits in North America.
Ermatinger, Francis. D His expedition to Sacramento in 1841, 132. Bib.:
Simpson, Journey round the World; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
Erskine, David Montagu, second Baron (1776-1855). Bk British minister at
Washington, premature announcement of, with respect to
orders-in-council, 120. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Eskimos. American aborigines, formerly occupying practically the entire
coast of North America from Newfoundland around to the Aleutian Islands;
now confined to the northern coast of the continent, and the Arctic
Islands. They call themselves Inuit, meaning "people," the name "Eskimo"
having been given them by some of their Indian neighbours. Bib.: Hodge,
Handbook of American Indians; Reclus, Primitive Folk. See also
United States Bureau of Ethnology Reports.
Esquimalt. Naval station, four miles from Victoria, Vancouver Island.
Index: D Suggested as site for city, 175; Douglas's spelling of name,
175; H. M. S. Constance arrives there, 184.
Essex. Bk United States frigate, captures British transport, 225.
Estaing, Charles Hector Theodat, Count d' (1729-1794). Hd His
proclamation to French-Canadians, 123. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Esten, James C. Palmer (1806-1864). Born in Bermuda. Educated at the
Charter House, London; called to the English bar. Came to Canada, 1836,
and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1838. Served as a volunteer
during Rebellion of 1837. Practised his profession at Toronto. Appointed
vice-chancellor, 1849. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.
Etoline, Adolphus Karlovich. Director of the Russian-American colonies,
1841-1845. Index: D Succeeds Kuprianoff as governor of Russian America,
1840, 45; splendour of his establishment, 45; visited by James Douglas,
45.
European and North American Railway. W Wilmot's attitude towards, 127. T
Peto, Brassy, and Betts propose to construct, 26; subsidies offered by
province, 26; progress of, 44.
Eustache, Sir J. R. Born 1795. Educated at St. Peter's College,
Cambridge. Entered the army; served in Upper Canada in command of the
19th Light Dragoons; present at the battle of Lundy's Lane and at the
storming of Fort Erie; knighted for distinguished services. Took part in
the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Lower Canada;
high-sheriff of Kildare, 1848; lieutenant-general, 1859. Bib.: Morgan,
Cel. Can.
Eustis, William (1753-1825). Bk United States secretary of war, his
confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Evans, Lieutenant. Dr Case against, in connection with Walker affair,
dismissed by grand jury, 38.
Evans, James (1801-1846). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England. Emigrated
to Canada; opened a school near L'Original, and about 1828 moved to Rice
Lake, where he entered the Methodist ministry, and began his life-long
Work among the Indians. In 1840 given charge of missionary work in the
North-West, with headquarters at Norway House. Had already devoted much
time to the study of the native languages, and while at Norway House
invented the Cree syllabic characters, a simple, phonetic system, by
means of which the Indian was taught to read with surprising facility.
At first cast his own type, built his own press, and printed on
birchbark. Later obtained more effective materials, and set up
catechisms, hymn-books, and portions of the Bible in syllabic. Bib.:
Young, The Apostle of the North; McLean, James Evans, Inventor of the
Syllabic System; Carroll, James Evans in the Methodist Magazine,
October, 1882; Pilling, Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages.
Ewan, John Alexander (1854-1910). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Educated
in Scotland and in Canada. Assistant editor of the Toronto Globe for
many years; war correspondent for that paper during Boer War, 1899-1902.
Index: B Witnesses shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256; seizes
Bennett, 256.
Examiner. Newspaper published at New York. Index: Mc Published by
William Lyon Mackenzie, 470.
Examiner. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: Sy Advocates
responsible government, 107; supports union of provinces as leading
thereto, 212; on Clergy Reserves question, 247. E Chief organ of the
Clear Grits,—owned by James Lesslie, 110. BL Established by Hincks,
July 3, 1838, 58; in the interests of responsible government, 58;
excites interest in Oxford County, 69; Hincks explains his political
position in, 104; on Hincks, 179-180; Macdougall contributes to, 341. Mc
Of Toronto, newspaper, published by Sir Francis Hincks, 483; on the
riots, 483; its estimate of Mackenzie, 484, 485.
Executive Council. Mc In Upper Canada; created under Constitutional Act,
53; irritating relations with Assembly, 55, 58; Durham on, 61; real
advisers of the governor, 63; responsibility of, demanded by Upper
Canada Reformers, 64, 69; Durham's view of effect of irresponsibility
of, 65, 66; Sir John Colborne's view of, 279; Lord Glenelg's view of,
286. Dr In Lower Canada, how composed, 269. Sy Its powers and influence,
74-76, 78; practically controlled the governor, 175; necessity for
change in, 177; its defects described by Sydenham, 220, 221; changes
made in, 334, 335; salaries of, 334. W In New Brunswick, its
irresponsibility, 5, 6.
Executive Office. Sy Tenure of, in Canada, 175; Lord John Russell's
despatch on, 180-182; press comments on new regulations respecting, 183,
184.
Exhibitions. The first industrial exhibition held in Canada, and
probably the first in the world, was that of 1737, promoted by the
Intendant Hocquart. It included fruits and grains, woods and furs, and
the products of the mines and the fisheries. The exhibition was
afterwards sent to France. A provincial exhibition was held in Toronto
in 1846; Ottawa had an exhibition in 1878; Montreal in 1880; Halifax in
1881; and St. John in 1883. Since then many other cities and towns have
used this means of illustrating the industrial resources of the locality
and the country. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada.
Expulsion of Acadians. See Acadians, Expulsion of the.
Extradition with United States. Sy Sydenham takes part in negotiations
for, 336.
Eyre, Eustache R. S Fort major, 47.
Faillon, Abbé Michel Étienne (1799-1870). Historian. Index: F Quoted, 4,
9; his description of conduct of Perrot, governor of Montreal, 96, 97.
Ch Error in history of, 207. Bib.: Works: Vie de Mme. d'Youville; Vie
de Mlle. Mance; Vie de Mlle. Le Ber; Histoire de la Colonie
Française en Canada. For biog., see Desmazures, L'Abbé Faillon: Sa
Vie et ses [OE]uvres.
Fairchild, Mrs. Hd Haldimand's housekeeper, 314, 328, 329.
Fairfield, John (1797-1847). Sat in Congress, 1835-1839; governor of
Maine, 1839-1840, and 1842. Member of the United States Senate,
1843-1847. Index: W His connection with the Aroostook War, 135. Bib.:
Cyc. Am. Biog.
Falconbridge, Sir Glenholme (1846- ). Born at Drummondville, Ontario.
Educated at the University of Toronto, graduating 1866. Called to the
bar, 1871. Appointed judge of the Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1887;
chief-justice, 1900. Knighted, 1909. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian
Who's Who.
Falkland, Lucius Bentinck, Viscount. Governor of Nova Scotia, 1840-1846.
Index: H Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 69; his character and
policy, 69; invites Howe to join the Council, 69; his administration,
71; calls upon Howe, Uniacke and MacNab to give reasons for their
resignation from Executive Council, 87; Howe upsets his theories of
government, 89-92; lampooned by Howe, 92-93; conflict for supremacy, 94,
97; Howe makes insulting reference to, in Legislature, 100-101; returns
to England, 1846, 102. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia;
Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Family Compact. A group of Tory leaders in Upper Canada, so nicknamed by
their political opponents because they held power as a distinct group,
allied by bonds of political, social, and religious sympathy. Term also
used in other provinces, in connection with somewhat similar conditions.
Index: Mc Their loyalty tested, 10; Durham's view of, 62, 65, 66; great
influence of, 66; lasting and extensive monopoly of power, 66; decides
on Gourlay's destruction, 89; destroys Colonial Advocate, 115;
incensed at Lord Goderich's concessions, 230; secures Head's sympathy,
302. Md Its character and aims fiercely debated, 13; opposition to, of
Macdonald, Draper, and Morris, 27. Sy Its beginning, 77; its foundations
laid by Governor Simcoe, 78; attempt to identify Reform party with
Mackenzie's rebellious proceedings, 85; condemned by Durham in his
Report, 96; criticisms of Report, 97-104; Sir George Arthur allies
himself with, 110; opposed to union of provinces, 130; Sydenham's
opinion of, as given by Colonial Gazette, 138; its controlling
influence, 177; not a political party, 179; not specially connected by
family relationship, 180. B Rebellion in Upper Canada attributed by
Durham to ascendancy of, 11. E Fight against, 21; attacked by Hume
Blake, 69; Mackenzie ill-used by, 91; selfishness of its members, 92;
Bishop Strachan and, 150. BL Its character, 11-12; denounced by W. L.
Mackenzie, 13; opposed to union of the Canadas, 61; its restoration
hoped for, 113. MS Responsible for Rebellion of 1837, 242. See also
Strachan, John; Mackenzie, W. L.; MacNab, Sir Allan Napier; Robinson,
Sir John Beverley. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada; Durham,
Report; Mackenzie, Sketches of Canada; Bradshaw, Self-Government in
Canada; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Robinson, Life of Sir John
Beverley Robinson.
Famine Creek. L La Barre's expedition halts at, 193.
Fancamp, Baron de. L Presents shrine to Bonsecours chapel, 177.
Fanning, Edmund (1737-1818). Held various offices in the American
colonies before the Revolution. Removed to Nova Scotia, and in 1786
governor of Prince Edward Island. Rose to the rank of general in the
army, 1808. Index: Dr Commands King's American Regiment, 202; succeeds
Patterson as governor of Prince Edward Island, 235. Bib.: Cyc. Am.
Biog.
Farnborough, Sir Thomas Erskine May, first Baron (1815-1886). Born in
London. Assistant librarian of the House of Commons, 1831; examiner of
petitions for Parliament, 1847-1856; clerk of the House of Commons,
1871-1886; and president of the Statute Law Revision Committee,
1866-1884. Appointed privy councillor, 1885, and created Baron
Farnborough, 1886. Index: Mc On difficulties of granting responsible
government, 21; responsible government granted in Upper Canada in 1847,
25; principle of, adopted in other colonies about the same time, 25; on
effect of responsible government, 490. Bib.: Constitutional History of
England since the Accession of George III.
Farrer, Edward (1850- ). Canadian journalist. Index: Md Chief editorial
writer of the Globe, 312; his pamphlet on annexation—its terms,
312-313; assumes sole responsibility for, 314. Bib.: Canadian Who's
Who.
Fay, Jonas (1737-1818). Hd Vermont emissary, 209. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Fénelon, François de Salignac. L Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake
Ontario, 105; his reserve as to his own labours and sacrifices, 109;
school for young Indians established by, 125; attacks Frontenac from the
pulpit, 160; refuses to furnish copy of his sermon and is cited before
the Council, 162; his conduct not approved by his ecclesiastical
superiors, 162; nor by the king, 164. F Intermediary between Frontenac
and Perrot, 92; indignant at Perrot's arrest, 93; preaches sermon
against Frontenac, 93; circulates memorial in Perrot's favour, 96;
summoned to Quebec, 98; his conduct before the Council, 101; sent to
France, censured, and not allowed to return to Canada, 102, 103. See
also Frontenac; Perrot. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac; Garneau, History
of Canada.
Fenety, George E. W On Wilmot, 131.
Fenian Raids. The Fenian Brotherhood is said to have been formed about
1858 in Ireland and the United States, the object being to liberate
Ireland from its connection with England, and establish a republic. A
history of the movement in Ireland will be found in McCarthy's History
of our Own Times, and in O'Leary's Recollections of Fenianism. Early
in 1866 the American branch of the Brotherhood planned an invasion of
Canada. The Canadian militia was called out, but the invasion was
postponed. In April, the New Brunswick border was threatened, and troops
marched to the defence of St. Andrews and St. Stephen. The Fenians
thought better of it. Late in May another party, under one O'Neil,
crossed from Buffalo to Fort Erie and advanced to Ridgeway, where they
were driven back. In 1870 the same O'Neil led his followers into Quebec,
but was again repulsed. In 1871 he made a similar attempt in the West,
but a detachment of United States troops from Fort Pembina followed,
arrested him, and dispersed his followers. An aftermath of the earlier
Fenian Raids was the murder of Thomas D'Arcy McGee (q.v.) in Ottawa,
1868. Index: Md Claims for damages, 166-167; claims withdrawn, 175-177;
irritation in Canada, 176; Imperial government assumes responsibility
for their settlement, 177; gives Imperial guarantee of loan for public
works and defence in Canada, 178, 196. T Influence on Confederation, 98;
history of, 99, 105-107; referred to in address in Assembly, 102. BL
Feared by Metcalfe in 1843, 186. B Threatened in 1866—influences New
Brunswick electorate towards Confederation, 188. C As an argument for
retaining British troops in Canada, 92; Cartier's speech on, in House,
1872, 110. Bib.: Somerville, Narrative of the Fenian Invasion of
Canada; Campbell, The Fenian Invasions of Canada of 1866 and 1870;
Dent, Last Forty Years; Correspondence relating to the Fenian
Invasion, Ottawa, 1869; Trials of the Fenian Prisoners at Toronto Who
Were Captured at Fort Erie, C. W., in June, 1866, ed. by George R.
Gregg, and E. P. Roden; McMicken, Fenian Raid on Manitoba (Manitoba
Hist. and Sc. Society, 1888); Hannay, History of New Brunswick;
Macdonald, Troublous Times in Canada; Denison, Soldiering in Canada
and The Fenian Raid on Fort Erie.
Fer, Jules de. Dr His report on loyalty of French-Canadians, 301.
Feret. Ch Of Dieppe, discovers manuscript of Champlain's Brief
Discours, 7.
Ferguson, Adam. R Opposes Sir Charles Metcalfe, 126.
Ferland, John Antony Baptist (1805-1865). Member of faculty of Laval
University, 1855-1865. Index: L Quoted as to difficulty of educating
young Indians, 63; passage quoted from on Mère de l'Incarnation, 93-95;
on enterprise of Talon, 114; on creation of bishopric of Quebec, 133; on
advantage of connection of seminary with Foreign Missions, 140; on La
Salle, 149; on educational labours of the nuns, 155; praises stand taken
by Laval in regard to liquor traffic, 173; on return of Laval in 1688,
220. Bib.: Works: Cours d' Histoire du Canada; Opuscules; La
Gaspésie; Joseph-Octave Plessis; Voyage au Labrador. For biog.,
see Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bibaud, Pan. Can.; Morgan, Cel. Can.
Ferrier, James. B His account of the negotiations between Brown and the
government prior to Confederation, 152.
Fidalgo, Salvador. Accompanied Elisa to North-West Coast, 1790; founded
a Spanish settlement in Fuca Strait, 1792, and removed the post the same
year to Nootka. Still there in 1793 when Vancouver visited the place.
Index: D Sent by Elisa to examine northern coast, 1790, 26. Bib.:
Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.
Fidler, Peter (1769-1822). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company,
about 1791. Carried on extensive explorations and surveys in the
North-West. Left a series of manuscript journals, covering the records
of his explorations for over a quarter of a century. These are said to
be in the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company in London. Also left an
eccentric will, of which Bryce gives a synopsis. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's
Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.
Fiedmont, Jacquot de. WM Engineer, fortifies bridges over River St.
Charles, 85-86; opposes capitulation, 225; directs artillery fire
against British camp, 230.
Finances of Canada. Sy Sydenham's efforts to rehabilitate, 315-320.
Finlay, Hugh. Dr Deputy postmaster-general, 243; expresses views of the
English-speaking people of Quebec in letter to home government, 248. Hd
On political situation, 174.
Finlay, James. MS Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. Bib.:
Mackenzie, History of the Fur-Trade in his Voyages; Hendry's
Journal (R. S. C., 1907); Cocking's Journal (R. S. C., 1908).
Finlay, James, Jr. MS Joins XY Company, 14; on Peace River, 1792, 62.
Finlayson, Duncan. MS Chief factor Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, and
governor of Assiniboia, 225; Alexander Ross on, 225.
Finlayson, Roderick (1818-1892). D Second in command at Victoria, 1843,
180; chief officer on death of Charles Ross, 1844, 181; his birth, 181;
joins Hudson's Bay Company, 1837, 181; his service and character, 181;
his narrative, 181; responsible for story of Captain Gordon and the
salmon that would not rise to a fly, 183-184; becomes chief accountant
of Western department, 188; holds position up to 1862, 188. Bib.:
Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Walbran, British Columbia
Coast Names.
Fire Rafts. WM Unsuccessful employment of by French at Quebec, 131.
Fireships. WM Ineffectual employment of by French, 98; described by
Captain Knox, 99; Montcalm on the cause of their failure, 99.
Fisher, Charles (1808-1880). Born in Fredericton. Educated at King's
College and called to the bar, 1833. Contested York for the New
Brunswick Assembly, 1834, but defeated. Elected for York, 1837, and
continued to hold the seat with slight intervals until after
Confederation. Entered the New Brunswick government, 1848, but resigned,
1850, owing to a difference with the lieutenant-governor. Appointed a
delegate to the Portland Railway Convention, 1850. Became premier and
attorney-general in the first purely Liberal government formed in New
Brunswick, 1851. Resigned, 1856; in the following year resumed office
and remained at the head of affairs until 1861. Appointed a delegate to
the Trade Convention at Detroit, 1865. Again entered the government as
attorney-general, 1866. Represented New Brunswick as one of the
delegates to the Quebec and Westminster Conferences. Represented York in
the first Dominion House of Commons. Appointed a judge of the Supreme
Court of his native province, 1868. Died in Fredericton. Index: W
Elected for York, 47; defeated in York, 66; opposes address to Metcalfe,
74; his efforts on behalf of responsible government, 91; elected for
York, in 1846, 102; moves want of confidence resolution, 103, 105;
defeated, 111; supports responsible government, 116; his influence, 117;
defeated in 1850, 128; opposes reduction of number of judges, 130. T His
character, 12; resigns, 18-19; attacks the government, 30-31;
attorney-general in Fisher government, 43; retires from government, 51;
re-elected for York, 52; delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected as
Confederation candidate in York, 95-96; moves amendment to address, 102;
attorney-general, 105; defeats Pickard, 108; moves Confederation
resolution, 115-116; sent as delegate to England, 120; elected for York
to first Dominion Parliament, and moves the address, 131. Bib.: Hannay,
History of New Brunswick.
Fisheries Question. Md Rights of American fishermen expire with
denunciation of Reciprocity Treaty, 166; the fishermen reluctant to
abandon former rights, 167; Canada's exclusive right to the inshore
fisheries recognized by Britain, 173; reciprocal trade proposed by
Canada as equivalent for the fishing rights, but rejected by Americans,
174; latter propose $1,000,000 for rights in perpetuity, 174; Macdonald
objects to any such arrangements, 174-175; Americans offer limited
reciprocity, 181; acceptable to British commissioners except Macdonald,
181-182; arbitration proposed by United States commissioners, 182;
Macdonald's dilemma, 183-185; opposition to treaty in Canada, 185;
Halifax Award, 190. E Under the Treaty of 1854, 198-200. Bib.: Isham,
Fishery Question, its Origin, History and Present Situation; Bourinot,
Fishery Question, its Imperial Importance; Elliott, United States and
the North-Eastern Fisheries; Ricci, Fisheries Dispute and Annexation
to Canada.
Fitzgerald, Edward. B On agricultural possibilities of North-West
Territories. 214.
FitzGibbon, James (1780-1863). Born in Ireland. Joined the Tarbert
Fencibles, 1798; served in Holland the following year, and in 1801
present at the battle of Copenhagen. The same year came to Canada with
the 49th Regiment, and served under Brock with distinction in the War of
1812. In command of the British at Beaver Dam. In 1822 appointed
assistant adjutant-general; and in 1827 clerk of the House of Assembly.
Commissioned as colonel of the second West York Regiment 1831, and took
an active part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. Returned to
England, where in 1850 made a military knight of Windsor. Index: Bk
Describes gallant conduct of Savery Brock at Egmont-op-Zee, 18-20; his
reminiscences of Brock, 66-67. Sy Made clerk of Legislative Council,
334. Mc Defeats rebels at Montgomery's farm, 379. Bib.: FitzGibbon, A
Veteran of 1812; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Dent, Upper Canadian
Rebellion; Read, Rebellion of 1837; Lizars, Humours of '37; Morgan,
Cel. Can.
Fitzherbert, Mrs. Hd Haldimand's opinion of, 335.
Fitzmaurice, Lord Edward. Dr On Germain, 170.
Fitzpatrick, Sir Charles (1853- ). Born in Quebec. Educated at Laval
University; studied law, and called to bar, 1876; chief counsel for
Louis Riel, 1885, and took part in several other famous trials;
represented Quebec County in provincial Assembly, 1890-1896; and in
House of Commons, 1896-1906; solicitor-general, 1901; minister of
justice, 1901-1906; chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1906.
Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Five Nations. Hd Post at Oswego to be established for, 142; allies of
the British, 148; their rights respected, 166. See Iroquois.
Flag Incident. L In siege of Quebec, 230. F In siege of Quebec, 295-298.
Fleet, British, before Quebec. WM Placed under general command of
Admiral Charles Saunders, 75; ascends the river, 78; anchors at
Île-aux-Coudres, 83; anchors in Baie St. Paul, 90; at the entrance to
the harbour, 111; a few of its vessels pass the town, 123; several
vessels attempt the passage by Quebec, 152; sails for England, 238;
reappears in the harbour, 267. Bib.: Wood, Logs of Naval Conquest of
Canada and The Fight for Canada; Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Bradley,
The Fight with France.
Fleet, French, at Quebec. WM Protection afforded by to Bourlamaque's
army, 167.
Fleming, Sir Sandford (1827- ). Born at Kirkaldy, Scotland. Came to
Canada, 1845. Chief engineer of the Intercolonial Railway; and of the
Canadian Pacific Railway; chancellor of Queen's University since 1880;
president of the Royal Society of Canada, 1888-1889. To his initiation
and persistent enthusiasm are due the establishment of a system of
universal or cosmic time; the laying of the Pacific cable, as part of an
inter-imperial telegraph service; and the building of the memorial tower
at Halifax to commemorate the opening of the first colonial Legislature.
Bib.: Works: The Intercolonial; England and Canada; and numerous
historical and scientific papers. See Bibliog. of Royal Society (R. S.
C., 1894). For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.;
Who's Who; Grant, Ocean to Ocean.
Flibot. Ch Kirke's vessel before Quebec, 188, 196.
Florida. Hd Under British rule, 64-81; Haldimand comes north from, 83,
87; Haldimand's interest in, 90; suggests closing of ports of, 104; his
career there, 121; proposed disposition of, 124; Haldimand's property
in, 316.
Florida, West. Bk Occupation of, by United States, 139.
Flour-milling. B Stimulated by British preference of, 1843, 32;
advantage swept away by free trade measure of 1846, 32; in 1834, 54.
Foley, M. H. B In Taché ministry, 1864, 149; retires with Buchanan and
Simpson to make room for Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, in Coalition
ministry, 159. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Dent,
Last Forty Years.
Foligné, Captain de. WM On rapid construction of Beauport defences, 86;
his report of fighting at Lévis, 103; on pitiable condition of Quebec,
160; quoted as to rout of French army, 206; on distress following
capture of Quebec, 236.
Fontbonne, Colonel. WM His disposition of the Guienne Regiment, 192;
mortally wounded, 199.
Fonte, Bartholomew de. His fictitious voyage of 1640 to the North-West
Coast was described in a letter published in the Monthly Miscellany,
London, 1708. Index: D His reputed strait, 19; his voyage again
credited, 23. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.
Fontenay, Mareuil. Ch French ambassador in London, instructions to, 214.
Forget, Amédée Emmanuel (1847- ). Born in Ste. Marie de Monnoir, Quebec.
Studied law and called to the bar of Quebec, 1871. Secretary to the
Manitoba Half-Breed Commission, 1875; clerk of the North-West Council,
1876-1888; Indian commissioner, 1895-1898; lieutenant-governor of the
North-West Territories, 1898-1905; first lieutenant-governor of
Saskatchewan, 1905. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Fornel, Abbé. L His funeral sermon on Bishop Saint-Vallier quoted, 238.
Forsythe, J. Sy Member of Constitutional Association, 112.
Forsyth, Richardson and Co. Fur trading firm, of Montreal. Index: Bk
Send Prévost news of declaration of war, 203.
Fort Albany. Hudson's Bay Company post at mouth of Albany River, west
coast of James Bay. Established about 1683; captured by Iberville, 1686,
and held by the French for seven years. Finally restored to the Company.
Index: F Captured by Troyes, 206; captured alternately by French and
English, 343, 345. Bib.: Dawson, The Saint Lawrence Basin; Laut,
Conquest of the Great North-West and Pathfinders of the West.
Fort Albert. See Victoria.
Fort Alexandria. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Fraser River in
1821, 98.
Fort Anne. Hd Captured by Major Carleton, 149.
Fort Babine. In Northern British Columbia. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company
post, on Babine Lake, built in 1822, 98-99.
Fort Bourbon. On Hudson Bay. Index: L Captured by Iberville, 233. See
Fort Nelson.
Fort Camosun. D Hudson's Bay Company post, afterwards city of Victoria,
178.
Fort Chilcotin. D Built by Hudson's Bay Company, outpost of Fort
Alexandria, 99.
Fort Chipewyan. Built by North West Company, 1788, on southern shore of
Lake Athabaska, near mouth of Athabaska River. Removed, 1820, by
Hudson's Bay Company to north shore, where it still stands. Index: MS
Built by Roderick Mackenzie, on Lake Athabaska, 24; its situation, 25;
its famous library, 26; route to, from Grand Portage, 27; life at the
fort, 28; Mackenzie sets forth from, on his journey to Arctic, 32;
returns to, 50; McLeod builds new house, 50; Mackenzie winters there,
53; Turner winters there, and determines astronomical position, 57;
Governor Simpson at, 1828, 236; William McGillivray in charge of, 236. D
Mackenzie at, 53; his point of departure for Arctic journey, 53; and
Pacific expedition, 53. Bib.: Mackenzie, History of Fur Trade in his
Voyages; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Burpee,
Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Willson,
The Great Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.
Fort Chippawa. Bk On Niagara River, a mile and a half above the falls,
58; end of carrying-place, and a transport post, 58-59; had a blockhouse
enclosed with palisades, 59. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.
Fort Churchill. See Prince of Wales Fort.
Fort Colville. D Distributing point for Upper Columbia and Kootenay,
Hudson's Bay Company post, 77; centre of Columbia trade, 77; founded,
1825-1826, 116.
Fort Conolly. In northern British Columbia. Index: D Hudson's Bay
Company post, built on Bear Lake, 104.
Fort Crèvecœur. L Established by La Salle in Illinois country, 148;
attacked by Iroquois, 149. F Built by La Salle, 160. Bib.: Parkman, La
Salle; Sulte, Les Tonty (R. S. C., 1893).
Fort Dearborn (Chicago). Bk Captured by Indians, 266.
Fort Dease. On Dease Lake. Index: D Built by Robert Campbell in 1838,
123-124; burned by natives, 124.
Fort de Chartres. WM On the Mississippi, 22.
Fort Douglas. On Red River, about two miles below mouth of Assiniboine.
Index: MS Built by John McLeod, 176, 177; seized by Cuthbert Grant, 182;
retaken by the De Meurons, 191. Bib.: Bryce, Five Forts of Winnipeg.
Fort Duquesne. WM At junction of Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, 22;
battle at, 22. Hd Name changed to Fort Pitt by Bouquet, 16; plans for
recapture of, 25-26. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.
Fort Edward. WM General Webb in command at, 45.
Fort Erie. On Niagara River, opposite Buffalo. Index: S Military post in
1782, 51. Bk New fort planned by General Hunter, 59. Bib.: Lucas,
Canadian War of 1812.
Fort Essington. On the British Columbia coast. Used by the Hudson's Bay
Company as an intermediate post between Fort McLoughlin and Fort
Simpson. Index: D Built by Hudson's Bay Company in 1835, 118. Bib.:
Bancroft, History of British Columbia.
Fort Fraser. In northern British Columbia. Index: D North West Company
post, built on Fraser Lake, 98.
Fort Frontenac. F Erected at Cataraqui, 83; conceded to La Salle, 156;
seized by La Barre, 178; restored to La Salle, 179; Dongan demands its
destruction, 218; Denonville gives orders for blowing it up, 288; order
partially carried out, 234; repaired, 234; rebuilt, 341. WM Protected
outlet of Great Lakes, 17. L Récollet mission at, 111. BL Name altered
to Kingston by the British, 73. See also Cataraqui; Kingston. Bib.:
Parkman, Frontenac and La Salle; Sulte, Le Fort de Frontenac (R.
S. C., 1901).
Fort Garry. At junction of Red and Assiniboine Rivers, where the city of
Winnipeg now stands. Md Wolseley and the expeditionary force arrive
there Aug. 24, 1870, 162; murder of Scott, 242. See Winnipeg.
Fort George. Bk Flag of Fort Niagara transferred to, 56; its situation,
56; planned by Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, 58; mutiny at, 61; silences
Fort Niagara, 309. Hd Captured by Major Carleton, 149. Bib.: Lucas,
Canadian War of 1812.
Fort George. On Fraser River. Index: D Simon Fraser sets out from, to
descend Fraser River, 61; returns to, 61; built on Fraser River, by the
North West Company, 98; massacre of Hudson's Bay Company men at, by
Indians, 1823, 105-107. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia.
Fort George. At mouth of Columbia. Index: D Astoria renamed, 149.
Fort Gibraltar. MS Built by North West Company, on site of Winnipeg, 99;
begun in 1804, 158; captured by Colin Robertson, 178, and dismantled,
179. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company and Five Forts of Winnipeg.
Fort Glenora. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine River,
121.
Fort Grey. Bk American fort opposite Queenston, 300, 305.
Fort Halkett. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on branch of Liard
River, 123.
Fort Hope. On Fraser River. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company post, founded
shortly after Fort Yale, 186.
Fort Kamloops (Fort Thompson). D Hudson's Bay Company post, built in
1813, 98.
Fort Kootenay. On Kootenay River, built 1807. Otherwise known as
Kootenay House. Index: D Built by David Thompson, 58. Bib.: Burpee,
Search for the Western Sea.
Fort Langley. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Lower Fraser River,
1827, 116. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia.
Fort Lawrence. Built in 1750, on Chignecto Bay, three miles south of
Beauséjour, where the French shortly after built a rival fort. Fort
Lawrence became headquarters of the expedition sent in 1755, under
Monckton, to capture Fort Beauséjour. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and
Wolfe; Hannay, History of Acadia.
Fort Le Bœuf. WM Established communication with Lake Erie, 22.
Fort Liard. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Liard River, 123;
pillaged by Indians, and traders murdered, 123.
Fort Loyal (Casco Bay). F Captured by Canadians, 252. L Taken by
Canadians, 229.
Fort Machault. WM Established communication with Lake Erie, 22, 122.
Fort McLeod. On McLeod Lake, British Columbia. Index: D North West
Company post, first permanent trading-post built in British Columbia,
west of the mountains, 97-98. Bib.: Morice, Northern Interior of
British Columbia.
Fort McLoughlin. On Milbank Sound, British Columbia. Index: D Hudson's
Bay Company post, built by Finlayson, Manson, and Anderson, 1833, 117;
moved to head of Vancouver Island and renamed Fort Rupert, 122;
abandoned, 1843, 178-179. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia.
Fort Miami. WM On Miami River, 22. Bk Reconstruction of, by order of
Lord Dorchester, 53. S Erected by Simcoe at rapids of Miami River, 136;
measure strongly objected to by Americans, 137; General Wayne demands
evacuation of, which Major Campbell, officer in command, refuses, 139;
occupation of not approved by home government, 142.
Fort Mumford. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine River,
121.
Fort Nanaimo. East coast Vancouver Island. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company
post, built in 1852, 191. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.
Fort Necessity. WM Battle at, 22.
Fort Nelson. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built on eastern branch of
Liard River, 123.
Fort Nelson. See York Factory.
Fort Niagara. WM At mouth of Niagara River, 22; taken by British, 62;
capitulates, 146. Hd In command of Captain Pouchot, 25, 36; taken by
British, 26; garrison at, 31, 32; shipment of goods to, 124, 136, 150,
163; position of, 145; Indians at, 148, 171, 256; expeditions in its
defence, 151, 153; number of refugees at, 152, 250; MacLean in command
at, 162, 307, 308; fraud discovered at, 166; Haldimand's refusal to
relinquish, 260. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Montcalm and Wolfe;
Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.
Fort Nisqually. At head of Puget Sound. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company
post, built in 1833, between Langley and Fort Vancouver, 118.
Fort Ontario (Oswego). Hd Haldimand in command of, 29.
Fort Pemaquid. F Destroyed, 1669, rebuilt, 1692, 328; taken by
Iberville, 331.
Fort Pitt. Hd Formerly known as Fort Duquesne, Bouquet's victorious
march to, 16; Pouchot's designs on, 26; Bouquet stationed at, 40;
Haldimand's interest in, 90. See Fort Duquesne.
Fort Presqu'île. WM Establishes communication with Lake Erie, 22.
Fort Prud'homme. L At junction of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 150.
Fort Rupert (Fort Charles). Built by Gillam, at mouth of Rupert River,
foot of James Bay, 1667. Index: F Captured by Troyes, 206. L Captured
from English, 204. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Laut,
Canada and Conquest of the Great North-West.
Fort Rupert. North end of Vancouver Island. See Fort McLoughlin.
Index: D Hudson's Bay Company post, coal mining at, 190. Bib.: Walbran,
British Columbia Coast Names.
Fort St. Frederic. See Crown Point. Index: WM At head of Lake
Champlain, 17; evacuated by Bourlamaque, 146. Bib.: Garneau, History of
Canada.
Fort St. James. On Stuart Lake, northern British Columbia. Index: MS
Governor Simpson there in 1828, 237-238. D North West Company post,
built on Stuart Lake, 98. Bib.: Morice, Northern Interior of British
Columbia.
Fort St. Joseph. Bk Stores despatched to, 202.
Fort St. Louis. On Illinois River, near site of present town of La
Salle. Index: F Built by La Salle, 160; seized by La Barre, 179.
Fort St. Louis. Quebec. See Château St. Louis. Index: Ch A school of
religion and virtue, 258; erected on Cape Diamond, 157. Bib.: Douglas,
Old France in the New World; Gagnon, Fort et Château St. Louis.
Fort St. Pierre. Ch Founded by Nicolas Denys, in Cape Breton, 236. Bib.:
Denys, History of Acadia.
Fort Selkirk. D Hudson's Bay Company post, built by Robert Campbell on
the Yukon River, 124. Bib.: Campbell, Discovery of the Youcon.
Fort Simpson. At mouth of Liard River. Index: D Built by Hudson's Bay
Company, at mouth of Liard River, 125. Bib.: Richardson, Arctic
Searching Expedition.
Fort Simpson. On coast of British Columbia, near Alaskan boundary.
Index: D Built by Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Naas River, 1831,
116; moved forty miles south, 1834, 120. Bib.: Walbran, British
Columbia Coast Names (under Port Simpson).
Fort Stanwix. On Mohawk River, near Lake Oneida. Index: Dr Unsuccessful
attack on, 173. Hd Abandonment of by rebels, 151.
Fort Stikine. On Stikine River. Index: D Hudson's Bay Company post,
handed over by Russians, 121-122; Rae left in charge of, 122.
Fort Taku. D Built by Hudson's Bay Company, on Taku River, 121; known as
Fort Durham—erected 1840, 122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179.
Fort Ticonderoga. See Ticonderoga. Index: Dr Fort seized by American
rebels, 82. Hd Carleton's raiders penetrate beyond, 149.
Fort Umpqua. D Founded in 1832 by Hudson's Bay Company, on route from
Fort Vancouver to San Francisco Bay, 132.
Fort Vancouver. On Columbia River. Index: D Established by Hudson's Bay
Company, in 1824, 47; depot of western department, 72; described, 72,
110; built by John McLoughlin, 111, 113; its importance, 111; range of
its operations, 111-112; agriculture at, 128; abandoned, 1849, 145.
Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Laut, Conquest of
the Great North-West.
Fort Vincennes. WM On Wabash River, 22.
Fort Walla Walla. Hudson's Bay Company post, on Columbia River. Index: D
Distributing point for Snake River country, 7.
Fort Wayne. Bk Expedition to, under Captain Muir, 274, 275.
Fort William. At mouth of Kaministiquia River, Lake Superior. Index: D
Headquarters of North West Company, 59. MS Replaces Grand Portage, 13;
named after William MacGillivray, 100; Selkirk at, with the De Meuron
soldiers, 189. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce,
Hudson's Bay Company.
Fort William Henry. On Lake George. Index: WM Siege and destruction of,
37, 42-46; ensuing massacre, 47-52. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.
Fort Yale. D Founded in 1848, by the Hudson's Bay Company, on Fraser
River, 186.
Fort Yukon. Built by Alexander Hunter Murray of the Hudson's Bay
Company, at the mouth of Porcupine River in 1847. John Bell had
descended the Porcupine to its mouth in 1844. Although Fort Yukon was on
Russian territory, the Company maintained it until the sale of Alaska to
the United States, when they were summarily ejected, 1869. The Company
thereupon moved up the Porcupine to the Ramparts, where they built
Rampart House, then supposed to be on British territory, but proved to
be west of the boundary. The fort was moved twelve miles up the river,
and in 1890 was again moved to the eastward. Index: D Built by Murray
(not Bell) near mouth of Porcupine River, 125. Bib.: Murray, Journal
(Canadian Archives, 1910).
Forts. See also Carillon, Chambly, Crown Point, Frontenac,
Kaministiquia, Miami, Michilimackinac, Niagara, St. Johns, Sorel, Three
Rivers, Ticonderoga, Western Forts.
Foster, Captain. Dr Captures American post at Cedars, 142; gives up his
prisoners under agreement with Arnold, 143.
Foster, George Eulas (1847- ). Born in Carleton County, New Brunswick.
Entered political life as member for King's County, New Brunswick, in
the Dominion House of Commons, 1882; minister of marine and fisheries,
1885; minister of finance, 1888-1896. Elected for York, New Brunswick,
1896; and for Toronto North, 1904. Index: Md Minister of finance in
Macdonald administration—moves amendment to Sir Richard Cartwright's
resolution on unrestricted reciprocity, 299. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men;
Canadian Who's Who.
Foster, S. K. T Candidate for St. John, New Brunswick, defeated, 25.
Fothergill, Charles. Mc Attacks Mackenzie in Upper Canada Gazette, 38;
accuses Mackenzie of disloyalty, 99; moves to pay Mackenzie for report
of debates, 102, 103; dismissed from position of king's printer, 110.
Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Foucher, Jean. Ch Chief farmer at Cap Tourmente, informs Champlain of
destruction of establishment at Tadoussac, 176.
Fouez. See St. Maurice River.
Fournier, Telesphore (1824-1896). Studied law, and called to the bar,
1846; one of principal editorial writers on Le National; elected to
the House of Commons for Bellechasse, 1870; minister of inland revenue,
in Mackenzie government, 1873; minister of justice, 1874;
postmaster-general, 1875. Appointed judge of Supreme Court the latter
year; resigned, 1895. Index: C One of the leaders of the Quebec
Liberals, 24; a popular speaker, 25; kept in opposition by radical
programme, 29. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.
Fox, Charles James (1749-1806). British statesman. Index: Dr Thought
Quebec Act should have been introduced in Commons, 66; discusses
Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265. S Discusses
Constitutional Bill in House of Commons, 9. Bk Death of, 80. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.; Russell, Life of Fox; Trevelyan, Early Life of
Fox; Egerton and Grant, Canadian Constitutional Development.
France. F Condition of, in 1675-1676, 150, 151. Dr Declares war against
Britain, 271; anger in, on conclusion of Jay Treaty, 287; refugees from,
permitted to enter Canada, 289; some dangerous characters arrive from,
289; takes revenge on Britain in American Revolution, 269.
Franchère, Gabriel (1786-1856). Born at Montreal. Joined the Pacific Fur
Company, organized by John Jacob Astor, and sailed from New York for the
mouth of the Columbia, 1810. Returned overland, reaching Montreal in
September, 1814. Continuing in the fur trade, established at Sault Ste.
Marie in 1834; and later in New York. Bib.: Relation d'un Voyage à la
Côte du Nord-Ouest de l'Amérique Septentrionale, trans. by J. V.
Huntington. For biog., see Morice, Dict.; Bibaud, Pan. Can.
Franchise Act, 1885. Md Its terms, 258-259; fiercely opposed by
Liberals, 259-260; repealed by Laurier administration, 260. Bib.: Pope,
Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and
the Liberal Party.
François Xavier, Saint. L Patron saint of Canada, 87.
Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790). American statesman and philosopher.
Index: Dr Heads commission to enquire into affairs in Canada, 135; his
report, 136. WM Did not believe British colonies would revolt, 269.
Bib.: Autobiography; Complete Works, ed. by Bigelow. For biog., see
Cyc. Amer. Biog.; also Larned, Lit. Am. Hist.
Franklin, Sir John (1786-1847). Served at Trafalgar, in the
Bellerophon. Headed overland expedition of 1819-1822, from York
Factory by way of Great Slave Lake, to the mouth of the Coppermine, and
the Arctic coast; and second expedition, 1825-1827, in which he
continued his explorations of the northern coast of the continent.
Started on third expedition, by sea, 1845, to make North-West Passage.
The ships had to be abandoned, and Franklin and all his men perished in
the attempt to reach one of the remote northern posts of the Hudson's
Bay Company. Bib.: Works: Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea,
1823; Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea. For biog.,
see Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition; Rae, Narrative;
McClintock, Narrative of the Fate of Sir John Franklin; Osborn,
Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Franklin, Michael. Born in England. Came to Halifax, 1752. Elected to
the Assembly, 1759; appointed to the Council, 1762; lieutenant-governor,
1766. Organized the militia of the province, 1776-1777: largely
instrumental in securing the peace of Nova Scotia during the
Revolutionary War. Appointed commissioner of Indian affairs. Died, 1782.
Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Fraser. Dr Appointed judge, 183.
Fraser, Captain. Dr His connection with the Walker case, 19, 36, 38.
Fraser, Duncan Cameron (1845-1910). Born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia.
Educated at Dalhousie University; studied law and called to the bar of
Nova Scotia, 1873. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1878, but
resigned same year to run for the Assembly. Again called to the
Legislative and Executive Councils, 1888. Sat in the House of Commons
for Guysborough, 1891-1904; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of
Nova Scotia, 1904; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1906-1910. Bib.:
Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Fraser, John James. T Opposition candidate in York County, 86; opposes
Confederation, 87; afterwards governor of New Brunswick, 87; defeated in
York, 108. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Fraser, Captain Malcolm. Dr Of Royal Emigrants, 112, 124; with Laws on
rear attack on Arnold, 130; in charge at Three Rivers, 144; repulses
Thompson's attack, 145. D Grandfather of Dr. John McLoughlin, 94; brings
Highland Regiment to Canada, 94; settles on St. Lawrence seigniory, 95.
Bib.: Wrong, A Canadian Manor and its Seigneurs.
Fraser, Simon (1776?-1862). Brought to Canada as a child from New York
state, his widowed mother settling near Cornwall. Joined the North West
Company in 1792, and ten years later became a bourgeois or partner.
Served for a time at Grand Portage, and sent to the Athabaska district;
in 1805, when the Company decided to carry its operations beyond the
Rocky Mountains, put in charge of the new field. After establishing
trading-posts in New Caledonia, now northern British Columbia, set out
from Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, with Jules Maurice Quesnel, and a
party of voyageurs and Indians, upon the exploration of the great river
that bears his name. In 1811 promoted to the charge of the Red River
department, and offered knighthood as a recognition of his services in
the cause of exploration, but declined the honour. Was present at the
Seven Oaks affair, when Governor Semple of the Hudson's Bay Company lost
his life. Retired from the fur trade about the time of the coalition of
the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company. Index: D In service
of North West Company, 57; ordered to extend operations of Company west
of Rocky Mountains, 59; reaches Fraser River, 1806, 59; builds forts on
Stuart Lake and Fraser River, 59; ordered to explore river to the sea,
60; his journey down the Fraser, 60-61; proves Tacouche Tesse not the
Columbia, 61; builds Rocky Mountain House and other posts, 97-98; given
command of Red River department, 1811, 98; offered and declines
knighthood, 98; dies, 1862, at age of 86, 98. MS Sent to explore New
Caledonia, 108; crosses Rocky Mountains, 1806, and builds fort on Stuart
River, 108; his journey down the Fraser, 108-110; arrested by Selkirk at
Fort William, 189. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast;
Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Morice, Northern
Interior of British Columbia; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut,
Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western
Sea.
Fraser River. Rises in Rocky Mountains, and flows into Strait of
Georgia. Its upper waters discovered by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793; and
first explored down to its mouth by Simon Fraser, 1808. The total length
of the river is 695 miles. Index: D Mackenzie on, 54; supposed to be the
Oregon, 54; native name Tacouche Tesse, 54; mistaken for the Columbia,
59; Simon Fraser on, 60-61; described, 60-61; route of fur-brigades
changed to, from the Columbia, 186. MS Mackenzie on, 77-79; Fraser on,
108-109. Bib.: Fraser Journal in Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du
Nord-Ouest.
Fraser's Highlanders. WM Captain of, replies to French sentries in
French, 180. Bib.: Kelly, The Fighting Frasers of the Forty-Five and
Quebec.
Fréchette, Louis (1839-1908). Practised law, and then journalism.
Represented Lévis in the House of Commons, 1874-1878. Chiefly known as a
poet. Two of his poems were crowned by the French Academy, 1880, and he
was granted the first Montyon prize. Index: Hd His poem on Du Calvet,
292. Bib.: Works: Mes Loisirs; La Voix d'un Exilé; Pêle Mêle; Les
Fleurs Boreales; Légende d'un Peuple; Les Feuilles Volantes;
Lettres Basile; Originaux et Détra-qués; Lettres sur l'Education.
For biog., see Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men; Taché, Men of
the Day; Chapman, Le Lauréat; Sauvalle, Le Lauréat Manqué.
Fredericton. Capital of New Brunswick. Situated on the west bank of the
St. John River. Founded by Sir Guy Carleton in 1785, and named by him
after the Duke of York. Index: W Popular demonstration at, 46; education
in, 85-86. T Abandonment of government house, 138-139. Bib.: Hannay
History of New Brunswick.
Fredin, Jean. L House of charity established by, 245.
Free Trade. B Its effect on Canadian invasion, 15, 31-32; recommended by
Reform convention of 1857, 217; advocated by George Brown, 47, 233. C
Peel's measure (1846) kills Canadian industries, 43-44; Cartier's views
on, 115-116. E Protest from Canadian Assembly, 29; discussed in
Legislature, 45; effects of, on Canada, 57-58. T Unpopular in New
Brunswick, 9.
Freeman. Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick. Index: T Edited
by T. W. Anglin, 85.
Freemason's Hall, Niagara. S First session of Upper Canada Legislature
held in, 83, 96; church services held in, 159.
Fremin, Father Jacques. Ch Jesuit, put in charge of Richibucto mission,
235.
French-Canadians. L Aubert's description of, 118, 119; habits and
customs, 120-124. Sy Tenacious of their legal institutions, 69; become
disaffected, 70; inconsistency of British policy regarding, 71;
Constitutional Act increases their power of resistance, 72, 80; Lord
Durham on their aspirations for independent nationality, 94; favour
responsible government, but oppose union of the provinces, 117; opposed
to improving navigation of St. Lawrence and development of the upper
province, 206; regard Sydenham as enemy of their race, 233; Sydenham's
estimate of, politically considered, 305. E Resent terms of Union Act,
23-24; resent Durham's views on British domination in Canada, 23;
increase of their influence, 31. Dr Murray's description of, 25;
Carleton on their military strength, 45, 46; on their rapid increase,
47; his anxiety to win their allegiance, 50; indifferent to
representative government, 55, 61; their petition to the king, 61;
disappointing conduct of, 78; address king expressing satisfaction with
Quebec Act, 78; unwilling to enlist against Americans, 87, 150; British
government relies fully on their loyalty, 92; some insult their leaders
and insist on being disbanded, 99; tired of American occupation, 150;
Carleton's summing up of their attitude, 161; delusion of British
government on the subject, 178; petition against any further change in
their laws, 246; object to a House of Assembly, 246; Dorchester's
consideration for, 260; attempt to enroll them for militia service
causes riot, 278; more or less affected by revolutionary principles,
278; their attitude serious, 289; report on their state of feeling by
Jules de Fer, 301. B Durham and, 12; dissatisfied with terms of union,
15; Peel's distrust of, 16, 17; George Brown's relations with, 43,
48-49, 70, 71, 78-81, 101-102, 105, 123-127; restive about
Confederation, 166. Bk Prosperity of, under British rule, 35; their
loyalty recognized by Brock and President Dunn, 1807, 86, 87; distrusted
by Sir James Craig, 91, 404; Craig hesitates to issue arms to, 102, 103.
Hd Characterized, 42, 220-222; Haldimand's experience of, 51, 52;
satisfied with change of sovereignty, 53, 79; corps of, formed, 55-57,
139; object to introduction of English civil law, 59, 60; favoured by
Quebec Act, 101; their aversion to military service, 111; costume of,
114, 115, 240; fear of communication with rebels, 119, 134, 136, 140,
174, 297; Estaing's proclamation to, 123; affected by alliance of
France with revolted colonies, 126, 127, 128, 140; prisoners in Albany
take up arms for Congress, 130; averse to taxation, 173; restricted as
to disposal of produce, 177; Haldimand's policy towards, 180; his use of
corvées disliked by, 182; gratified by news of British defeats, 189;
Baroness de Riedesel's description of, 219-220; their attitude towards
Loyalists, 264, 271; continued attempts to undermine their loyalty,
273-282, 283; addressed by Congress, 276; MacLean pleads for, 306;
Dorchester's policy with, 314-315. Md Ignorance of national affairs,
347; Macdonald's influence with, 347-348. WM Their unfortunate position,
131; two thousand desert the camp to protect their families, 152; placed
on right of Montcalm's battle-line, 192; dislodge British detachment
from Borgia's house, 193, 195; in general defeat make brave rally,
201-203; only those in vicinity of Quebec submit to the British, 237. L
Père Charlevoix on, 117; Aubert on, 118; Mère de l'Incarnation on, 119;
habits, dress, etc., of, 120 et seq. Bib.: Sulte, Histoire des
Canadiens-Français; Garneau, Histoire du Canada; Bibaud, Histoire du
Canada; Christie, History of Lower Canada; Davidson, Growth of
French-Canadian Race; Aubert de Gaspé, Les Anciens Canadiens; Salone,
La Colonisation de la Nouvelle France: Étude sur les Origines de la
Nation Canadienne Française; Greenough, Canadian Folk-Life; Tanguay,
Dictionnaire Généalogique; Sulte, Origin of the French-Canadians (R.
S. C., 1905); Nicholson, The French Canadian; Fiske, New France and
New England; Lambert, Travels in Canada.
French Colonization. WM Principle of, 17; Parkman on, 19.
French Language. BL Imperial Parliament repeals clause of Union Act
making English the sole official language, 287; Elgin reads speech from
the throne in French as well as English, 287.
French Priests. Hd Attempts to introduce, 181, 187.
French Revolution. Dr Its effect in the United States, 272, 273;
principles of, disseminated in Lower Canada, 279. Sy Effects of, in
Britain, 11.
Frobisher, Benjamin. A partner of the North West Company. Index: Hd
Petition to Haldimand, 261. Bib.: See the memorials of Benjamin
Frobisher and Joseph Frobisher, his brother, on the western fur trade,
in Archives Report, 1890, and particularly that of Oct. 4, 1784,
giving the early history of the North West Company; also
correspondence in Archives Report, 1888.
Frobisher, Benjamin. Probably, according to Masson, a son of Joseph
Frobisher. Entered service of North West Company, about 1798. Mentioned
as clerk of that Company, in 1804 and 1805, and took a violent part in
the troubles between the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. Captured
by Hudson's Bay men in 1819, carried to York Factory and imprisoned;
escaped, and in a desperate attempt to make his way back to one of the
North West Company posts, died of exhaustion at Cedar Lake. Bib.:
Wilcocke, Death of Frobisher in Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du
Nord-Ouest.
Frobisher, Joseph. A partner of the North West Company. Member of the
fur-trading firm of McTavish, Frobisher and Company. Built a fort on Red
River, and penetrated to the Churchill River, 1774, where, at Frog
Portage, he built a post. Gave the name of English River to the
Churchill. Accompanied Alexander Henry up the Saskatchewan in 1775.
Returned to Montreal, but retained a large interest in the fur trade
until 1798, when he retired. Index: Hd His petition to Haldimand, 261.
MS Builds trading-post on Sturgeon Lake in 1772, 4. Bib.: Henry,
Travels and Adventures, ed. by Bain; Mackenzie, History of the Fur
Trade in his Voyages.
Frobisher, Sir Martin (1535?-1594). Navigator. Made three voyages to
America in search of the North-West Passage, 1576, 1577, and 1578.
Vice-admiral in Drake's expedition to West Indies, 1586; led one of the
squadrons against the Spanish Armada; took part in Hawkins's expedition,
1590. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Frobisher, Thomas (1744-1788). Partner of the North West Company. With
Joseph Frobisher, Alexander Henry, and Peter Pond, in the North-West,
1775. In that year, explored the Churchill River as far as Isle à la
Crosse Lake. Index: MS Builds trading-post at Sturgeon Lake, 1772, 4.
Bib.: Henry, Travels and Adventures; Mackenzie, History of the Fur
Trade in his Voyages.
Frog Portage. Or Portage de Traite, leading from the Saskatchewan River,
by way of Cumberland Lake, the Sturgeon-Weir River, Heron, Pelican, and
Woody Lakes, to the Churchill. It was discovered by Joseph Frobisher,
who built a temporary trading-post there in 1774. Two years later Thomas
Frobisher built a more substantial fort at the same place. He was joined
there in that year by Alexander Henry, and plans were matured for
intercepting the western Indians on their way down the Churchill to
trade at Prince of Wales Fort. Alexander Mackenzie says that the Indians
called the portage Athiquisipichigan Ouinigam, or the Portage of the
Stretched Frog Skin. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee,
Search for the Western Sea.
Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de Palluau et de (1620-1698). F
Particulars respecting his early life scanty, 61; enters army under
Prince of Orange at age of fifteen, 62; promoted to rank of maréchal de
camp, 62; peace of Westphalia, 1648, releases him from military life,
63; marriage, and birth of son, 63; his wife separates from him, 63;
extravagant habits of, 64; commands Venetian troops in defence of Crete
against Turks, 64; leaves France for Canada, midsummer of 1762, 65;
endeavours to constitute "three estates" and summons an Assembly, 67;
action disapproved by king, 67; his instructions regarding the
ecclesiastical power, 69; friendly to Sulpicians and Récollets, 74;
plans a visit to Cataraqui, 74; conducts an expedition to Cataraqui,
76-84; invites Indians to conference at that place, 79; harangues them
and distributes presents, 81, 82; erects fort, 83; expedition not
approved by minister, 84; Frontenac defends it, 85; difficulties with
Perrot, governor of Montreal, and the Abbé Fénelon, 90-104; captures
twelve coureurs de bois, 99; sends Perrot and Fénelon to France with
report on case, 102; the king's reply, 103; enemies at court, 110;
honour paid to him in church curtailed by Laval, 112; attitude towards
ecclesiastical powers, 113; difficulty with bishop over issue of trading
permits, involving carrying of liquor to Indians, 116; king prohibits
permits, 116; visits Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac), 117; appeals against
king's decision, 117; instructed not to meddle with questions of
finance, etc., 120; authorized to grant hunting permits, 125; number to
be issued restricted, 128; dispute with Intendant Duchesneau as to
presidency of Sovereign Council, 133-140; censured by minister for his
contentious spirit, 135; again cautioned by king and minister, 136;
recalled, 143, 144; asks home government for soldiers, 145; summons
conference on Indian question, 146; arranges peace between Senecas and
Ottawas, 146; orders strengthening of fortifications of Montreal, 147;
relations with Du Lhut, 162; has Récollet confessor, Father Maupassant,
165; alleged disorders in his household, 165; commends Sulpicians, 168;
his recall a triumph for clerical opponents, 171; on return to France
makes light of La Barre's demand for troops, 173; reappointed governor
of Canada, 229; arrives at Chedabucto, 232; arrives at Quebec, 232; goes
to Montreal, 233; exaggerates number of killed in Lachine massacre,
227; tries to arrest destruction of Fort Frontenac, 233; organizes
raiding parties against English colonies, 234-236; brings out with him
from France survivors of Indians captured for the galleys, 237; sends
deputation to Iroquois, 237; sends reinforcements to La Durantaye, 241;
his address to the Lake tribes, 242; result of his raids on English
settlements, 253; improves fortifications of Quebec, 254; his relations
with the Sovereign Council, 254-257; goes to Montreal where anxiety
prevails, 257; his expedition to Lake Indians successful, 258; dances a
war dance, 260; protests to Massachusetts authorities against attack on
Pentagouet, 270; gets news at Montreal of approach of expedition against
Quebec, 282; replies to Phipps's demand for surrender, 288, 289;
recommends attack on Boston by sea, 316; describes ravages of the
Abnaki, 317; estimate of military losses in Canada, 318; expresses
himself as opposed to large expeditions, 320; orders De Louvigny at
Michilimackinac to send down Indians with their furs, 323; firm in
negotiations with Iroquois, 325, 338; complaints made against, 333-336;
gives theatrical representations at Quebec, 336; question of Tartuffe,
337; restores Fort Frontenac against instructions of minister, 341;
directs campaign against Iroquois, 350-353; reports his victory to the
king and asks for recognition, 353; receives cross of St. Louis, 354;
receives news of peace of Ryswick, 354; corresponds on question of
sovereignty over Iroquois with Earl of Bellomont, governor of New York,
355; his last despatch to home government, 357; illness and death,
357-359; his will, 358; no known portrait, 360; funeral sermon and
critical annotations thereon, 361. L Governor, erects fort at Cataraqui,
84, 145; takes Récollets under his protection, 112; arrival of, 143; his
services and character, 144; supports La Salle, 149; prejudiced against
the Jesuits, 157; tries to arrest coureurs de bois, 160; imprisons
Perrot, governor of Montreal, 160; takes offence at sermon preached by
Abbé Fénelon, 161; previously annoyed by sermon of Jesuit Father, 161;
demands copy of Fénelon's sermon, 162; difficulty with De Bernières,
162, 163; censured by the king, 164, 165; quarrels with intendant, 167;
recalled, 168; sends unfavourable reports regarding clergy, 170; summons
conference on liquor traffic, 172; reappointed governor, 218; arrival
of, 228; organizes three detachments to operate against English
colonies, 229; his answer to Phipps, 229; attacks the Iroquois, 233;
death of, 234. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac; Myrand, Frontenac et ses
Amis; Lorin, Le Comte de Frontenac; Legendre, Frontenac; Brady,
Frontenac, the Saviour of Canada.
Fulford, Francis (1803-1868). Educated at Oxford; ordained, 1828.
Consecrated first Anglican bishop of Montreal, 1850, and sailed for
Canada the same year. In 1860 metropolitan of the ecclesiastical
province of Canada. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am. and Last Three Bishops;
Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland.
Fuller, Thomas Brock (1810-1884). Born in Kingston. Educated at the
Grammar Schools at Hamilton and York and at Chambly Theological
Seminary. Ordained priest, 1835; laboured in various parts of Canada;
archdeacon of Niagara, 1869; bishop of Niagara, 1875. Bib.: Dent, Can.
Por.; Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland.
Fundy, Bay of. Explored by De Monts and Champlain in 1604. Probably
visited a hundred years earlier by Basque and Breton fishermen, and
possibly by the Northmen several centuries before. Known to the
Portuguese as Baia Fundo (Deep Bay). Named by De Monts, La Baie
Française. The year 1604 witnessed not only the first exploration of
which any narrative survives, but also the first European, settlement
on the shores of the bay. See also Acadia. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages.
Fur Trade. F Burdensome restrictions on, 38, 154. Ch Short history of,
119 et seq. E Under the French régime, 183. Dr Complicated questions
in connection with, 57. Hd Importance attached by Haldimand to, 260-261.
S In Upper Canada, 105-107. D Maintained supremacy of British flag in
far West, 37; of the Russians, stimulates adventure and exploration, 38;
forerunner of civilization, 49. MS Growth of, under North West Company,
7; coureurs de bois and mangeurs de lard, 14, 168; traders were men
of intelligence and intellectual tastes, 27; bois-brûlés, 167;
predominance of Scottish element, 219; mariage du pays, 263; Canada's
debt to, 281-290; names of famous fur-traders given to Canadian rivers,
lakes, and towns, 282; fur-trader as pioneer of settlement, 283-284;
character of the traders, 288-289; stood for law and order, 289. See
also Hudson's Bay Company; North West Company; X Y Company; Pacific Fur
Company; Company of New France, etc. Bib.: Mackenzie, History of the
Fur Trade in his Voyages; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du
Nord-Ouest; Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France; Parkman,
Works; Henry, Travels and Adventures; Henry-Thompson Journals, ed.
by Coues; Harmon, Journal; Franchère, Narrative; Larpenteur, Forty
Years a Fur Trader; Chittenden, History of the American Fur-Trade;
Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company;
Willson, The Great Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea;
Begg, History of the North-West.
Gabriel. Ch French vessel seized by English, 222.
Gage, Thomas (1721-1787). Fought under Braddock at Monongahela, 1755,
and under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, 1758. Took part in the campaign
for the conquest of Canada, 1759; made military governor of Montreal
after its capitulation, 1760. Succeeded Amherst, 1763, as
commander-in-chief, with headquarters at New York. Sailed for England,
1773, leaving Haldimand in command. Returned the following year, as
governor of Massachusetts. After the battle of Bunker Hill, 1775,
recalled. Index: Dr Requests Carleton to send him two regiments, 78. S
In command at Boston, 19. Hd At Ticonderoga, 19; his letters to
Haldimand, 22, 23; in command at Oswego, 28, 29; at Albany, 31, 33;
governor of Montreal after surrender, 40, 41; his opinion of Croix de
St. Louis wearers, 52; replaces Amherst at New York, 53, 57, 58, 60, 61,
66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79-81; visits England on leave of absence, 83;
correspondence with Haldimand, 89, 94, 95; resumes chief command in
America, 96-98, 121; his position in Boston, 101; intended retirement
of, 105; his lack of energy, 108; recall of, 110; Indian policy of, 147;
his reply to Washington's complaint as to treatment of prisoners, 249;
death of, 335. Bib.: Letters of the Two Commanders-in-Chief, Generals
Gage and Washington; Detail and Conduct of the American War, under
General Gage. See also Mass. Hist. Soc. Colls., vols. 12, 14, and
34; and Haldimand Papers (Canadian Archives). For biog., see Dict.
Nat. Biog.; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Gaillardin, Claud J. C. (1810-1880). F French historian, referred to,
152. Bib.: Histoire de Louis XIV.
Gaillon, Michel. Ch Member of Roberval's expedition, executed, 44.
Galiano, Dionisio. Accompanied Maurelle in 1792 to North-West Coast.
Carried out considerable surveys for the Spanish government, partly in
conjunction with Vancouver. Index: D Explores North-West Coast with
Valdez, 35; meets Vancouver, 35; journal published at Madrid in 1802,
36. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.
Galinée, René de Bréhant de. A member of a noble family of Brittany;
came to Canada in 1668. With his fellow-Sulpician, Dollier de Casson
(q.v.), carried out an important exploration in 1669-1670, from
Montreal up the St. Lawrence, and around the south shore of Lake Ontario
to Burlington Bay; thence to the Grand River, which they descended to
Lake Erie, where they wintered. In March, 1670, they continued their
journey along the north shore, passed through Lake St. Clair, and
coasting the south side of Manitoulin Island, reached Sault Ste. Marie,
where they found Marquette and Dablon. They returned to Montreal by way
of Lake Nipissing and the Ottawa. Galinée's narrative of the journey was
sent home to the king. He himself returned to France in 1671. Index: L
With Dollier, plants the cross on shores of Lake Erie, 11; arrives from
France as missionary, 105; on Lake Erie, 108; La Salle accompanies him
to Niagara, 148. Bib.: Exploration of the Great Lakes, 1669-1670:
Galinée's Narrative and Map, ed. by James H. Coyne (Ont. Hist. Soc.,
1903).
Gallatin, Albert (1761-1849). American statesman. Bk United States
secretary of the treasury, 81, 108. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Adams,
Writings of Albert Gallatin; Adams, Life of Gallatin.
Galleran, Guillaume. Ch Récollet priest, 149.
Gallicanism. L Cause of difficulty between the court of France and the
pope, 184, 201.
Galt, Sir Alexander Tilloch (1817-1893). Son of John Galt (q.v.).
Elected to the Legislature, 1849, for Sherbrooke. Dropped out of public
life for several years, but in 1853 again elected for Sherbrooke. Took
an active part in the movement leading up to Confederation; a member of
several administrations before and after Confederation; high
commissioner in Great Britain, 1880-1883. Index: Md Declines task of
forming a ministry, 86; becomes minister of finance in Cartier-Macdonald
administration, 86; speaks in favour of Confederation, 96; goes to
England with Cartier and Rose to secure approval of British government
to proposed union, 97; one of commissioners sent to England in 1865 to
confer with Imperial government on Confederation, defence, reciprocity,
etc., 120-121; minister of finance in first Dominion ministry, 134;
resigns, 1867, and succeeded by Rose, 136; introduces high tariff
(1859), 218; his protection policy supported by Macdonald, 219;
appointed high commissioner, 227. T Makes Confederation a Cabinet
question, 63; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to Quebec
Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; minister of finance in
first Dominion ministry, 129, 130. B Asked by Sir Edmund Head to form
government, declines, 106, 133; favours federal union, 106; takes
Cayley's place in Macdonald-Cartier government, 107; advocates in 1858
federal union of all British North American provinces, 132-133; pledges
Cartier government to federal union policy, 133; mission to England,
133; his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; his
connection with negotiations with George Brown as to Confederation, 152,
154-155, 160; goes to England on Confederation mission, 186. C Goes to
England with Cartier and Rose in connection with Confederation, 56-57;
refuses decoration of C. B., 126-127. Bib.: Works: Canada from 1849 to
1859; Union of the British North American Provinces. For biog., see
Taylor, Brit. Am.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Pope,
Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Egerton and Grant, Canadian
Constitutional Development.
Galt, John (1779-1839). Came to Canada, 1824; returned to England; came
out again in 1826, remaining until 1829. Associated, in the Canada
Company, with William Dunlop, Thomas Talbot, and Samuel Strickland.
Founded towns of Guelph and Goderich. Town of Galt named after him.
See Canada Company; Dunlop; Talbot; Strickland. Bib.: Works: Ayrshire
Legatees; Annals of the Parish; Sir Andrew Wylie; The Entail;
Bogle Corbet; Stanley Buxton; Eken Erskine; The Lost Child; The
Member; The Radical; Laurie Todd; Life of Byron; Lives of the
Players; Autobiography; Literary Life and Miscellanies. For biog.,
see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Lizars, Days of the
Canada Company.
Galt. A town in Ontario founded by the Canada Company, about 1827. Named
after John Galt. Situated on the Grand River. Bib.: Lizars, Days of the
Canada Company.
Gamache, René de Rohault, Marquis de. Ch Endows Jesuit College at
Quebec, 228.
Gannentaha. L Mission at, miraculously escapes massacre, 65. Bib.:
Parkman, Jesuits in North America.
Garakontié. L Iroquois chief, conversion of, 65; edifying death of, 73.
Garfield, James Abram (1831-1881). Twentieth president of the United
States. Index: B Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864,
230-231. Bib.: Hinsdale, Works of Garfield; Gilmore, Life of
Garfield; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Garneau, François-Xavier (1809-1866). Studied law and practised as a
notary; afterwards clerk of the Legislative Assembly and city clerk of
Quebec; member of the Council of Public Instruction; president of the
Institut Canadien. Index: P Condemns Papineau's conduct in rejecting
Lord Goderich's offer, 77. E Attacks Hincks for suggesting amendment to
Union Act, 123; Hincks's denial, 123. Hd On the evils of English law,
59; on Murray, 60; on Haldimand, 291, 292. Bib.: Histoire du Canada,
trans. by Andrew Bell. For biog., see Casgrain, F.-X. Garneau;
Morgan, Cel. Can. and Bib. Can.
Garnier, Charles. Accompanied Jogues and Chatelain to the Huron mission,
1636; and, with the former, to the Tobacco Nation, near Nottawassaga
Bay, 1639-1640. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in 1649, died a
martyr to his faith, slain by an Iroquois hatchet. Index: L Death of, 5.
Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Lalemant, Relation des
Hurons, 1640.
Garnier de Chapouin. Ch Provincial of Récollets, appoints four
missionaries for Canada, 85.
Garreau, Leonard. Jesuit father. Index: L Death of, 11.
Garry, Nicholas. The Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company
having been amalgamated in 1821, Garry, then a director of the former
Company, was sent out to the North-West with Simon McGillivray, in that
year, to make the necessary arrangements. Garry's diary of this journey
is published in the Royal Society Trans., 1900. Subsequently deputy
governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1822-1835. Fort Garry was named
after him. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and Hudson's Bay Company.
Gaspé. See Aubert de Gaspé.
Gaspereau River. A small tidal stream, flowing into the Basin of Minas.
Grand Pré, once a principal settlement of the Acadians, stands upon its
banks.
Gates, Sir Thomas (1596-1621). Governor of Virginia. Index: Ch Grant to,
by James I of England, 223. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Gaudais-Dupont, Louis. L Comes out as royal commissioner to take over
Canada from Company of New France, 41.
Gaufestre, Jean. Ch Récollet, returns to France, 209.
Gavazzi Riots. E Father Gavazzi's lectures, 124; cause riots in Quebec
and Montreal, 124-125; Clear Grits attack Hincks and the government for
failure to suppress riots, 125. Bib.: Gavazzi, Lectures and Life;
Dent, Last Forty Years; Hincks, Reminiscences.
Gazette (Halifax). Established 1752. First newspaper published in what
is now the Dominion of Canada. Bib.: Wallis, Hist. Sketch of Can.
Journalism in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5.
Gazette (Montreal). Established 1778. Index: C Denounces ministerial
responsibility, 97. Hd Establishment of, 276. BL Denounces La
Fontaine-Baldwin government, 140. Bk Editor of, arrested by order of the
Legislative Assembly, 93. Mc Mackenzie's obituary in, 514. Bib.: Wallis,
Hist. Sketch of Can. Journalism in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5.
Gazette (Quebec). Established 1764. Index: Hd First newspaper printed in
Quebec, 190; its news columns censored, 191; publishes letters contained
in an intercepted rebel mail, 225; advertisements in, 231-242; articles
on moral themes, 246. Sy Its opposition to union of the provinces, 194,
211, 212. Bk Falls under displeasure of Legislative Assembly, 93. Bib.:
Wallis, Hist. Sketch of Can. Journalism in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5.
Gazette (Toronto). Mc Mackenzie's newspaper, first published May 12,
1838, 433; last issue, 461. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.
General Election, 1841. Sy Rioting in connection with, 290, 291; result
of, 291.
Genest, Edmond Charles (1765-1834). Dr Minister of France to the United
States, 272; his intrigues in Canada, 273, 274. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Genevay, Jean François Louis. Hd French secretary to Haldimand, 305;
receives bequest from Haldimand, 342; his tomb, 346.
Geological Survey. First suggested by Dr. Rae, in 1832. W. E.
(afterwards Sir) Logan was appointed provincial geologist, 1842, and,
the government having decided to carry out a geological survey of the
province, he took charge of the work the following year. The
establishment of the survey was largely the result of petitions
presented by the Natural History Society of Montreal, and the Quebec
Literary and Historical Society. The first report was for the year 1843.
Twenty years later, the reports 1843-1863 were summarized in a volume of
983 pages, Geology of Canada. The periods 1863-1866 and 1866-1869 were
each covered in a single report. Thereafter, annual volumes were
published. Two general indexes have been issued, one for the reports
1863-1884, and the second for 1885-1906.
George IV (1762-1830). King of England, son of George III and the
Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1795 married the Princess
Caroline of Brunswick. In 1811 regent, and in 1820 succeeded George III.
Index: W Grants charter to King's College, Fredericton, 49. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.
George, Sir Rupert D. H Provincial secretary of Nova Scotia, 57;
dismissed from office, 111; challenges Joseph Howe to a duel, 244. Bib.:
Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Georgian Bay. An arm of Lake Huron. Discovered by Joseph Le Caron, a
Franciscan, 1615. Champlain reached the shores of the bay the same year.
Index: Ch Champlain crosses, 88.
Germain, Charles. Appointed missionary to the Abnaki Indians on the St.
John River, 1845. Authorized agent of the government at Quebec for the
purpose of destroying British supremacy in Acadia. Assisted De Ramezay
in his plans for the attack on Mines, 1747. Removed to Miramichi, 1757.
After the fall of Quebec, took up the cause of the British. Received a
pension of £50 a year from the government at Halifax, 1761. Retired to
Quebec, taking with him a number of Indian families. Died, 1779. Bib.:
Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Germain, Lord George. See Sackville.
German and Swiss Colonists. Hd In America, scheme to enroll, 9.
German Troops. Hd Commanded by Riedesel, 114; not adapted to work
required of them, 126, 136; reorganization of, 141; Haldimand not
satisfied with, 141; some settle near Cataraqui, 265; leave Canada, 293,
296.
Germans and Dutch. Dr Large admixture of, among United Empire Loyalists,
240.
Gerris, Sarah. F Captured at Fort Loyal, exchanged for one of Phipps's
prisoners, 303.
Gerry, Elbridge (1744-1814). American statesman. Index: Bk Governor of
Massachusetts, 172. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Gerrymander. See Redistribution Bill.
Gibault, Père. Hd Absolves French of the west from their allegiance to
Britain, 167.
Gibbs, Thomas Nicholson (1821-1883). Born in Terrebonne, Quebec. Engaged
in business pursuits at Oshawa. Defeated for election to the Assembly
for South Ontario, 1854, but successful, 1865. Elected to represent
South Ontario in the House of Commons, 1867, the defeated candidate
being George Brown. Secretary of state and minister of inland revenue in
the government of Sir John A. Macdonald, 1873. Appointed to the senate,
1880.
Gibson, David. Mc Organizes shooting matches, 342; rebels meet at his
house, 360; opposes advance on Toronto, 362; his house burned, 375;
objects to Mackenzie's plans, 376; escapes, 380. Bib.: Dent, Upper
Canadian Rebellion.
Gibson, John Morrison (1842- ). Educated at the University of Toronto;
studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1867. Elected to the
Ontario Assembly for Hamilton, 1879; provincial secretary, 1889;
commissioner of crown lands, 1896; attorney-general, 1889-1905;
lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1908. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men;
Canadian Who's Who.
Giffard, Robert. First seignior in New France. Mentioned at Quebec in
1627; returned to France, 1629; established at his Beauport seigneury,
1634; a member of the Council, 1646; syndic of Quebec, 1648; gave his
St. Gabriel property to the Jesuits, 1667. Index: Ch Landed with his
family by Kirke on St. Pierre Island, 174; comes to Canada with forty
colonists, 250; receives grant of land near Beauport, 251. Bib.:
Douglas, Old France in the New World.
Gilbert, Thomas. W Member for Queens, New Brunswick, an advocate of
old-time Toryism, 96. T Proposes to convert King's College into
agricultural school, 20, 21; his bill defeated, 91.
Gillam, Benjamin. Son of following. Commanded a trading expedition from
Boston to Hudson Bay in 1683, and built a fort some miles up the Nelson
River. Pierre Radisson captured the fort, and carried Gillam a prisoner
to Quebec, where he was promptly released by the governor. Sailed for
Boston, and arrested on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company for poaching
in their territory. Seems to have turned pirate a year or two later;
captured at Boston, carried to England with Captain Kidd, who had been
arrested at the same time, and hanged with his fellow pirate. Bib.:
Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.
Gillam, Zachariah. A New England skipper, sent out in 1668 by Prince
Rupert and his associates, to Hudson Bay, in command of the Nonsuch,
on a voyage of exploration and trade. Medard Chouart (q.v.) sailed
with him, while Pierre Radisson (q.v.) followed, in 1669, in the
Waveno. Gillam's journal of the voyage is quoted in Joseph Robson's
Hudson's Bay. Made several subsequent voyages to the bay, on behalf of
the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1684 his ship crushed in the ice at the
mouth of Nelson River, and he and several of the crew perished. Bib.:
Robson, Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay; Laut,
Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western
Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
Gillmor, A. H. T Provincial secretary in Smith ministry, New Brunswick,
91; a strong Liberal, 91.
Gilmore, George. Hd School teacher at St. Johns, 235.
Ginseng. Hd Gathered by Jesuits, for shipment to China, 148; brought $5
a pound, 148; Indians engaged in trade, 148.
Gipps, Sir George (1791-1847). Born at Ringwould, England. Educated at
King's School, Canterbury, and at the Military Academy, Woolwich.
Entered the army, 1809; served throughout the Peninsular War; employed
in the West Indies, 1824-1829; appointed private secretary to the first
lord of the Admiralty, 1834; sent to Canada as commissioner, together
with Lord Gosford and Sir Charles Grey, to attempt to allay prevailing
discontent, 1835; knighted, 1835; governor of New South Wales,
1836-1846. Index: P Royal commissioner sent to Canada with Lord Gosford
and Sir Charles Grey, in 1835, 111. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict.
Nat. Biog.; Lang, New South Wales.
Girouard, Désiré (1836- ). Born at St. Timothée, Quebec. Educated at
Montreal College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. For
some years sat in the House of Commons. Appointed judge of Supreme Court
of Canada, 1895. Index: F On loss of life in massacre of Lachine, 224;
at La Chesnaye and other places, 226. Bib.: Lake St. Louis and Cavelier
de la Salle. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Cyc. Am. Biog.;
Canadian Who's Who.
Girouard, John Joseph (1795-1855). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and
called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1816. Elected to the Assembly, 1830;
a strong supporter of Papineau; took an active part in the Rebellion of
1837-1838; imprisoned at Montreal for six months. Resumed the practice
of law. Offered a portfolio on the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration,
but refused to accept office; took no further part in public life.
Index: BL Associated with La Fontaine in constitutional agitation in
Lower Canada, 49; commissionership of crown lands promised to, 124;
declines appointment, 134; referred to as a rebel in Transcript, 141;
attacked by Tory press, 150. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Christie, History
of Lower Canada.
Gisborne, Frederick Newton (1824-1892). Came to Canada from England in
1845. Joined the staff of the British North American Electric Telegraph
Association, 1847, and became general manager. In 1852, laid the first
submarine cable in America, joining New Brunswick and Prince Edward
Island; and in 1856, laid another to Newfoundland. Conceived the idea of
connecting Europe and America by a submarine cable, and succeeded in
enlisting the interest of Cyrus W. Field. The cable finally completed,
1858. Appointed superintendent of the Dominion government telegraph and
signal service, 1879. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Giscome Portage. Leading from the Parsnip River to the Fraser, in
northern British Columbia. Named by an independent trader, Peter
Dunlevy, after his cook, about the year 1873. Both Mackenzie and Simon
Fraser crossed from the Parsnip to the Fraser, the former in 1793, and
the latter in 1806, but neither went by way of Giscome Portage, which
was not discovered until some years later. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the
Western Sea.
Givins, James. Bk Appointed aide-de-camp, 247.
Gladstone, William Ewart (1809-1898). British statesman. Index: Sy
Elected to Parliament for Newark, 22; defeated at Manchester, 48. E His
opinion of Lord Elgin, 7, 78; sympathy for Confederate States, 202. B
Defends free trade policy, 31; not in favour of Intercolonial Railway,
143; on committee to discuss Confederation and defences of Canada, 186.
BL His speech on Rebellion Losses Bill, 326-327, 328; his interview with
Hincks, 328. Md Opposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 41; withdraws claim
against United States on account of Fenian Raids, 176-177. T Insists on
sinking fund for Intercolonial scheme, 57. Bib.: Works: The State in
its Relations with the Church; Gleanings from Past Years. For biog.,
see Morley, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Gladwin, Henry. Joined the army, 1753; took part in the expedition under
Braddock; promoted to rank of major, 1759; in command at Detroit during
siege by Pontiac; served throughout the American Revolutionary War;
major-general, 1782. Died in England, 1791. Index: Dr Defence of Detroit
by, in Pontiac's War, 5. Bib.: Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Moor,
The Gladwin Manuscripts; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Glandelet, Abbé Charles. L Accompanies Laval to Canada, 141; theologist
of chapter of Quebec, 197. F Preaches against theatre, 336.
Glassion, de. Dr Superior of Jesuits, sends petition to the king,
through Carleton, 35.
Glegg, Captain J. B. Aide-de-camp to General Brock. Index: Bk Carries
summons for surrender of Detroit, 251, 255; carries despatches to
Quebec, announcing victory, 259. Bib.: Richardson, War of 1812, ed. by
Casselman; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.
Glen, John Sanders. F Magistrate of Schenectady, life spared, 247.
Glenelg, Charles Grant, Baron (1778-1866). Born in Kidderpore, India.
Educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge, England, and called to the bar
at Lincoln's Inn, 1807. Member of the British House of Commons,
1811-1835. Appointed lord of the treasury, 1813; chief secretary for
Ireland and a member of the Privy Council, 1819; vice-president of the
Board of Trade and treasurer of the navy, 1823; president of the Board
of Control, 1830-1834, and colonial secretary, 1835. Created Baron
Glenelg, 1835. Resigned the secretaryship, 1839, and made land tax
commissioner. Died in Cannes. Index: W His incompetence and
procrastination, 42; on casual and territorial revenues of New
Brunswick, 61-62. Sy President of Board of Trade, 16; resigns, 16;
unequal to duties of colonial office, 57. BL Appointment of Head as
governor, 36; Head's letter to, 41. H Instructs Sir Colin Campbell to
grant a measure of responsible government to Nova Scotia, 44-45; Joseph
Howe's letter to, on ocean steamship service, 232. Mc Opposes
responsible government, 20; on colonial self-government, 73; refers
report of the Committee on Grievances to the king, 263; his reply to
report, 280; on Executive Councils, 302; schooled by Head, 304; Head
disobeys his orders, 307; on non-elective Legislative Council, 324.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Glengarry. A county in Ontario, on the St. Lawrence. Named after the
famous glen in Inverness, Scotland. Many Scottish Highlanders left their
native country after the battle of Culloden in 1746, and emigrated to
America. They were all intensely loyal, and when the Revolution broke
out many moved north into Canada, settling on the Niagara frontier, the
bay of Quinté, and the banks of the St. Lawrence. From the latter
settlement sprang the present Glengarry County. In 1804-1805 Bishop
McDonell obtained several grants of land in the district for the
Highlanders of the disbanded Scottish Glengarry Regiment, and for
twenty-five years promoted the interests of the colonists. He raised, in
1812, the Glengarry Fencibles Regiment, which rendered valuable service
during the war. Bib.: Macdonell, Sketches Illustrating the Early
Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada.
Glengarry Fencibles. Bk Canadian Highland corps, 180.
Glenie, James. W Member for Sunbury, in New Brunswick Assembly,
1792-1809, 13; a pioneer reformer, 13.
Globe. Newspaper published at Toronto; established, 1844. Index: B
Advocates responsible government, ix; its establishment, 9, 10; on
elections in Upper Canada in 1844, 25; criticism of Draper, 27; on
Toryism, 32; supports Elgin's attitude towards the Rebellion Losses
Bill, 36; attacks the Clear Grits, 40, 41; upholds British system of
responsible government, as superior to the American system, 42; gives
credit to French-Canadians for supporting Reform cause, 43; attitude
towards Roman Catholic questions, 44-46, 48; advocates secularization of
Clergy Reserves, 55; on free schools, 62; first issued as a daily, Oct.
1, 1853; its earlier history, absorbs North American and Examiner,
1855, 74; its policy, 75; on the Quebec Rouges, 78-79; contains appeal
on behalf of fugitive slaves, 112; and the "no popery" agitation, 121,
123; advocates uniform legislation for Upper and Lower Canada, 130;
assails Separate School Bill, 145; Brown's pride in, 150, 247; effect of
Brown's position in Macdonald ministry, 209; contains R. B. Sullivan's
address on North-West Territories, 211; Brown's article on North-West,
1852, 213; letters of "Huron" on North-West, 215-216; advocates union of
North-West with Canada, 217, 218; attacks Canada First party, 236, 237,
238, 239, 241; Peter Brown writes for, 243; edited by Gordon Brown, 244,
245; reveals George Brown's views, 248, 249; its support of Wilson, 250;
attacks Mr. Justice Wilson, 250, 252, 253; the office of publication,
255; shooting of George Brown, 255-258. E Hostile at first to Clear
Grits, 111; edited by George Brown, 111. BL Established by George Brown,
Mar. 5, 1844, 223-224; its fighting policy, 224; attacks Metcalfe, 225;
denounces the Grits, 342; outcry against Roman Catholicism, 343. Mc
Justifies the Rebellion of 1837, 13; on Mackenzie's expulsions, 254; on
Mackenzie's retirement from public life, 498; Mackenzie's obituary, 511;
on Mackenzie's personality, 523. Md Founded by George Brown with his
father, 52; on the Redistribution Bill, 275; on the elections of 1887,
282-283; supports commercial union, 295. Bib.: Wallis, Historical
Sketch of Canadian Journalism in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5;
Buckingham, George Brown and the Globe in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5;
Mackenzie, Hon. George Brown.
Godard, Charles. S Agent for government of Upper Canada, 178.
Goddard, John. T Elected for St. John, New Brunswick, 25.
Gode, Nicolas. L Land bought from, for church at Montreal, 88.
Godefroy, Jean-Paul. Ch Interpreter, 144.
Godefroy, Thomas. Ch Interpreter, 144.
Goderich, Viscount. See Ripon.
Goderich. Town in Ontario, situated at mouth of River Maitland, Huron
County, Ontario. Founded by John Galt and Wm. Dunlop about 1827. Bib.:
Lizars, Days of the Canada Company.
Gomara, Lopez de. Ch Suggests a canal through Isthmus of Panama, 14.
Gondoin, Nicolas. Ch Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.
Gordon, Brigadier-General. Dr Murder of, 152.
Gordon, Arthur Hamilton. See Stanmore.
Gordon, Robert. T Member for Gloucester in New Brunswick Assembly, votes
against Liberals, 18.
Gore, Sir Charles S. Born in Scotland, 1793; the third son of the second
Earl of Arran. Entered the army, 1808; served throughout the Peninsular
War; ordered to Canada, 1814; returned to Europe and present at the
battle of Waterloo, 1815. Again came to Canada; in command of the troops
in Lower Canada during the Rebellion of 1837-1838; subsequently knighted
and advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general. Index: C At St. Denis,
7. P In command of troops in Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada, 128-129;
marches on St. Denis, 130; second expedition against St. Denis, 134.
Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Gore, Sir Francis (1769-1852). Served in the army; lieutenant-governor
of Bermuda, 1804; lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1806-1817. Index:
Bk Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 8, 78; his civil and military
service, 78; arms supplied to, 97; arrives at Quebec from the west, 132;
Brock's high opinion of, 143; goes to England on leave, 159. E Postpones
secularization of Clergy Reserves by proroguing Legislature, 146. Bib.:
Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Kingsford, History of
Canada.
Gore District. In Upper Canada; named after Governor Gore. Index: Sy
Resolutions in favour of responsible government adopted at meeting of
inhabitants, 125, 126.
Gorham, John. A native of Massachusetts. Stationed at Annapolis in
command of a body of provincial troops, 1845; sent to Boston to procure
aid against a threatened attack; induced to proceed to the siege of
Louisbourg under Pepperrell; appointed colonel. Returned to Annapolis
and placed in command of the Boston troops sent to Mines with Colonel
Noble. Afterwards commanded a body of Rangers raised in New England for
service in Acadia. A member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Returned to
Massachusetts, 1752. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of Nova
Scotia, ed. by Akins; Marshall, Life of Pepperell.
Gosford, Archibald Acheson, second Earl of (1775?-1849).
Governor-general of Canada, 1835-1838. Index: P His mission of
conciliation to French-Canadians, 110; hostility of Papineau, 110;
replaces Aylmer in 1835, 111; his character, 111-112; entertains
Papineau, 112-113; his appeal for reconciliation, in opening Parliament,
113; his secret instructions published in Toronto, 113; their terms,
114; session of 1836, 115-116; dismisses Parliament, 116; eve of the
Rebellion, 116-117; appoints Bédard judge, 117; proclaims martial law in
the district of Montreal, 137; returns to England, 138; on the official
class in Lower Canada, 158. BL His attempts to placate popular leaders
in Lower Canada, 45; compared to Bagot, 151. C His amnesty proclamation,
9. W Conversation with William IV, 22. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc.
Am. Biog.
Gosselin, Abbé Auguste (1843- ). Born at St. Charles de Bellechasse,
Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary and at Laval University. Ordained
priest, 1866; subsequently chancellor of the Quebec Diocese, and vicar
of the Basilica. Retired from the ministry to devote himself to
literary work, 1893. Index: L On Laval's absolution, 35; on mandement
creating Seminary, 49; on policy of Laval, 169; on great extent of
parishes in Laval's time, 195. F His opinion of Talon, 54; on
administration of La Barre, 172; on Laval's choice of de Saint-Vallier,
191; on Frontenac's attitude towards religion, 359. Bib.: Works: Vie de
Laval; Henri de Bernières; Le Docteur Labrie; Québec en 1730;
Mgr. de Saint-Vallier et son Temps; D'Iberville; Jean Bourdon. For
biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Gouin, Sir Lomer (1861- ). Born in Grondines, Quebec. Educated at Sorel
College and Laval University, Montreal; studied law and called to the
bar of Quebec, 1884. Elected to the Assembly for the St. James division
of Montreal, 1897; minister of public works in the Parent
administration, 1900; premier, 1905; knighted, 1908. Bib.: Canadian
Who's Who.
Gourlay, Robert Fleming (1778-1863). Born in the parish of Ceres,
Fifeshire, Scotland. Attended St. Andrews University. Took part in an
inquiry into the condition of the poor in Great Britain, and carried on
an aggressive agitation for a reform of the poor laws. Came to Canada,
1817, and settled at Kingston. Becoming convinced of the need of radical
changes in the land system of Upper Canada, attacked the administration
with so much energy that he was finally, after a grossly unfair trial,
expelled from the province. Returning to Scotland, devoted himself to
the preparation of his work on Upper Canada; lost most of his property
as the result of lawsuits; and imprisoned for a personal attack on Lord
Brougham in the lobby of the House of Commons. On his release, visited
the United States about 1836, and instrumental in dissuading Ohio
sympathizers from joining the movement under William Lyon Mackenzie. In
1842 his case brought before the Legislature of Upper Canada, and the
House decided that his arrest had been "illegal, unconstitutional and
without possibility of excuse and palliation, and the sentence declared
null and void." Did not, however, return to Canada until 1856, when he
was granted a pension of fifty pounds; this he refused because he
considered that his vindication had not been complete. Contested Oxford
County in 1860, but defeated; returned to Edinburgh, where he died.
Index: Mc Comes to Canada, 1817, 89; arouses public feeling, 89; tried
for libel at Kingston and again at Brockville, and acquitted at both
places, 89; tried under Alien Act, and ordered to leave province, 90;
refuses and is committed to jail, 90; habeas corpus proceedings fail,
90; treatment in prison, 91; Chief-Justice Powell orders him to leave
province, 92; banished, 93. BL Exaggerated language of his petition, 12.
E Collects information on best means of developing resources of Upper
Canada, 147. R His statistics of education in Upper Canada, 55; his
imprisonment and banishment, 63, 67. Bib.: Statistical Account of Upper
Canada. For biog., see Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years;
Rattray, The Scot in British North America; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Governors. Sy Their powers and functions, and relations to the home
government on the one side and the colonial Legislatures on the other,
74-76.
Gowan, Ogle R. (1796-1876). Born in Ireland. Edited for some years the
Antidote, published in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1829, and settled in
the county of Leeds. At once took a leading place in the politics of
Canada. First elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1834,
and continued as representative, with brief intervals, until 1861.
Served in the militia during the troubles of 1837-1838; commanded the
right wing at the battle of the "Windmill" and severely wounded. For
twenty years grandmaster of the Orange Order. Index: BL His interview
with Metcalfe, and his letter, 187; challenges Hincks, 218; loses his
seat in Assembly, 279. E Insults Lord Elgin at Brockville, 79. Bib.:
Responsible or Parliamentary Government. For biog., see Cyc. Am.
Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years.
Goyer, Olivier. F Récollet, preaches funeral sermon on Frontenac, 361.
Goyogouins. See Cayugas.
Graham, Sir James. Sy His views on corn duties and Irish Church, 40.
Grammar Schools. S Simcoe's desire to establish, 169. See Education.
Grand Jury. Dr Presentment of, 14; protested against by Murray, 15.
Grand Portage. Near western end of Lake Superior, about twenty miles
south of Fort William. As in the case of so many other historic Canadian
places, it is impossible to say who was the first white man to stand
upon this famous centre of the fur trade. Radisson came this way in
1662; Du Lhut in 1678; Noyon in 1688; La Noüe in 1717; but there is no
evidence that any of the four were actually at Grand Portage. It is
first mentioned in a memoir by Pachot, 1722; and the earliest
authenticated visit to the spot is that of La Vérendrye, 1731. From that
time it grew steadily in importance until finally abandoned, 1801, in
favour of Fort William. The name was applied both to the trading-post on
the shore of Lake Superior, and to the portage thence to the Pigeon
River. Index: MS Described, 13; the portage, 13; as it is to-day, 13; in
Mackenzie's day, 14; Mackenzie at, 54. Bib.: Mackenzie, History of Fur
Trade in his Voyages; Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Henry,
Travels and Adventures; Carver, Travels; Masson, Bourgeois de la
Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search
for the Western Sea.
Grand Pré. A village on the shores of the Basin of Minas. Stands upon or
near the site of the old village of the same name, one of the principal
settlements of the Acadians. The scene of many conflicts between the
French and English; and of the final expulsion of the Acadians. See
Acadians. Bib.: Parkman, Half Century of Conflict and Montcalm and
Wolfe.
Grand Trunk Railway. C Entrusts Cartier with its legal business, 22;
Carrier's deep interest in its development, 48; line extended from
Quebec to Rivière du Loup, 49, 114. BL Construction of, up to 1848, 301.
B Owners of said by Dorion to be the real authors of Confederation, 176;
Taché-Macdonald government condemned for subsidizing, 176. E Early
history of, 99, 100, 101, 115-116; Hincks's connection with, 100, 115. H
Hincks makes arrangements in England for construction of, 143; terms and
conditions not altogether satisfactory, 143. Md Early history, 45;
financial difficulties, 90. Bib.: Brown, History of Grand Trunk
Railway; Lanning, Historical Sketch of the Grand Trunk Railway in
Canada: An Ency., vol. 2.
Grant, Alexander (1734-1813). Administered the government of Upper
Canada as senior member of the Executive Council, on death of General
Hunter, 1805. Index: Bk Administers government of Upper Canada, 69. S
Member of Legislative Council, 49, 79; member of the Executive Council,
80. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.
Grant, Cuthbert. One of the leading traders of the North West Company in
the West, in the early days. With Peter Pond on the Athabaska, and sent
by him, 1786, to establish a post near mouth of Slave River; at Fort
Chipewyan, 1789; at Fort Qu'Appelle, 1793; with David Thompson on the
Assiniboine, 1797. Died, 1798 or 1799. Index: MS Partner of the North
West Company, 58; in charge of the Centre (Red River and Assiniboine)
country, 58. Bib.: Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Bryce,
Hudson's Bay Company.
Grant, Cuthbert. Son of foregoing. Scottish half-breed, in western fur
trade. Educated at Montreal, and entered service of North West Company.
Led the half-breeds in the Seven Oaks affair. Some years later settled
near White Horse Plains, on the Assiniboine, and appointed Warden of the
Plains by the Council of Assiniboia. Became himself a member of the
Council. Index: MS Leader of the half-breeds at Red River—serves notice
on the colonists to leave the district, 174; brings a party of
bois-brûlés down from Qu'Appelle to drive out the settlers, 180; and
the Seven Oaks affair, 180-182. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and Hudson's
Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.
Grant, George Monro (1835-1902). Born at Albion Mines, Nova Scotia.
Educated at University of Glasgow. Entered Presbyterian ministry in Nova
Scotia. Accompanied Sandford Fleming overland to British Columbia, 1872.
Principal of Queen's University, 1877, and built it up to the first rank
among Canadian universities. Index: Md Principal of Queen's
University—on ignorance in Maritime Provinces as to the West, 155;
opposes commercial union, 295; on character of Sir John A. Macdonald as
man and statesman, 329-330; one of Macdonald's strongest and most ardent
supporters, 340; but would not support him when he felt he was in the
wrong, 341. Bib.: Works: Ocean to Ocean; Advantages of Imperial
Federation; Our National Objects and Aims; Religions of the World in
Relation to Christianity; Picturesque Canada. For biog., see
Morgan, Can. Men; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Grant
and Hamilton, Principal Grant.
Grant, Sir William (1752-1832). Commanded volunteers at siege of Quebec,
1775; attorney-general of Canada, 1776; chief-justice of Chester, 1798;
solicitor-general, 1799-1801; master of the Rolls, 1801-1817. Index: Dr
Removed from judgeship, returns to England and becomes Master of the
Rolls, 184. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Gravé, Jeanne. Ch Daughter of Dupont-Gravé, 47.
Gravé, Robert. Ch Son of Dupont-Gravé, accompanies Champlain on voyage
of discovery, 34.
Graves, Samuel (1713-1787). British admiral. Index: S Godfather of
Simcoe, 15; commands naval force at Boston, 19. Dr Refuses to send
transports to Quebec, 92. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Gray, John Hamilton (1814-1889). Born in Bermuda. Entered political life
in New Brunswick in 1850, and became a leading member of the provincial
government. Took part in the negotiations leading up to Confederation,
and sat in the first Dominion Parliament as member for the city of St.
John. In 1872 appointed to the Supreme Court of British Columbia. Index:
T Elected for St. John County, 1850, 10; his character and appearance,
13; deserts the Liberals, 13; joins the government, 18, 23; his course
condemned, 24; member for St. John County, 30; becomes attorney-general,
41; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec Conference,
77; Confederation candidate in St. John County, 85, 109; becomes Speaker
of Assembly, 114; elected to House of Commons, 1867, 131. Bib.: Hannay,
History of New Brunswick.
Gray, John Hamilton (1811-1887). Born in Prince Edward Island. Entered
the army, 1831, and served for twenty-one years, retiring 1852.
Returning to Prince Edward Island, elected to the provincial
Legislature, and became premier in 1863. The following year presided at
the Charlottetown Conference, and also attended the Quebec Conference.
Made a C. M. G., 1871. Index: T Chairman of Charlottetown Conference,
76; premier of Prince Edward Island, 77; delegate from Prince Edward
Island to Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Campbell, History of Prince
Edward Island.
Gray, Robert (1755-1806). American captain and explorer. Index: D Voyage
to North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 1788-1789, 24; second
voyage—enters mouth of Columbia River, May 11, 1792, 24; names the
river, 24. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast; Laut,
Vikings of the Pacific.
Great Bear Lake. In Northern Canada. Area 11,821 square miles.
Discovered by men of the North West Company, and a post established on
or near the lake about 1800. Fort Franklin built on south-west shore,
1825, where Franklin wintered with Richardson and Back. Fort Confidence
built by Dease and Simpson, 1873, at eastern end of Dease Bay, on the
lake. Index: MS Area of, 39. Bib.: Franklin, Second Expedition;
Simpson, Narrative of Discoveries; Bell, Great Bear Lake (Geol.
Survey, 1899); Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.
Great Lakes. WM The domain of France, 18. See also under names of the
individual lakes. Bib.: Curwood, The Great Lakes; Channing, Story of
the Great Lakes.
Great Mohawk (Grand Agnié). F Christian Mohawk leader, 246.
Great Portage. Hd Trade route to the interior, 163. See Grand Portage.
Great Slave Lake. In Northern Canada. Area 10,719 square miles.
Discovered by Samuel Hearne (q.v.), in 1771. A post built there, 1786,
by Leroux and Grant, of the North West Company. Three years later
Alexander Mackenzie passed through the lake on his way to the mouth of
the Mackenzie River. Visited later by many other explorers and fur
traders, this being on the route to the far North and North-West. Index:
MS Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31; Leroux builds post on, 18;
Mackenzie on, 35, 36, 48, 49; forts on, 54-55. Bib.: Hearne, Journey to
Coppermine; Mackenzie, Voyages; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.
Great Western Railway. Charter granted 1834, and renewed 1845. Absorbed
by the Grand Trunk in 1882. Ran from Hamilton to the international
boundary opposite Detroit. Index: E Construction stimulated by
provincial guarantee, 1849, 99. Bib.: Trout, History of Canadian
Railways in Canada: An Ency., vol. 2.
Greeley, Horace (1811-1872). American journalist. Index: Mc Editor of
New York Tribune, 472; Mackenzie's friend, 473; his influence with
Mackenzie, 474. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Green, Benjamin (1713-1772). Accompanied the expedition against
Louisbourg as secretary, 1745; remained there as government secretary
until 1749; removed to Halifax, and appointed a member of the Council of
Nova Scotia. Treasurer of the province for many years. Administrator of
the government, 1776. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of
Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Greene, Nathanael (1742-1786). Dr American general, watches Leslie's
army in South Carolina, 197; destitute condition of his force, 204.
Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Greenway, Thomas (1838-1909). Born in Cornwall, England. Came to Canada
with his parents, 1844. Educated at the public schools of Huron County,
Ontario. Engaged in business for ten years at Centralia. Defeated on two
occasions for election to the House of Commons, but elected, 1875; did
not offer for re-election. Removed to Manitoba, 1878, and engaged in
farming. Elected to the Assembly, 1879; leader of the Liberal
opposition, 1887; premier, 1888; his government defeated, 1899. Elected
to the House of Commons, 1904. Appointed a member of the Dominion
Railway Commission, 1898. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West;
Morgan, Can. Men.
Gregory, John. Born in England. Came to Montreal, and engaged in the fur
trade. Associated with A. N. McLeod, Alexander Mackenzie, Peter Pangman,
and others, in opposition to the North West Company. Index: MS In
opposition to North West Company, 10, 11; his share as partner of North
West Company, 58. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
Gregory, William. The first chief-justice of the province of Quebec. His
commission bears date August 24, 1764; succeeded by William Hey,
September 25, 1766.
Grenville, George Leveson-Gower, second Earl (1815-1891). Entered
Parliament, 1836; secretary for foreign affairs, 1851-1852, 1870-1874,
1880-1885; colonial secretary, 1868-1870 and 1886. Index: Md Colonial
secretary, his part in the transfer of North-West Territories to Canada,
157. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron (1759-1834). Entered Parliament, 1782;
paymaster-general, 1783; Speaker of the House of Commons, 1789; created
Baron Grenville, 1790; secretary for foreign affairs, 1791; first lord
of the treasury, 1806. Index: Dr Succeeds Sydney in colonial office,
248; sends out draft bill for better government of the province, 248. S
Sends draft of Constitutional Act to Lord Dorchester, 2. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.
Grenville, Thomas (1755-1846). Dr Accompanies Oswald to Paris to discuss
terms of peace, 192. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Grey, Charles, second Earl (1764-1845). Distinguished British statesman,
noted particularly for his connection with the first Reform Bill. Sy
Becomes prime minister, 25; resigns, 45. Mc W.L. Mackenzie's opinion of,
221; favours amnesty for Mackenzie, 478; Mackenzie's letter to, 479.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Grey, Life of Lord Grey.
Grey, Henry George, third Earl (1802-1894). Secretary for the colonies,
1830-1833; secretary for war, 1835-1841; succeeded to the earldom, 1845;
again secretary for the colonies, 1846-1852. Index: E Colonial
secretary, 13; on Metcalfe's mistaken policy, 36; Elgin's letters to,
54-55; persuades Elgin to retain governor-generalship, 77; and the
Clergy Reserves, 164-165. BL Colonial secretary—his attitude towards
Canada, 267-272; Baldwin's reference to, 268-269; sanctions
representative government, but with a reservation, 273; his instructions
to Elgin, 274; Elgin's letter to, 285. Md Friendly attitude towards
responsible government, 33; his despatch to Sir John Harvey on
responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50. W His despatch
on money grants, 1847, 96; on colonial administration, 113; disallows
Hemp Bounties Bill, 118. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Grey, Albert Henry George Grey, fourth Earl (1851- ). Born Howick,
England. Educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge.
Member of British House of Commons, 1880-1886; administrator of
Rhodesia, 1896-1897; director of British South Africa Company,
1898-1904. Succeeded Lord Minto as governor-general of Canada, 1904.
Bib.: Hubert Hervey: a Memoir. For biog., see Who's Who.
Grey, Sir Charles Edward (1785-1865). Educated at Oxford University;
called to the bar, 1811; commissioner in bankruptcy, 1817; judge of the
Supreme Court of Madras, 1820; knighted, 1820; sent to Canada as one of
three commissioners to investigate causes of prevailing discontent,
1835; elected to the House of Commons, 1838; governor of the Barbados,
1841-1846; governor of Jamaica, 1847-1853. Index: P Royal Commissioner,
sent to Canada with Lord Gosford and Sir George Gipps in 1835, 111.
Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Greywell Hill. Dr Hampshire residence of Lord Dorchester, 307.
Grisler, Charles. S Shot for desertion, 73.
Griffon. F Vessel built by La Salle and lost in Lake Michigan, 159.
Grignan, de. F Son-in-law of Mme. de Sévigné, a candidate for
governorship of Canada, 65.
Grondines. WM French vessels retreat to, 152.
Groseilliers. See Chouart.
Guelph. A city of Western Ontario, situated on the Speed River, in the
county of Wellington. Founded by John Galt (q.v.), 1827. Bib.: Lizars,
Days of the Canada Company.
Guernsey. Bk Island of, birthplace of Brock, 1-6.
Guerrière. Bk British ship taken by the Constitution, 284.
Guers, Jean-Baptiste. Ch Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 1620, 121.
Gugy, Conrad (1730-1786). Born at the Hague; son of a Swiss officer in
the Dutch service. Educated for the engineers; disposed of his
commission and settled in Quebec. Subsequently secretary to Sir
Frederick Haldimand and a member of the Legislative and Executive
Councils. Index: Hd Swiss, Haldimand's secretary, 62; his tomb, 345.
Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.
Gugy, Conrad Augustus. Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan. Served
for a time in the army; afterwards studied law and called to the bar of
Lower Canada. Elected a member of the Assembly. Led the troops at the
assault of St. Eustache. Subsequently adjutant-general and commissioner
of police. Index: P Defends the government in the Assembly, 1835,
101-102; on French-Canadian grievances, 103; a major in the militia,
103; serves with Colborne at St. Eustache in 1837, 103; advocates
native-born ministry, 196. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History
of Lower Canada.
Guienne Regiment. WM Soldier of saves Captain Ochterlony, mortally
wounded, from being scalped, 142; Wolfe wishes to reward him, but reward
declined by Vaudreuil, 145; ordered to Heights of Abraham, 160; unwise
withdrawal of, from Plains of Abraham, 184; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257.
Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Wood, The Fight for Canada;
Bradley, Fight with France.
Guilbault. Ch Merchant, assists in taking Fort St. Pierre, 236.
Guilford, Frederick North, second Earl of (1732-1792). Entered
Parliament, 1754; chancellor of the exchequer 1767; premier, 1770;
resigned in 1783. Index: Dr On Quebec Act, 66; defeat of his government,
191. Hd His difficulty with settlers at Vincennes, 92; burnt in effigy,
97; Haldimand's letters to, 259, 265; his idea of a military settlement
in the Eastern Townships, 264. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Guines, Modiste. Ch Récollet, 115.
Guise, Captain. D His voyage to North-West Coast for sea-otter, 22.
Gunn, Donald (1797-1878). Born in Falkirk, Scotland. Entered the service
of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1813. Left the service, 1823, but continued
to reside in the Red River Settlement. Appointed one of the judges of
the Court of Petty Sessions, and for a time president of the Court.
Appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Manitoba, 1870. Bib.:
Begg, History of the North-West.
Gurnett, George. Mc Brought to the bar, 152; editor of the Courier,
165; style of, 165.
Guyard, Marie. See Marie de l'Incarnation.
Guyon, Jean. Ch Mason, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada, 252.
Guyon, Jean. L Canadian priest, accompanies Laval to France, 199; death
of, 219.
Gwillim, Elizabeth Posthuma. S Married to Simcoe, 40; descent and
characteristics, 40.
Habeas Corpus Act. Hd Not in operation in Haldimand's time, 275;
demanded by Du Calvet, 291. Bib.: Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional
Documents relating to Canada; Dict. Eng. Hist.
Habitants. The peasants of Quebec. Index: Dr More independent than
peasantry of France, 12; raised to dignity of jurymen, 40; their
objection to juries, 68. WM Superior to peasantry of France, 23. C Home
life and hospitality, 118-119. Bib.: Greenough, Canadian Folk-Life;
Fréchette, Christmas in French Canada; Morgan and Burpee, Canadian
Life in Town and Country; Fiske, New France and New England; Lambert,
Travels in Canada.
Habitation de Québec. The first building in Quebec. Erected by
Champlain, 1608. Stood about where the church of Notre Dame des
Victoires stands to-day. An illustration of the Habitation is in
Champlain's Voyages. See also Chateau St. Louis. Index: Ch
Constructed by Champlain, 41; description of, 44. Bib.: Champlain,
Voyages; Douglas, Old France in the New World.
Hagarty, Sir John Hawkins (1816-1900). Born in Dublin. Educated at
Trinity College there. Came to Canada, 1834. Studied law, and called to
the bar of Upper Canada, 1840. Appointed puisne judge of the Court of
Common Pleas, 1856; transferred to the Court of Queen's Bench, 1862;
appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1868;
chief-justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1878; chief-justice of
Ontario, 1884. Served as administrator of the province, 1882. Retired
from the bench, 1897. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men.
Hagerman, Christopher Alexander (1792-1847). Born in Adolphustown,
Ontario. Educated at Kingston; studied law and called to the bar of
Upper Canada, 1815. Served during the War of 1812-1814 with the militia,
being for a time aide-de-camp to the governor-general. Collector of
customs at Kingston, and member of the Executive Council, 1815. Elected
a member of the Assembly, 1819. Appointed temporarily judge of the
King's Bench, 1828; solicitor-general, 1829. Removed from office by the
colonial secretary on the representations of William Lyon Mackenzie;
subsequently restored. Appointed attorney-general, 1837; puisne judge of
the Court of Queen's Bench, 1840. Index: Mc Solicitor-general, accuses
Mackenzie of libel, 208; dismissed from office, 232; goes to England,
233; restored to office, 234; threatens House with vengeance of troops,
298. Sy Attorney-general, opposes union of provinces, 207, 208; made
judge, 252. BL Brands Mackenzie as "a reptile unworthy of the notice of
any gentleman," 15; removed from office of solicitor-general, 15;
restored, 16; succeeded in 1840 by Draper, 77. Bib.: Kingsford, History
of Canada; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion and Last Forty Years;
Read, Lives of the Judges.
Halard, Jacques. Ch Brings out stores for De Caën, 136.
Haldemans of Pennsylvania. Hd Cousins of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 87,
343.
Haldimand, Antoine François. Hd Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand,
settled in England, 72, 88, 105; goes bail for his uncle, 311; very
successful in business. 311; his intimate relations with his uncle,
312, 332, 338, 341, 342.
Haldimand, Barthélemi. Hd Uncle of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2; a
philanthropic fighting Calvinist, 2.
Haldimand, Bertrand. Hd Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 311, 340.
Haldimand, François-Lois. Hd Father of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2.
Haldimand, François-Louis. Hd Brother of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2,
312, 343.
Haldimand, Sir Frederick (1718-1791). Hd Descent and birth, 1-3;
antagonism to French nation, 3; joins Prussian army, 3; previous
military service, 5; present at battle of Mollwitz, 6; his admiration
for the king of Prussia, 6; recommended to command of second battalion,
Royal American regiment, 9; stationed at Philadelphia, 11; sent to
Albany and afterwards to southern colonies to recruit, 13; but slightly
acquainted with the English language, 15; popular in the military
profession, 15; resemblance to George Washington, 15; exchanges to
fourth battalion of Royal Americans, 17; joins expedition against
Canada, 17; wounded at Ticonderoga (Carillon), 21; in correspondence
with General Gage, 22, 23; in command at Fort Edward, 22; marches to
Oswego, 25; repulses attack of French under La Corne de St. Luc, 26;
yields precedence at Niagara to Sir W. Johnson, 27; returns to Oswego,
27; builds block-houses, 32; makes vegetable gardens for benefit of his
troops, 33; joins in attack on Fort de Lévis, 36; ordered to take
possession of one of the gates of Montreal, 38; demands the French
flags, 39; remains two years at Montreal under Gage, 40; succeeds Burton
at Three Rivers, 42; promoted to rank of colonel in British army, 42;
becomes British subject, 42; divides government of Three Rivers into
four districts, 43; his proclamations, 45; his relations with Murray,
49; with his nephew, 50; his land purchases, 50, 51; on Burton's return
to Montreal, 53; again at Three Rivers, 53; suppresses irregular trading
with Indians, 54; difficulties of his position, 60; obtains leave of
absence and visits England, 61; transferred to Florida, 63; unpleasant
relations with Governor Johnstone, 65, 73; improves conditions for the
troops, 66-69; lays out gardens, 71; tries to promote agriculture among
Indian tribes, 72; surveys Mobile River and Bay, 77, 78; transferred to
St. Augustine, 78; his farm of Mon Plaisir, 78; sent back to
Pensacola, 80; his position pecuniarily burdensome, 82, 87; made major
and placed in command at New York, 83; his attitude in relation to
colonial trouble, 84, 85; visits relatives in Pennsylvania, 87;
relations with Governor Tryon, 89; his views on employment of troops in
Indian and civil disturbances, 89, 90, 92; foresees civil war, 98;
summoned by Gage to Boston, 102; his property in New York stolen or
destroyed, 103; recalled to England, 105; his reception there, 106; made
inspector-general of forces in West Indies, and raised to rank of
general in America and lieutenant-general in the army, 107; receives
£3000 to cover past outlays, 107; appointed governor of Canada, in
succession to Carleton, 113; visits Yverdun, 113, 116; his reception at
Quebec, and at Montreal, 117, 119; receives news of a treaty between
France, Spain, and the revolted colonies, 124; fortifies post on
Carleton Island, 124; his distrust of French-Canadians, 127, 128; issues
letters of marque, 130; improves mail service with England, 131; his
report to Lord George Germaine, 132-143; his policy with the Indians,
147, 259; opens letter addressed by Guy Johnson to Germaine, 155;
reprimanded, 156; his efforts to keep peace between rival officers,
157-159; prohibited trading by officials, 162; on the value of Indian
allies, 164; negotiates with Washington for Henry Hamilton's release
from prison, 169; his later opinion of Indians in battle, 170;
disapproves the savagery of Butler's Indians, 170; suspends Allsopp,
member of Council, for sedition, 175; surrounded by spies, 175;
disagreements with Council, 176-178; prohibits exportation of grain,
177; befriends Ursuline nuns, 179; his rules of conduct, 179; sends back
two priests from France, 181; strengthens fortifications of Quebec, 183;
causes canals to be made at Coteau du Lac and Cascades, 185; visit to
Montreal and benefactions to its institutions, 186; greatly mortified by
despatch hinting that, in case of extreme danger, Carleton might be sent
to take command, 188; desires to resign his post, 189; concerned at
sympathy of leading French-Canadians with the French in the war, 190;
takes census, 190; founds library at Quebec, 190; exercises a certain
censorship of press, 191; his proclamations, 192; consents to remain in
Canada till conclusion of peace, 194; his cautious attitude in
connection with the Vermont question, 200, 208, 211, 212; breaks off
negotiations, 217; his instructions regarding vaccination, 230;
exercises fatherly care over his officers, 236; his opinion of Canadian
horses, 245; his resemblance in character to Washington, 250; receives
Baron Steuben at Sorel, 259; declines to surrender western forts, 260;
assists the North West Company, 261; his advice to home government
respecting western posts, 262; opposed to idea of military settlement in
eastern townships, 264; efforts on behalf of Loyalists, 265; the founder
of Ontario, 271; his unpopularity, 273; has to grapple with treasonable
intrigues, 273-282; admissions in his favour by French-Canadian
authorities, 291, 292; the kindness of his disposition, 293-296;
godfather to two of Baron Riedesel's children, 296, 299; his physical
ailments, 299; his garden at Quebec, 299; his regard for the Riedesels,
299-304; his departure from Canada, 309; arrested at suit of Du Calvet,
310; bailed by his nephew, 311; receives Order of the Bath, 313, 322;
promoted to be general in America, 313; his papers in the Archives in
Ottawa, 319; Dr. Brymner's opinion of, 320; his diary, 321; the king's
high regard for him, 321, 322; the queen's, 322, 336; characteristics,
323-329; his opinion of Lord Amherst, 326; on friendly terms with Lord
Sydney, 326; his hospitality to Canadians, 327; meets Sir Guy Carleton,
in London, 330; his opinions of various persons, 332, 333; notes from
his diary, 333-340; poor opinion of the French, 335; goes to
Switzerland, 336; returns to London, 337; his death, 340; his will,
340-343; memorial tablet to, in Westminster Abbey, 346; his devotion to
British interests, 347. Bk His able administration of the government of
Canada, 37; first canals made under his orders, 48. Dr His valuable
papers, 7; news received of his appointment as governor, 183; his
unwillingness to accept post, 183; arrival of, 189; exchange of
prisoners made by, 207. E Constructs St. Lawrence canals, 97. Bib.:
Kingsford, History of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada; Bradley,
The Making of Canada; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Haldimand Papers (Canadian
Archives).
Haldimand, Frederick. Hd Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 17; serves
in his uncle's battalion, 49; runs into debt, 50; drowned, 61, 294;
Haldimand's affection for, 62.
Haldimand, Henry. Hd Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 311; his death,
312.
Haldimand, Honnête Gaspard. Hd Grandfather of Sir Frederick Haldimand,
2, 17, 72, 311.
Haldimand, Jean Abraham. Hd Younger brother of Sir Frederick Haldimand,
2, 17, 72, 88, 311.
Haldimand, Jean-Lois. Hd Uncle of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, 4.
Haldimand, Justine. Hd Sister of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 3; death of,
338.
Halifax and Harbour from Dartmouth about 1760 Drawn on
the spot by Richard Short
Haldimand, Louis. Hd Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 88; his arrival
and reception in Boston, 109; promoted, 110, 294; his debts, 312.
Haldimand, Pierre. Hd Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, joins him in
Florida, 72; placed in charge of seigniory of Pabos, 73, 111; appointed
ranger of the woods, 294; death of, 294.
Haldimand, William. Hd Grand-nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand; and
director of Bank of England, 343.
Haldimand Papers. Hd In Canadian Archives, 319, 320.
Haliburton, Thomas Chandler (1796-1865). Born at Windsor, Nova Scotia.
Educated at the Grammar School and at King's College there. Called to
the bar and practised for a time at Annapolis. Represented the county of
Annapolis in the Nova Scotia Legislature, and in 1829 appointed district
judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In 1841 transferred to the Supreme
Court. Resigned in 1856, and removed to England, where three years
later, entered Parliament as member for Launceston. Died at his home,
Gordon House, on the Thames. Index: H Contributes to Nova Scotian, 9;
his History of Nova Scotia published by Joseph Howe, a financial
failure, 10; friendship for Howe, 10; sails for England with Howe, 267;
Howe's poetical toast to, 267-268. Md Advocates Confederation, 96. Bib.:
Works: An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia; The
Clockmaker, or The Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville;
Bubbles of Canada; Reply to the Report of the Earl of Durham;
Letter-bag of the Great Western, or Life in a Steamer; Attaché, or
Sam Slick in England; Old Judge, or Life in a Colony; English in
America; Traits of American Humour; Wise Saws and Modern Instances;
Americans at Home; Nature and Human Nature; Address on the Present
Condition, Resources, and Prospects of British North America; Season
Ticket. Brief biographies are found in Dict. Nat. Biog.; Morgan,
Bib. Can.; Allibone, Dict. Eng. Lit.; Calnek and Savery, History of
the County of Annapolis; Chasles, Études sur Littérature des
Anglo-Americains; Crofton, Haliburton: a Centenary Chaplet. See
also last-mentioned volume for a bibliography of the various editions
of his works and a list of articles, in books and magazines, on the man
and his works; also A. H. O'Brien's exhaustive bibliography, in R. S.
C., Trans., 1909.
Halifax. A seaport, and the capital of Nova Scotia; founded in 1749 and
named after the Earl of Halifax, then president of the Board of Trade.
The first settlers were brought out from England in that year by
Governor Cornwallis, in thirteen transports; following year made the
capital of the province (then including New Brunswick), instead of
Annapolis; in 1842 incorporated as a city; became, with its
fortifications, observatory stations, harbour mines, etc., one of the
fortresses of the Empire and the chief British naval station in North
America; garrisoned by Imperial troops until 1905, when they were
withdrawn and replaced by a Canadian garrison. Index: H Birthplace of
Joseph Howe, 1; the North-West Arm, 1; Melville Island, 5; newspapers
(see Chronicle; Acadian; Nova Scotian); municipal government in,
in 1835, 20; Howe's trial for libelling magistrates of the city, 21, 29;
represented by Howe and Annand, 1836, 29; bill for incorporation of, 69;
Howe re-elected for, 73; James MacNab elected for, 106; railway
communication with Windsor, 118. Bib.: MacMechan, Halifax in Books, a
collection of pen-pictures of Halifax and its people by many writers
from Edmund Burke to Rudyard Kipling, and including Marsden,
Narrative; Tom Moore, Letters; McGregor, Maritime Colonies of
British America; Moorsom, Letters from Nova Scotia; Sleigh, Pine
Forests; Mrs. Williams, Neutral French; Marryat, Frank Mildmay;
Dickens, American Notes; Johnston, Notes on North America; Cozzens,
Acadia; Sladen, On the Cars and Off; Haliburton, Nova Scotia;
Thomas B. Akins, History of Halifax (Nova Scotia Hist. Soc. Trans.,
vol. 8); Mackay, Sketch of City of Halifax, in Canada: An Ency.,
vol. 5; Regan, Sketches and Traditions of the North-West Arm;
Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Halifax Award. The treaty of Washington having provided for a
commission, to settle the compensation due Canada by the United States
for the use of her fisheries, in 1877 the United States appointed E.H.
Kellogg, Canada appointed Sir Alexander Galt, and these two agreed upon
M. Delfosse, Belgian minister to Washington, as a third. The commission
met at Halifax, and after long and careful deliberation, decided that
Canada should be paid $5,500,000, the American commissioner protesting.
The award was paid, after some delay. See Washington, Treaty of. Bib.:
Record of the Proceedings of the Halifax Fisheries Commission, 1877.
Hall, Major George D. Sy Appointed military secretary and aide-de-camp,
152.
Halliburton, Sir Brenton (1773-1860). H Chief-justice, of Nova Scotia,
presides at trial of Joseph Howe for libel, 24; contest for his office,
168; his son challenges Howe, because of supposed insulting references
to the father, 236. Bib.: Hill, Memoir of Sir Brenton Halliburton;
Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Halliburton, John Croke (1806-1884). Eldest son of Sir Brenton
Halliburton, chief-justice of Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, 1829;
appointed deputy-clerk of the Legislative Council, 1830, and clerk,
1838. In early life challenged Joseph Howe to a duel, but neither of the
duellists injured. Index: H Challenges Joseph Howe, 236; the duel,
236-244.
Haly, Sir William O'Grady (1811-1878). Entered the army, 1828. Served
with distinction in the Crimea and in India. Created K.C.B., 1855.
Appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in British North America,
1873. Acted as administrator of the government of Canada during the
absence of Lord Dufferin, 1875. Attained the rank of general, 1877. Died
in Halifax.
Hamilton. City of Ontario, on Burlington Bay, west end of Lake Ontario.
Laid out and settled, 1813, by George Hamilton, from whom it takes its
name. Index: BL Early municipal government of, 298, 300. Bib.: Lovell,
Gazetteer.
Hamilton, Alexander (1757-1804). American statesman. Index: Dr Anxious
to keep on good terms with Britain, 286; Talleyrand's opinion of, 287.
Bib.: Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton. For further biog., and
bibliog. of works by and of him, see Cyc. Am. Biog. and Lit. Am.
Hist.
Hamilton, John (1801-1882). Born in Queenston, Ontario. Removed to
Kingston, 1840. Throughout his life largely interested in inland
navigation, and the first to introduce iron vessels on Canadian waters.
Sat in the Legislative Council of Upper Canada, 1831-1841; in the
Legislative Council of Canada, 1841-1867; and in the Senate from 1867
until his death. On the completion of his fiftieth year of continuous
service in the Upper Chamber, presented with an address of
congratulation by his fellow-senators.
Hamilton, Henry. Lieutenant-governor of Detroit during Revolutionary
War; captured at Vincennes, 1779, and imprisoned. Retired from the army,
1783; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1784-1785; governor of Bermuda,
1790-1794. Died in Antigua, 1796. Index: Hd Governor of Detroit,
occupies Vincennes on Wabash, 167; captured and imprisoned by
Americans, 168; made lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 314. Died, 1796.
Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional Documents of
Canada.
Hamilton, Paul (1762-1816). Bk United States secretary of the navy, 173.
Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Hamilton, Pierce Stevens (1826-1893). Studied law, and called to the
bar, 1851. Entered journalism, and edited Acadian Recorder, 1853-1861.
Appointed chief commissioner of mines for Nova Scotia. An early advocate
of Confederation. Index: B Advocates Confederation, 129. T His views on
union of the colonies, 65-66. Bib.: Works: Union of the Colonies of
British North America; Feast of Ste. Anne and other Poems.
Hamilton, Robert. S Member of Legislative Council, 79; accused by Simcoe
of "republicanism," 97; visits England and takes legal advice respecting
land matters in Upper Canada, 103; his house at Queenston, 179;
entertains Prince Edward, 184; appointed lieutenant of county of
Lincoln, 198.
Hammond, George (1763-1853). S British minister at Philadelphia,
consulted by Simcoe on the situation, 134, 144. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Hampton, Sir John Somerset Pakington, first Baron (1799-1880). Sat for
Droitwich in British Parliament, 1837-1874; secretary for war and
colonies, 1852; first lord of Admiralty, 1858 and 1866; secretary for
war, 1867-1868. Index: E Opposes the secularization of Clergy Reserves,
165, 166, 167. B And the Clergy Reserves, 59. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Hancock. Bk Private of 41st, first man killed in War of 1812, 236.
Hancock's House. S Skirmish at, 24.
Handy, Henry S. Mc Commander of "patriot" army, 427; quarrels with
"General" Sutherland, 427; occupies Sugar Island, 428; put to flight,
428; forms new plot to revolutionize Canada, 437; its extent, 438;
failure of, 439. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Hanington, Daniel (1804-1889). Sat for over half a century in one or
other of the branches of the New Brunswick Legislature. Elected to
Assembly, 1834, for Westmoreland, which he represented up to 1862. A
member of the Executive Council under Sir Edmund Head; Speaker of the
Assembly for several years; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1867,
and president of that body, 1883-1886. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Hannay,
History of New Brunswick.
Hanington, Daniel Lionel (1835-1909). Born at Shediac, New Brunswick.
Called to the bar, 1861; in 1870 entered the New Brunswick Assembly,
representing Westmoreland until 1874; and reëlected, 1878; member of the
Executive Council, 1878; premier of the province, 1882; resigned, 1883.
In 1892 appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick.
Index: T Elected Speaker of New Brunswick Assembly, 30. Bib.: Hannay,
History of New Brunswick.
Hanks, Captain. Bk Surrenders Michilimackinac, 211; killed at Detroit,
255.
Hanna, James. D Voyage of 1785, 22; on enormous profits of sea-otter
trade, 22.
Hanna, Michael (1821-1882). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1839, and
completed his studies at St. Mary's College. Ordained to the priesthood,
1845. Held various charges in Nova Scotia. Subsequently became
vicar-general of the diocese of Halifax and archbishop, 1877. Died in
Halifax.
Harding, James A. T Returned for St. John, 25, 30, 43.
Hardy, Arthur Sturgis (1837-1899). Born at Mount Pleasant, Ontario.
Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1865; practised his
profession at Brantford; Q. C., 1876. Elected to the Ontario
Legislature, 1873; provincial secretary, 1877; commissioner of crown
lands, 1889; premier, 1896. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Biggar, Sir
Oliver Mowat.
Hargrave, James. Chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Index: MS In
charge of York Factory, 226; correspondence with Rev. Wm. Cochrane, 227;
made chief trader, 1833, and chief factor, 1844, 227; Simpson's letters
to, 261-262. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
Harlay, de. L Archbishop of Rouen, desires ecclesiastical jurisdiction
over Canada, 133; called to the see of Paris, 134; desires to bring
diocese of Quebec under his jurisdiction, 184.
Harmon, Daniel Williams. Born in Vermont. Entered service of North West
Company, 1800, at Montreal, and left immediately for the western fur
country. Returned to the east in 1819, bringing with him his Journals,
covering this period, which were edited by Daniel Haskel, of Burlington,
Vt., and published at that place in 1820; reprinted in New York, with a
brief introduction, 1903. Returned to the West, and remained there
several years, finally settling with his native wife and family on the
shores of Lake Champlain. One of his daughters conducted a private
school in Ottawa for many years. Index: D Stuart's lieutenant in New
Caledonia, 98. Bib.: Journal of Voyages and Travels in the Interior of
North America. For biog., see Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut,
Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western
Sea.
Haro, Gonzalez Lopez de. D Finds Russian establishments, 38. Bib.:
Bancroft, North-West Coast.
Harrison, Robert Alexander (1833-1878). Studied law, and appointed to
crown law department of Upper Canada, 1854. Retired, 1859, and practised
in Toronto. Member for Toronto in first Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872.
Chief-justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1875-1878. One of
the arbitrators in Ontario boundary dispute, 1878. Author of many legal
works; and edited Poker, a humorous paper, 1859-1860. Index: B His
connection with the contempt of court suit against George Brown,
249-254. Md Chief-justice, serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255.
Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.
Harrison, Samuel Bealey. Sy Provincial secretary for Upper Canada, 283;
his resolutions on responsible government, 310, 311. BL Provincial
secretary for Upper Canada, 1841, 76; a moderate Liberal, 78; Baldwin's
confidence in, 78; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin
administration, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his
dismissal, 167; member for Kingston—opposes transfer of capital to
Montreal, and resigns as provincial secretary, 182; Gowan predicts his
dismissal from office, 187. Mc Moves resolution for responsible
government, which carries, 408. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Harrison, T. T. J. Mc His account of the Haldimand election, 487.
Harrison, William Henry (1773-1841). Ninth president of the United
States. Index: Bk United States general, his Tippecanoe exploit,
174-176. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Harvey, Sir John (1778-1852). Entered the British army, and saw active
service in Holland, France, at the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, India, and
Egypt. In 1812 deputy adjutant-general of the army in Canada, and
defeated the American generals Chandler and Winder at Stoney Creek. Took
part in the battles of Lundy's Lane, Fort Erie, and Chrystler's Farm. In
1815 aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, and fought at Waterloo. In
1837-1841 governor of New Brunswick; governor and commander-in-chief of
Newfoundland, 1841-1846; and governor of Nova Scotia, 1846-1852. Buried
at Halifax. Index: Md Governor of Nova Scotia, Grey's despatch on
responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50. BL Earl Grey's
despatch to, on responsible government in Nova Scotia, 269-272. H
Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 103; his broad views on
responsible government, 112-113; his correspondence with Earl Grey as to
proposed Intercolonial Railway, 124; his death, 143. W Succeeds Sir
Archibald Campbell as lieutenant-governor, 47; assents to Civil List
Bill, 47; on tenure of public office, 57, 113; his connection with the
Aroostook War, 135. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Lucas, Canadian War of
1812; Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Campbell, History of Nova
Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Hatheway, George L. T Chief commissioner of the Board of Works, New
Brunswick, 86; deserts the government and runs as opposition candidate
in York, 86; deserts Anti-Confederates, in 1866, 108.
Haultain, Frederick William Gordon (1857- ). Born in Woolwich, England.
Educated at Montreal High School, Peterborough Collegiate Institute, and
the University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario, 1882; removed
to the North-West Territories and settled at Fort McLeod, 1884. Elected
to the North-West Council, 1887, and to the first Territorial Assembly,
1888. Member of the Advisory Council, 1888; Territorial premier, 1897;
held office until the formation of the provinces of Alberta and
Saskatchewan, 1905. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West; Morgan,
Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Haviland, T. H. (1822-1895). Born at Charlottetown, Prince Edward
Island. Studied law and called to the bar of Prince Edward Island, 1846;
elected to the Assembly for Georgetown the same year; member of the
Legislative Council, 1870; colonial secretary in the provincial
government, 1859-1862, 1866-1867, 1870-1872; solicitor-general, 1865;
Speaker of the Assembly, 1863-1864; provincial secretary, 1873-1876;
called to the Senate, 1873; lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island,
1879. Index: T Delegate from Prince Edward Island to Quebec Conference,
77. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.
Hawke. B His evidence on land grants in Upper Canada, 53-54.
Hay, Charles. Hd Imprisoned on charge of treason, 279.
Hay, Jehu. Hd Lieutenant-governor of Detroit, 158.
Hay, Robert. Mc Generosity of, 505.
Hayes Route. The main route of the fur traders, from Hudson Bay to Lake
Winnipeg and the interior. It was adopted at a very early date, the more
obvious route by way of Nelson River having proved impracticable. The
Hayes route runs up Hayes River to Oxford Lake, and thence by a series
of small lakes and rivers over the height of land and down the
Echimamish River to Little Playgreen Lake, and Lake Winnipeg. York
Factory stands at the Hudson Bay end of the route, and Norway House at
the entrance to Lake Winnipeg.
Hazen, John Douglas (1860- ). Born in Oromocto, New Brunswick. Educated
at the University of New Brunswick; studied law and called to the bar of
New Brunswick, 1883. Alderman of Fredericton and mayor for two years.
Elected to the House of Commons for St. John City and County, 1891; but
defeated, 1896. Elected to the New Brunswick Assembly for Sunbury, 1899;
chosen leader of the opposition in the Assembly; premier and
attorney-general, 1908. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Hazen, Moses. Dr Brings news of Arnold's attack on St. Johns, 34. Hd A
rebel spy, 130; mentioned by Haldimand in despatch, 132-133.
Hazen, Robert Leonard (1806-1874). Born in St. John, New Brunswick.
Studied law and called to the bar, 1832; sat for St. John in New
Brunswick Assembly, 1837-1848; in Legislative Council, 1848-1867; member
of Executive Council without portfolio, 1844-1854, and again, 1856-1857;
called to the Senate, 1867; judge of Vice-Admiralty Court of New
Brunswick, 1846-1874. Index: W On responsible government, 63-64;
appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, 72; resigns, 76; referred
to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110. T Member of
Gray-Wilmot ministry, 41. Bib.: Parl. Comp., 1873; Hannay, History of
New Brunswick.
Hazen's Rangers. WM In battle of the Plains, 257.
Head, Sir Edmund Walker (1805-1868). Fellow of Merton College, Oxford,
1830-1837; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1847; governor-general
of Canada, 1854-1861. Afterwards appointed a civil service commissioner
and elected governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Index: Md Calls upon
Taché to form ministry, 80; suggests Bytown (Ottawa) as capital, 85. E
Succeeds Elgin as governor-general, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; Elgin's opinion
of, 208; visits Elgin, 239. B Sends for George Brown to form
ministry—relations with, 101-105, 108. R Requests report on separate
school question from Ryerson, 234. W On reducing number of judges in New
Brunswick, 129, 130; and Wilmot, 131. T Judicial appointments, 31; and
Confederation question, 63. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.
and Last Forty Years; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A.
Macdonald; Mackenzie, Hon. George Brown.
Head, Sir Francis Bond (1793-1875). Served in Royal Engineers at
Waterloo; travelled in South America, 1825-1826; appointed
lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1835-1837; made privy councillor,
1867. Index: Mc Governor of Upper Canada, states his position on
responsible government, 22; Durham says he purposely invited rebellion,
23; his instructions on taking office, 263; makes public a confidential
despatch, 280; arrives in Canada, 291; his appointment, 291; states his
position, 293; appoints three executive councillors, 294; Council
resigns, 294; his views of responsibility, 295; censured by committee of
the House, 296; House adopts the report, 297; refuses supplies, 297; he
replies to address of deputation, 298; deputation's reply, 300; appoints
four new councillors, 300; schooled by Lord Glenelg, 301; joins Family
Compact, 302; dissolves the House, 303; refuses assent to money bills,
303; interferes in elections, 304; insults Glenelg, 304; denounces
Robert Baldwin, 305; quarrels with imperial commission of inquiry, 305;
refuses to obey Lord Glenelg, 307; W. J. Rattray on, 307; his success in
the elections, 308; unscrupulous influence in, 309; Lord Durham on, 309;
some of his addresses, 313; charged with undue influence in, 313;
sustained by partisan House, 314; refuses offer of troops, 353; invites
revolt, 354, 355; prepares to escape, 364; sends flag of truce, 368;
offers reward for Mackenzie's apprehension, 380; orders burning of
property, 381; seeks Mackenzie's extradition, 415. Sy Recall of, 109. BL
Comes as governor, 16, 32; his appointment, 35; his character, 36; his
arrival in Toronto, 37; relations with the Reformers, 37; appoints
Baldwin, Rolph, and Dunn to the Council, 38; their resignation, 41;
quarrels with Reform party, 41-42; dissolves Assembly and throws his
influence on Tory side in the elections, 41-42; wins the election, 42;
his Tory Parliament, 62; attitude towards colonial self-government, 64;
Draper a member of his Council, 77; compared to Bagot, 151. R His
instructions, 112; his conciliatory promises not fulfilled, 113; end of
his administration, 114; advances funds to Upper Canada Academy,
142-143. E An unfortunate choice as governor, 1; and the Upper Canada
Rebellion, 22. Bib.: Works: Narrative; The Emigrant; Journeys in
the Pampas and Andes; Life of Bruce, the Traveller; Life of Burgoyne.
For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read,
Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada and Rebellion of 1837; Dent,
Can. Por. and Upper Canadian Rebellion; Lizars, Humours of '37;
Fitz Gibbon, A Veteran of 1812; Robinson, Sir John Beverley
Robinson; Ryerson, Story of my Life; Egerton and Grant, Canadian
Constitutional Development; Durham, Report; Lord Glenelg's
Despatches to Sir F.B. Head, London, 1839.
Hearne, Samuel (1745-1792). Came to Fort Prince of Wales on the Hudson's
Bay Company's ship Prince Rupert. Under instructions from the Company,
and after two abortive attempts, set forth in December, 1770, on his
memorable journey to the mouth of the Coppermine River, which he reached
in July of the following year. Returning by way of Great Slave Lake,
arrived at Fort Prince of Wales in June, 1772. Two years later sent to
the Saskatchewan, where he built Cumberland House. On his return in
1775, appointed governor of Fort Prince of Wales, and still in charge
when the fort was captured by La Perouse in 1782. Brief accounts of his
journey published after his return from the Coppermine, and some of his
statements severely criticized by Alexander Dalrymple. The complete
account of the expedition did not appear until three years after his
death. Index: MS Sent inland by Hudson's Bay Company, 3; discovers
Coppermine River and Great Slave Lake, 3, 31; builds Cumberland House,
4; magnitude of his explorations, 31; his guide Matonabee, 32. D His
expedition to Coppermine River made on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company,
51; his discoveries known to Alexander Mackenzie, 53. Bib.: Works:
Journey from Prince of Wales Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern
Ocean, etc., 1769-1772 (Lond., 1795). New ed., edited by J. B. Tyrrell,
Champlain Soc., 1910; French trans. by M. Lallemant in 2 vols. (Paris,
1799). Also, abridged in Mavor's collection of Voyages, xxiv, 1-66.
Brief accounts of Hearne and his explorations will be found in Bryce,
Hudson's Bay Company; Willson, Great Company; Laut, Pathfinders of
the West and Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for
the Western Sea.
Heath, General William (1737-1814). Dr Commissioner on American side for
exchange of prisoners, 208. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Heathfield, George Augustus Eliott, first Baron (1717-1790). Defender of
Gibraltar. Index: Hd His marriage, 316. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Heavysege, Charles (1816-1876). Born in Liverpool, England. Came to
Canada, 1853. Settled in Montreal, and engaged in his trade of
cabinet-making. Afterwards connected with the staff of the Witness.
Author of a number of dramas, the most remarkable of which was Saul.
Bib.: For his works, see James, Bibliography of Canadian Poetry. For
biog., see Burpee, Charles Heavysege (R. S. C., 1901); Rose, Cyc.
Can. Biog.; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.
Hébert, Anne. Eldest daughter of Louis Hébert, Quebec; married to
Stephen Jonquest in the autumn of 1617, Father Le Caron officiating.
This was the first marriage in New France. Index: Ch Her marriage, 113;
her death, 117.
Hébert, Guillaume. Ch Son of Louis, 146.
Hébert, Louis. Came from Paris to Acadia, 1604; mentioned there in 1610,
and again in 1613-1614. Returned to France, and in 1617 came to Quebec,
becoming the first permanent settler in New France. Died 1627. Index: F
First regular settler at Quebec, 16. Ch Consents to accompany Champlain
to Canada, 111, 112; a valuable member of the colony, 112; signs
complaint of the inhabitants, 136; his family, 146; previous life, 147;
death of, 148; a native of Paris, 250; receives fief of Sault au
Matelot, 251. Bib.: Colby, Canadian Types of the Old Régime; Douglas,
Old France in the New World.
Hébert, Guillemette. Ch Wife of Guillaume Couillard, 146.
Hébert, Madame. Ch Mass celebrated in her house on restoration of
Quebec, 225.
Heceta, Bruno. Commanded Spanish expedition to North-West Coast, 1775.
Index: D Discovers mouth of Columbia, 14, 15. Bib.: Bancroft, History
of the North-West Coast.
Helmcken, John Sebastian. Born in England, 1832. Studied medicine and
admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 1848.
Appointed surgeon at Vancouver Island by Hudson's Bay Company; first
magistrate appointed in the colony. As magistrate stationed at Fort
Rupert, where the miners were very unruly. In 1856 elected for Esquimalt
district to the first Legislature of the colony; took a very active part
in its deliberations; and became Speaker. Member of Executive Council,
1864-1871. Opposed Confederation in 1870. Sent to Ottawa the same year
as one of the delegates to negotiate terms of union. Index: D Speaker of
first Legislature of Vancouver Island, 210. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men;
Begg, History of British Columbia.
Henderson, Captain. Dr With crews of two war vessels assists in defence
of Quebec, 112.
Henderson. WM Private of grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off the field,
200.
Hennepin, Louis. Born in Ath, Belgium, about 1640. Entered order of
Récollets. Sailed for Quebec, 1675. Stationed at Fort Frontenac, 1676.
Accompanied La Salle to the West, 1678. From Fort Crèvecœur (Peoria,
Ill.), in 1680, descended the Illinois and explored the upper waters of
the Mississippi. Captured by the Sioux and carried to their country.
After eight months, rescued by Du Lhut (q.v.), passed the winter at
Michilimackinac, and returned to Quebec, 1682. Apparently satisfied with
his adventures in the wilderness, returned to Europe, and settled in
Holland, where devoted himself to the preparation of a series of
narratives of his explorations, real and imaginary. Died there about
1706. Bib.: Works: Description de la Louisiane, etc.; Nouvelle
Découverte, etc.; Nouveau Voyage, etc. For biog., and bibliog.
details of Hennepin's works, see Thwaites's edition of the New
Discovery, 1903. See also Parkman, La Salle.
Henri. Ch Servant of Madame Hébert, murdered by Montagnais Indian, 164.
Henrietta of France, Queen of England. Ch Dowry of, 216.
Henry IV, King of France (1553-1610). Succeeded Henry III in 1589.
Index: F Assassination of, 11. Ch Assassinated, 64. Bib.: Chambers,
Biog. Dict.
Henry, Alexander, the Elder (1739-1824). One of the pioneer fur traders
in north-western America. Born in New Jersey. Entered the fur trade as a
young man, 1760, or perhaps earlier. His Travels and Adventures open
in that year and describe his experiences in the West for the following
sixteen years. Sailed for Europe in 1776, where he made the acquaintance
of Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society, and had an
opportunity of describing his adventures to Marie Antoinette. Afterwards
settled in Montreal as a merchant. Index: MS Leaves Montreal for western
fur country, 3. Bib.: Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian
Territories, New York, 1809; new ed., with biog. and other notes, by
James Bain, Toronto, 1901. See also Burpee, Search for the Western
Sea.
Henry, Alexander, the Younger. Nephew of preceding. Entered service of
North West Company about 1792. His Journal, the original manuscript of
which is in the Library of Parliament at Ottawa, and which was published
in 1897, with introduction and elaborate notes by Elliott Coues,
contains an account of his western travels and experiences, 1799 to
1814. Drowned near Fort George, at the mouth of the Columbia, May 22,
1814. Bib.: Works: New Light on the Early History of the Greater
North-West; The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry and David
Thompson, ed. by Elliott Coues, New York, 1897. See also Burpee,
Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
Henry, John. Bk His mission to the New England states, 120; use made of
his letters, 120; referred to in message of Madison to Congress, 186,
187; sells his letters to United States government, 187. Bib.: Cyc. Am.
Biog.
Henry, Patrick (1736-1799). American statesman. Index: Dr His rhetorical
exaggerations, 197. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Henry, William Alexander (1816-1888). H Solicitor-general, Nova
Scotia—becomes provincial secretary, 1856, 157; resigns from
government, 164; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 177. T Delegate
from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec
Conference, 76. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Herald. Newspaper published at Montreal. Established 1808. Index: BL On
debate on responsible government in Legislature, 1841, 94-95.
Herald. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: BL Account of scene in
Parliament, 1842, 126-127.
Herbin. WM Commands the Montreal militia with Prud'homme, 105.
Heriot, George (1766-1844). Born in Island of Jersey. Came to Canada,
and appointed a clerk in the ordnance department at Quebec, 1799; deputy
postmaster-general of British North America, 1800; and afterwards
postmaster-general. Served in the War of 1812; second in command under
De Salaberry at Chateauguay; major-general, 1841. Bib.: Works: History
of Canada; Travels through the Canadas. For biog., see Cyc. Am. Biog.
Hermione. Bk British war vessel, mutiny of crew, 11.
Hermitage at Caën. L Laval passes three years at, 25.
Hersault, Mme. See Camaret, Marie.
Hertel, François. F Commands Three Rivers war party, 235; his old age,
235; leader in massacre of Salmon Falls, 251; joins De Portneuf in
attack on Fort Loyal, 251. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.
Hertel, Jacques. Ch Interpreter, 144; arrives from France in 1613, 144.
Hertel de Rouville. Dr Appointed judge, 183.
Hervey, William (1732-1815). British soldier. Spent the eight years
1755-1763 in North America. Bib.: Journals of the Hon. William Hervey
in North America and Europe from 1765 to 1814, with Order Books at
Montreal, 1760-1763.
Hessians. Hd Established near Cataraqui, 265. Dr Applications from, for
land grants, 218.
Hey, William. An English lawyer; succeeded William Gregory as
chief-justice of Quebec, 1766. Went to England, 1773, in connection with
the Quebec Act, and did not return to Canada until 1775. Left Canada
finally the same year, having been elected to the British House of
Commons for Sandwich, in 1774. Vacated his seat in 1776, and appointed a
commissioner of customs. Died, 1797. Index: Dr Chief-justice, not
favourable to Walker, 37, 39; called as witness in connection with the
Quebec Act, 63; evidence of, before House of Commons, 68; makes strong
appeal to British at Montreal, 88. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Lucas,
History of Canada; Bradley, Making of Canada; Egerton and Grant,
Canadian Constitutional Development; Shortt and Doughty,
Constitutional Documents of Canada.
Hickson, Sir Joseph (1830-1897). Born at Otterburn, England. After some
years' practical experience on various English railways, came to Canada,
1862, as chief accountant of the Grand Trunk. Subsequently promoted to
the office of secretary of the company; general manager, 1874. Between
that year and 1890, when he retired, succeeded in bringing the Grand
Trunk to the first rank among the railways of the continent.
Higginson, Captain. Private secretary to Sir Charles Metcalfe. Index: BL
His interview with La Fontaine—discusses constitutional government,
172-173, 174, 175, 176.
Highlanders. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 260.
Hill, G. S. W Member for Charlotte, in New Brunswick Assembly, nominates
Wilmot for speakership, 66.
Hill, P. C. H Member of first Nova Scotia government after
Confederation, 198.
Hincks, Sir Francis (1807-1885). E Appointed inspector-general by Sir
Charles Bagot, 31; on Metcalfe, 38; returned in elections of 1848, 50;
becomes inspector-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; Ryerson's
letter to, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical statesmanship, 93;
his influence on railway construction, 99, 100; controversy with Howe,
101; his character and influence, 107; forms ministry, 107-108; makes
concessions to leaders of Clear Grits, 112; inspector-general in
Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; Brown's attitude to, 114; and the Grand
Trunk, 115; and the Clergy Reserves, 119; attacked by Garneau, 123;
bitterly attacked by Brown, 125; reorganizes government, 125-126; his
government defeated, 127; relations with John Sandfield Macdonald, 128;
on the appeal to the country in 1854, 133; result of the elections,
133-134; elected in two constituencies, 134; and the speakership in
1854, 135-136; resignation of ministry, 136; leader of the Liberals,
138; supports MacNab-Morin Liberal-Conservative government, 140, 141;
visits London, 1852, 156; his views on Clergy Reserves, 163, 165, 166,
196; appointed governor of Barbados, 220; becomes governor of British
Guiana, 220, 222; made Commander of the Bath, 222; his retirement from
Imperial service, 1869, 222; receives knighthood, 222; returns to
Canada, and becomes finance minister in Sir John Macdonald's ministry,
223; his final retirement from public life, 223; his character and his
closing years, 223-224; writes his Reminiscences, 224; his death at
Montreal, 1885, 224. Sy Publisher of Examiner, advocate of responsible
government, 107; supports union of provinces as leading thereto, 212;
his attitude on Clergy Reserves question, 247; supports useful
legislation introduced by Sydenham, 296; finds Lower Canada
Conservatives much more liberal than the "Liberals," 297; disapproves
Baldwin's action, 298; a man of more political wisdom than Baldwin, 299;
supports Local Government Bill, 323; partially adopts, as finance
minister of the Dominion, Sydenham's idea of bank of issue, 330;
Sydenham's high opinion of his financial abilities, 333; made
inspector-general by Sir Charles Bagot, 333. B On Metcalfe's policy,
18-49; opposed by George Brown—Brown's letters to, 48-49, 54-55;
protests against attitude of Derby government in England on Clergy
Reserves, 59; his action in legislature, 59; and the University of
Toronto Bill, 63; Brown acknowledges his services for responsible
government, 67; warns George Brown that the logical conclusion of his
course in Parliament was dissolution of the union, 70; his ministry
defeated in June, 1854, 77; his retirement—supports MacNab-Morin
government, 77; his argument against representation by population, 84;
and the fight for responsible government, 261; his brief and troubled
reign, 262. BL Associated with Baldwin, 32; born in Cork, Dec. 14,
1807—came to Canada, 1830, 32; early years, 32; his marriage, 34;
manager of the Bank of the People, 34; friendship for Baldwin, 34;
commercial interests, 34-35; on Head's appointment, 36; secretary of
Constitutional Reform Society, 42; took no part in Rebellion of 1837,
44; establishes the Examiner, 58; supports Durham, 58; meets La
Fontaine and Morin in Lower Canada, 63; and enters into correspondence
with them, 63; elected for Oxford, 69; his address to the electors, 69;
his attitude in the Legislature of 1841, 85; explains reasons for
supporting Cavillier for speakership—challenges government to a vote,
87; presses government for a statement of policy on question of
responsible government, 91; supports Neilson's motion against Union Act,
96; his speech, 96-97; supports government's policy as to public works,
98-99; defends Municipal Government Bill, 102-103; charged with
desertion of his party, 102; repudiates charge, 103; explains his
position in the Examiner, 104; votes for Municipal Bill, 105; Bagot
makes him inspector-general, 118-119; address to his constituents,
119-120; his appointment criticized, 120, 121, 130; moves postponement
of debate, 131-132; remains in office in La Fontaine-Baldwin government,
133, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal,
167; on La Fontaine, 170; takes charge of fiscal and commercial
legislation in the Assembly, 178-179; contemporary account of him,
178-180; Gowan predicts his dismissal, 187; burnt in effigy at Toronto,
187; his measure for protection of agriculture against competition of
United States, 189; supports Baldwin, 214; severs his connection with
Examiner, 1842—returns to newspaper work—edits Times,
Montreal—establishes Pilot, 217-218; challenged to duel, 218; his
letters to London Morning Chronicle, 218, 219, 220; exposes
Wakefield's fallacies, 219-220; referred to by George Brown, 224; on
Metcalfe, 230; in political controversy, 1844, 238; beaten in Oxford,
253; remains out of Parliament until 1848, 253; protests against
election of his opponent, 253; on "double majority," 259; Draper's plan
discussed, 261, 262; on Elgin, 275-276; elected for Oxford during his
absence in Ireland, 279; inspector-general, 1848, 284; charged with
commercial and economic measures in the Legislature, 301; his
transportation policy, 301-302; advocates reciprocity, 302; Customs Act,
302; defends Rebellion Losses Bill, 317-318; requests Elgin to assent to
Tariff Bill, 321; his house attacked by mob, 324; his letter to the
Times, 327-330; strengthens Canada's credit in London market, 331; his
letters to Daily Mail, 332; reconstructs the Reform government, 335;
on the Reform party, 336; his letters and views on the Clergy Reserves,
347-348; his later career in Canada, Barbados, and Guiana, 358-359; his
death, Aug. 18, 1885, 359; his Reminiscences, 359. H Confers with New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia representatives on Intercolonial Railway, 142;
goes to England to consult Imperial government, 142; quarrels with Sir
John Packington, 143; arranges for construction of Grand Trunk Railway,
143; represents British North America at railway celebration, Boston,
1851, 250. R Forms opposition party with Baldwin, La Fontaine, and
others, 122; his University Bill, 159-161; his opinion of the Roman
Catholic School Bill, 222; and separate schools, 224. C Urges Cartier to
enter Cabinet, 22. Mc On Welland canal, 265; befriends Mackenzie, 481;
publishes Examiner, 483; his Reminiscences, 483; his estimate of
Mackenzie, 484; becomes prime minister, 487. Md Forms ministry with
Morin, 1851, 47; finance minister—succeeds Rose, 136; his political
attitude, 136; defeated in election, 1872, 197; serves on Ontario
Boundary Commission, 255. T Goes to England on Intercolonial mission,
26, 54; becomes minister of finance, 1869, 130; resigns, 133. Bib.:
Works: Canada and its Financial Resources; Political History of
Canada; Reminiscences of his Public Life. For biog., see Davin,
The Irishman in Canada; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years;
Taylor, Brit. Am.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Pope,
Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Hind, Henry Youle. Born in Nottingham, England, 1823. Travelled in
Mexico, 1846. Came to Canada, 1847, and appointed lecturer in chemistry
and natural philosophy at the Toronto Normal School, Toronto. Five years
later became professor of chemistry and geology in Trinity College.
Geologist to the Red River exploring expedition, 1857; and had charge of
the expedition of 1858 to explore the country between Red River and the
Saskatchewan. In 1860 carried out an exploration of a portion of
Labrador peninsula. In 1854 resigned his chair at Trinity, and undertook
a preliminary geological survey of New Brunswick; and in subsequent
years carried out similar work for the government of Nova Scotia. In
1876 engaged by the Newfoundland government to report on northern cod
banks, but abandoned this work to assist the Canadian government in
preparing their case for the Halifax Fisheries Commission. Index: R On
staff of Toronto Normal School, 174. Bib.: Works: Narrative of the
Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857, and the Assiniboine and
Saskatchewan Expedition of 1858; Sketch of the Overland Route to
British Columbia; Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador
Peninsula; Eighty Years' Progress of British North America (by Hind
and others). For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can. and Can. Men; Rose,
Cyc. Can. Biog.
Hochelaga. An Iroquoian town situated, in 1535, on Montreal Island. The
site is now covered by the city of Montreal. Cartier visited the town in
the year mentioned, and describes it as encircled by a triple row of
palisades, with galleries for the defenders. Within stood some fifty
large oblong lodges, each housing several families. In 1603, when
Champlain visited the place, nothing remained of the town, and Indians
of a different stock occupied the island. Bib.: Cartier, Bref récit,
etc.; Parkman, Pioneers of France; Fiske, New France and New
England.
Hocquart, Gilles. Intendant of New France. Son of Jean-Hyacinthe
Hocquart, chevalier, and seigneur d'Essenlis et de Muscourt. Held for a
time the office of commissary of marine, and in 1729 obtained from the
king a commission as commissary-general of New France. Arrived at Quebec
in 1729; and in 1731 succeeded Dupuy as intendant. After nearly twenty
years of service in New France, during which he devoted his energies
unselfishly to the welfare of the colony, returned to France in 1748,
and for some years filled the office of intendant at Brest. Appointed a
councillor of state, 1753. Index: WM Receives Montcalm at Brest, 2.
Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle France (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman,
Half Century of Conflict.
Hodgins, John George (1821- ). Born in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1833.
Educated at Upper Canada Academy, Victoria College, and Toronto
University. Appointed to department of education of Upper Canada, 1844;
secretary of provincial board of education; 1846; deputy superintendent
of education, 1855; deputy minister of education, 1876-1889; librarian
and historiographer of the education department since 1889. Index: R
Graduate of Victoria College, 144; Ryerson's right-hand man, 179, 202;
his estimate of children attending school in 1845, 189; objections noted
to School Act of 1870-1871, 205; his history of separate schools in
Upper Canada, 234; on Ryerson's last days, 295-296. Bib.: Works:
Documentary History of Education in Upper Canada; Legislation and
History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada. For biog., see Morgan,
Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Hodgson, Sir Robert (1798-1880). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward
Island. Educated at Windsor, Nova Scotia, and called to the bar of Nova
Scotia and of Prince Edward Island, 1819. Appointed judge of Probate and
attorney-general for Prince Edward Island, 1828; president of the
Legislative Council, 1840. Appointed chief-justice, 1852, and judge of
the Court of Vice-Admiralty, 1853; resigned both offices to accept the
lieutenant-governorship of Prince Edward Island, 1874. Held office until
1879. Died in Charlottetown. Bib.: Campbell, History of Prince Edward
Island.
Holdernesse, Robert D'Arcy, fourth Earl of (1718-1778). WM Wolfe's
letter to, 166. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Holland. S Surveyor-general, Upper Canada, 178.
Holland. Hd Revolution in places William of Orange at head of affairs,
7. Bk British expedition to, under Duke of York, 13-22.
Holland House. Dr Occupied by Montgomery, 123.
Holmes, B. E. One of leaders of the Liberal party in Lower Canada, 50.
Index: BL At farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 1851, 354.
Holmes, Charles (1711-1761). Third in command under Sir Charles Saunders
(q.v.) before Quebec, 1759; commander-in-chief in West Indies,
1760-1761. Index: WM In command of second British fleet, 75; commands
ships above Quebec, 152; movements of his fleet up and down the river,
160, 163, 171. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Woods, Logs of the Conquest of
Canada and The Fight for Canada; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.
Holton, Luther Hamilton (1817-1880). Entered public life, 1854, as one
of the members for Montreal; elected to Legislative Council, 1862;
resigned, 1863, and returned to the Assembly as member for Chateauguay,
which he represented to the time of his death; accepted portfolio of
commissioner of public works in the short-lived Brown-Dorion government,
1858; minister of finance in the Macdonald-Dorion administration,
1863-1864. Index: E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81; associated with
Parti Rouge, 108; adopts less radical views, 134. B Enters George
Brown's ministry, 102; Brown's letter to, on Confederation, 131; on
English views of Canadian politics, 143; opposed to coalition, 160;
opposes Confederation scheme, 185; George Brown takes up question of
reciprocity with, 192; Brown urges that he be sent to Washington on
reciprocity mission, 192; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry,
199, 200-203; George Brown writes of his determination to leave public
life, 245-246. C Countenances annexation movement in 1849, 44-45. Bib.:
Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Mackenzie, Hon. George
Brown; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Willison, Sir Wilfrid
Laurier and the Liberal Party; Confederation Debates.
Holy Family. L Devotion to, encouraged by Laval, 86; commended by Leo
XIII, 86.
Holy Scapulary. L Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84.
Home Rule in Ireland. Md Resolutions on, in Canadian Parliament, 1882,
277.
Hope, Henry. Lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1785-1789. Index: Dr
Lieutenant-governor and administrator, receives Carleton on his arrival
at Quebec, 222; death of, 249. Bib.: Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional
Documents of Canada.
Hopkins, Caleb. B A leader of the Clear Grits, 39. E One of the leaders
of the Clear Grits, 110.
Hopson, Peregrine Thomas. Early entered the army and advanced rapidly.
Commander-in-chief of Louisbourg, when the place was restored to the
French, 1649. Came to Halifax and appointed a member of the Council.
Governor of Nova Scotia, 1752; went to England, 1753. Raised to the rank
of major general, 1757. Commanded an expedition against the French West
India Islands, 1758; died before Guadaloupe, 1759. Bib.: Campbell,
History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova
Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Hornwork. WM A strong defence on left bank of St. Charles River, 207;
panic among troops crowding into, 207.
Hospital Nuns. WM Take refuge in the General Hospital, 115.
Hosta, Captain d'. F Killed at Laprairie, 312.
Hôtel-Dieu Nuns. WM Take refuge in General Hospital, and render
assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237.
Hoüel, Louis, Sieur du Petit-Pré. Ch Consulted by Champlain as to
obtaining missionaries for Canada, 83; assisted in forming Company of
New France, 168; made director, 170.
House of Assembly. Hd British government prepared to grant, 174;
Haldimand not favourable to, as matters stood, 195. Dr Of Lower Canada,
agitation for, by English residents, 55, 60; opposition to by seigniors,
55; indifference of habitants, 55; Carleton's views on, 56; not
provided for in Quebec Act, 64; meeting of, 269. W In New Brunswick,
early character of, 6.
Houssart. L Devoted servant of Bishop Laval, 251; details furnished by,
251-253.
How, Edward. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1744. Took part in
the affair at Mines under Colonel Noble, 1747; severely wounded and
taken prisoner, but afterwards exchanged. Confidential agent of the
government in dealing with the Indians. Treacherously murdered by
Indians, it is said, at the instigation of Le Loutre. Bib.: Selections
from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Howard, Joseph. Dr Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried
and acquitted, 38.
Howard, Lady Maria. Dr Carleton marries, 75; characteristics of, 77.
Howe, George Augustus, third Viscount (1724-1758). Came to Halifax,
1757, in command of 60th Regiment. Transferred to command of 55th same
year, and promoted brigadier-general. Accompanied Abercromby to Lake
George, 1758, and fell July 8, while leading his men in a skirmish at
Fort Ticonderoga. See Abercromby; Ticonderoga. Index: Hd Killed at
Ticonderoga, 18, 21. Bib.: Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth
Colony; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, Fight for North
America; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Howe, John. H Father of Joseph Howe; a United Empire Loyalist, 1; his
son's tribute to his memory, 1-2, 4; his marriages, 2; becomes king's
printer and postmaster-general, 3; educates his son, 3; his character,
4; religious views, 279.
Howe, Joseph (1804-1873). H Born at Halifax, 1804, 1; his father, John
Howe, a United Empire Loyalist, 1, 2; his Southampton speech, 1851, 1,
2; his character, 3; his education, 3; a voracious reader, 3; tributes
to his father, 2, 4; learns trade of printer, 4; early poems, 5;
establishes the Acadian, 6; buys Nova Scotian, 6; extends its
influence, 7; his Rambles, 8; his marriage, 8; The Club, 9;
friendship for Haliburton, 10; political writings, 10,11; develops
Liberal principles, 19, 20; attacks Halifax magistrates in his paper,
20; sued for libel, 1835, 21; pleads his own case, 22-25; his address to
jury, 25-28; wins case, 28; elected to represent Halifax in Legislature,
1836, 29; his principles of government, 29-31; physical and mental
characteristics, 31-33; his moral courage, 33; in Legislature, 1837,
36-44; debate on the resolutions, 41; moves address to crown, praying
for responsible government, 45; his speech in Legislature, 1838, 47;
advocates constitutional reform, but opposed to rebellion, 50, 51; his
patriotic action in Maine boundary dispute, 52, 53; letters to Lord John
Russell, 54, 55; his political principles, 59; moves want of confidence
in Executive Council, 62; moves address to queen praying for recall of
Sir Colin Campbell, 66; meets Poulett Thompson, 68; invited to a seat in
the Council, 69; defends his action in accepting office, 72-73;
re-elected for Halifax, 73; becomes Speaker of the House, 74; appointed
collector of customs at Halifax, 74; resigns speakership, 75; question
of ministerial responsibility, 75-76; his quarrel with the Baptists,
77-78; advocates compulsory education, 79-80; and a central,
undenominational college, 82; the election of 1843, 84-85; resigns from
the Cabinet, 86-87; attacks Lord Falkland through the newspapers, 90;
assumes editorial management of the Nova Scotian and Morning
Chronicle, 90; his first editorial, 91; described by Annand, 92; he
lampoons Falkland in verse, 93; political tour of the province, 94; his
speech at Cornwallis, 95-96; complimentary addresses, 96-97; speeches in
the Legislature, 1845, 97-98; attacks Falkland in Legislature, 100-101;
justifies his action in letter to his constituents, 101-102; again
offered seat in the Council, 103; declines the offer, 104; moves his
family from Halifax to Musquodoboit, 104-105; wins the election of 1847,
106-107; his character, 109; becomes provincial secretary in Uniacke
government, 111; secures responsible government for Nova Scotia, 113;
his reply to the manifesto of the British American League, 114-115;
advocates railway from Halifax to Windsor, in 1835, 117; 120-121;
favourable to government ownership of railways, 120, 123; sails for
England to explain Intercolonial Railway project to the government, 125;
his letters on the subject to Earl Grey, 125-126; his Southampton
speech, 1851, 127-128; obtains Imperial guarantee of railway, 130-132;
secures co-operation of New Brunswick and Canada, 134-138; predicts
transcontinental railway, 135; given public dinners at Toronto and
Montreal, 138; elected for Cumberland County, 1851, 139-141; brings down
railway measures, 141; Intercolonial scheme blocked, 141-143; reverts to
his original policy of building railways in Nova Scotia as a government
work, 143; raises a provincial loan in England, 144; railway measures
passed by Legislature, 145; becomes chief commissioner of railways, 146;
visits United States to secure recruits for British army, 151-155;
defeated by Tupper in Cumberland, 1855, 156; returned by acclamation for
Hants County, 1856, 157-158; his open letter to Gladstone, 159; attacks
Irish Roman Catholics, 160-162; results in defeat of government,
163-167; Liberals returned to power in 1859, 168; and Howe becomes
premier, 169; appointed fishery commissioner for carrying out provisions
of Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 170; defeated, with his party, in
election of 1863, 171; opposes Confederation, 173; an Imperial
federationist, 174; declines to take part in Charlottetown Conference,
1864, 177; offered editorship of New York Albion, 182-183; his
articles against Confederation, 186, 189; outlines grounds of his
opposition, 190-191; continues the fight in London, 192; correspondence
with W.J. Stairs, 192-197; works up Anti-Confederation sentiment in Nova
Scotia, 199; his Bridgetown meeting, 200-202; sweeps the province in
both Dominion and Provincial elections, 202; fight for repeal of the
union, 203; meets Tupper in London, 205; hesitates as to further
agitation for repeal, 207-210; rebukes Acadian Recorder for suggesting
violence to Sir John Macdonald, 210-212; meets Macdonald at Halifax,
213; correspondence with Macdonald, 215-216; interview with Annand,
217-218; refuses overtures of repealers, 219-223; conference at Portland
with A.W. McLellan, and Sir John Rose, 223-224; enters Dominion Cabinet,
1868, 225; re-elected in Hants, 226; visits Winnipeg, 1869, 227;
correspondence in relation to Red River Rebellion, 227; his character as
a statesman contrasted with that of Sir John Macdonald, 228-229; becomes
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1873, 229; visits England and the
continent, 1838, 231; advocates ocean steamship service, 232-235;
challenged by Dr. Almon, 236; and by John C. Haliburton, 236; justifies
acceptance of the challenge in letter to his sister, 237-241; the duel,
241-242; letters to his wife and to the people of Nova Scotia, 242-244;
Sir Rupert D. George's challenge, 244; his practical interest in the
Micmacs, 245; opposes prohibition, 248-250; his speech at Boston, 1851,
250; his tribute to Edward Everett in 1857, 251; his Detroit speech of
1865 on trade relations, 252-254; acts as member of Prince Edward Island
Land Grants Commission, 254-255; as a man of letters, 257-270; his
poems, 260-268; oration at Shakespeare tercentenary, 264; his friendship
for Haliburton, 267; his social qualities, 271; secret of his
popularity, 272-274; his influence upon public men and public life,
277-278; his religious views, 279-280; his family, 282; as governor of
Nova Scotia, 283-284; his death, 284; funeral, 285-286; estimate of his
public work, 287-290; opposed to Pacific Railway policy in 1872,
299-300. E A consistent advocate of British connection, 22; on
parliamentary government, 51, 90; the father of responsible government
in the Maritime Provinces, 92; a constitutional agitator, 92; accuses
Hincks of breach of faith in Intercolonial Railway scheme, 101; on
Imperial honours and offices for distinguished colonials, 221; becomes
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 221; a constructive statesman, 236.
B In Dominion government—relations with Sir John Macdonald, 203. Sy
Advocates responsible government, 107, 257; approves of Sydenham's
propositions, 261; editor of Nova Scotian, 110. T Goes to England in
Intercolonial matter, 55; second mission to England, 57; advocates
Confederation, 62, 63; discusses tariff with Tilley, 70, 71; quoted for
and against Confederation, 117. Bib.: Works: Speeches and Public
Letters of Joseph Howe, ed. by Chisholm; Poems and Essays. For biog.,
see Fenety, Life and Times of Joseph Howe; Bourinot, Builders of
Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia; Dent, Can.
Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.
Howe, William, Viscount (1729-1814). Brother of George Augustus,
Viscount Howe (q.v.), and Admiral Lord Howe. Commanded light infantry
under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Succeeded Gage as commander-in-chief in
America, 1775. Commanded forces at Bunker Hill. Defeated Washington at
White Plains, 1776, and at Brandywine, 1777. Recalled, 1778. Became
governor of Berwick, and later of Plymouth. Index: Hd Replaces Gage as
commander-in-chief, 110; his estimate of Loyalists, 268. Dr Orders
reinforcements to Quebec, 92; abandons Boston and occupies New York,
160; his weak conduct of campaign, 160; Germain's neglect to inform him
of his plan of campaign, 172. WM Calls for volunteers for first landing
at Wolfe's Cove, 176; captures posts at Samos and Sillery, 183. Bib.:
Cyc. Am. Biog.; Rhodes, History of the United States.
Howland, Sir William Pearce (1811-1907). Born at Paulings, New York.
Came to Canada in 1830. Represented West York in the Legislature,
1857-1868. Member of Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862, as minister of
finance; receiver-general, 1863-1864; postmaster-general, 1864-1866;
minister of finance, 1866-1867. Minister of inland revenue in first
Dominion Cabinet, 1867. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1868;
retired, 1873; knighted, 1879. Index: Md Minister of inland revenue in
first Dominion Cabinet, 134; defends his political attitude, 137;
becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 138; heads syndicate offering to
build Canadian Pacific Railway, 237. B Presents address to Elgin, 36;
his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; defends
his action in remaining in coalition ministry after Confederation, 202,
209; becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 202. T Invited to join
first Dominion ministry, 128; minister of inland revenue, 129. Bib.:
Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of
Upper Canada.
Howe's Pass. See Howse Pass.
Howse Pass. In Rocky Mountains; source of North Saskatchewan River.
Discovered by Duncan McGillivray, 1800. Named after Joseph Howse, of the
North West Company. Index: D Its discovery, 58.
Hubert, Jean François. Bishop of Quebec, 1788-1797. Index: Dr Bishop of
Quebec, his views on education, 227, 228; recognizes reasonableness of
not permitting priests to be brought from France, 257.
Hubou, Guillaume. Ch Early settler, remains in Quebec during English
occupation, 196, 208.
Huddy, Captain Joshua. Dr Hanging of, 198.
Hudson, Henry. Made four notable voyages: the first, in 1607, for the
Muscovy Company, in search of a north-eastern passage to China; the
second, in 1608, for the same Company, and in search of the same
passage; the third, in 1609, at the expense of the Dutch East India
Company, begun, like the two former, in search of a north-eastern
passage, but changed to a quest of a north-western passage; the fourth,
in 1610, in search of a north-western passage, the expense borne by
three English gentlemen. In his first voyage, explored the coast of
Spitzbergen; in the second, part of Nova Zembla; in the third, the
Hudson River; and in the last, Hudson Strait and part of the bay.
Wintered, 1610-1611, at the foot of James Bay, and on the return voyage
was set adrift with eight companions in a small boat, and never again
heard of. Bib.: Asher, Henry Hudson, the Navigator; Read, Historical
Enquiry concerning Henry Hudson; Laut, Conquest of the Great
North-West. See also bibliog. list in Asher.
Hudson Bay. Explored by Henry Hudson, 1610, and named after him.
Explored by Sir Thomas Button, 1612; Jens Munk, 1619; Foxe and James.
1631. In 1668 the first trading-ship of the Hudson's Bay Company entered
the bay, and their first fort was built at the mouth of Rupert River.
Index: F English claim to, disputed by France, 204; La Barre instructed
to check English encroachments in, 205; expedition under De Troyes
captures English forts, 205; Iberville's exploits in, 342-350; English
possessions in, restored by peace of Ryswick, 349. L Expedition against
English forts in, 204; later exploits of Iberville in, 233. Bib.: Asher,
Henry Hudson, the Navigator; Gosch, Expedition of Jens Munk;
Christy, Voyages of Foxe and James; Coats, Geography of Hudson's
Bay; Robson, Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay; Dobbs,
Account of Countries Adjoining Hudson's Bay; Gordon, Report on
Hudson's Bay Expedition; Wakeham, Second Hudson Bay Expedition; Low,
Expedition to Hudson Bay; Berrier, Report on Expedition to Arctic
Islands; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce, Hudson's Bay
Company. See also General Indexes to Reports of Geol. Survey; Henry
Hudson; Hudson's Bay Company.
Hudson's Bay Company. Organized by a number of English gentlemen, who
sent out a trading expedition to Hudson Bay, in the Nonsuch, in 1668.
This initial venture proved so successful that two other ships were sent
out in 1670; and the same year King Charles granted a charter
incorporating them as "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of
England trading into Hudson's Bay." For many years the operations of the
Company were confined to the shores of Hudson Bay, but the pressure of
competition eventually forced them inland, and at the height of their
power they had established trading-posts from Labrador to the Pacific,
and from California almost to the Arctic. In 1821, the rival North West
Company (q.v.) was absorbed; and in 1869 the company surrendered to
Canada its territorial rights in British North America. Index: F 203;
trading done and posts established by, 204; redress claimed by, for
losses inflicted by the French, 343. Dr Its territory not included in
Canada, 7. B Deputation of Red River settlers sent to England to
complain of misgovernment by, 212; Gladstone admits charter of Company
not valid, 212; Globe on company's misgovernment of North-West
Territories, 213-214; attacked in series of letters in the Globe,
signed "Huron," 215-216; Toronto Board of Trade on, 216; George Brown
on, 219; Canada takes over North-West Territories, and compensates
Company therefor, 220-221. MS Early policy of, 1; attitude of natives
to, 2; opposition of Montreal traders (afterwards North West Company),
2, 3; sends Hearne inland, 3; averse to conflict with North West
Company, 5; builds posts in Assiniboine and Red River country, 5, 6;
absorbs North West Company, 8; policy towards natives, 51; sends George
Clarke to explore, 56; his incompetence, 56; then sends Philip Turner,
1791, 56; legal basis of its title, 143-145; Selkirk purchases tract of
land in Red River valley, 146; Parliamentary Report of 1857, 212; union
of the Companies, 213-214; takes over management of Selkirk colony, 222;
establishes Council of Assiniboia, 223; notable leaders after the union
of the Companies, 220-223; its influence on side of government, in
Rebellion of 1837, 242; its license to trade renewed, 271; the Report of
1857, 271; opposition to further renewal, 271; evidence taken by
committee, 272-278; committee's report, 279; defended by Sir George
Simpson before Parliamentary committee, 272-278. D Influence upon
development of Pacific coast, 4; operations typical of British colonial
policy, 11; established in the interior, 12; conserves British interests
in Western America, 17, 18; charged with neglecting to search for route
to Pacific, 51; absorbs North West Company, 1821, 73, 93; birth of, 73;
provisions of its charter, 73-74; its trade and explorations, 74; its
organization, 75-76; its Western department, 76-77; trade routes, 77-78;
its farms on Puget Sound, etc., 78; grist mills and other enterprises,
78; supplies Russians with flour, etc., 78; opens coal mines on
Vancouver Island, 78; influence of these industries on settlement, 79;
treatment of Indians, 79-81; trading-posts, 82; brigades and "York
boats," 82; famous officers of, 83-86; ambitious designs on Pacific
coast and beyond, 114; attempt to establish post on Stikine River,
119-120; permission obtained from Russians to build post on Taku River,
121; operations on Liard and Yukon, 123-125; invades California before
1830, 126; builds post at junction of Sacramento and Jesus Maria rivers,
126; establishes post on San Francisco Bay, 127; sells post and retires
from San Francisco Bay, 127; meets competition of American traders and
companies, 134-136; attitude towards Oregon settlers, 143-144; license
to trade of 1821 renewed in 1838, 191; its provisions, 192; acquires
Vancouver Island, 194; attitude towards settlement there, 194-195;
quarrels with settlers, 198-199; Report of Committee, 1857, 201-202;
license to trade in British Columbia revoked, 1858, 229; relations
towards British Columbia government, 1858, 233-234; Douglas's relation
towards, 263; defends its policy, 264-265; officers of Company at
Victoria, 265; influence with natives, 266-267; builds first Protestant
church at Victoria, 1855, 269. C Cartier and MacDougall sent to England
by Canadian government in 1869 to negotiate purchase of Company's
territories in North-West, 68; Company asks exorbitant price, 68;
persuaded by Lord Grey to accept £300,000, 68. Bk Its voyageurs assist
in capture of Michilimackinac, 210. Md Its claims investigated, 83;
terms upon which it agreed to transfer to the crown its rights to
North-West Territories, 156; protest against unauthorized proceedings in
Red River Settlement, 157. See North-West Company; X Y Company; Fur
Trade; Selkirk. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Willson, Great
Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee, Search for
the Western Sea; Bryce, Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists;
Ross, Red River Settlement; Hargrave, Red River; Begg, History of
the North-West.
Huet, Paul. Ch Récollet missionary, 87; sails for Canada as assistant
commissary, 112; accompanies Champlain to France, 116; returns to
Canada, 116; goes to Three Rivers, 149.
Huguenots. Ch Had larger share of trade, 110; proposal to exclude, 110;
disagreements with Récollet missionaries, 150; their psalm-singing on
board ship objected to, 156; fanaticism of, 224; their doubtful loyalty,
254; not permitted to settle in Canada, 255.
Hugues. L Priest, comes to Canada, 41.
Hull, William (1753-1825). Born in Derby, Conn. Educated at Yale
University, and called to the bar, 1775. Served with distinction during
the Revolutionary War; major-general of militia in Massachusetts and a
member of the federal Senate; appointed governor of Michigan, 1805;
commander of the north-western army of the United States, 1812.
Surrendered Detroit to General Brock, 1812; tried by court-martial, and
sentenced to be shot; sentence commuted. Resided at Newton, Mass., until
his death. Index: Bk Marches north, 203; crosses Detroit River and
occupies Sandwich, 208, 213; his proclamation to the people of Canada,
213, 217, 235; his baggage and stores captured, 218; his supplies under
Major Van Horne captured, 237; re-crosses river to Detroit, 238;
summoned to surrender, and refuses, 251; surrenders with his whole army,
255; sent to Montreal as prisoner of war, 261, 265; released on parole,
283; makes bad impression on English officers, 283; court-martialled,
sentenced to death, but sentence remitted, 283, 284. Bib.: Cyc. Am.
Biog.; Campbell, Life and Services of General William Hull;
Cruikshank, General Hull's Invasion of Canada in 1812 (R. S. C.,
1907-1908).
Humbert. W Candidate in St. John County, opposes responsible government,
64.
Hume, Joseph (1777-1855). Born at Montrose, Scotland. Studied medicine;
entered the service of the East India Company, 1797; returned to
England, 1808. Entered Parliament, 1812, but on account of his
independent principles compelled to resign his seat. Again elected,
1818, and continued a member of the House of Commons until his death. A
strong Radical in his opinions and effected many useful reforms. Index:
BL Correspondence with Mackenzie and Papineau, 229. Mc Lays Mackenzie's
petition before the House, 222; presents case against Upper Canadian
officials, 231; suggests independence of Canada, 250; his "baneful
domination" letter, 262-263; thanked by Mackenzie, 289; predicts civil
war, 326; letter to Mackenzie, on the Rebellion, and question of
amnesty, 475-479; urges amnesty for Mackenzie, 480. Sy An associate of
Sydenham's, 13; proposes reduction of corn duties, 39; his speech on
union resolutions in House of Commons, 122. B Attacks Metcalfe's policy,
23. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Humphreys, Captain. Bk Captain of Leopard, fires on Chesapeake, 83.
Hundred Associates. See Company of New France.
Hundredth Regiment. Bk Quartered in Quebec and Montreal, 74; disaster
to, by shipwreck, 74.
"Hungry Year." S Year 1787, so called from failure of harvest, 65, 69.
Hunt, Thomas Sterry (1826-1892). Born in Norwich, Conn. Came to Canada,
1847, at the invitation of Sir William E. Logan, to accept the position
of chemist and mineralogist to the Geological Survey, which he held
until 1872. Also occupied the chair of chemistry in Laval University,
1856-1862; and in McGill University, 1862-1868. In 1872 professor of
geology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Author of several
scientific works, and a large number of papers contributed to learned
societies and scientific periodicals. Died in New York. Bib.: Cyc. Am.
Biog.
Hunter, Peter (1746-1805). Bk Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada and
commander of forces in British North America, 45; calls attention of
home government to lack of proper accommodation for provincial
government and Legislature, 50; a Scotsman, previously governor of
Barbados, 51; death of, 69. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper
Canada; Rattray, The Scot in British North America.
Hunter. Bk British sloop, her boats capture United States schooner
Cayahoga, with stores of General Hull, 218.
Hunter, Captain of. WM Obtains information as to movements of French
provision boats, 172.
Hunters' Lodges. Mc Convention of, 440; attack on Prescott, 442.
Hunting Permits. F Issue of, sanctioned, 125; number to be issued
annually limited, 128; issue of, becomes a form of patronage, 129.
Huntington, Herbert. H Appointed to Executive Council, Nova Scotia, 47;
sent as delegate to England, to urge concession of responsible
government, 51, 56; candidate for speakership, 1843, 75; advocates
non-sectarian education, 82; member of Uniacke government, 110; finance
minister, 112; acts as Joseph Howe's second in duel, 236. Bib.:
Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Huntington, Lucius Seth (1827-1886). Born at Compton, Quebec. Studied
law, and engaged in journalism, in the Eastern Townships. Elected to the
Legislature for Shefford, 1861; solicitor-general, 1863-1864. Advocated
independence of Canada. Became president of the Council, in the
Mackenzie government, 1874-1875; and postmaster-general, 1875-1878.
Defeated for Shefford, 1882, and retired from public life. Died in New
York. Index: C Brings charges against government in connection with
Pacific Scandal, 53. Md Prefers his charges in the House of Commons,
201-203. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Buckingham and
Ross, Alexander Mackenzie; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald;
Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.
Huot, P. G. C One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24.
Huron Indians. Name applied by the French to a confederacy of four
Iroquoian tribes. When French missionaries and explorers first went
among them, they occupied the country about Lake Simcoe and Georgian
Bay. They had been at enmity with the Iroquois for many years, and had
repeatedly ravaged their country. Finally the Iroquois determined to
make an end of the Hurons. They invaded their country in force in 1648,
and in 1650 had destroyed all their villages, killed most of the
inhabitants, and driven the remnant far to the westward. A few of the
Hurons escaped to Quebec, and settled at the mission of Lorette. In the
seventeenth century their population was estimated at from 20,000 to
35,000. In 1905 there remained a total of 832, in Canada and the United
States. Index: F Destruction of, by Iroquois, 26, 35; join Frontenac's
expedition to Cataraqui, 79; dread being abandoned to Iroquois, 222. L
Extermination of, by the Iroquois, 39; devotion displayed by a band of,
64; desert Dollard at Long Sault, 70; burnt by their enemies, 72. Ch
Champlain visits country of, 88; their cultivation of the soil, 89;
their language very widely spoken, 90; their mode of life, 94; customs
and beliefs, 95-100. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American Indians;
Parkman, Old Régime.
Huron, Lake. Area 23,200 square miles. Discovered by Le Caron, 1615, and
first seen by Champlain the same year. The route of missionaries,
explorers, and fur traders lay along the north shore of the lake, or the
south shore of Manitoulin Island, to Michilimackinac and Sault Ste.
Marie, at the western end.
Huskisson, William (1770-1830). British statesman. Index: Sy Criticizes
British commercial policy, 12; president of Board of Trade, 15; colonial
secretary, 16; resigns, 16; commends Poulett Thomson's speech on
Navigation Acts, 17; his proposals in regard to silk industry, 18; death
of, 25. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Hutcheson, Major. Hd Haldimand's secretary, 108, 110, 112; in charge of
Louis Haldimand, at Boston, 294.
Hutchinson, Richard. T Of Miramichi, member of Smith government, New
Brunswick, represents lumber interests, 91, 92.
Hutchinson, Thomas (1711-1780). Hd Governor of Massachusetts, quoted,
84. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d' (1661-1706). Third son of Charles
Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil. Entered the French navy, returning to
Canada in 1683. Three years later accompanied De Troyes in the
expedition against the English on Hudson Bay, and took part in the
capture of Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Returned to Quebec in
1687; and the following year was again on the bay. In 1689 captured the
Hampshire, and brought her to Quebec with her cargo of furs. In 1690
took part in the raid on Schenectady; and the same year captured Fort
Severn on Hudson Bay. In 1694 sailed to the bay with a French fleet, and
captured Fort Nelson. Two years later captured Pemaquid; and, sailing to
Newfoundland, captured St. John's and raided the villages along the
coast. In 1697 again sailed to Hudson Bay, defeated a superior fleet,
and recaptured Fort Nelson. The following year sailed from Brest in
command of an expedition to discover the mouth of the Mississippi and
plant a colony there, in both of which he was successful. The remaining
years of his life spent in building up the colony of Louisiana. Index: F
Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; joins war party against
Schenectady, 235; arrives from Hudson Bay with two captured vessels,
325; takes Fort Pemaquid, 331; exploits in Hudson Bay, 342-350; sails
for France, and returns with two French ships, 343; captures Fort
Nelson, 345; sails for France, 346; attacks English settlements in
Newfoundland, 346; takes St. John's, 347; in his ship Pelican
successfully engages three English vessels, 349; sails for France, 349.
L Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204; his exploits
in Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, 232; subsequent services and death of,
233. Bib.: Reed, First Great Canadian; Parkman, Half Century of
Conflict; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Colby, Canadian
Types of the Old Régime; Desmazures, Histoire du Chevalier
d'Iberville; Gayarre, History of Louisiana; Margry, Découvertes des
Français; Wallace, Louisiana under the French; Martin, History of
Louisiana; Bacqueville de la Potherie, Histoire de l'Amérique
Septentrionale; Jerémie, Relation du Detroit et de la Baye d'Hudson
(Bernard, Recueil de Voiages au Nord). See also bibliography at the
end of Reed's work.
Ihonatiria. Ch Jesuit mission to Hurons founded at, 228.
Île à la Crosse. Lake and trading-post. The lake is on the upper waters
of the Churchill River, in about long. 108°. Its name is derived from
the Indian game of lacrosse, which was very popular there. The first
trading-post was built on a peninsula on the western side of the lake by
Thomas Frobisher in 1776. Other forts were built there later by the
North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, the lake being a
strategic point in the western fur trade.
Île-aux-Coudres. On north shore of the St. Lawrence, above Murray Bay.
Index: WM Arrival of British advance squadron at, 83; camp established
on, 89; capture by Canadians of two British officers on, 89.
Île-aux-Noix. WM Fortified post on Lake Champlain frontier, 146, 158,
233.
Île Jésus. At the junction of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence. Index: L
Seigniory of Beaupré exchanged by Laval for, 58; obtained by Laval in
exchange for Island of Orleans, 138.
Île Percé. L Récollet mission at, 111.
Île Royale. A large island in Lake Superior, United States territory.
Mentioned in Carver's Travels and other early narratives.
Illinois Indians. Of Algonquian stock. First mentioned in the Jesuit
Relation of 1660 as living south-west of Green Bay. They ranged
throughout the country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, and
down the west bank of that river as far as the Des Moines; and have been
described by Allouez, Marquette, Hennepin, Rasles, and other early
French explorers. Harassed on one side by the Sioux and Foxes, and on
the other by the Iroquois, their numbers were reduced from six or eight
thousand, at the end of the seventeenth century, to less than two
thousand about 1750. The murder of Pontiac by one of their warriors
brought upon them a war of extermination. To-day only a handful remain,
in Oklahoma. Index: F Allies of the French against the Iroquois, 144. L
La Salle forms alliance with, 148. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American
Indians.
Immaculate Conception. L Church at Quebec placed under patronage of, 85.
Ch Church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance consecrated under name of,
240; feast of, observed by people of Quebec, 240.
Immigration. Mc To colonies in 1820, state of, 88. See also Irish
Immigrants.
Imperial Conference. Held in London, 1887. Canada was represented by Sir
Alexander Campbell and Sandford Fleming. Among the questions discussed
were those of inter-Imperial defence and trade, the Pacific cable, etc.
Another conference was held in Ottawa in 1894 (see Colonial
Conference, 1894); and another in London in June, 1896, Canada being
represented by Sir Mackenzie Bowell and Sandford Fleming. At an
adjourned meeting in October, 1896, Sir Donald Smith and Hon. A.G. Jones
represented the Dominion, Mr. Fleming being present in an advisory
capacity. On the occasion of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee, 1897,
another conference was held in London, Joseph Chamberlain presiding, and
the self-governing colonies being represented by their premiers. Again,
in 1902, the colonial premiers met in London, under the presidency of
Joseph Chamberlain. The London Conference of 1907, presided over by Lord
Elgin, discussed various Imperial questions, but was chiefly memorable
because of the decision to hold similar meetings every four years, and
to provide a permanent bureau at London devoted specifically to the
interests of the Empire.
Imperial Federation. Advocated by Thomas Pownall, governor of
Massachusetts Bay, in 1764. He proposed a scheme by which "Great Britain
may be no more considered as the Kingdom of this Isle alone, with many
appendages of provinces, colonies, settlements, and other extraneous
parts, but as a grand marine dominion, consisting of our possessions in
the Atlantic and in America united into one Empire." Subsequently
proposed by Joseph Howe, in 1855, and again in 1863; also by Thomas
Chandler Haliburton and other Canadian statesmen and writers. Index: B
Elgin's conception of, 33; advocated by Edward Blake, 240. H Joseph Howe
a pioneer in the movement for, 174. Bib.: Denison, Struggle for
Imperial Unity; Macphail, Essays in Politics; Brassey, Imperial
Federation and Colonization; Ewart, Kingdom of Canada, Imperial
Federation, etc.; Parkin, Imperial Federation; Young, A Pioneer of
Imperial Federation in Canada; Milner, Speeches in Canada; The
Empire and the Century; Argyll, Imperial Federation.
Imperial Federation League. Formed in Canada at a meeting in Montreal,
in May, 1885. A conference to the same end had been held in London, in
July, 1884. The league in Canada changed its name, in 1896, to the
British Empire League in Canada, at the suggestion of Sir Charles
Tupper. See Denison.
Incarnation, Marie de L'. See Marie de L'Incarnation.
Inches, Dr. T Attends Sir Leonard Tilley in his last illness, 145.
Independence. B George Brown writes Macdonald of widespread sentiment in
England in 1864 in favour of British American colonies securing complete
autonomy, 167; and the Canada First party, 236, 237, 238, 239; advocated
by Goldwin Smith, 238, 239. P Advocated by Papineau, 167. Mc Declaration
of, July, 1837, its history, 330; work of Rolph and O'Grady, 330; object
of Association of Canadian Refugees, 449.
Indians. Ch Superstitions of, 10, 12; council held to consider best
policy to adopt in dealing with them, 108-111; murders committed by,
115; their great esteem for Champlain, 159; difficulty of educating
their children, 233. S Their general friendliness to Upper Canada
settlers, 62; their good conduct rewarded, 62; lands allotted to on
Grand River, 74; schools and churches provided for, 74; Simcoe's
estimate of, 75; engagements made with, faithfully kept, 76; their lands
encroached upon by Americans, 119; their defeat of expedition under St.
Clair, 121; great council of, 122, 124; failure of negotiations with
American commissioners, 123-125. WM Generally friendly to France, 17;
appearance of, on field of battle, 31; swell army of Montcalm at Fort
Carillon, 38; their habits in camp, 39; Christian Indians different from
the pagans, 39; attack British boats, 40; general meeting of, called by
Montcalm, 40-42; repulse British force on left bank of Montmorency, 129;
scalp the wounded after battle, 142; paid well for prisoners, but less
amount for scalps, 150; fly from battlefield, 202; form part of Lévis's
army, 245; in battle of Ste. Foy, 265. Hd Their lands secured by treaty,
12; allies of the French, 13, 16, 21; help Pouchot at Niagara, 25; Sir
William Johnson's following of, 28, 29; irregular traffic with,
prohibited, 32, 54; fears of an uprising among, 55; impressed by
enlistment of French-Canadians under British flag, 57; in Florida, 66,
71, 73; Haldimand's treatment of, 91-93, 131, 145, 146, 147, 150, 153,
157, 258-259, 266, 347; uncertain allies, 126, 137, 170, 260; rebels try
to gain for France, 127-128, 134, 136, 279; indignant at terms of peace
between Britain and colonies, 256-257; American cruelty towards, 307. F
Menacing attitude of, 17; defrauded by traders, 18, 154; not readily
receptive of Christian doctrine, 167. Dr Those with Burgoyne worse than
useless, 178; ignored in treaty of peace between Britain and American
colonies, 231; their lands invaded by frontiersmen, 233; attacked by
American troops, 234; trouble with western tribes, 249, 262, 276. L
Violent effects of intoxicating liquor upon, 36, 37; three of the
nations sue for peace, 53; conversion of, very precarious, 62; difficult
to civilize them, 63, 126; sincere devotion of many, 64. See Abnaki;
Algonquian; Cree; Creek; Delaware; Déné; Etchemin; Huron; Illinois;
Iroquois; Micmac; Ottawa; Tête de Boule. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of
American Indians; Brinton, The American Race; Bancroft, Native Races
of the Pacific States; Catlin, Manners, Customs, and Condition of the
North American Indians; Drake, Aboriginal Races of North America;
Lafitau, Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains; Maclean, Canadian Savage
Folk; Morgan, Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines;
Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United States.
Indian Department. S In Upper Canada, independent of the governor,
126-127.
Indian Posts in West. Dr Temporary retention of, by Great Britain, 231.
Inflexible. Dr Largest vessel of flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154.
Inglis, Charles (1734-1816). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to America;
taught school in Pennsylvania for a time, and then took holy orders. In
1764 became assistant to Dr. Auchmuty, rector of Trinity Church, New
York, and in 1777 succeeded him as rector. His sympathies being with the
mother country, removed to Nova Scotia after the Revolution, and thence
to England. First bishop of Nova Scotia, with jurisdiction over
practically all British North America, 1787. One of the notable events
of his episcopate was his establishment of King's College, Windsor. In
1793 his huge diocese divided by the creation of the diocese of Quebec,
of which Jacob Mountain (q.v.) became first bishop. Index: Dr
Appointed bishop of Nova Scotia with jurisdiction over Quebec, 241.
Bib.: Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland.
Inglis, John. MS Opposes sale by Hudson's Bay Company of land in Red
River valley to Selkirk, 146.
Ingraham, Captain. D Explores coast of Queen Charlotte Islands in 1791,
25; describes geography and natural history of the islands and language,
manners, and customs of the natives, 25.
Innocent XI, Pope (1611-1689). Benedetto Odescalchi; elected pope, 1676.
Index: L Misunderstanding with Louis XIV, 20.
Institut Canadien. A literary and scientific society, founded at
Montreal in 1844, and incorporated in 1852. It included among its early
members most of the leaders of the more progressive and independent
element in Quebec political life, among them A. A. Dorion, Eric Dorion,
Joseph Doutre, Rodolphe Laflamme, and Wilfrid Laurier. The success of
the parent society led to the founding of similar Instituts throughout
the province. Although popular among the laity, these societies
encountered the determined opposition of the Roman Catholic Church, led
by Bishop Bourget of Montreal. The outside societies yielded to clerical
pressure, but the Montreal Institut stood upon its rights. The fight
went on for many years, but finally most of the Roman Catholic members
dropped out, and the books and papers were transferred to the Fraser
Institute. Bib.: Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.
Intendant. An office created originally by Richelieu, in France, and
transferred to New France. The first intendant of Canada was Robert,
appointed in 1663, who was succeeded two years later by the ablest
occupant of the office, Jean Talon. The intendant was charged with the
supervision of practically all the civil affairs of the colony,
including the administration of justice, but his most important
function, from the point of view of the court, was to act as a virtual
spy upon the acts of the governor. Inevitably, harmony was impossible
between these two officials, and the history of New France is punctuated
with their perpetual quarrels. Index: F Jean Talon appointed as, 51;
office revived, 105; Jacques Duchesneau appointed, 108; Jacques de
Meulles, 171; Jean Bochart de Champigny, 207. See also under names of
individual intendants. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle France (R.
S. C., 1903); Parkman, Old Régime; Munro, The Office of Intendant in
New France in The American Historical Review, October, 1906.
Intendant's Palace. Bk In Quebec, completely destroyed in siege of 1775,
90.
Intemperance. S A prevailing vice in Upper Canada, 71, 72. See Liquor
question; Brandy question.
Intercolonial Railway. Surveys proposed by the government of Canada in
1863. Three engineers were to be appointed, one by the Imperial
government, one by Canada, and one by the Maritime Provinces. They all
nominated the same man, Sandford Fleming, by whom the surveys were
accordingly carried out. The railway was made a condition of the union
of the Maritime Provinces with Canada, and the work of construction was
pushed forward, the line being formally opened July 1, 1876. In 1871 the
Prince Edward Island Railway was begun, and in 1873 it became a portion
of the Intercolonial system. Other extensions and branches were built or
acquired, the line finally running from Sydney and Halifax to Montreal.
Index: Md Negotiations for, begun, 45, 117; arranged for, by British
North America Act, 151; difficulty in selecting route, 152,153; northern
route finally adopted, 153. E Project to combine with Grand Trunk, 100;
history of negotiations after failure of larger scheme, 100-101. H
Recommended in Durham's Report, 118; company formed in London, 118-119;
"Robinson Line" surveyed, 119; Joseph Howe's connection with (see
under Howe); new route proposed, 141-143; Imperial guarantee refused,
143. BL Brought under consideration, 1849, 287; Hincks on, 332. B
Members of British government in 1862 favourable to, except Gladstone,
143; George Brown a convert to the scheme, 166; opposed by Dorion, 175.
C Cartier advocates roundabout route, for military and political
reasons, 49-50; Major Robinson's report, 49. T Proposal to build through
St. John Valley, 26; delegates consult British government, 26;
arrangements made with Jackson. 27; British government refuses to
guarantee interest, 45; St. John to Shediac line, 46-47; history of,
53-58, 90, 111-112, 116, 119, 122. Bib.: Fleming, The Intercolonial;
Fleming, Historical Sketch of the Intercolonial Railway in Canada: An
Ency., vol. 2.
Interpreters. Ch Brûle, Marsolet, et al., 144.
Irish Immigrants. E Measures for their relief, 1847-1848, 46-47; bring
plague to Canada, 47-48; prominent victims, 48; Elgin persuades British
government to reimburse Canada for expenses incurred in relief work.
48-49.
Iroquet. Algonquian chief. Index: Ch Urges Champlain to attack the
Iroquois, 48; his son meets Champlain, 51; a leader of the Hurons, 69;
chief of the Petite Nation—captures small party of Iroquois, 102;
adopts an Iroquois prisoner as his son, 104. Bib.: Parkman, Old
Régime.
Iroquois. A confederation of tribes, at first five, the Cayuga, Mohawk,
Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca, to which the Tuscarora was added after
1726, as well as the remnants of many other tribes. They were known to
the English colonists as the Five Nations, and later as the Six Nations.
They called themselves Oñgwanonsioñni, "we are of the extended lodge."
When they first came into contact with Europeans, they occupied the
country between Lake Champlain and the Genesee River, and this remained
their home territory, but they ranged far and wide, carrying their
conquering raids eastwards to the Kennebec, westwards to Lake Michigan,
north to the Hudson Bay watershed, and south to the Tennessee. They
numbered about 16,000 in 1677, and after dropping to 10,000 in the next
century, they returned to their original strength at the opening of the
twentieth century. About two-thirds are on reservations in Canada; the
remainder in New York. Index: F Champlain joins Hurons and Algonquians
in attacking, 9, 10, 14; nearly exterminate Hurons, 26, 35; demand
establishment of French colony in their country, 40; their confederacy,
of what tribes composed, 41; attack remnant of Hurons on Island of
Orleans, 41; checked at Long Sault on the Ottawa by heroism of Dollard
and his companions, 44; Governor Courcelles marches against, 52; similar
expedition led by Tracy, 53; invited by Frontenac to conference, 79;
consent to make a peace including Indian allies of French, 82; under La
Barre's administration, seize canoes of French traders, 181; La Barre's
expedition against, 183; Denonville's, 207-214; capture of a number of
peaceful Iroquois for king's galleys, 215; reprisals, 218, 219; massacre
of Lachine, 224; send envoys to meet Frontenac, 238; native eloquence,
239; worsted in skirmish on Ottawa River, 243; Mohawk opinion of
Schenectady massacre, 248; ill-treat embassy from Frontenac, 262; renew
their attacks, 307; party of, destroyed at Repentigny, 308; three
prisoners burnt alive, 309; another party surprised and destroyed, 319;
expedition against (Mohawks), 321; peace negotiations, 337; Onondaga
orator, Teganissorens (Decanisora), 338; Frontenac's campaign against,
350. Ch Champlain assists his Indian allies against, 49; originally
settled on the St. Lawrence, 50; form great confederation of five
tribes, 50; attacked by Montaignais, assisted by Champlain, near mouth
of Richelieu River, 62; again, by Hurons, assisted by Champlain, on the
Oswego River, 102; make an attack near Quebec, 139; embassy sent to,
163. Hd Destroy mission at Three Rivers, 43; in general alliance with
British, 148; country of, pillaged by Butler's Rangers, 151. WM
Traditional foes of the French, 16. L Destroy Huron mission, 5;
converted settlements of, 9; their extermination of the Hurons, 39;
heroic resistance offered to, at the Long Sault, 72; depredations
committed by, 191; La Barre's expedition against, 193; threatening
attitude of, 213; Denonville's expedition against, 215; negotiations
with, 216; descend on Lachine, 225; ravage surrounding country, 227;
Frontenac marches against, 233. Bk Their lands encroached upon by
Americans, 149; attacked by United States troops at Tippecanoe, 174-176;
their bitter sense of wrong, 177; obtain grant of land on the Grand
River, 189; effect on, of Hull's advance into Canada, 214; greatly
impressed by the capture of Detroit, 263. See Senecas; Mohawks;
Onondagas; Cayugas; Oneidas. Bib.: Hodge, Handbook of American
Indians; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes; Morgan, League of the
Iroquois; Colden, History of the Five Nations; McKenzie, The Six
Nations Indians in Canada; Hale, Iroquois Book of Rites; Parkman,
Old Régime, Jesuits in North America, Frontenac, and Half Century
of Conflict; Fiske, New France and New England.
Irving, Jacob Æmilius (1797-1856). Born at Charleston, South Carolina.
Entered the army at an early age; severely wounded at Waterloo;
presented with freedom of Liverpool for gallant conduct during the
French war. Came to Canada, 1834; served during the Rebellion of 1837;
appointed first warden for the district of Simcoe; appointed to the
Legislative Council of Canada, 1843. Index: BL Appointed to Legislative
Council, Upper Canada, 177. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.
Irving, Paulus Æmilius (1714-1796). Served under Wolfe at Quebec;
administered government of Canada, 1765; appointed lieutenant-governor
of Guernsey, 1771; and afterwards governor of Upnor Castle, Kent. Index:
Dr Becomes administrator, 23; protests, as member of Council, against
position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39. Bib.:
Morgan, Cel. Can.
Isbister, Alexander K. (1820-1883). Born in the territories of the
Hudson's Bay Company; employed by the Company, 1838-1840, in the
Mackenzie River district. Went to England, about 1841; educated there,
and practised law in London. A half-breed himself, he ably pressed the
cause of the Indians and half-breeds upon the attention of the British
government. Also gave evidence before the parliamentary Committee of
1857. For some years master of the Stationers' School in England and
Dean of the College of Preceptors. Left a large sum of money to found
scholarships in connection with the University of Manitoba. Index: B A
native of the North-West Territories—his good work on behalf of the Red
River Settlement, 212; Brown's high opinion of, 212; suggests annexation
by Canada of western territory, 213. Bib.: Report on Hudson's Bay
Company, 1857; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
Isis. Dr British war vessel, arrival of, 137.
Isle aux Noix. On the Richelieu River. Index: Hd Fortifications of, 125,
133; Sherwood and Ira Allen in conference at, 204; refugees transported
to, 250.
Jack, William Brydone (1819-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at St.
Andrews University. Came to New Brunswick as professor of mathematics at
King's College, 1840. When King's College received its charter as
University of New Brunswick in 1861, appointed president. Retired from
office, 1885.
Jackson. T British Member of Parliament, and capitalist, his company
offers to build railways in New Brunswick, 26; visits the province, 27;
agreement with government, 27.
Jackson, Francis James (1770-1814). British diplomatist. Index: Bk
Succeeds W. Erskine as British minister at Washington, 122. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.
Jackson, Sir Richard Downes. Served in Peninsular campaign;
commander-in-chief of forces in Canada. Administrator, 1841-1842. Died
at Montreal. Index: BL Carries on government after Sydenham's death,
113. Sy Commander of forces, appointed administrator for Lower Canada,
194. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.
Jacob, Dr., of Salisbury. Sy Maternal grandfather of Sydenham, 4.
Jacques. Ch English vessel seized by French, 221.
Jacques Cartier River. A tributary of the St. Lawrence, north shore,
above Quebec. Index: WM Retreat of French army to, 212, 216, 217;
retreat described as disorderly flight, 217.
James Bay. Southern extension of Hudson Bay, discovered in 1610, by
Henry Hudson who wintered there, 1610-1611, with the Discovery. The
bay was named after Captain Thomas James of Bristol, who explored the
west coast in 1631.
Jameson, Anna Brownell (1794-1860). Author. Married Robert Jameson,
afterwards vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity of Upper Canada.
Index: E On Upper Canadian schoolmasters, 87; compares conditions on
both sides of boundary, to the detriment of Canada, 191-192. Bib.:
Works: Diary of an Ennuyée; Characteristics of Women; Visits and
Sketches; Essays; Sacred and Legendary Art; Legends of the
Madonna; History of Our Lord; Early Italian Painters; Sketches in
Canada; Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada. For biog., see
Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, Lives of the Judges.
Jameson, Robert Simpson. A member of the English bar. Reporter in Lord
Eldon's Court, 1824. Married Anna Brownell Murphy, 1826. Judge in the
Island of Dominica, 1829; retired, 1833, and returned to England.
Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada by the Imperial government,
1833, and took up his residence at York. Called to the bar of Upper
Canada, 1833. Member of the Assembly, 1835-1837. Appointed
vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity. Died in Toronto, 1854. Bib.:
Read, Lives of the Judges.
Jamet, Father Denis. Ch Récollet missionary and commissary of the order
in Canada, 85; returns to France, where he remains, 111, 112.
Jarvis, F. S. Sy Gentleman usher of black rod, 334.
Jarvis, William. S Recommended by Simcoe as clerk of Council, 46;
provincial secretary, 79, 178.
Jarvis, W. B. Mc Loyalists retreat under, 373.
Jay, John (1745-1829). American statesman and jurist. Index: Dr
Negotiates treaty with Great Britain, 283, 286. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Jay's Treaty. Between Great Britain and the United States; negotiated
Nov. 19, 1794. Provided for the evacuation by Great Britain of the
western posts; the settlement by commission of pecuniary claims between
the two countries; the appointment of a joint commission to determine
the identity of the St. Croix River; and closer commercial relations.
Negotiated by John Jay on behalf of the United States, and Lord
Grenville representing Great Britain. Index: S Between Britain and the
United States, 142. Dr Copies of, circulated in Canada, 290; ratified,
291. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.
Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826). Third president of the United States.
Index: Dr His hostility to Great Britain, 273, 274, 281; his defeat for
the presidency, in 1797, 298. Bk Purchases Louisiana from France, 41,
42; his embargo on United States ships trading to British ports, 85,
108; withdraws embargo, 114; confident of easy conquest of Canada, 259,
285. D His influence in determining policy of United States as to the
Pacific coast, 64-66; sends Lewis and Clark overland to Pacific, 66.
Bib.: His Works, ed. by Henry A. Washington, were published by order
of Congress, in 9 vols., 1853. See also Randolph, Memoirs,
Correspondence and Miscellanies of Jefferson. For biog., see Randall,
Life of Jefferson; Tucker, Life of Thomas Jefferson; Parton, Life
of Thomas Jefferson; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Jemseg. On Jemseg Creek, Queen's County, New Brunswick. Index: F For a
time headquarters in Acadia, 270.
Jenkins, William. T Teacher in Gagetown Grammar School, New Brunswick,
5; conducts large school in Quebec, 6; visited by Sir Leonard Tilley in
1858, 6; dies in 1863, 6.
Jersey Volunteers. Dr Loyalists, 202.
Jervis, John. See St. Vincent.
Jesuits' Estates Act. Passed by the Mercier government in Quebec, 1888.
Following the suppression of the Society of Jesus by the pope, in 1773,
the property of the order in Canada became vested in the crown, and was
set apart for purposes of education in the province of Quebec. By the
British North America Act, it was vested in the provincial government.
The Mercier Act authorized payment of $400,000 as compensation to the
Jesuits for the lands confiscated by the crown. An agitation in Ontario
for disallowance of the Act, was followed by a formal motion in the
Dominion House, by Colonel O'Brien, but only thirteen members voted for
disallowance. Index: Md Origin, 286; claimed by Society of Jesus, 286;
Act passed by Quebec Legislature authorizing payment for lands Jesuits
held before the conquest, 286, 287; motion favouring federal
disallowance, proposed, 288, 289; motion defeated, 289; agitation ends
by formation of Equal Rights Association and later by the Protestant
Protective Association, 289. Dr Proposal to apply revenues of, to
educational purposes, 230; General Amherst's claim to, 230. BL Revenue
from, 18. Bk Appropriation of property a grievance with
French-Canadians, 77. Bib.: Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the
Liberal Party; Grant and Hamilton, Principal Grant; Pope, Memoirs of
Sir John A. Macdonald.
Jesuit Missions. L Zeal of the missionaries compared with that of the
Apostles, 61; among the Iroquois, 64-67; wide extension of, 103; to the
Algonquians, destroyed by drunkenness, 175. F Pure lives of missionaries
produces good effect, 168. See under names of individual missionaries.
Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in North America. See also Jesuits.
Jesuit Relations. The Relations were published in Paris, by the
provincial of the order, in small annual volumes. The original
narratives were written in Canada, or in one or other of the remote
mission fields, by the devoted missionaries, and are invaluable as a
record of the condition and character of the various Indian tribes in
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Index: Ch Promoted immigration
to Canada, 250; describe religious condition of the colony, 256-258;
also last days of Champlain, 262, 263. F Parkman on, 30; Rochemonteix
on, 30; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 30; their influence in securing
support for the missions, 30-31. Bib.: Jesuit Relations and Allied
Documents, 1610-1791, ed. by Thwaites, Cleveland, 1896-1901, 73 vols.;
Relations des Jesuites, Quebec, 1858, 3 vols.
Jesuits. The first missionaries of the order, Lalemant, Masse, and
Brébeuf, arrived in Canada in 1625. Work among the Algonquians began
that year; and among the Hurons in 1626. The mission to the Iroquois
dates from 1642. With the Iroquois mission are particularly associated
the names of Jogues, Le Moyne, Ragueneau, Frémin, and De Carheil; and
with the mission to the Hurons, those of Brébeuf, Lalemant, Chabanel,
Garnier, and Chaumonot. See also under names of individual
missionaries. Index: Hd Their mission at Three Rivers, 43; an unworthy
member of the order, 48-49; suspected of sympathy with rebels, 130, 181;
engage in the ginseng trade, 148; vestibule of their church turned into
theatre, 306-307. F Arrival of, 17; return after restoration of Canada
to France, 25; Frontenac's attitude towards, 113; their missions, 166. L
Their devotion to the cause of missions, 4, 5; recommend Laval as vicar
apostolic, 26; re-establish mission in Iroquois country, 73; place
church at Quebec under patronage of Immaculate Conception, and St.
Louis, 85; works of piety instituted by, 86. Dr Expelled from France,
controversy respecting their property in Canada, 23; petition the king
for restoration of their property, 35. Ch Récollets decide to ask
assistance of, 150; not favoured by the traders, 152; arrival of, at
Quebec, 153; their convent robbed by English, 196; embark for Tadousac
on board Kirke's ship, 196; sail for France, 206; take charge of Quebec
mission on restoration of the country to France, 225; establish their
convent of Notre Dame des Anges, 227; their convent at Quebec, 228, 229;
give banquet to Emery de Caën, temporary governor, 228; found missions
at Three Rivers and in Huron country, 228; also at Miscou and Cape
Breton, 229. D As factors in spread of civilization in America, 2-3.
Bib.: Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, ed. by Thwaites; Parkman,
Jesuits in North America; Rochemonteix, Les Jésuites et la Nouvelle
France; Kip, Early Jesuit Missions; Campbell, Pioneer Priests of
North America.
Jetté, Sir Louis (1836- ). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1857.
Practised in Montreal. Entered public life in 1872 as member for
Montreal East, defeating Sir Georges E. Cartier. Appointed puisne judge
of Supreme Court of Quebec, 1878; and the same year became professor of
civil law in Laval University; later dean of the faculty. Member of the
commission for revision of the civil code of Quebec, 1887; and of the
Alaskan Boundary Commission. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec,
1898, and for a second term in 1903. Chief-justice of the Superior Court
of Quebec, 1909. Index: C One of the founders of Le Parti National,
and its organ Le National, 29-30; defeats Cartier in Montreal East,
84. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.
Jews. Bk Resolution of Lower Canada Assembly excluding, 104; further
discussion of question, 116.
Joannes. WM Town mayor of Quebec, strikes insubordinate officers, 230;
protests against order to propose capitulation, 230, 231; goes to
British camp with articles of capitulation, 231, 232.
Jogues, Isaac (1607-1646). Born at Orleans, France. Entered the Society
of Jesus, and sailed for Canada in 1636. Set out almost immediately for
the Huron mission. From there sent to the Tobacco nation; and in 1641
visited the Chippewas at Sault Ste. Marie, and stood upon the shores of
Lake Superior. Went to Quebec the following year, and on the return
journey captured by a party of Mohawks and carried off to the Iroquois
country. After being repeatedly tortured, escaped at Fort Orange, with
the help of the Dutch governor, and sailed for France, arriving at
Rennes in 1643. After an interview with the queen regent, Anne of
Austria, returned to Canada the following year, and sent as an
ambassador to the Mohawks, 1646. Concluded a treaty of peace, and
returned to Quebec. Sept. 27 of the same year, again set out for the
Iroquois country, this time as a missionary. The attitude of the Indians
had changed, and on Oct. 18 he was tomahawked as he entered one of the
lodges at Tionnontoguen. Index: Ch Professor in college of Rouen, 207. L
Sufferings and death of, 5, 62. Bib.: Campbell, Pioneer Priests of
North America; Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Martin, Isaac
Jogues; Withrow, Adventures of Isaac Jogues (R. S. C., 1885).
John and Thomas. F Vice-admiral's ship in Phipps's squadron, 281.
Johnson, Guy (1740-1788). Deputy to Sir William Johnson, as
superintendent of Indian affairs, and succeeded latter in office after
his death. Served under Amherst against the French, in 1759. At the
opening of the Revolutionary War, abandoned his home in Amsterdam, New
York, and brought his family to Montreal, and later went to England.
Returned in 1776, and served in New York. Also with Brant in the Mohawk
Valley, two years later. His estates confiscated by the New York
Assembly, 1779. Index: Hd His letter to Lord George Germaine, 155;
removed from his position of Indian agent, 156. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Johnson, John. T Returned for St. John, 25.
Johnson, John M. (1818-1868). T Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 32-33;
member of Fisher ministry, postmaster-general, 43; attorney-general,
delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected for Northumberland as
Confederation candidate, 107; goes to England as Confederation delegate,
120; his views on County Courts, 125. Bib.: Hannay, History of New
Brunswick.
Johnson, Sir John (1742-1830). Son of Sir William Johnson (q.v.).
Appointed major-general of militia, 1774. Fled to Canada, 1776, and
served under St. Leger against Arnold the following year. After the
close of the Revolutionary War, became superintendent-general of Indian
affairs in British North America. Index: Dr Commissioned to raise
regiment, 151; advises Dorchester in regard to Upper Canada, 258; his
claims to be first governor of that province, 259; Indian agent in Upper
Canada, 302. S Disappointed at not being made governor of Upper Canada,
99; head of Indian department, 127. Hd Made Indian agent, 156; raises
King's Royal Regiment of New York, 156; Haldimand's instructions to, in
regard to smallpox, 231; his consent necessary to marriage, 237;
Haldimand stands sponsor to child of, 296; MacLean's opinion of, 308.
Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Myers, The Tories or
Loyalists in America.
Johnson, Sir William (1715-1774). Born in Ireland. Came to America, in
1738, to take charge of the estates of his uncle, Sir Peter Warren.
Appointed Indian agent in 1744, and obtained unrivalled influence over
the Six Nations. In 1755 became superintendent of the affairs of the Six
Nations. The same year made major-general and commander-in-chief of the
expedition against the French. Defeated Dieskau at Lake George, and
received the thanks of Parliament, a baronetcy, and a vote of £5000.
Served with Abercrombie in 1758, and in 1759 captured Niagara from the
French. Accompanied Amherst to Montreal in 1760. Mainly instrumental in
settling and developing the Mohawk Valley. Index: Dr Quiets discontent
of Six Nations, 5, 6. Hd Takes possession of Fort Niagara, 26; takes
precedence of Haldimand, 27; his influence with Six Nations Indians, 27;
his Indians not allowed to attack La Galette, 28; retires for the
winter, 29; leaves Oswego for Montreal, under Amherst, 35; his opinion
on enlistment of Canadian corps, 57; takes Niagara, 121; his Indian
widow, 154; death of, 155; Indians' opinion of, 157; leave granted to,
to hold western posts for England, 257. WM Captures Fort Niagara, 146.
Bib.: Language, Customs, and Manners of the Six Nations (Phil. Soc. of
Phila. Trans., 1772); Correspondence (Doc. Hist. N. Y.); Reid,
Story of Old Fort Johnson. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.;
Stone, Life of Sir William Johnson; Buell, Sir William Johnson;
Bradley, The Fight with France; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe and
Conspiracy of Pontiac; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Johnson-Clarendon Treaty. Md Attempt to settle Alabama question by, 167;
United States Senate refuses to ratify treaty, 167. Bib.: Hertslet,
Treaties and Conventions.
Johnston, Hugh. W Appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, 1843,
72; resigns, 1845, 76; retires, 1848, 116.
Johnston, Sir W. C Chief-justice of Quebec, 119; his views on
French-Canadian cooking, 119.
Johnstone, Chevalier. WM Aide-de-camp to Lévis, 139; his redoubt
evacuated, 140; with Montcalm on night preceding battle, 175; his
opinion of Bougainville, 177; on brave rally of Canadians, 203; on
demoralization of French troops, 207; on Vaudreuil and proposed
capitulation, 209; on the flight to Jacques Cartier, 217; on battle of
Ste. Foy, 261, 263, 264. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.
Johnstone, James William (1793-1873). Born in Jamaica. Came to Nova
Scotia, studied law in Annapolis, and practised in Kentville and
Halifax. Appointed solicitor-general and a member of the governor's
Council, and became the recognized leader of the Conservative party in
Nova Scotia. Resigned his seat in the Council in 1843 to contest
Annapolis for the Assembly, and represented the county until 1864, when
appointed judge in Equity. On the death of Howe in 1873 made
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Died in England the same year.
Index: H Appointed solicitor-general, 1834, 57; becomes member of
Executive and Legislative Councils, 1838, 57; leader of party opposed to
responsible government, 58; his birth, ancestry, and character, 58; Sir
Colin Campbell's chief adviser, 71; obnoxious to the Liberals, 71;
opposes Howe's views as to responsibility of ministers to the Assembly,
75; makes public declaration as to dual responsibility of ministers, to
the governor and the Legislature, 76; joins the Baptists, 77-78; defends
denominational schools, 83; the election of 1843, 85-86; W. B. Almon
called to Executive and Legislative Councils, 86-87; secures majority in
new Legislature, 87; contest with Howe, 89-90; makes speech against
Howe, 98; carries measure for simultaneous polling, 104; resigns with
his government, 1848, 107; member of Railway Convention at Portland,
1850, 121; opposes government railways, 144; moves vote of want of
confidence, 165, 167; forms new government, 167; his party defeated in
elections of 1859, 168; the chief-justiceship, 168; leader of the
opposition, 171; becomes attorney-general in 1863, and judge in Equity,
1864, 172; favours Confederation, 174; introduces bill prohibiting sale
of intoxicants to Indians, 247-248. T Advocates Confederation in Nova
Scotia Assembly, in 1854, 62. Bib.: Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova
Scotia; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Bourinot, Builders of Nova
Scotia; Rattray, The Scot in British North America; Rose, Cyc. Can.
Biog.
Johnstone's Redoubt. WM French position on Beauport shore, 133, 136,
140.
Joint High Commission, British-American, 1898-1899. Met in Quebec, Aug.
23, 1898, and again in Washington, Nov. 10. The meetings continued until
Feb. 20, 1899, ending in a disagreement. Canada was represented by Sir
Wilfrid Laurier, Sir Richard Cartwright, Sir Louis Davies, and John
Charlton; the United States by Gen. J. W. Foster, Hon. George Gray, Hon.
C.W. Fairbanks, Hon. John A. Kasson, Hon. N. Dingley, and T. Jefferson
Coolidge; and Newfoundland by Sir J. S. Winter and Hon. A. B. Morine.
Lord Herschell acted as chairman. Among the questions discussed were
reciprocity, the Atlantic fisheries, the Alaskan boundary, the seal
fisheries, war vessels on the Great Lakes, the bonding privilege, alien
labour laws, and mining rights. Bib.: Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and
the Liberal Party.
Jolliet, Louis (1645-1700). Born at Quebec; son of a wagon-maker in the
employ of the Company of New France. Educated by the Jesuits, and took
minor orders, but renounced his clerical vocation to engage in the fur
trade. Sent by Talon to discover copper-mines on Lake Superior, and met
La Salle on his return journey, 1669, near the site of the city of
Hamilton. In 1673 set out with Jacques Marquette (q.v.) to discover
the Mississippi. Leaving Michilimackinac on May 17, they coasted the
north shore of Lake Michigan, to the foot of Green Bay, ascended Fox
River to Lake Winnebago, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi,
which they reached a month after leaving Michilimackinac. Descended the
great river, passing the mouths of the Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and
Arkansas, and turned back from a village of the Arkansas Indians on July
17; returning to Lake Michigan by way of the Illinois. Jolliet was
unfortunate enough to lose the records of his journey at the foot of the
Lachine rapids, almost within sight of Montreal. Made a journey to
Hudson Bay in 1679; and the following year received a grant of the
Island of Anticosti, where he settled with his family. In 1694 explored
the coast of Labrador. On his return made royal pilot for the St.
Lawrence, and hydrographer of the colony. Index: F Discoverer of
Mississippi, 155. WM Descends Mississippi, 19. L Follows course of
Mississippi, 11; abandons priestly career and becomes explorer, 59; his
exploration of Mississippi, 146; his burial, 147. Bib.: Parkman, La
Salle; Faillon, Colonie Française en Canada; Margry, Découvertes et
Établissements des Français; Gagnon, Louis Jolliet. See also
Marquette.
Jolliet, Zachary. F His December journey from Michilimackinac to Quebec,
240.
Joly de Lotbinière, Sir Henri Gustave (1829-1908). Studied law and
called to the bar, 1855. Elected to Assembly for Lotbinière, 1861. Took
a prominent part in opposition to Confederation. In 1867 elected for
both Dominion and Quebec Houses, and sat in both up to 1874. Led
opposition in Assembly until 1878, when he was called upon to form a
ministry. His government defeated in 1879, and in 1885 dropped out of
public life for a time. Returned for Portneuf in 1896, and became
controller of inland revenue; the following year called to the Cabinet
as minister of inland revenue. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British
Columbia, 1900. Index: Md Liberal leader in Quebec, sustained in
provincial election by majority of one, 249; his connection with the
Letellier case, 249. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Rose,
Cyc. Can. Biog.
Jones, Alfred Gilpin (1824-1906). Born at Weymouth, Nova Scotia, of
United Empire Loyalist stock. Built up great shipping industry at
Halifax. Entered public life as an opponent of Confederation.
Represented Halifax in Dominion House 1867-1872, 1874-1878. Became
minister of militia, 1878. Defeated in general election of that year,
and again in 1881; elected in 1887, but defeated in 1891.
Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia 1900-1906. Index: H Asked by Howe to
attend conference with Sir John Rose, on financial situation, 223; his
reasons for declining, 224; leader of Anti-Confederate party in Nova
Scotia, 224. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men; Rose, Cyc.
Can. Biog.
Jones, John Paul (1747-1792). Born in Scotland; son of John Paul, of
Arbigland; assumed name of Jones. Entered American navy, 1775. Captured
the Serapis, 1779. Entered Russian naval service, 1788, with rank of
rear-admiral. Died in Paris. Index: Hd Mentioned in Haldimand's
correspondence, 245. Bib.: Sherbourne, Life of Paul Jones; Mackenzie,
Life of Paul Jones; Hamilton, Life of Paul Jones; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Jones, Jonas (1791-1848). Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan.
Served as an officer of militia during the War of 1812-1814, attaining
the rank of colonel. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1815. Elected to
the Assembly for Leeds and Grenville, 1821, 1825, and again in 1832. A
strong supporter of the union of Upper and Lower Canada. Appointed a
puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837. Bib.: Read, Lives of
the Judges.
Jones, Peter. R His visit to England in 1831, 90.
Jonquest, Étienne. Ch Marries Anne Hébert, 113; death of, 117.
Jordan, John. W Member for St. John in New Brunswick Assembly, 105;
referred to in Wilmot's speech, 105. T Defeated in St. John County in
1850, 11.
Joseph, Saint. L Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84; patron
saint of Canada, 87. Ch Jesuit mission in Huron country, 93; French
colony placed under patronage of, 150.
Jotard. Hd Editor of Mesplet's publications, 277.
Journal de Québec. C Cauchon writes for, 24; praises Cartier in, 88.
Journal Tenu à l'Armée. WM Quoted, 169; severe criticism of Montcalm,
205; Canadians praised, 196; quoted as to loss on French side, 205.
Juan de Fuca. D His real name Apostolos Velerianos, 9; expedition to
North-West Coast, 9; authenticity of his Voyage, 9, 19; his name
rescued from oblivion, 23. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast
Names.
Juan de Fuca Strait. Between Vancouver Island and United States
mainland. Index: D Its discovery, 9, 14, 19; rediscovered by Kendrick,
25. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.
Jubilee. Ch Granted by pope, celebrated in Quebec, 1618, 114.
Juchereau, Jean. Ch A settler from La Ferté Vidame, in Thimerais, 252.
Juchereau, Mère. F Reports repulse of some of Phipps's men at Rivière
Ouelle, 291; on flag incident, 296; on divine protection of Quebec, 301.
L On Laval's patience in trial, 240.
Juchereau de St. Denis. F Wounded in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294.
Judah, Henry Hague (1808-1883). Born in London, England. Came to Canada,
and called to the bar, 1829. Represented Champlain in the Assembly,
1843-1844. Appointed one of the Commissioners under the Act abolishing
the Seigniorial Tenure, 1854. Index: E Commissioner under Federal Tenure
law, 186.
Judges. Bk Bill for exclusion of, passed by Lower Canada Assembly, but
thrown out by Council, 104; further discussion of question, 116;
instructions from Great Britain regarding, 117, 126; Act of Exclusion
passed, 145.
Judicature. E Measures relating to, passed by second La Fontaine-Baldwin
government, 86-87; S Act for establishing Superior Court for Upper
Canada passed, 92; amended, 94. Sy Bill passed by Special Council, 255.
BL Revisions of system, 286, 300-301; terms of the Act, 292, 302-303,
339.
Jurisdiction, Question of. L In New France, 163.
Justices of the Peace. See Magistrates.
Kaministiquia, or Kaministikwia, Fort. At mouth of river of same name,
north-west shore of Lake Superior. Built by Zacharie Robutel de La Noüe,
in 1717. La Vérendrye wintered there in 1731, while making preparations
for his western explorations. The site abandoned in favour of Grand
Portage, which became for many years, under both French and British
rule, the jumping-off place for the western fur country. Fort William
was afterwards built on or near the site of the old French fort.
Kane, Paul (1810-1871). Born in Toronto. Received his first training
under Drury, the drawing-master at Upper Canada College. Spent the years
1836-1840 in the United States; and then sailed for Europe, where he
studied art in Italy and throughout the continent. Returned to Toronto
in 1845, and shortly after set out on a tour of the western territories
of the Hudson's Bay Company. Visited many of the tribes, from Lake
Superior to the Pacific, and brought back with him in 1848 several
hundred sketches, from which he painted a series of oil pictures of
Indian life and western scenery. Some years after, published a narrative
of this journey, illustrated from his own sketches. Bib.: Wanderings of
an Artist among the Indians of North America. For biog., see Morgan,
Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.
Kaye, John W. BL Quoted on Metcalfe, 156, 158; on La Fontaine and
Baldwin, 169-171; on Metcalfe, 176, 186, 236, 237. B Defends Metcalfe's
attitude towards political parties in Canada, 24. Bib.: Works: Life and
Correspondence of Lord Metcalfe; Administration of East India
Company; Lives of Indian Officers; Life of Sir John Malcolm.
Keefer, Thomas Coltrin (1821- ). Born at Thorold, Ontario. Engaged in the
enlargement of the Welland Canal, 1841-1845, and then transferred to the
Ottawa River works, 1845-1849. Made a survey of the St. Lawrence rapids,
1850; and prepared the report and plans which resulted in the building
of the Victoria bridge at Montreal. Instrumental in securing the
deepening of the St. Lawrence channel and the adoption of the standard
gauge on Canadian railways. Served as Canadian commissioner at the
London exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, and the Paris exhibition of 1878,
and also on the International Deep Waterways Commission. Author of a
number of articles and papers on engineering and public questions. Bib.:
Works: Philosophy of Railways; Canals of Canada; Report on Victoria
Bridge; Canadian Waterways. See also in Bourinot's bibliography (R.
S. C., 1894). For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.
Kempt, Sir James (1764-1854). Commanded brigade in Peninsula, 1812; and
division at Waterloo, 1815; governor of Nova Scotia, 1820-1828; and
governor of Canada, 1828-1830. Made a privy-councillor, 1830;
master-general of ordnance, 1834-1838; general, 1841. Index: BL His
efforts at conciliation, 20. P Succeeds Lord Dalhousie as governor, 70;
his attitude towards Canadians, 70; his report, 1829, on the political
situation in Lower Canada, 71. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat.
Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Kendrick, Captain John. American seaman. Trading on North-West Coast,
1787-1793. Killed in Sandwich Islands, 1793. Index: D Voyage to
North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 24; credited with rediscovery
of strait of Juan de Fuca, 25.
Kennebec River. A river of the state of Maine, rising in Moosehead Lake;
about 200 miles long. Index: Dr Arnold's march up, 107.
Kennedy, Captain. B Agitates through newspapers and Toronto Board of
Trade importance of acquiring and settling North-West Territories, 216;
writes Lord Elgin on same subject, 216.
Kennedy, Sir Arthur Edward (1810-1883). Governor of Vancouver Island,
1863-1867. Subsequently governor of Queensland. Died in Brisbane.
Kennedy, William Nassau (1839-1885). Born at Darlington, Ontario. Served
as a lieutenant in the Ontario Rifles with the Red River Expedition,
1870. Settled in Winnipeg, and appointed registrar of deeds, 1872. A
member of the North-West Council, 1873; mayor of Winnipeg, 1875-1876.
Organized the Winnipeg Field Battery and subsequently colonel of the
90th Rifles. Accompanied the Canadian Voyageurs to Egypt, as paymaster
of the contingent, 1885. Served through the campaign, but died at London
on his way home to Canada.
Kennedy's Regiment. WM On British right, 189.
Kenny, Sir Edward (1800-1891). Born in Kerry County, Ireland. Emigrated
to Nova Scotia. Summoned to the Senate at Confederation. Became
receiver-general in federal ministry, 1867-1869; president of the Privy
Council, 1869-1870. For a time acting lieutenant-governor of Nova
Scotia. Vacated his seat in the Senate, 1876. Index: Md Receiver-general
in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; represents Irish Roman Catholics, 135. T
receiver-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 129. H Member of first
Dominion Cabinet, 198.
Kent and Strathern, Edward Augustus, Duke of (1767-1820). Fourth son of
George III and father of Queen Victoria. Sent to Canada, 1791; served in
West Indies, 1794; returned to Canada, 1796; commander-in-chief of
forces in British North America, 1799-1800; governor of Gibraltar,
1802-1803; field-marshal, 1805. Index: S Commands 7th Fusiliers in
garrison at Quebec, 47; visits Simcoe at Navy Hall, 183; visits Niagara
Falls, 183; is entertained by Robert Hamilton at Queenston, 184. Dr
Arrival of, 270; popularity of, 275; service at Halifax, 276. MS
Stationed in Canada, 98; his friendship for Alexander Mackenzie, 98.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Kent Lodge. Near Quebec. Index: Hd Formerly Montmorency House,
Haldimand's summer residence, 345.
Kentucky. Dr Movements on foot in, for separation from other American
states, 247, 249.
Kerr. T Elected as Confederation candidate for Northumberland, N. B.,
107; moves the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.
Kerr, D. S. W Council for Doak and Hill in libel case, 75.
Kerr, W. J. Mc Attempts Mackenzie's assassination, 218; tried and
convicted, 220.
Ketchum, Jesse. Mc Elected to the Assembly, 150; delivers rejoinder to
governor, 300.
Kicking Horse Pass. Through Rocky Mountains, north of lat. 51°, length
104 miles, and elevation at watershed 5300 feet. This pass is followed
by the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was explored and
named by Dr. Hector, of the Palliser expedition, in 1858.
Killaly, H. H. Represented town of London in first Parliament after the
union of 1841; chairman of the board of public works, 1841-1844, and
1844-1846. Index: Sy Made president of board of works for united
province, 333. BL Commissioner of public works, 1841, 76; a moderate
Liberal, 78; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government,
133, 134. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Killian, Doran. T Recruits Fenian army in New York, 105; his force
arrives at Eastport, 105.
King, Dr. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 389.
King, Rev. Wm. B Moving spirit in negro settlement in Upper Canada, 113.
King's American Regiment. Dr Commanded by Fanning, 202.
King's College (New Brunswick). W Charter granted by George IV, 1828,
49; endowed by New Brunswick Legislature, 49; controlled by Church of
England, 49-50, 51; proposed amendments to charter, 51-56; amendment
bill finally passed, 56; becomes University of New Brunswick, 86;
originated in College of New Brunswick and chartered, 1800, 86. T
Proposal to convert into agricultural school, 20; cause of its
unpopularity, 21, 48; terms of the Act of 1859, 48-49. See New
Brunswick, College of; New Brunswick, University of.
King's College (Nova Scotia). An academy opened at Windsor, Nova Scotia,
1788. The following year an Act passed for "the permanent establishment
and effectual support of a college at Windsor," and £400 per annum
granted towards its maintenance. Under this act, King's College opened
in 1790. Received royal charter, 1802. Index: H Founded by Church of
England, 81. E Directly under control of Church of England, 93. Bib.:
Partridge, University of King's College in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4;
Akins, Brief Account of the Origin of King's College; Hind,
University of King's College.
King's College (Upper Canada). Granted royal charter, Mar. 15, 1827.
Index: Md Proposed government subsidy in connection with university
scheme, 29; college and its property secularized, becoming University of
Toronto, 30; replaced as Church of England College by University of
Trinity College, 30. BL Conceived by Simcoe, land grant made, royal
charter granted, Strachan president of, 191-192; opposition to terms of
charter, amendments, building erected, teaching begins, 1843, 192-193;
its land grant, 194; Baldwin proposes transfer of its property to
University of Toronto, 195, 293; Strachan opposes transfer, 195, 196. E
Its history and connection with the university question, 93-94. R
Strachan secures royal charter, 72; and becomes first president, 73;
terms of charter, 73-74; inauguration, 1843, 147; its financial
position, 147; council of, charged with control of grammar schools,
248-249. See Toronto University. Bib.: Hopkins, Canada: An Ency.,
vol. 4; Bethune, Memoir of Bishop Strachan; Robinson, Sir John
Beverley Robinson.
King's Printer, Upper Canada. S Louis Roy, first incumbent of office,
172; Roy succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173.
King's Royal Regiment of New York. Hd Raised by Sir John Johnson, 156;
Beverley Robinson colonel of, 201; disbanded and receive grants of land,
255.
Kingsford, William (1819-1898). Came to Canada from England in 1837.
Qualified as a civil engineer in Montreal, and practised his profession
for some years. The author of many pamphlets, in addition to his
monumental history, the preparation of which he took up late in life,
and completed shortly before his death. Index: L On Dollard's exploit,
75. Bib.: Works: Impressions of the West and South during a Six Weeks'
Holiday; Canadian Canals; Canadian Archæology; Early Bibliography
of Ontario; History of Canada, 10 vols. For list of Dr. Kingsford's
contributions to periodicals, see R. S. C. Trans., 1894, 47-48. For
biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.
Kingston. City of Ontario, founded by United Empire Loyalists, 1783.
Index: Md Sir John A. Macdonald's early life in, 2; practises law there,
5; elected alderman of, 10; asked to be Conservative candidate for, 11;
elected for, 12; constituency represented by Macdonald, with one short
break, throughout his whole public career, 12, 16, 31, 211; its rivalry
for seat of government, 39; meeting at, protests against Rebellion
Losses Bill, 42; dissatisfied with selection of Ottawa as capital, 85;
difficulty over visit of Prince of Wales, 1860, 88; Macdonald defeated
in, 1878, 228. S Government of Upper Canada organized at, 79; rejected
by Simcoe in favour of York as arsenal for Lake Ontario, 204; Simcoe
spends winter of 1794-1795 at, 211; growth of the town, 211. BL Selected
by Sydenham as capital, reasons for the choice, 73; its history, 73-75;
the legislative building, 85-86; Assembly passes resolution declaring
city not suitable as seat of government, 147; reception to Metcalfe,
155; not satisfactory as capital, 180; Harrison member for, 182; serious
trouble between Orangemen and Roman Catholics, 187; severe fire of 1812,
298; special powers granted to magistrates of, 298, 300. Sy Chosen as
seat of government, 282, 292; accommodation at, for Legislature and
government offices, 293. Bk An important military post, 56; differing
views of Dorchester and Simcoe respecting, 56; Brock stations deputy
quartermaster-general at, 80. See Frontenac; Cataraqui. Bib.: Machar,
Old Kingston.
Kinnear. W Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1846, 116; joins the
government, 116; proposed for judgeship, 130.
Kirby, William (1817-1906). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England. Came to
Canada, 1832, but educated at Cincinnati, Ohio. Settled at Niagara,
Ontario, 1839, where edited and published the Mail for twenty years.
Collector of customs at Niagara, 1871-1895. Bib.: Works: The United
Empire; Le Chien d'Or; Pontiac; Canadian Idylls; Annals of
Niagara. For biog., see MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.
Kirke, Sir David (1596-1655?). Born in Dieppe, son of a Scottish
merchant. Went to England, and, with his two brothers, given command of
an expedition against the French in Canada, 1627. Appeared before
Quebec, but Champlain, who was then in charge, refused to surrender.
Returned down the river, met and defeated the French squadron under De
Roquemont, in July, 1628, and reappeared before Quebec the following
year, when the garrison, reduced to starvation, was forced to surrender.
Knighted by Charles I, 1633, and obtained a grant of lands in
Newfoundland. Appointed governor of the island; removed by Cromwell; and
returned in 1652. Index: Ch Commands expedition against Quebec, 173;
acts under authority of Sir William Alexander, 176; his letter to
Champlain, 176; sails for Europe, 179; spends several days in Quebec,
204; accused by Champlain of intolerance, 205, 206; learns of treaty of
peace between England and France, 207. F Captures Quebec, 21. Bib.:
Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada; Parkman, Pioneers of
France; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Kirke, Sir Lewis. Born 1599. Accompanied his brother Sir David Kirke on
his expeditions to Canada and Newfoundland. Fought on the side of
Charles during the Civil War. Commanded a troop of horse at the battle
of Edgehill; took part in the siege of Gloucester and in the battle of
Newbury; knighted by the king, 1643; made governor of Bridgenorth
Castle; heavily fined under Cromwell for his loyalty to Charles. After
the Restoration appointed captain and paymaster of the corps of
gentleman-at-arms. Index: F Left in charge of Quebec, surrenders it to
French on conclusion of peace, 23. Ch Resides in Fort St. Louis after
capitulation, 158; demands surrender of Quebec, 188-190; grants articles
of capitulation, 191, 192; receives keys of the fort, 195; hoists
English flag, 196; his courteous treatment of Champlain, 199; shows
religious intolerance, 206. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of
Canada; Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Kirke, Thomas. Born 1603. Brother of Sir David and Sir Lewis Kirke.
Accompanied them on their expeditions in Canada and Newfoundland. Killed
during the Civil War, fighting on the side of Charles. Index: Ch Demands
surrender of Quebec, 188-190; signs articles of capitulation, 192; takes
Emery de Caën prisoner, 220. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of
Canada.
Kirkpatrick, Sir George Airey (1841-1899). Born in Kingston. Educated at
Trinity College, Dublin; studied law, and called to the bar, 1865. Sat
for Frontenac in Dominion House, 1870-92; Speaker, 1883-1887; member of
Privy Council, 1891; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1892-1897; K. C. M.
G., 1897. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Morgan,
Can. Men.
Kishon (the Fish). F Indian name for governors of Massachusetts, 253.
Knox, Henry (1750-1806). American general, in Revolutionary War. Index:
Dr Commissioner on American side for exchange of prisoners, 208. Bib.:
Drake, Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox.
Knox, Captain. Served under Wolfe at Quebec. Wrote an account of the
campaigns in North America from 1757 to 1769. WM His first impression of
Island of Orleans and surrounding country, 91; his description of
fireships, 99; as to appearance and demeanour of French troops, 163,
164; on Murray's order that civilians should leave the city, 250. Bib.:
An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America, 1757-60. See
also Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.
Knox College. Presbyterian Theological College, established, 1844.
Index: R Established by Free Church Presbyterians, a secondary school at
first, 155. Bib.: Caven, Historical Sketch of Knox College in Canada:
An Ency., vol. 4.
Knutsford, Henry Thurston Holland, first Viscount (1825- ). Represented
Midhurst in Parliament, 1874-1885, and Hampstead, 1885-1888; secretary
of state for the colonies, 1887-1892. Index: Md Macdonald's letter to,
on Confederation, 158.
Kondiaronk. F Huron chief, wrecks peace negotiations with Iroquois, 222.
L Treachery of, 216; becomes friend of the French, 235. Bib.: Parkman,
Frontenac.
Kootenay District. In British Columbia. Index: D First explored by David
Thompson, 58.
Kuprianoff, Ivan Andreevich. D Succeeds Wrangell in Russian America,
1836, 45.
L'Alouette. Ch One of De Caën's vessels, 156.
L'Ange, Captain. Ch Meets Champlain on his return from the Upper Ottawa,
78.
L'Anticoton. Ch Pamphlet against Jesuits, 153.
L'Avenir. Newspaper, of Montreal. C Organ of Club démocratique, 26,
27. E Organ of the Parti Rouge, 108. BL Organ of the Radicals of Lower
Canada,—demands universal suffrage, etc., 343.
Laas, Captain de. WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 263.
La Barre, Joseph Antoine Lefebvre de. Governor of La Guyane in 1665; and
in 1682 arrived in Quebec as governor of Canada. His administration
marked by hopeless incompetence; recalled, 1685. Index: L Succeeds
Frontenac as governor, 168; a feeble administrator, 185; prejudiced at
first against the bishop, 188; convokes a special assembly, 190; asks
for more troops, 191; his expedition against Iroquois, 193; makes terms
of peace, 193; recalled, 193. F Governor, arrival of, 171; summons
conference on Indian question, 172; applies for troops, 172; criticized
in despatches by intendant, 173, 174; takes to illegitimate trading,
175; disparages discoveries of La Salle, 176; seizes Fort Frontenac and
Fort St. Louis, 177, 179; instructed to restore to La Salle all his
property, 180; his unwise instruction to Iroquois, 180; decides to make
war on Senecas, 181; corresponds with Colonel Dongan, governor of New
York, 182; leads expedition, 183; arranges ignominious terms of peace,
186; recalled, 188; unfitness for his position, 189; results of his weak
policy, 198, 209. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and La Salle.
Laberge, C. J. C A Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; on Dorion, 28; kept in
opposition by Radical programme, 29.
Labrador. The name has been popularly applied to the whole territory
bounded by the Atlantic, Hudson Strait, and Hudson Bay, which includes
not only the Labrador coast-strip, but also a portion of the North-West
Territories. Also known at one time as New Britain. The name is properly
applied to the strip of coast from Cape Chidley to Blanc Sablon, forming
a dependency of the colony of Newfoundland. On various theories as to
origin of name, see Ganong, Cartography of Gulf of St. Lawrence (R.
S. C., 1889). The boundaries have long been in dispute between
Newfoundland and Canada, and the territory has several times changed
hands. The Labrador coast was first discovered by the Northmen, in the
tenth century. Cabot sailed along the coast in 1498, and Corte-Real in
1500. The interior remained practically unexplored till traversed by
officers of the Hudson's Bay Company about 1840. There are a few posts
of the Hudson's Bay Company on the coast. The southern portion is
inhabited by a primitive race of fishermen; in the north are several
missions of the Moravian Brethren, first established there in 1764.
Index: Dr Canadians petition for its restoration to Canada. Bib.:
Cartwright, Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador; Hind,
Explorations in Interior of Labrador; Packard, The Labrador Coast;
Stearns, Labrador; Dawson, Canada and Newfoundland; Grenfell,
Labrador; Hubbard, A Woman's Way through Unknown Labrador; Gosling,
Labrador, Its Discovery and Development.
Labrèche, L. E Member of the Parti Rouge, 108.
La Caffinière, De. F Commander of squadron sent against New York, 234.
La Canardière. F Former name of Beauport flats, 293. WM French position
on Beauport shore, 94, 105, 134.
Lac aux Claies. S Renamed Lake Simcoe in honour of Governor Simcoe's
father, 207. See Simcoe.
Lac de Soissons. Ch Name given by Champlain to Lake of Two Mountains,
75.
La Chaise, François d'Aix (1624-1709). Born at the castle of Aix in
Forez. Entered Society of Jesus, and provincial of his order when
selected by Louis XIV as his confessor in 1675. Retained that difficult
position up to the time of his death. Index: L His report on the liquor
question, 174; his letter to Laval, 238.
La Chesnaye. See Aubert de la Chesnaye.
La Chesnaye Settlement. F Iroquois raid on, 226. L Ravaged by Iroquois,
228.
Lachine. Said to have been named by La Salle's men, in derision of his
dream of a westward passage to China. The land was granted by the
Sulpicians to La Salle as a seigniory in 1666; and from here he set
forth on his memorable explorations, in 1669. Twenty years later, this
was the scene of a terrible massacre by the Iroquois. In the eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries, Lachine became of importance as the
starting-point of the brigades of the fur traders, bound for the far
West. Index: L Origin of the name, 148; massacre of, 225. F Description
of massacre at, 10, 224, 225. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle and Frontenac;
Girouard, Lake St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle.
Lachine Canal. BL Construction of, provided for by government in 1841,
98. Bib.: Rheaume, Lachine and Origin of its Canal (Women's Can. Hist.
Soc. Trans., vol. 2). See also Canals.
Lachine Railway. E Commenced in 1846, 99.
La Colonbière, De. L On zeal and devotion of Laval, 23; preaches Laval's
funeral sermon, 40, 265; his account of Laval, 256, 257.
Lacombe, Albert (1827- ). Born at St. Sulpice, Quebec. Ordained priest,
1849, and immediately left for the western field. Laboured among the
Crees and other western tribes for many years, and devoted much time to
the study of their languages. Vicar-general of the diocese of St.
Albert. Bib.: Dictionnaire et Grammaire de la Langue des Cris. See
also Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages.
La Corne de St. Luc, Louis Luc. Stationed at Fort St. Frederic (Crown
Point), 1741-1747; at La Présentation in 1752; and the following year
sent to take command of the posts west of Lake Superior. In 1758
mentioned at Quebec; and the following year back once more at La
Présentation. In 1761, one of the seven survivors of the wreck of
L'Auguste. Remained in Canada after the conquest, and in 1775 raised a
company of Indians to act against the Americans. Index: Dr Accused in
connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38; member of
Council appointed under Quebec Act, 91. WM Unable to cope with Sir
William Johnson's army, 146. Hd Repulsed by Haldimand at Fort Ontario,
26; one of the few saved in wreck of L'Auguste, 40. Bib.: Parkman,
Montcalm and Wolfe and Pontiac.
La Corne, Pierre. Accompanied Joncaire on an embassy to the Indians of
Niagara, 1720. Sent to Acadia with De Ramezay, 1747. Took part in the
action at Grand Pré. Returned to Quebec, but again sent to Nova Scotia
to induce the Acadians to remove from the province. After the failure of
the attempt, returned to Quebec, and took an active share in the
military expeditions of the next ten years. Distinguished himself at the
siege of Quebec, 1759, where he had command of a body of local troops.
Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Historical Documents relating
to the Province of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Lacoste, Sir Alexandre (1842- ). Born at Boucherville, Quebec. Educated
at Laval University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada,
1863. A member of the Legislative Council of Quebec, 1882; and in 1884
called to the Senate; appointed Speaker, 1891. Chief-justice of the
Court of Appeal of Quebec, 1891-1907. Sworn of the Privy Council, and
knighted, 1892. Administrator of Quebec, 1898. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men;
Canadian Who's Who.
Lacoste, Louis (1798-1878). Born at Boucherville, Quebec. Educated at
St. Sulpice College, Montreal, and called to the bar of Lower Canada.
Sat in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, 1834-1838, and in the
Legislative Assembly of Canada, 1843-1861. Elected a member of the
Legislative Council, 1861. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867.
La Dauversière, Roger de. F One of the founders of Montreal colony, 32.
La Durantaye. See Morel de la Durantaye.
Lady Maria. Dr British vessel on Lake Champlain, 154.
La Famine. F La Barre's army encamps at, 184.
Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier, Marquis
de (1757-1834). Sailed for America in 1777, with a number of other
French officers, and appointed by Congress a major-general. Met
Washington at Philadelphia, and a close friendship sprang up between the
two. Wounded at Brandywine. Given command of a division of Washington's
army. In 1778 appointed to the command of an expedition against Canada,
which ended in a fiasco. Served with distinction at Monmouth, and later
in Virginia. Secured from France an auxiliary force of 6000 men to
assist the Americans. After the close of the war, commanded a division
of the French army in the war against Austria, 1792, but removed by the
Jacobins, and fled to Belgium. Captured, and imprisoned by the
Austrians, and not set free until 1797. After Waterloo, sat in the
Chamber of Deputies, 1818-1824; visited the United States in the latter
year; and in 1830 instrumental in placing Louis Philippe on the throne.
Index: Hd His letter to Canadians, 128; Pillon's treasonable
correspondence with, 278. Bib.: Mémoires, etc., de Lafayette; La
Bédollière, Vie Politique du Lafayette; Cloquet, Souvenirs de la Vie
Privée du Lafayette. See also Cyc. Am. Biog., with further bibliog.
Lafitau, Joseph-François. Jesuit missionary in Canada for many years.
Afterwards returned to France, where he became a professor of
belles-lettres. Chiefly remembered because of his invaluable work on the
manners and customs of the Indian tribes of Canada in the early years of
the eighteenth century. Bib.: Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains.
Laflamme, Rodolphe (1827-1893). Born in Montreal. Entered public life as
member for Jacques-Cartier in Dominion House, 1872; minister of inland
revenue, 1876; resigned with the government, 1878. Index: E Member of
Parti Rouge, 108. C Liberal leader in Quebec, 25, 20; protests against
Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107. Bib.: Dent, Can.
Por. and Last Forty Years.
La Flèche, College of. L Laval studies at, 19, 20.
La Flèque. Ch One of De Caën's vessels, 156.
La Fontaine, Sir Louis-Hippolyte, Bart. (1807-1864). BL His name
associated with responsible government, ix; espouses cause of Reformers
in Lower Canada, 46; no sympathy with Rebellion, 47; his birth and
parentage, 47; education—practises law in Montreal—his marriage, 47;
in politics, 47-48; arrested for complicity in Rebellion, but released,
49; on the union, 57; opposes union of the provinces, 61; offered and
refuses solicitor-generalship, 61; meets Hincks, 63; defeated in
Terrebonne, 70; favours ministerial responsibility, 70-71; reconciled to
the union, 71; his refusal to accept office leaves French-Canadians
without representation in executive, 1841, 78, 79; elected for
York,116-117; Bagot's letter to, offering attorney-generalship of Lower
Canada, 123-124; declines appointment, 125; referred to in Draper's
speech, 127; his speech in reply to Draper, 128; takes office, 132;
attorney-general for Lower Canada, 133; re-elected in York, 134;
attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance with Baldwin,
142-143; personal appearance, 147-148; attacked by London Times, 150;
relations with Metcalfe, 164-176; Kaye's description of, 169; Hincks'
comments on Kaye, 170; interview with Higginson, 172-173; his published
memorandum, 173-176; his work in the Assembly, 178-179; seconds
resolution to remove capital to Montreal, 182; his act for securing
independence of Legislative Assembly, 184; reorganization of judicial
system of Lower Canada, 184-185; resigns office, 1843, 199; interview
with Metcalfe, 201; draws up official statement of reasons for
resignation of ministers, 201-205; Metcalfe's statement, 205-209;
announces resignation in Assembly, 213; returns to practise law in
Montreal, 217; Wakefield on, 219; his health proposed at Toronto
banquet, 221; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on, 236; resigns as
Queen's Counsel, 250; elected in Terrebonne, 251; his proposed
resolution on use of French in the Legislature, 255; Draper's overtures
to, 258-263; his contention for responsible government, 273; seconds
Baldwin's amendment to address on responsible government, 277; his
speech, 277; elected, 1848, for both Montreal and Terrebonne, 279; forms
with Baldwin the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281, 284;
interview with Elgin, 285-286; re-elected, 286; secures a pardon for
Papineau, 288; attacked by Papineau, 289; his reply, 290-292; his bill
amending judicial system of Lower Canada, and the general law of
amnesty, 302-303; his bill for redistributing seats in the Legislature
is defeated, 303; the Rebellion Losses Bill, 303, 305-334; his political
views, 339, 340; relations with George Brown, 342; opposition of
Papineau and the Radicals, 342, 343; not in favour of secularization of
Clergy Reserves, 348; his views on Seigniorial Tenure, 350-351, 353;
votes against Mackenzie's motion for abolishing the Court of Chancery,
352; his letter to Baldwin, 353; his retirement from public life, 354;
banquet in his honour at Montreal, 1851, 354; his farewell speech,
354-357; his resignation, 357; appointed chief-justice, of Lower Canada,
and created a baronet, 358; his second marriage, 358; his death at
Montreal, Feb. 26, 1864, 358; value of his political work, 239-260. B
Brought into Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with Metcalfe, 19; his wise
leadership, 24; introduces resolutions on Rebellion Losses questions,
35; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his retirement, 262.
E Denounces Union Act, 24; accepts the union and turns it to the
advantage of his compatriots, 32; conflict with Metcalfe, 33-34; as
opposition leader, 44-45; returned in 1848, 50; his plans thwarted by
Papineau, 51, 108; forms administration with Baldwin, 52, 53; his
resolution on Rebellion Losses Bill, 67-68; takes part in the debate,
69-70; mob attacks his house and burns his library, 74; second attack by
mob, 76-77; his retirement, 1851, and dissolution of government, 85; his
part in the establishment of the parliamentary system, 90; his attitude
towards Clergy Reserves question, 102, 103, 162-164; his resignation,
104, 107; practises law, 105; becomes chief justice of Court of Appeals
of Lower Canada, 105; receives baronetcy, 105; his rank as statesman and
jurist, 105; his death, 105, 220; his conservative influence, 138; his
views on Seigniorial Tenure question, 185, 187; as a constructive
statesman, 236. C Sides against the government, 6; statesmanlike
attitude towards Union of 1841, 16; forms alliance with Baldwin, 16, 97;
forms ministry, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again in 1846, 18;
standing as a statesman, 23; his party splits in two, 25-26; protests
against Union Act of 1840, 96; his fight for ministerial responsibility,
97; long lease of power, 99; wins constitutional battle, 100; his
retirement from politics, 132. P Refuses seat in Draper ministry, 72;
joins Papineau's party, 78; supports him in his violent attitude towards
government, 86; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 88; his
character, 109; ridiculed by the Mercury, 123; relations with Papineau
in 1847 and after, 167-180; split in Liberal party causes retirement,
179-180; his farewell speech, 179. R Forms opposition party with
Baldwin, Hincks, and others, 122. Mc Addresses revolutionary meetings,
328. Md Given seat in administration by Bagot, 18; resigns, 1843, 18;
attacked by extreme Reformers, 22; forms administration with Baldwin,
30; elevated to the bench, 46-47. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last
Forty Years; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; David,
Biographie et Portraits; Hincks, Reminiscences.
La Forest. F Left in charge of Port Nelson, 346.
La Franchise, Sieur de. Ch Letter from in Champlain's first narrative,
14.
La Galissonnière, Rolland-Michel Barren, Comte de. Came to New France as
administrator of the government until the arrival of the governor,
Marquis de la Jonquière. Returned to France, 1749; the same year
appointed one of the commissioners on behalf of the French government,
to settle the boundaries of Acadia. Head of the department of nautical
charts at Paris. Commanded the French fleet at Minorca, 1756, and
defeated the British under Admiral Byng. Died in Nemours, France, 1756.
Is said to have furnished money and supplies to the Abbe de la Loutre to
enable him to carry on his work in Acadia. Index: WM Foresaw danger from
British colonies, 21. Bib.: Mémoire sur les Colonies de la France dans
l'Amerique Septentrionale. For biog., see Parkman, Montcalm and
Wolfe; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by
Akins; Tyrrell, Papers in Nova Scotia Documents.
La Grange-Trianon, Mlle. de. F Becomes wife of Frontenac, 63.
Laguide, Madeleine. F Niece of Talon, wife of François Perrot, 97.
La Hontan, Louis Armand de Lom d'Arce, Baron de (1666-1715). Arrived in
Canada in 1683; spent some time at Quebec, and also travelled
extensively in the West. Embodied the result of his Canadian experiences
in a volume of travels, which, especially his extraordinary story of the
Rivière Longue, has been the subject of much controversy. Visited
Newfoundland in 1692 and 1693; and afterwards travelled in Portugal,
Spain, and Holland. Index: F On treatment of captured Indians at Fort
Frontenac, 216; on interview between Frontenac and Denonville, 233;
declines to go on embassy to Iroquois, 261; his account of attack on
Quebec by Phipps, 285. Bib.: Nouveaux Voyages dans l'Amérique
Septentrionale, La Haye, 1703. Published in English, London, 1735. For
other editions, see Thwaites's edition of the Voyages, Chicago,
1905. See also Roy, Le Baron de Lahontan (R. S. C., 1894).
Laird, David (1833- ). Born at New Glasgow, Prince Edward Island.
Represented Queens County, in House of Commons, 1873-1876; became
minister of the interior, 1873; and in 1876 appointed
lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories. Succeeded by Edgar
Dewdney in 1881. Appointed Indian commissioner for the western provinces
and territories, 1898. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men;
Canadian Who's Who; Rattray, The Scot in British North America.
Lajoie, Antoine Gerin (1824-1882). Born in Yamachiche, Quebec. Educated
at Nicolet College, and while there wrote the song Le Canadien Errant.
Studied law and called to the bar, 1848. One of the founders of the
Institut Canadien, 1849. Took up journalism and was editor of La
Minerve, 1845-1852. Appointed a French translator to the Canadian
Assembly, and later made assistant to the librarian of Parliament.
Retired from the public service, 1880. Bib.: Works: Cathéchisme
Politique, ou Elements du Droit Public et Constitutionne du Canada;
Jean Renard.
La Jonquière, Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel, Marquis de. Rear-admiral under
d'Anville in the disastrous expedition against Acadia, 1746. Commanded
another expedition with a similar purpose, 1747, which was defeated by
Anson and Warren. Captured and held for a time in England as prisoner of
war. Governor of Canada, 1749-1752. His administration marked by nothing
that would further the welfare of the colony; but rather by a determined
effort to enrich himself at the expense of the country. Bib.: Parkman,
Half-Century of Conflict and Montcalm and Wolfe.
Lake Champlain. See Champlain, Lake.
Lake George. South of Lake Champlain. This beautiful lake was known to
the Indians as Horicon, and to the French as Lac St. Sacrament. The
outlet of the lake, after circling through the forest and passing over a
series of leaps in the falls of Ticonderoga, flows nearly two miles and
enters Lake Champlain just above Fort George. Lying on the recognized
thoroughfare, north and south, this lake has been the scene of many
memorable conflicts, in the Indian and colonial wars. Index: Ch
Champlain's expedition against Iroquois arrives at, 53. WM Battle at,
22; commanded by Fort William Henry, 43. Bib.: Reid, Lake George and
Lake Champlain; Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony.
Lake of the Woods. On the international boundary, west of Lake Superior.
Probably discovered by Jacques De Noyon, about the year 1688. Fort St.
Charles was built by La Vérendrye, on the western shore of the lake, in
1732. His son Jean, with the Jesuit missionary Aulneau, and a number of
voyageurs, were murdered by the Sioux on an island in the lake, in 1736.
In addition to its present name, which is a translation of the name
given it by the French, Lac des Bois, it has also borne several other
names, Lac des Sioux, Lac des Isles, Lake of the Sandhills, etc.
Lalemant, Charles. First superior of Jesuit missions in Canada; arrived
at Quebec from France in 1625, with Enemond Massé and Jean de Brébeuf.
They were the guests of the Récollets for two years, until their own
home on the banks of the St. Charles was built. Lalemant's Relation of
1625 affords a graphic picture of the life of the little settlement at
Quebec, and the early beginnings of the Jesuit missions. Index: Ch
Jesuit, director of missions, 152; his letter to Provincial of
Récollets, 154; wrecked off Canseau Island, 200; professor in College of
Rouen, 207; conducts seminary for young Indians, 229; first parish
priest, 238; administers last rites to Champlain, 261, 263. Bib.:
Douglas, Quebec in Seventeenth Century; Relation, 1625; Le Clercq,
Établissement de la Foy; Parkman, Jesuits in North America.
Lalemant, Gabriel (1610-1649). Jesuit missionary; laboured with Brébeuf
at the mission of St. Ignace, among the Hurons, where he was killed by
the Iroquois in 1649. A Parisian by birth, and his family belonged to
the class of gens de robe. Index: L Sufferings and death of, 5, 62;
mentioned, 16. Bib.: Ragueneau, Relations des Hurons, 1649; Parkman,
Jesuits in North America.
Lalemant, Jérôme (1593-1673). Superior of Jesuit missions in Canada,
1645-1650, and 1659-1665. A missionary to the Hurons until 1645, when
called to Quebec to assume the office of superior. Sailed for France in
1650, and returned in 1659 to resume the office of superior. Appointed
grand vicar, and his name suggested for bishop of Quebec. Index: L His
opinion of Laval, 35; his exaggerated account of the earthquake, 42-45.
Bib.: Journal des Jesuites; Parkman, Jesuits in North America;
Douglas, Old France in the New World.
La Loutre, Louis Joseph de. Sent to Canada by the Society of Foreign
Missions at Paris, 1737. Missionary to the Micmac Indians, 1740.
Vicar-general of Acadia under the bishop of Quebec. A determined enemy
of British supremacy in Acadia. After the fall of Fort Beauséjour,
escaped and fled to Quebec. The following year embarked for France, but
on the voyage was taken prisoner by a British vessel and kept in
confinement for eight years. Returned to France when peace concluded in
1663. Died in obscurity. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Richard,
Acadia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by
Akins. See also Acadians, Expulsion of the.
Lambert, Captain. Bk Commander of Iphigénie, and subsequently of
Java, 123; his death, 123.
Lamberville, John de (1633-1714). Jesuit missionary to the Onondagas;
forced to leave his mission in 1687, because of Denonville's expedition
against the Iroquois. Remained at Cataraqui as chaplain for a time, and
at Denonville's request returned to the Onondagas to arrange a treaty
of peace. Succeeded in this mission, and resumed his ministry at
Cataraqui. In 1688 carried to Montreal, suffering from a severe attack
of scurvy. The following year returned to France, as procurator of the
mission. Died in Paris. Index: F Jesuit father, missionary to the
Iroquois, 144, 188, 208. L Describes the death of Garakontié, 73, 74;
his position imperilled, by action of governor and intendant, 215. Bib.:
Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America; Parkman, Frontenac and
Jesuits in North America.
Le Milletière, Dubois de. WM Perishes with his men on fireship, 98.
La Minerve. Montreal newspaper, established 1826. Index: P Morin's
seditious articles in, 101; denounces every one opposed to Papineau,
122-123. BL Praises policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 142;
discusses debate in Imperial Parliament on colonial government, 232; La
Fontaine's speech in reply to Papineau, printed in, 292. C Praises
Cartier, 88.
Lamontagne. Ch Interpreter, 144.
La Montagne. A settlement near Montreal. Index: L Settlement of
Christian Indians at, 9, 74.
Lamotte. WM Chief of the Follis-Avoines, 41.
La Motte, Pierre de St. Paul, Sieur de. Came to Canada with the Carignan
Regiment, 1665. Built Fort Ste. Anne, at the northern extremity of Lake
Champlain, 1666. Two years later took the place of Zacharie Dupuis as
commandant at Montreal. Returned to France, 1670. Index: L Foundation
stone of the parish church of Montreal laid on his behalf by Philippe de
Carion, 88.
La Motte Cadillac, Antoine de. Son of Jean de La Motte, Sieur de
Cadillac, de Launay et de Montet. Served for a time in the army, and
about 1683 came to Canada in search of fortune or adventure. Married
Marie-Thérèse Guyon at Quebec in 1687; stationed for several years at
Port Royal; returned to Quebec, and sent by Frontenac in 1694 to command
the post at Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a post at Detroit, went to
Quebec in 1709, sailed for France, and in 1713 sent out to Louisiana as
governor. Index: F Post commander at Michilimackinac, 340. Bib.:
Cadillac Papers (Michigan Hist. Papers, 1903); Sulte, Les Tonty
(R. S. C., 1893); Roy, Le Baron de Lahontan (R. S. C., 1894); Verreau,
Quelques Notes sur Antoine de Lamothe de Cadillac; Parkman, Old
Régime and Frontenac.
La Mouche. L Nephew of Huron chief, deserts to the Iroquois at Long
Sault, 71.
Lampman, Archibald (1861-1899). Educated at Trinity University, Toronto,
graduating in 1882; appointed to a clerkship in the post-office
department at Ottawa the following year, and remained there up to the
time of his death. Put the best of himself into his poems, in which he
interpreted with rare discernment and charm the spirit of the woods and
fields of his native country. Bib.: Works: Among the Millet; Lyrics
of Earth; Poems, ed. by Duncan Campbell Scott, with biog. sketch. For
biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.
Lancaster, Joseph (1778-1838). Founded the Lancasterian system of
education. In 1798 began teaching poor children on the Madras system;
and gradually introduced improvements. In 1818 came to America, and at
one time conducted a school in Montreal. Published several books on his
system of education. Index: W Founder of Madras system of national
schools, 86. See also Madras schools. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Landry, Pierre Armand (1846- ). Born in Dorchester, New Brunswick.
Educated at St. Joseph's College, Memramcook; studied law and called to
the bar of New Brunswick, 1870. Member of the Assembly, 1878-1883;
elected to the House of Commons, 1883; appointed judge of the County
Court, 1890; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, 1893.
Index: Md His motion of regret that sentence of death passed upon Riel
not commuted, 280-281. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Lands, Public. Mc Evils of methods of granting, 74; list of grants in
first thirty-five years, 74. Bk Grants made near Niagara to previously
disloyal persons, 64. W Dissatisfaction over management of, in New
Brunswick, and movement to bring under provincial control, 18-30, 38,
48. T Improper sales of, 51-52. S Land boards attempt to check
speculation, 102; discontinued, 104; grants of, dealt with by Executive
Council after discontinuance of boards, 101-103, 104; grants of, made to
officers of the government, 215.
Langelier, François Charles Stanislas (1838- ). Born at Ste. Rosalie,
Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law and called to the bar,
1861. Joined the staff of Laval, and became dean of the law faculty, and
member of the council. Entered public life in 1871; returned for
Montmagny, 1873, and for Portneuf, 1878, in Legislature; sat for
Megantic, 1884; and for Quebec Centre, 1887, in Dominion House. Held the
offices of commissioner of crown lands, and provincial treasurer, in the
Quebec government, 1878-1879. Index: C One of the founders of Le Parti
National and its organ Le National, 30. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Langevin, Sir Hector Louis (1826-1906). Born at Quebec. Entered
Parliament in 1867, as member for Dorchester; subsequently represented,
successively, Charlévoix, and Three Rivers. Appointed secretary of
state, 1867; minister of public works, 1869; postmaster-general, 1878;
and again minister of public works, 1879; resigned 1891. Index: Md
Secretary of state in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; his organizing
ability and great local influence, 140; announces death of Sir John A.
Macdonald, 325-326. T Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to
Quebec Conference, 76; member of first Dominion ministry, 129. Bib.:
Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Rose,
Cyc. Can. Biog.
Langhorn, John. S Second Church of England clergyman to arrive in Upper
Canada, 158.
Langlade. See Mouet de Moras de Langlade.
Langlois, Françoise. Ch Wife of Pierre Desportes, 146.
Langlois, Marguerite. Ch Wife of Abraham Martin, 146.
Langlois, Noël. Ch Settler from Normandy, 252.
Langoissieux, Pierre. Ch Récollet, assumes monastic habit, 149; returns
to France, 209.
Languedoc. WM Battalion of regular troops, 29, 105, 118, 192.
La Noüe. See Robutel.
Lanjuère, de. L Life of Olier by, 135.
Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, fifth Marquis of. Born
in 1845. Educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford; succeeded to
marquisate, 1866. After holding minor offices in the government, became
under-secretary for war in 1872, and in 1880 under-secretary for India.
In 1883 appointed governor-general of Canada; and at the end of his
term, 1888, went to India as viceroy. On his return, became secretary
for war in 1895, and in 1900 foreign secretary. Since the death of the
Duke of Devonshire, has been the leader of the Conservatives in the
House of Lords. Bib.: Who's Who.
Lapause, De. WM Sent to erect defences at fords of Montmorency, 112;
accompanies Lévis to the West, 147; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 261.
La Peltrie, Marie Madeleine de (née de Chauvigny). Daughter of the
Seigneur de Vaubougon, in Normandy; married early in life, and while
still young was left a widow with a large fortune. Filled with religious
zeal, devoted herself and her fortune to the founding of the Ursuline
convent in Canada. In 1639 sailed for Quebec, and with her companions
began there the important work of ministering to the sick and educating
Indian girls. With tireless energy, carried on the work for thirty-two
years, dying in November, 1671, a few months before her lifelong friend
and co-worker, Marie de l'Incarnation (q.v.). Index: F Arrival of, at
Quebec, 28; accompanies Maisonneuve to Montreal, 33. L Her piety, 92;
Ursuline convent established by, 125; death of, 153; appearance and
character, 153, 154. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in the New World;
Parkman, Jesuits in North America and Old Régime.
La Pérouse, Jean François de Galaup, Comte de (1741-1788). French
admiral. D Explores North-West Coast in 1788, 25. Bib.: Voyage autour
du Monde; Marcel, Vie de La Pérouse.
La Perrière. WM Commanded to evacuate Johnstone's redoubt, 140.
La Place, Jacques de. Ch Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.
La Potherie. See Bacqueville.
Laprairie. On south shore of St. Lawrence, above Montreal. Index: F
Attack on, by war party under John Schuyler, 281; serious encounter at,
between Canadian forces and party under Peter Schuyler, 312.
La Rabeyre, De. L French officer, put to death by Iroquois, 227.
La Ralde, Raymond de. Ch Accompanies De Caën to Quebec, 138; returns to
France, 141; appointed admiral of Company's fleet, 154.
La Riborde, Gabriel de. Récollet missionary; arrived from France in
1670, and sent to Cataraqui as chaplain to the garrison. Was in the West
with La Salle and Hennepin, in 1679-1680. Index: L With Tonti and Membré
at Fort Crèvecœur, 149; murdered by the Illinois, 150. Bib.: Parkman,
La Salle.
La Rochebeaucour, De. WM Second aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; forms
cavalry corps, 87; commands Bougainville's cavalry, 222; brings
provisions into Quebec, 232.
La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François Alexandre Frédéric, Duc de
(1747-1827). Chiefly remembered because of his valuable and entertaining
Travels, "full of keen, fair-minded observation regarding every
variety of detail of life in America as this exiled French nobleman
found it, told in a readable style, not without an occasional touch of
humour." Exiled from France in 1768; returned, for several years, and
went into retirement until after Waterloo. Made a peer of France at the
Restoration. Index: Dr Not allowed to visit Lower Canada, 290. S Visitor
to Upper Canada, 56; his observations, 71, 73, 74; describes opening of
Legislature, 92, 93; high opinion of Simcoe's secretary, 178; describes
Colonel Smith's house, 179; on scarcity of servants, 182; entertained by
Simcoe at Navy Hall, 187, 230; on Simcoe's household, 187; Simcoe
objects to some of his remarks, 188; on Simcoe's military talent, 225.
Bib.: Works: Voyage dans les États-Unis d'Amerique fait en 1795-97;
État des Pauvres en Angleterre; Le Bonheur du Peuple.
La Rochelle. French seaport, on the Atlantic, long a stronghold of the
Huguenots. Index: Ch Merchants of, contraband traders, 140.
La Rouette. Ch Pilot, accompanies Champlain in his expedition against
the Iroquois, 52.
La Salle, Jean Baptiste de (1651-1719). Abbé; canon of Rheims. Index: L
Founder (1684) of the order of Christian Brothers, 125.
La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de (1643-1687). Sailed for Canada
in the spring of 1666; granted by the Sulpicians the seigniory of
Lachine, from which, in 1669, he set out with Dollier de Casson and
Galinée upon the first of those explorations towards the west and south
for which he was to become famous. Meeting Jolliet at the western end of
Lake Ontario, Dollier de Casson and Galinée decided to make their way to
the upper lakes, while La Salle turned south and explored the Ohio. His
later explorations have been the subject of long controversy—the point
in dispute being whether he explored the Mississippi before or after
Marquette and Jolliet. In any event, he first descended the river to its
mouth, 1681-1682. Upon his return, sailed for France, and in 1684 set
out with four ships to establish a colony at the mouth of the
Mississippi. This unfortunate expedition culminated in the murder of La
Salle by his own men. Index: F Sent to invite Indians to conference, 79;
first commandant of Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 86; reports Perrot's
defiant proceedings to Frontenac, 92; his views on sale of liquor to
Indians, 123; obtains grant of Fort Frontenac from the king, 156;
obtains exclusive right of trading in Mississippi region, 158;
difficulties encountered by, 159, 161; relations with Frontenac, 162;
discoveries disparaged by La Barre and also by the king, 176; financial
affairs, 178; his forts and other property seized by La Barre, restored
to him, 179; king takes him under his special protection, 180. L Sells
liquor to Indians, 116; obtains letters of nobility, and concession at
Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 145; birth and character, 147; explorations,
148-153; goes to France, 151; misfortunes and death of, 152; reports
sermon of Abbé Fénelon, 160. WM Discovers mouth of Mississippi, 19.
Bib.: Memoir, in French, Hist. Coll. of Louisiana, 2d Ser., vol.
2; letters and other documents, in Margry, Découvertes; Shea, Voyages
up and down Mississippi; Parkman, La Salle; Winsor, Nar. and Crit.
Hist.; Falconer, Discovery of Mississippi; Griffin, Discovery of
Mississippi; Sparks, La Salle in Lib. of Am. Biog.; Gravier,
Découvertes; Harrisse, Notes pour Servir; Joutel, Journal
Historique; Chesnel, Histoire de Cavelier de la Salle; Guénin,
Cavelier de la Salle; Sulte, La Morte de la Salle; Girouard, Lake
St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle.
La Sarre Regiment. WM One battalion of, sent to Canada, 12, 29; in
battle of the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 261.
Lascelles' Regiment. WM In centre under Murray, 189; in battle of Ste.
Foy, 259.
La Taille. Ch Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41.
La Terrière, Pierre de Sales. Came to Canada from France, 1766;
appointed agent at Quebec for the St. Maurice forges, 1771; his place of
business in front of the lower town market, facing the church of Notre
Dame; in 1775 appointed inspector of works, and removed to the forges,
on the banks of the St. Maurice, a few miles above Three Rivers. Left an
interesting account of the works, in his Mémoires de Laterrière.
Implicated in the American invasion of 1776, and arrested. Index: Hd
Inspector of St. Maurice forges, 48; arrest of, 277; dislike of
Haldimand, 277; suspected of supplying Americans with petards and
cannon-balls from St. Maurice forges, 277-278; his defence of Du Calvet,
284-287; his description of Haldimand, 293. Bib.: Christie, History of
Lower Canada.
La Terrière de Sales. Represented Saguenay in Assembly, 1844-1854;
appointed to Legislative Council, 1856. Index: E Votes against
secularization of Clergy Reserves, 164.
La Tesserie, De. L Member of the Sovereign Council, 158.
Sir Wilfrid Laurier
Latour, Abbé Bertrand de. L On the humility of Laval, 33; on the evils
flowing from the sale of liquor to the Indians, 36; on mental
characteristics of Canadian children, 100; on the virtues of Laval, 187.
Bib.: Mémoire sur la Vie de Laval.
La Tour, Charles Amador de. Son of Claude de la Tour. Came to Acadia in
1610 with his father. Driven out of Port Royal by the English; built a
post near Cape Sable, on what is now known as Port Latour. In 1632, when
Acadia was restored to France, Razilly came out with Charnisay to
strengthen the colony. Razilly died in 1636, and a bitter conflict
followed between Charnisay and La Tour, both of whom claimed to
represent the king in Acadia. Charnisay had rebuilt Port Royal, and La
Tour occupied a fort at the mouth of the St. John. The outcome of the
quarrel was an order for the arrest of La Tour. Charnisay attacked La
Tour's fort, but was driven off. When he blockaded the harbour, La Tour
escaped to Boston, returned with English ships, and drove Charnisay to
the shelter of Port Royal. The latter's opportunity came, however,
later. He attacked the fort during La Tour's absence. La Tour's wife
made a gallant defence, and Charnisay succeeded in the end only by
resorting to treachery. He carried Madame La Tour to Port Royal, where
she died in 1645. Some years later, after the death of Charnisay, La
Tour brought this curious drama to a conclusion by marrying the widow of
his rival. He had already obtained restitution from the king, who made
him governor of Acadia; and some years later showed his powers of
persuasion by obtaining a generous grant of land from Cromwell, who had,
in 1654, taken possession of the colony. Died about 1666. Bib.: Parkman,
Old Régime; Hannay, History of Acadia; Kirke, The First English
Conquest of Canada.
La Tour, Claude de. A Huguenot gentleman; came to Port Royal in 1610
with Poutrincourt; in 1614 had a trading-post on the Penobscot. Sailed
for France in 1627, and on his return the following year, with supplies
for the defence of Acadia, captured by Kirke and carried to England.
There married one of the queen's French maids of honour, and was
persuaded to throw in his lot with the English. Promised to win over his
son Charles (q.v.), but the latter scornfully refused to change his
allegiance. Afterwards built a fort at the mouth of the St. John, for
the French, to whom he had once more transferred his services. Index: Ch
Captured by Kirke, 177. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime; Hannay, History of
Acadia; Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada.
Lattaignant, Gabriel de. Ch Assists in forming Company of New France,
168; made a director, 170.
L'Auberivière, François Louis de Pourroy de. Roman Catholic bishop of
Quebec, 1739-1740, succeeding Dosquet. Died at Quebec, 1740. Index: L
bishop of Quebec, 12.
Laurier, Sir Wilfrid (1841- ). Born at St. Lin, Quebec. Studied law at
McGill University, and called to the bar, 1864. Entered public life in
1871 as member for Drummond and Arthabaska in the Quebec Assembly; three
years later returned to the House of Commons for the same constituency.
Entered the Mackenzie Cabinet, 1877, as minister of inland revenue. In
1887 leader of the opposition; and in 1896, upon the defeat of the
Tupper government, called upon to form an administration, himself taking
the office of president of the Council. Received the honour of G. C. M.
G. in 1897, and the same year called to the Imperial Privy Council.
Index: Mc Justifies Upper Canada Rebellion, 30, 31. Md His
administration repeals Franchise Act of 1885, 260; succeeds Blake as
leader of Liberal party, 1887, 261, 263; lukewarm towards policy of
commercial union, 296; his reply to Macdonald's appeal to the
electorate, 1891, 311; finally disposes of unrestricted reciprocity,
317; his speech in Parliament on death of Macdonald, 326-329. C On the
Quebec radicals, 27-28; one of the founders of Le Parti National and
its organ Le National, 30; on Cartier, 116-117. Bib.: Discours sur le
libéralisme politique; Barthe, Discours de Laurier, depuis 1871 à
1890. For biog., see Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal
Party; Fréchette, Wilfrid Laurier; Moreau, Sir Wilfrid Laurier;
David, Laurier et son Temps; Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.
Lausaunne. Hd The resort of savants, 3.
Lauzon, Jean de. Born, 1582. Governor of New France, 1651-1656; had
already been associated with the interests of the colony by reason of
his position as president of the Company of New France, and had used his
office to acquire the island of Montreal and Point Lévis opposite
Quebec. His administration as governor made odious not only by a long
series of public mistakes, but by his too obvious intention of using the
office to enrich himself and his sons. Returned to France in 1656; and
mentioned in contemporary narratives as late as 1660. Index: Ch
Intendant of Company of New France, 170; objects to return of Récollets,
225. F Governor, 38; returns to France, 42. Bib.: Douglas, Old France
in the New World; Parkman, Old Régime.
Lauzon-Charny, Charles de. Son of Jean de Lauzon, and administrator of
New France after the departure of his father in 1656. During his
father's governorship, had been invested with the high-sounding but
empty title of Grand Maître des Eaux et Forêts de la Nouvelle France.
Returned to France in 1656; entered the church; and returned in 1659
with Laval, who made him a member of the Ecclesiastical Council. Index:
L Director of Seminary, 55; grand vicar, accompanies Laval to France,
134. Bib.: Douglas, Old France in the New World.
Laval, Anne Charlotte. L Only sister of Bishop Laval, 19.
Laval, Charles François Guy (Fanchon). L Nephew of Laval, educated by
him at Quebec, 140.
Laval-Montmorency, François de (1623-1708). L Appointed apostolic vicar
with title of bishop of Petræa in partibus, 7; opposes liquor traffic,
10; founds Seminary at Quebec, 10; created bishop of Quebec, 12; not
fully appreciated in his lifetime, 15; his noble birth, 17; his devotion
to St. François Xavier and St. François d'Assisi, 18; a scholar at
College of La Flèche, 19; inherits patrimony of Montigny, and called for
a time Abbé de Montigny, 19; yields patrimony to his younger brother,
Jean-Louis, 19, 21; admitted to congregation of the Holy Virgin, 20;
receives tonsure at nine years of age and made canon of Evreux at
fifteen, 20; leaves La Flèche at nineteen and goes to the College of
Clermont at Paris, 21; death of his two elder brothers, 21; his mother
desires him to marry, 21; appointed archdeacon of cathedral of Evreux,
22; his zealous performance of his duties, 23; goes to Rome in
expectation of an appointment as one of three bishops for Asia, 23;
resigns his archdeaconry, 23; becomes inmate of Hermitage of de
Bérnières at Caen, 24, 25; recommended by Jesuits as vicar apostolic for
Canada, 26; consecrated as such by papal nuncio, 26; arrives at Quebec,
June 16, 1659, 26; his authority questioned, 27; demands written
recognition of his authority, 28; suspends the Abbé de Queylus, 28;
manner and personal appearance, 28, 29; attention to the sick, 33; his
different places of residence in Quebec, 33; friction with Governor
D'Argenson, 34; his efforts to prevent sale of brandy to the Indians,
36-39; sails for France, obtains recall of D'Avaugour, and military
reinforcements for colony, 39; his influence in the creation of the
Sovereign Council, 40; returns to Canada, 41; founds Seminary, 47, 48;
his regulations therefor approved by the king, 50; obtains authority to
collect tithes, 50; receives flattering letters from the king and
Colbert, with gift of money, 52; resides at Seminary, 55; opposed to
permanent livings for clergy, 55; his personal income transferred to the
Seminary, 56; imposes on himself many privations, 56; affiliates
Seminary with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57; acquires seigniory of
Beaupré and exchanges it for Île Jésus, 58; baptizes Iroquois chief, 65;
visits various settlements of Christian Indians, 74; bears testimony to
the high character of De Tracy, 81; describes church at Quebec in letter
to Pope, 84; approves of works of piety instituted by Jesuits, 86;
encourages devotion to the Holy Family, 86; his visits to Montreal, 87;
his wise views, 98; watches over instruction of youth, 99; establishes
boarding school at St. Joachim, 100; encourages Brotherhood of Ste.
Anne, 101; builds first sanctuary of Ste. Anne at Beaupré, 101; makes
pilgrimage to Beaupré, 101; his instructions to missionaries, 105-107;
receives Récollets with benevolence, 111; his zeal for primary
education, 124; appointed bishop, 129, 136; his letter to the
Propaganda, 131; has manager appointed for his abbey of Lestrées, 138;
rents it to Berthelot, 138; exchanges Island of Orleans for Île Jésus,
138; visits his family in France, 139; family troubles, 139; renews
connection of Seminary with Foreign Missions of Paris, 140; returns to
Canada, 141, 169; sails for France in connection with liquor traffic
question, 173; erects parish of Notre Dame de Montreal, 175; joins it to
Seminary of St. Sulpice, 175; his interest in chapel of Bonsecours, 178;
bows to king's decision on tithes question, 181; returns to Canada, 184;
resists attempt to connect his diocese with archbishopric of Paris, 184;
bestows all his property on the Seminary of Quebec, 185; letter to the
king, 187; visits parishes and missions, 189, 190; illness, 190; letter
to king as to need for reinforcements, 192; establishes chapter of
diocese, 197; sails for France, 198; resigns as bishop in favour of
Saint-Vallier, 200; returns to Canada, 202, 220; physical suffering,
205; letter to Saint-Vallier, 206; disagreement with Saint-Vallier on
the subject of the Seminary, 208; his return to Canada delayed, 211;
returns, 219, 220; receives his successor, 221; his conduct during siege
of Quebec, 231; his grief over the policy adopted in regard to the
Seminary, 235; his escape from burning building, 240; his labours in
extreme age, 244; his admiration of the Charron brothers, 247; his
habits and practices described by Brother Houssart, 251-256; by De la
Colombière, 256, 257; his death, 263; miraculous cures attributed to,
264; burial in cathedral and subsequent transfer of remains to Seminary,
265, 266. F Arrival of, as vicar apostolic and bishop of Petræa in
partibus, 43; sends De Queylus back to France, 43; disagrees with
Governor D'Argenson, 45; also with D'Avaugour, 46; sails for France,
1662, 46; procures recall of D'Avaugour and appointment of Mézy, 48;
returns to Quebec, September, 1663, 48; establishes Quebec Seminary, 48;
and Lesser Seminary, 49; quarrels with Mézy, 50; sails for France to
settle question of bishopric, May, 1672, 70; made bishop of Quebec, and
returns to Canada, 1675, 71; establishes Ecclesiastical Court, 111;
curtails honours paid to governor in church, 112; king's instructions on
the subject, 113; Frontenac's estimate of bishop's revenue, 114; objects
to trading permits issued by governor, as involving selling of liquor to
Indians, 116; gains the king over to his views, 116; sends grand-vicar
to France to uphold his policy, 118; goes to France to press his views,
1678, 125; effect of his elevation to rank of bishop, 164; not
favourable to permanent curacies, 165, 190; rejects offer of Récollets
to serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support,
165; determines to resign, 190; goes to France, 1684, 191; chooses
Saint-Vallier as his successor, 191; describes Canada as "the country of
miracles," 301. Bib.: Têtu, Esquisse Biographique de Laval; Esquisse
de la Vie, etc., de Laval; Parkman, Old Régime; Gosselin, François
de Montmorency-Laval; Colby, Canadian Types of the Old Régime; Le
Vénérable François de Montmorency-Laval; Douglas, Old France in the
New World; Dent, Can. Por.
Laval, Guy de. L Ancestor of Bishop Laval, 17.
Laval, Henri de. L His letter to his brother the bishop, 139; second
letter, 141.
Laval, Hugues de. L Father of Bishop Laval, 17.
Laval, Jean-Louis. L Brother of Bishop Laval, 19; bad conduct of, 139.
Laval University. Founded, 1668, as the Quebec Seminary, and granted a
royal charter in 1852, at the instance of Lord Elgin, then
governor-general. Index: L Its origin traced to Quebec Seminary, 99.
See also Quebec Seminary. Bib.: Hamel, Sketch of Laval University in
Canada: An Ency., vol. 4; Roy, L'Université Laval et les Fêtes du
Cinquantenaire.
Lavalette. Ch A Basque, fishes on Acadian coast as early as 1565, 59.
La Vallée, de. Ch Godfather of young Hurons, 233.
La Valtrie, Séraphin Marganne, Sieur de (1643-1693). A native of St.
Benoit de Paris. Obtained a lieutenancy in the Lignières Regiment; took
service under De Tracy, 1664, and came to Canada the following year.
Granted the seigniory of Lavaltrie in 1672; sent to the western posts as
commandant, and replaced by La Durantaye, 1683; accompanied Denonville
on his expedition against the Iroquois, 1687. Killed, 1693. Index: F
Seignior, commands militia; in 1687 in attack on Iroquois, 209; killed
by Iroquois in 1693, 323. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.
Laverdière, Charles Honoré (1826-1873). Educated at Laval University.
Studied for the church and ordained priest. Joined the faculty of Laval,
and became university librarian. Ch On question of Champlain's tomb,
261-262. Bib.: Edited the Works and Voyages of Champlain; and
completed Ferland's Cours d'Histoire du Canada; author of Histoire du
Canada; Samuel de Champlain; edited, with Abbé Casgrain, the Journal
des Jesuites, 1645-1668.
La Vérendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de (1685-1749). Son of
René Gaultier, Sieur de Varennes, governor of Three Rivers. Served in
the New England campaign of 1704, and the following year in
Newfoundland. In 1707 with the army in Flanders, and wounded at
Malplaquet in 1709. Returning to Canada, engaged in the fur trade, for
some years on the St. Maurice, and 1727-1728 on Lake Nipigon. There
conceived the idea of exploring the unknown country beyond Lake
Superior, to discover the Western Sea, a project to which he devoted the
remainder of his life. Left Montreal for the West in 1731; built forts
on Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods, and in the succeeding years
penetrated to Lake Winnipeg, Red River, and the Assiniboine. In 1738
made a journey to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and the following
year one of his sons penetrated to the Saskatchewan. In 1742, unable to
go himself, sent two of his sons far to the south-west. They hoped, as
he had always hoped, to reach at last the Western Sea, but were baffled
by hostile tribes and the barrier of the Rocky Mountains. In 1743
returned finally to Montreal, broken in health and heavily in debt. Six
years later died there. His sons begged to be allowed to continue his
western explorations, but hostile influences made this impossible. WM
Discoverer of the Rocky Mountains, 19. L Carries explorations as far as
the Rocky Mountains, 11. MS Leads the way inland from Lake Superior, 3;
his search for Western Sea, 40; his reply to charge of making money in
fur trade, 281. Bib.: Prud'homme, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de
La Vérendrye (R. S. C., 1905); Laut, Pathfinders of the West;
Parkman, Half Century of Conflict; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company;
Burpee, Search for the Western Sea. See also his journals in
Canadian Archives Report, 1889; Richard's Summary (Can. Arch.,
1904); and Margry, Découvertes et Établissements des Français. His
Journals are now being edited for the Champlain Society, Toronto.
La Vigne, Captain de. Ch Sails for France with Champlain, 141.
Laviolette. Hd Three Rivers founded by, in 1634, 43-44.
Law. Dr Confusion and abuse in administration of, 51-55.
Law, Captain John. S First sergeant at arms of the Upper Canada
Assembly, 85; a retired officer of the Queen's Rangers, 85.
Law, John. R Headmaster of Gore district Grammar School, Upper Canada,
4; Egerton Ryerson studies under, 5.
Lawrence, Charles. Entered the army as ensign, 1727; captain, 1742; and
major, 1747. Accompanied Warburton's Infantry to Nova Scotia, and
engaged in the French wars at Cobequid, 1749-1750; brigadier-general
under Amherst at the siege of Louisbourg, 1758. Nine years earlier had
been appointed a member of the Council of Nova Scotia; administered the
government on the retirement of Governor Hopson, 1753;
lieutenant-governor, 1754; and governor, 1756. The first Assembly met
under his governorship, 1758. Responsible for the expulsion of the
Acadians. Died at Halifax, Oct. 19, 1760. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.;
Akins, History of Halifax; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Hannay,
History of Acadia; Richard, Acadia. See also Acadians, Expulsion
of the.
Lawrence, Joseph W. T Supports Tilley in 1850, 10.
Laws, Captain. Dr Sent with seventy men to attack Arnold in rear, 129;
completes discomfiture of enemy, 131. Hd Effects arrest of Du Calvet,
285.
Le Baillif. Ch Under clerk at Tadoussac, 133; placed in charge of
storehouse by Kirke, 195; a bad character, 202-204.
Le Baillif, George. Ch Récollet missionary, 87; goes to France, as
delegate from colony, 136.
Lebel, J. G. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.
Le Ber, Jeanne, daughter of Jacques Le Ber, of Montreal. Index: L Birth,
baptism, and virtues of, 91; mortifications practised by, 92.
Le Ber, Pierre. L House of charity established by, 245.
Le Ber de Senneville, Jacques (1633-1706). One of the principal
merchants of Montreal; married in 1658 Jeanne, sister of Charles Le
Moyne. In 1673 engaged with Aubert de la Chesnaye in the fur trade at
Cataraqui, and aroused the hostility of Governor Perrot of Montreal, who
was also interested in the fur trade. In 1675 sold out his rights at
Cataraqui to La Salle; and four years later acquired the seigniory of
Senneville. Mentioned in 1691 as in a fur-trading partnership with
Frontenac. Index: F Imprisoned by Perrot, 92; La Barre's dealings with,
175. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.
Le Borgne de Belle Isle, Emmanuel. Ch Takes Fort St. Pierre, 236.
Le Brun de Duplessis, Jean-Baptiste. Born at Corbie, in Picardy, about
1730. Came to Canada about 1755 and joined the Béarn Regiment; practised
as a notary in Quebec for many years. Died there some time after 1796.
See R. S. C., Trans., 1900, I, 129-130. Index: Dr Carleton's account
of, 68.
Le Canadien. Newspaper, published at Quebec. Index: BL On the political
situation in 1842, 116. C First French newspaper in Quebec, 95;
suppressed by Governor Craig, 95. P Established in 1806 by Bédard,
Panet, and other French-Canadian leaders, 28; suppressed by Sir James
Craig, 29.
Le Caron, Joseph. Ch Récollet missionary, 85; goes to country of the
Hurons, 88; with Champlain visits the Tionnontates or Petuneux, 106;
meets Father d'Olbeau at Three Rivers, 107; sails for France, 111;
becomes commissary of the Récollets, in Canada, 112; performs first
marriage ceremony in Canada, 113; proceeds to Huron country, 149;
returns to France, 208; death of, 226. L Missionary labours of, 3. Bib.:
Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Le Chausseur. F Secretary to Frontenac, 139.
Le Clercq, Chrestien. Récollet missionary in Canada, and historian of
his order. Index: F On great need for Récollet order in Canada, 72; on
Schenectady massacre, 247; on "flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 296.
Ch Quoted, 112, 114; praises virtue of early Canadian settlers, 258.
Bib.: Établissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France, trans. by Shea,
under the title First Establishment of the Faith; Nouvelle Relation
de la Gaspesie, trans. for the Champlain Society by Ganong, under the
title New Relation of Gaspesia. Both these translations give in the
introductions biographical details of the author as far as known.
Lecompte-Dupré, J. B. Dr Colonel of Quebec militia, 246.
Le Diable. WM Name given to floating battery, 87, 104.
Le Du. S French priest, deported, 190.
Lee. W Receiver-general, New Brunswick, 69.
Le Faucheur. Ch One of the men landed by Kirke on St. Pierre Island,
174.
Le Foulon. Now known as Wolfe's Cove. Index: WM Guard of 100 men at,
160; Wolfe carefully examines from the river, 168; learns that it is
poorly guarded, 171; effects landing at, 181.
Le Gardeur de Repentigny, Jean Baptiste (1632-1709). Son of Pierre Le
Gardeur (q.v.). His father brought him to Canada at the age of four
years. Resided in Montreal, 1642-1643; and in 1656 married Marguerite,
daughter of Jean Nicolet, the explorer. In 1663 elected mayor of Quebec,
but promptly resigned under official pressure, the policy of the
government being opposed to anything approaching popular government.
Raised a company of volunteers at Quebec in 1665, and accompanied the
regulars to Three Rivers, which they were just in time to save from an
Iroquois attack. In 1687 accompanied Denonville on his expedition
against the Iroquois. Index: F Goes to France on behalf of Montreal
colonists, 36. Ch Acts as godfather to young Hurons, 233. Bib.: Parkman,
Frontenac.
Le Gardeur de Repentigny, Pierre. Arrived at Quebec from Normandy with
his wife and family, 1636. Obtained a grant of land from the Company of
New France, and engaged in the fur trade. In 1644 went to France to
secure concessions for the Company of Habitants, which he had been
instrumental in organizing. In 1647 granted the seigniories of Cournoyer
and Repentigny, but did not live long to enjoy them, as he died the
following year on his way to France. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.
Le Gardeur de Tilly, Charles (1611-1695). Brother of Pierre Le Gardeur
de Repentigny; a native of Normandy; came to Canada in 1636; and in 1648
made governor of Three Rivers. Married the same year Geneviève
Juchereau. In 1660 granted the fief of St. Michel by the Company of New
France; and transferred it to the Seminary in 1668. In 1673 acted for
the governor, Frontenac, during his absence at Cataraqui, but
afterwards fell into his bad graces. Index: L Member of Sovereign
Council, 158, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec, 167. F Member of
Sovereign Council, 106. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.
Legendre, Lucas. Ch Purchases supplies for De Monts's second expedition
to Quebec, 56.
Legislative Assembly. Mc Composition of, under Constitutional Act, 53;
Goldwin Smith on, 54; irritation between, and Executive Council, 54, 55;
Lord Durham on, 56, 58, 59, 60; true principle of government, 61, 63. S
First of Upper Canada, list of members and their counties, 80; opening
of, at Niagara, 82.
Legislative Council. Mc Created by Constitutional Act, 52; Lord Durham
criticizes and suggests revision, 57; attitude of Lower Canada Reformers
to, 69; rejects three hundred and twenty-five bills in eight years, 73;
Sir John Colborne on, 268; collision with Assembly, 276; should be
elective, 277; Glenelg insists that it shall be non-elective, 324. Sy
Its constitution, 77, 175; its activity under Constitutional Act, 80; in
Lower Canada English-speaking element dominant in, 81; demand that it
should be made elective, 84; Sydenham's description of, 220; enlarged by
Sir George Arthur with good results, 220; members opposed to union
record their dissent, 231; S Suspicious of later Loyalist emigration,
57. Dr Appointed under Quebec Act, first meeting of, 90; how composed,
269; its power of veto, 277; its sympathies with governor and against
people, 277. Hd Its welcome to Haldimand, 117-118; composition of, 175;
statement made regarding power of, 188; sees Haldimand depart, 309;
changes in membership of, at change of governor, 314.
Legislative Union. Md Strongly favoured by Macdonald; opposed by
Maritime Provinces and Lower Canada, 107-109, 245.
L'Huillier, Raoul. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.
Leisler, Jacob. F Seizes government of New York, 266.
Le Jeune, Paul. Superior of Jesuits in Canada. Came to Canada in 1632,
and went on a mission to the Algonquians the following year; succeeded
by Vimont as superior, 1639; appointed to the governor's Council, 1640;
returned to France the same year; proposed for bishop of Quebec. Index:
L Bishopric of Quebec offered to, 25. F Preaches funeral sermon on
Champlain, 27. Ch Celebrates mass in house of Mme. Hébert, 148; his
letter on education of Indian children, 230, 231; describes first
service in church, 239; preaches funeral sermon over Champlain, 261;
advises Mme. Champlain, 264. Bib.: Relations, 1632-1640; Parkman,
Jesuits in North America; Douglas, Old France in the New World.
Lelièvre, S. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.
Lemaire. L Servant in the Seminary, Laval's account of, 250.
Lemaistre, Simon. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.
Lemaître. L Sulpician, comes out in St. André, 31; his attentions to
those suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91.
Le Marchant, Sir John Gaspard (1803-1874). H Becomes governor of Nova
Scotia, 1852, 143; his connection with the Foreign Enlistment Act,
149-152. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Lemoyne, Mme. Jacques. L Land bought from, for church at Montreal, 88.
Le Moyne, Paul, Sieur de Maricourt (1663-1704). Son of Charles Le Moyne,
Sieur de Longueuil. Born in Montreal. Accompanied De Troyes and
Iberville on the expedition against the Hudson Bay forts, Moose Factory,
Rupert, and Albany, in 1686; and left in charge of the captured posts
when the leaders returned to Quebec. Again served with Iberville on the
bay in 1689, in the capture of the Hampshire. The following year
brought a party of voyageurs to help in the defence of Quebec against
Admiral Phipps. Once more with his brother Iberville on Hudson Bay, in
1694, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson. Inherited much of his
father's remarkable influence over the Iroquois, and negotiated an
important treaty with them about the beginning of the eighteenth
century. Index: F Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; arrives at
Quebec, during siege by Phipps, 292; with his brother, Iberville, in
Hudson Bay, 343. L Takes part in expedition to Hudson Bay, 204. Bib.:
Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.
See also Iberville.
Lemoyne, Simon. Ch Jesuit, professor in College of Rouen, 207.
Le Moyne de Ste. Hélène, Jacques (1659-1690). Son of Charles Le Moyne,
and brother of Iberville, Bienville, and other members of this noted
family. Trained, like Iberville, for the navy; returned to Canada, and
in 1686 accompanied De Troyes on the Hudson Bay expedition. Took part in
the raid on Schenectady in 1690; and mortally wounded during the siege
of Quebec by Phipps. Index: F Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 208;
commands in war party against Schenectady, 235; mortally wounded in
skirmish on Beauport flats, 299. L Takes part in expedition to Hudson
Bay, 204; killed in siege of Quebec, 231. Bib.: See Iberville.
Le Moyne de Serigny, Joseph (1668-1734). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and
brother of Iberville, Bienville, and St. Hélène. Accompanied Iberville
to Hudson Bay, 1690, and left in command of Fort Albany after its
capture. Again in the bay with Iberville in 1694 and in 1697. Given
command of Fort Nelson the latter year. Joined Iberville in Louisiana in
1700, and associated with him in the development of the colony. Reached
high rank in the navy, and was governor of Rochefort at the time of his
death. Index: F Goes to France on affairs of Hudson Bay, 345. Bib.:
See Iberville.
Le Moyne. See Bienville; Iberville; Longueuil.
Le National. Newspaper published at Montreal. Index: C Founded as organ
of Le Parti National, in 1872, 30.
Leonard, Samuel. T English schoolmaster, 5.
Leopard and Chesapeake. Bk Affair of, 82-86.
Leroux, Laurent (1758-1855). Western fur trader. Index: MS Builds post
on Great Slave Lake, 18; sends Sutherland and the "English Chief" to
northern tribes, 18; with Mackenzie at Chipewyan, 33; Mackenzie's
return, 48; post on Great Slave Lake, 49; sent to Beaver Indians, 49.
Bib.: Morice, Dict. Hist. des Canadiens de l'Ouest; Burpee, Search
for the Western Sea.
Le Roy, Marguerite. Ch Mother of Champlain, 1.
Le Sage, Captain. WM Repulses landing of English, 107.
Lesage, Marguerite. Ch Wife of Nicolas Rivert, 146.
Lescarbot, Marc. Born at Vervins, near Laon, France, about 1570. Studied
law and called to the bar in 1599. The previous year delivered two Latin
orations before the papal legate sent by Clement VIII to arrange the
terms of the treaty of Vervins. Through Poutrincourt (q.v.), who had
been one of his clients, induced to sail for Port Royal, 1606; and spent
twelve months in the New World, returning to France in 1607. While at
Port Royal, took an active part in the work of building, gardening,
etc., spent much of his time hunting and fishing; and in the evening
read and composed many of the poems afterwards included in his Muses de
la Nouvelle France. On his return, set to work to prepare his account
of Acadia. Spent the years 1612 to 1614 in Switzerland; married in 1619.
Beyond this year, nothing is known of his life. Index: Ch Arrival of,
at Port Royal, 35; useful in the colony, 37; returns to France, 37.
Bib.: Histoire de la Nouvelle France, Paris, 1609; 2nd ed., 1611;
reprinted 1612; 3rd ed., 1618; reprint of 1612 issue, 1866. In 1907 the
Champlain Society, Toronto, published a new edition, with an English
translation and notes by W. L. Grant, and an introduction by H. P.
Biggar. See also Demarsy, Notes sur Marc Lescarbot; Parkman,
Pioneers of France; Hannay, History of Acadia.
Le Sire. Ch Clerk in De Caën's company, 138.
Leslie, Alexander (1740?-1794). British general. Index: Dr In command at
Charleston, S. C., 197; embarks his force with large number of refugees,
204; joins Carleton at New York, 205.
Leslie, James. BL Victim of election frauds in 1841—elected for
Verchères, 1842, 116; president of Executive Council, 1848, 284; a
radical, 284; given seat in Legislative Council, 285; at farewell
banquet to La Fontaine, 354. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Lesseps, Ferdinand de (1805-1894). Eminent French engineer. Index: Ch
Undertakes Panama Canal, 6. Bib.: Chambers, Biog. Dict.
Leslie, James (1802-1885). Born in Dundee, Scotland. Came to Canada,
1820, settling first at Kingston, and afterwards at Toronto. A member of
the first city council of Toronto. Arrested and imprisoned in connection
with the Rebellion of 1837. Purchased the Examiner, 1844, and
conducted it for ten years. One of the founders of the Clear Grit party.
Index: E Proprietor of the Toronto Examiner, and a leader of the Clear
Grits, 110-111. Mc President of Canadian Alliance Society, 258; delivers
rejoinder to governor, 300; refuses to sign "declaration of
independence," 331. B Leader of the Clear Grits, 39. Bib.: Dent, Upper
Canadian Rebellion and Last Forty Years.
Lestrées, Abbey of. L Bestowed by king on diocese of Quebec, 136.
Le Sueur, Jean de St. Sauveur. Ch Comes to Quebec, 252; Godfather to
young Hurons, 223.
Le Tardif, Olivier. Born in Normandy, 1601. Came to Canada, 1620, and
employed as an interpreter at Quebec. Married Louise Couillard, 1637.
Index: Ch Interpreter, 144; remains in Quebec during English occupation,
208.
Letellier de St. Just, Luc (1820-1881). Born at Rivière Ouelle, Quebec.
Called to the Senate for the division of Grandville, 1867; a member of
the ministry, 1873; and in 1876 appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec;
dismissed from office, 1879. Index: Md Appointed lieutenant-governor of
Quebec, 247; quarrels with and dismisses the provincial ministry,
247-248; Macdonald brings the matter before Parliament, 248-249; his
dismissal on the advice of the Dominion Cabinet, 249-250; his death,
250; political reasons for his dismissal, 251. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.;
Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party; Pope, Memoirs of
Sir John A. Macdonald.
Le Testu, Captain. Ch Member of court to try Duval for conspiracy, 43.
Le Valois, Father. L Recommends Saint-Vallier to succeed Laval, 199.
Lévis, Gaston-François, Chevalier de (1720-1787). Entered French army in
1735; named second in command to Montcalm, 1756; sailed for Canada the
same year. On the death of Montcalm at Quebec, succeeded to the command
of the French forces, and won the battle of Ste. Foy, 1760. After the
capitulation, returned to France, and served under Condé against Prince
Ferdinand. Created a marshal, 1783, and the following year a duke and
peer of France. Index: WM Second in command to Montcalm, 2; his birth
and descent, 8; military service 9, 10; character, 11; at battle of
Carillon, 55, 60; confidence of Montcalm in, 85; persuades Montcalm to
extend line of defence to Montmorency River, 105; his great activity,
110, 118, 126; his bravery, 137; praises courage of troops, both
regulars and Canadians, 143; congratulated by Vaudreuil on victory at
Montmorency, 144; sent to defend western frontiers, 147; his absence
from principal scene of conflict has disastrous results, 147; sends
encouraging news from Montreal, 157; his presence and counsel much
desired by Montcalm, 165; his absence on eve of battle greatly felt by
Montcalm, 195; Montcalm bequeaths his papers to, 219; arrives at Jacques
Cartier and takes command, 227; disapproves of retreat, 227; marches
army back in hope of relieving Quebec, 229; his regret for death of
Montcalm, 233; hears of capitulation of Quebec, 234; decides to march on
Quebec in the spring, 241; his efforts to supply needs of his army, 242;
occupies Ste. Foy, 256-266; takes possession of General Hospital, 265;
arrival of British fleet compels him to retire, 267; surrender at
Montreal, 268; his high military qualities, 268. L French general,
burning of his flags by, 12. Hd Defeats Murray, 34; his final struggle,
36-37; surrenders, 38; account of having burned French flags, 39; not
forgotten, 122. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Doughty, Siege of
Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Bradley, Fight with France;
Collection des Manuscrits du Maréchal de Lévis, ed. by Casgrain.
Lévis, Heights of. Opposite Quebec. Index: WM Skirmishing on, 102.
Lewis, John. T Confederation candidate, elected in Albert County, New
Brunswick, 89, 107.
Lewis, Meriwether (1774-1809), and Clark, William (1770-1838). American
explorers. Sent by the United States Government, in 1803, to find an
overland route to the Pacific by way of the Missouri. They ascended the
Missouri in 1804, to the Mandan villages; wintered there; continued
their journey in 1805, crossed the Rocky Mountains, and descended the
Columbia River to its mouth. They spent the winter there, and retraced
their steps in 1806 to the Missouri and St. Louis. Their party consisted
of fourteen soldiers, nine young men from Kentucky, two boatmen, an
interpreter, a hunter, and a negro servant of Captain Clark. Index: D At
Clatsop, 44; on the Columbia, 59; their overland expedition, 60, 64, 66;
mouth of the Columbia the objective, 66; objects of the enterprise, 66;
personnel of the expedition, 67; route followed by, 67; information
collected, 67; winter at Fort Clatsop, 67. Bib.: History of the
Expedition to the Pacific Ocean, Philadelphia, 1814; new ed., New York,
1843. In addition to other reprints, three recent editions are: the
Chicago edition of 1902, with introd. by Dr. J.K. Hosmer; the edition of
1893, in 4 vols., with copious notes and other critical equipment by Dr.
Elliott Coues; and the even more elaborate edition prepared by Dr. R.G.
Thwaites, New York, 1905, 8 vols. For biog. of Lewis and Clark, see
Jefferson's Life of Lewis in Old South Leaflets, no. 44, and in the
Hosmer edition; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Lexington. Hd Skirmish at, 103.
Liard River. A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in the Yukon district,
south-west of Frances Lake, about lat. 61°, long. 131°. Its length is
about 550 miles. Explored by McLeod in 1834, and by Campbell in 1840.
The Upper Liard is known only by Indian report. Fort Simpson, of the
Hudson's Bay Company, is at the mouth of the main river; and Fort Liard
at the confluence of Black River and the Liard, not far from the point
where British Columbia, the Yukon, and the North-West Territories meet.
Index: D Operations of Hudson's Bay Company on, 123.
Libel. Mc Mackenzie's bill on, 163.
Liberal. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: B Radical journal,
founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235.
Liberal Party. B Growth of, 209; overthrows Sir John A. Macdonald's
government, and Ontario coalition government, 209-210. See Reform
Party.
Libraries. The first public library in Canada was the Quebec library,
founded in 1779 largely through the efforts of Haldimand. After many
vicissitudes, the library was absorbed by the Literary and Historical
Society of Quebec. The first college library was that of the Seminary at
Quebec, 1668; Montreal College library was opened in 1767; and King's
College library in 1790. Legislative libraries were established in each
of the provinces at an early date. In 1841 the libraries of Upper and
Lower Canada were combined, and from this year dates the establishment
of the library of Parliament. The first circulating library in Upper
Canada was founded at Niagara in 1800. Similar libraries existed in
Montreal as early as 1824, and at Kingston in 1836; the Red River
library was founded at Fort Garry in 1847. Index: Hd First in Canada
established by Haldimand, 190; merged in 1869 into Literary and
Historical Society of Quebec, 190; objects and cost of, 191;
appreciation of, 191. R Public school libraries established by Dr.
Ryerson, for use by the community, 185-187. MS One established by
Roderick Mackenzie at Fort Chipewyan, 26. BL W. L. Mackenzie maintains a
circulating library, 13. E Provided for in Upper Canada after 1841, 88.
S For Upper Canada, Simcoe recommends government to establish, 46; plan
not adopted, 175. See also Books. Bib.: Bain, Public Libraries of
Canada in Canada: An Ency., vol. 5.
Licorne. WM Frigate in which Montcalm embarked at Brest, 12.
Lieutenant-governor. Mc Office of, Durham's view of power of, 56, 57;
surroundings of, in 1838, 61; position in both Upper and Lower Canada,
62.
Lieutenants. S Intended to be analogous to lords-lieutenant in England,
appointed by Governor Simcoe for the principal counties in Upper Canada,
197; measure not approved by secretary of state, 197; appointments not
continued by later governors, 198.
Ligneris. WM Force gathered by, and Aubry, dispersed, 146.
Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865). Fourteenth president of the United States.
Index: B Believed by George Brown to be favourable to renewal of
Reciprocity Treaty, 192. Bib.: For biog. sketch, and bibliog. of lives,
see Cyc. Am. Biog.; Larned, Lit. Am. Hist.
Lincoln, Benjamin (1733-1810). American general. Index: S United States
commissioner, entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 184, 229. Bib.: Cyc.
Am. Biog.
Lindsay, W. B. Sy Made clerk of Legislative Assembly, 334.
Lindsay, William. T Elected for the county of Carleton, New Brunswick,
89, 107.
Linschot. Ch His definition of the territory of New France, 211.
Lippincott, Captain. Dr Hangs Joshua Huddy, 198.
Liquor Question. B Agitated by Brown and the Globe, 75; the Canada
Company and cheap whiskey, 75; the movement in and out of Parliament,
75-76. See also Brandy question; Stills; Cas reservé.
Lisgar, John Young, Baron (1807-1876). Born at Bombay. Entered
Parliament in 1831; became lord of treasury in 1841, and secretary of
the treasury, 1844-1846; chief secretary for Ireland, 1852-1855; and
lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1855-1859. In 1861 sent to
New South Wales as governor-general. Seven years later came to Canada as
administrator; and the following year appointed governor-general.
Succeeded by Lord Dufferin in 1872. Index: C His arrival in Canada, 89;
expresses views of Little Englanders—advises Canada to declare her
independence, 89. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.
Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. P Founded by Lord Dalhousie,
41. Bib.: See list of publications, from 1829, in Lit. Am. Hist.;
also Wurtële, List of Lectures, Papers, etc., 1829-1891.
Little Belt. Bk British corvette, fired on by United States frigate
President, 173.
Littlehales, Edward B. S Accompanies Simcoe as major of brigade, 47;
clerk of Council, 79; aide-de-camp to governor, 177; describes the site
of the present city of London, 200, 201.
Livingstone. Dr Of Montreal, his disaffection, 79; commands rebel
Canadians at Quebec, 132.
Livingstone, Philip (1716-1778). Dr President of Continental (American)
Congress, 201. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Livius, Peter (1727?-1795). Resided at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. A
member of the Council under the royal government; quarrelled with the
governor and went to England to lay his complaints before the crown.
Complaints dismissed, but appointed chief-justice of New Hampshire. At
once transferred to Quebec as chief-justice; held office from 1777 to
1786; retired and went to England, where he died. Index: Dr Appointed
chief-justice, 184; his character and abilities, 185; disagrees with
Carleton, 188; carries dispute to Privy Council, 188. Bib.: Morgan,
Cel. Can.
Logan, Sir William Edmond (1798-1875). Born at Montreal, of United
Empire Loyalist descent. Educated at the University of Edinburgh. After
some years spent in business in England, and incidentally in studying
the geological formation of the coal-fields of Wales, returned to
Canada, and in 1842 appointed the first director of the Geological
Survey. In 1863 issued an elaborate summary of the work accomplished by
the Survey up to that time. Retired in 1870. Bib.: Geology of Canada.
For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Harrington, Life of Sir William
E. Logan.
London. City of Ontario; founded by Peter McGregor, in 1826. Index: S
Site of present city, selected by Simcoe as best place for capital of
Upper Canada, 200, 205.
London Conference. See Westminster Conference.
Long Point. Lake Erie, north shore. Index: S Chosen by Simcoe as arsenal
for Lake Erie, 204.
Longueuil, Charles Colmer Grant, Baron de. Sy Owner of "Alwington," 294.
Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de (1625?-1685). Son of an innkeeper
of Dieppe. Came to Canada in 1641. In 1657 granted the seigniory of
Longueuil. In De Tracy's expedition against the Iroquois, in 1666,
commanded the Montreal militia, and was with Frontenac at Cataraqui in
1673. La Barre sent him to the Iroquois, 1682, to persuade them to meet
him in council at Montreal. When, two years later, La Barre led an
abortive expedition against the Iroquois, he was again compelled to
depend upon Le Moyne's influence with the Iroquois to patch up a peace.
Index: F Sent to invite Onondagas to a conference, 183, 184. Bib.:
Parkman, Frontenac.
Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Baron de (1656-1729). Son of Charles Le
Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil (q.v.) Wounded, in 1687, in the Iroquois
raid on Lachine. Governor of Montreal. Administered the colony in 1725,
before the arrival of Beauharnois. Index: F Commands militia in attack
on Iroquois, 1687, 209. E Barony conferred on, in 1700, 181.
Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Baron de (1687-1755). Son of preceding.
Administered the colony in 1752, after the departure of La Jonquière.
Index: Dr In command of militia, in 1777, 187.
Loquin. Ch Company's clerk at Quebec, 139.
Longworth, John (1814-1885). Born at Charlottetown. Called to the bar of
Prince Edward Island, 1838. Elected to the Assembly, 1846. Occupied
offices in several successive administrations. Drafted the "No Terms
Resolution" of the Assembly in connection with Confederation. Appointed
prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, 1883. Bib.:
Campbell, History of Prince Edward Island.
Loranger, Thomas Jean Jacques (1823-1885). Born in Ste Anne
d'Yamachiche, Quebec. Educated at Nicolet College; called to the bar,
1844. Sat in the Assembly, 1854-1863; held office in the
Macdonald-Cartier ministry, 1857-1858. Appointed a judge of the Superior
Court, 1863; retired, 1879. Subsequently engaged in the consolidation of
the statutes of Quebec. Created by the pope a commander of the Order of
Pius IX. Index: C Conservative leader in Quebec, his character, 25.
Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Lorette. L Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74. WM British abandon
their position at, 249.
Lorimer, Dr. Hd Consulted by Haldimand as to sanitary measures, 66, 70.
Lorin, Henri. F Author of Le Comte de Frontenac, referred to, 109,
126, 128, 142, 165, 174, 216, 231, 250.
Lormel, Captain de. Ch Brings out settlers, 252.
Lorne. See Argyll.
Lotbinière. See Joly de Lotbinière; Chartier de Lotbinière.
Louche, de. WM Takes direction of fireships, 98.
Loudon, James (1841- ). Born in Toronto. Educated at Upper Canada College
and Toronto University, graduating 1862. Appointed to the staff of the
university; professor of mathematics, 1875; and president of the
university, 1892, succeeding Sir Daniel Wilson. One of the original
fellows of the Royal Society of Canada. Retired from presidency of
university, 1906. Index: BL Quoted on Baldwin's University Bill, 293.
Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; The University of Toronto and its Colleges,
1827-1906.
Loudon, John Campbell, fourth Earl of (1705-1782). General. Index: WM
Made commander-in-chief of British forces in America, 33. Hd Commands
Royal Americans, 11; his opinion of Pennsylvanians, 11. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, Fight with
France.
Louis XIII, King of France (1601-1643). Succeeded his father, Henry IV,
in 1610. Index: F Close relations of Frontenac family with, 62. Ch
Demands restitution of Acadia, 212; plot against, 215. L Dedicated
France to the Virgin Mary, 87. Bib.: Larousse, Dictionnaire Universel.
Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715). Succeeded his father, Louis XIII,
in 1643. Index: F His war with Holland, 148; absolutism of his rule
151-153; desires to have permanent curacies (curés fixes) established
in Canada, 164; private life of, 166; pronounces La Salle's discoveries
useless, 176; later takes him under his special protection, 180. L
Recommends creation of bishopric for New France and appointment of Laval
thereto, 131; stipulates that archbishop of Rouen shall be metropolitan,
133; yields the point, 134; bestows abbey of Lestrées on new diocese,
136; his decision on liquor question, 174; grants 8000 francs annually
to Canadian clergy, 182; later reduces amount, 183; his disagreement
with Pope Innocent XI, 201. Bib.: Voltaire, Siècle de Louis XIV;
Saint-Simon, Mémoires.
Remains of the King's Bastion, Louisbourg
Louis XVI, King of France (1754-1793). Succeeded to the throne in 1774.
Index: S Public mourning ordered in Upper Canada for death of, 193.
Bib.: Larousse, Dictionnaire Universel.
Louisbourg. A seaport on the south-east coast of Cape Breton. Formerly
the chief stronghold of France in America. The fortress, named after
Louis XIV, was begun in 1790; twenty-five years were spent in fortifying
it; and the cost was estimated at thirty million livres. Captured by the
British under Pepperell and Warren in 1745; ceded back to France by the
treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; and again captured by the British under
Amherst and Boscawen, in 1758. Index: WM Guards Gulf of St. Lawrence,
17; composition of garrison, 30; capture of, 71; expedition against
Quebec, sails to, 85. Ch Commonly known as Port aux Anglais, 236. See
also Cape Breton; Boscawen; Wolfe; Amherst. Bib.: Parkman,
Half-Century of Conflict and Montcalm and Wolfe; Lettre d'un
Habitant, ed. by Wrong; Archibald, First Siege of Louisbourg (R. S.
C., 1887); Bourinot, Cape Breton and its Memorials; Wood, Logs of the
Conquest of Canada.
Louisbourg Grenadiers. WM On British right, at Quebec, 189; re-embark
after fall of Quebec, 236.
Louise, Princess. Daughter of Queen Victoria; born 1848. Index: E Comes
to Canada with her husband, the Marquis of Lorne, 122.
Louisiana. Hd Secretly transferred to Spain by France, 64; Spanish rule
unpopular, 77; revolution in, 79; counter-revolution, 81; contemplated
invasion of, 81. L Colony sent to, 152. Bk Cession of by France to
Spain, 38; re-ceded to France, 38; purchased by United States, 42;
acquisition of, changes attitude of United States towards Great Britain,
43. Bib.: Le Page du Pratz, Histoire de la Louisiane. For further
material, see Lit. Am. Hist.
Lount, Samuel (1791-1838). Mc Member for Simcoe, 316; election
corruption, 317; given command of rebels, 360; arrives at Montgomery's
tavern, 362; his account of the flag of truce, 369; his first
engagement, 373; his second engagement, 379; leaves country, 380;
executed, 435; his fidelity, 435; petitions for commutation, 435; effect
of his execution, 436; monument to, 436. BL Hanged for his share in the
Rebellion of 1837, 44-45. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion;
Kingsford, History of Canada.
L'Ouverture, Toussaint. Bk Establishes independent republic in St.
Domingo, 39, 40; death of, 40.
Louvigny, Louis de la Porte, Sieur de (1652-1730). Accompanied
Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois, 1687; sent by
Frontenac to relieve La Durantaye in 1690; in command at Three Rivers in
1701; two years later commanded an expedition to Detroit; major of
Quebec, 1706; sent to Michilimackinac in 1713; four years later at
Detroit, and led an expedition against the Fox Indians; at Quebec in
1724 as lieutenant du roi. Index: F Sent with reinforcements to
Michilimackinac, 241. Bib.: Cadillac Papers (Michigan Hist. Coll.,
vol. 33); Parkman, Frontenac.
Lovett, John. Bk Secretary to General Van Rensselaer, letters of,
263-265, 286.
Low, Albert Peter (1861- ). Born in Montreal. Educated at McGill
University, graduating in 1882 with honours. Appointed to Geological
Survey 1881, and promoted to geologist, 1891. Spent many years in
exploring the Labrador peninsula, and is the chief authority on its
geography and geology. Appointed director of the Survey, and deputy
minister of mines, 1907. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Lowell. S White settler among Grand River Indians, murdered by Isaac
Brant, 191.
Lower Canada. Mc Crisis approaching in, 287; Imperial commissioners'
report, 323; against responsible government, 325; events leading to
Rebellion, 327; asks other provinces for support, 329; crisis arrives,
August, 1837, 344; arrest of editors, 344; condition of, in 1837, 347;
rebellion in, 358. BL Population of, at time of conquest, 1; its
character, 1; British immigration, 8; racial conflict, 8; political
situation after 1815, 9, 16-21; reorganization of its judicial system,
184-185. Bk Population of, 45. Sy Desire of majority to have the
province wholly French, 68; Pitt's expectations regarding, 68; governors
of, ally themselves with English-speaking element, 69; rupture between
the two races inevitable, 86, 87; Rebellion, 87. Bib.: Kingsford,
History of Canada; Christie, History of Lower Canada; Garneau,
History of Canada; McMullen, History of Canada; Bibaud, Histoire du
Canada sous la Domination Anglaise; Political and Historical Account of
Lower Canada, by a Canadian, London, 1830.
Lowther, Catherine. WM Wolfe's attachment to, 70, 72; Wolfe entrusts her
portrait to Captain Jervis, 175. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec;
Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe; Wood, The Fight for
Canada.
Loyal American Regiment. Dr Commanded by Beverley Robinson, 202. W
Commanded by Beverley Robinson, 3; Lemuel Wilmot a captain in, 3.
Loyalist. Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick. W Attacks
Wilmot and Fisher, 74-75; libel case arising out of, 75.
Loyalist Corps. Hd Formed, 253. Dr Practice of purchase of commissions
prevented in, 217; six disbanded and settled in Nova Scotia, 218.
Loyalists, United Empire. Name applied to the inhabitants of the
Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to Great Britain, and rather than
submit to the new republic, migrated to Canada, New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. No adequate provision having been made
for them by the mother country, in the treaty of Paris (1783), the
Loyalists were compelled in most cases to abandon all their worldly
possessions, and start life anew in the pioneer settlements of the
north. May 18, 1783, one great section of the refugees landed at the
mouth of the St. John River, and built a town, first named Parrtown,
later St. John. Other settlements were made, about the same time, at
various points on the coasts of Nova Scotia, as well as on St. John's
Island (Prince Edward Island). The bulk of the migration to what was
then Quebec (now Ontario and Quebec) took place in 1784, the eastern
Loyalists going north by way of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu, and
settling in the Eastern Townships; those of the West crossing the
boundary at Niagara and other points, and spreading throughout the
backbone of the future province of Upper Canada. Index: B Land grants to
their children fall into hands of speculators, 53. S Settlement of Upper
Canada by, 1; Carleton's interest in, 51; their sufferings, 52, 54;
claims for losses paid to, 55; settlements of, during and after war, 56;
pretenders among, 57; those from England not generally good settlers,
58; assisted by government, 60; their hardships, 61; their mode of life,
62-69; names of those who had joined British side before treaty of 1783,
registered, 70; clauses of treaty of Paris respecting, not carried out
by United States, 118; consequently further emigration of to Canada,
119. Sy Constitutional Act an attempt to placate, 68. Bk Rations issued
to, from Fort Niagara, 58; Brock (1804) observes and reports on
comfortable condition of many of them, 65. Dr Emigration of, 64;
commended to Carleton's special care, 194; their pitiable condition,
196; twenty regiments of, in Carleton's command, 202; their
consternation on learning of proposed terms of peace, 206; left
unprotected by treaty of peace, 213; large number of, embark for Nova
Scotia, 214; Carleton continues occupation of New York till all have
left the country, 215, 216; their emigration to different British
provinces, 218; widows of, apply for pensions, 218, 219; effect of their
settlement in Canada, 221, 244, 248; increase of their numbers in
western Canada, 224; two distinct waves of emigration, 236; settlements
of at Niagara, and Sorel, 236, 237; claim representative institutions,
237; those in Kingston district petition for church establishments, 238;
their destitute condition, 238; their political weight underestimated by
Dorchester, 248; the Seigniorial Tenure system unsuited to, 256;
Dorchester's suggestion for conferring distinction on, 260. E
Extravagant land grants to, 144; Durham on, 144-145; settled along
Niagara River, 194. MS In the wilderness, 11. R Methodist preachers in
Upper Canada of Loyalist stock, 38; included many of the influential
families, 62; Ryerson's history of, 270, 274, 279. H Emigrate to the
loyal western colonies, 13, 17. BL Come to Maritime Provinces and
Canada, 4-5; their numbers and character, 5; in Lower Canada, 17;
support Common School Bill, 105; Md Dread possibility of revolution, 20.
T Severe treatment of, 3; they settle in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick,
3-4, 35. Hd Come to Canada, 125; houses built for, 138, 182; military
service of, 136, 137; at Niagara, 152; employed on fortifications of
Quebec, 183; in Vermont negotiations, 200, 202, 206; at Cataraqui, 236,
265; Washington's severity towards, 249, 250; arrangements for their
reception in Canada, 250, 254; not less patriotic than the opposite
party, 251; brutal treatment of, 252; compared with Jacobites, 253;
Haldimand's care of, 254; lands allotted to, 255; surveys made for, 263;
flock into Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 263; their advent viewed with
alarm by French Canadians, 264; fed and clothed by government for three
years, 265; not fully appreciative of assistance given, 266; difficulty
of dealing with, 267-271, 348; some impostors among, 268, 306. Mc
Hardships suffered by, on account of naturalization laws, 140-141; bills
for their relief, 142-143. Bib.: Sabine, Loyalists of the American
Revolution; Ryerson, Loyalists of America; Campbell, Travels in
North America; Canniff, The Settlement of Upper Canada; Casselman,
United Empire Loyalists of the County of Dundas, Ontario; Haight,
Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago; Bourinot, Builders of Nova
Scotia; Frousac, Rise of the Loyalists; Loyalists of New York in the
American Revolution in Columbia University Studies; Curwen, Journal
and Letters; Myers, The Tories or Loyalists in America;
Eardley-Wilmot, Loyalists' Centennial Souvenir; St. John, The
Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada by the United Empire
Loyalists; Denison, United Empire Loyalists; (R. S. C., 1904); Van
Tyne, Loyalists in the American Revolution; Shortt and Doughty,
Constitutional Documents of Canada.
Ludovica. Ch Name proposed by Champlain for Quebec; 124.
Lumagne. Ch Merchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized, 221.
Lumber Trade. Bk Canadian, great increase of, 125.
Lundy's Lane, Battle of (1814). British troops, including Canadian
militia, numbered 1600 at the beginning of the battle, later increased
to 2800, under the command of Sir Gordon Drummond; United States troops
about 4000, under General Jacob Brown. The engagement opened in the
evening, and continued late into the night; the Americans finally
withdrew from the field. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812. See also
War of 1812.
Lusignan, Paul Louis Dazemard de. Commanded Fort St. Frédéric (Crown
Point) in 1749, when the Swedish naturalist, Peter Kalm, visited the
place; and remained there for several years. Served under Montcalm at
the siege of Quebec. Index: WM Relieves Montcalm, 120.
Luth, De. L Royal engineer, directs erection of fortifications, 214.
Lymburner, Adam (1746-1836). Born in Kilmarnock, Scotland. Came to
Canada about 1776, and settled at Quebec, where he succeeded to the
business of his brother John, who had been lost at sea in 1775. For many
years a member of the Executive Council, and took an active part in
public affairs. Died in London at the age of ninety. Index: Dr Proceeds
to England with petition for political changes, 243; arrives in England,
251; opposes division of province, 257. S Recommends system of
representation adapted to strengthen English-speaking minority, 2; heard
at bar of House of Commons, 6. Bk Sent to England to oppose division of
Canada into two provinces, 49. Bib.: Lucas, History of Canada;
Bradley, Making of Canada; Shortt and Doughty, Constitutional
Documents of Canada.
Lynch, John Joseph (1816-1888). Born near Clones, Ireland. Studied in
Dublin, and entered the Lazarist order. Came to America in 1847;
laboured as a missionary in Texas, 1847-1848; became president of the
Lazarist College of St. Mary, Missouri, 1848; coadjutor to the bishop of
Toronto, 1859; and bishop, 1860. In 1870, consecrated archbishop of
Toronto and metropolitan of Ontario. His jubilee celebrated in 1884.
Index: R His policy as to separate schools, 235-236; proposed as member
of Council of Public Instruction of Upper Canada, 236. Bib.: Dent, Can.
Por.; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron (1772-1863). British statesman.
Index: Md Denounces Rebellion Losses Bill, 241. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Lyonne, De. Ch Jesuit, founder of missions at Nipisiguit and Chedabucto,
235.
Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, Earl (1817-1887). British diplomatist.
Index: B British ambassador at Washington—suggested that he confer with
Canadian agent on reciprocity, 192. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Lyons. S Teaches school at Hay Bay, 167.
Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer, Baron (1803-1873). Novelist
and statesman. Index: E Colonial secretary,—his views on the duties of
colonial governors, 4. D His series of despatches, 1858, on government
of British Columbia, 231-235. T On the Confederation question, 63. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.; Escott, Edward Bulwer, First Baron Lytton of
Knebworth.
Lyveden, Robert Vernon, Baron (1800-1873). British statesman. Index: B
Dwells upon defencelessness of Canada, 184. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Mabane, Adam (1734-1792). Born in Scotland. Studied medicine at
Edinburgh University; came to Canada, and practised his profession in
Quebec. In 1764 appointed a judge, and presided over the first civil
court held in Quebec. Member of the provincial Council; and in 1766
surgeon of the garrison of Quebec. Index: Dr Member of Council, protests
against position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39;
appointed judge, 183. Hd Head of military hospital, 178; intimate friend
of Haldimand, 300, 304; made judge and member of Legislative Council,
305; not in favour under Dorchester régime, 314, 315; his headstrong
temper, 332; his letter to Haldimand, 340; receives bequest from
Haldimand, 342. Bib.: Bradley, Making of Canada; Shortt and Doughty,
Constitutional Documents of Canada.
M'Afee, Samuel. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 400.
Macallum, A. R In charge of union school at Hamilton, 195.
McBride, Richard (1870- ). Born in New Westminster, British Columbia.
Educated at the public and high schools, New Westminster. Elected to the
British Columbia Assembly, 1898; minister of mines in Dunsmuir
administration; premier of British Columbia, 1903. Bib.: Canadian Who's
Who.
McCarthy, Charles Justin. R Martyr of early Canadian Methodism, 41.
McCarthy, D'Alton (1836-1898). Born in Dublin, Ireland. Came to Canada
with his parents, 1847. In 1858 called to the bar; in 1871 a bencher of
the Law society; and in 1872 made a Q. C. In 1876 elected to Parliament
for Cardwell, as a Conservative, but in 1889 severed his connection with
the party on the question of the Jesuits' Estates Act. In 1896 member of
Parliament for North Simcoe. Index: Md Opposes commercial union, 295.
Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Hopkins, D'Alton McCarthy in Men of the
Day.
Macartney, Captain. WM Rescues French soldiers from floating ice, 251.
Macaulay, Sir James Buchan (1793-1859). Born at Niagara, Ontario. Served
in the Glengarry Fencibles during the War of 1812. In 1822 called to the
bar and rose rapidly in his profession. A strong opponent of William
Lyon Mackenzie, and in 1826 appeared as counsel against him. In 1829
became judge of the King's Bench; chief justice of the Court of Common
Pleas, 1849-1856; and subsequently of the Court of Error and Appeal.
Chairman of the commission to revise and consolidate the statutes of
Canada and Upper Canada. Knighted, 1859. Index: Mc Defends destroyers of
Colonial Advocate, 115; offers compensation, 117; Mackenzie's opinion
of, 118; violates secrecy of private letters, 121; taunts Mackenzie,
123; Mackenzie retaliates, 124; writes venomous pamphlet, 125;
Mackenzie's reply, 126. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges; Dent, Upper
Canadian Rebellion.
Macauley, John. BL Inspector-general, retires and succeeded by Hincks,
119.
McClelan, Abner Reid (1831- ). Born in Hopewell, New Brunswick. Educated
at Mount Allison Academy. Engaged in mercantile life. Represented Albert
County in the Assembly, 1854-1867; chief commissioner of public works,
1866-1867; appointed to the Senate, 1867; lieutenant-governor of New
Brunswick, 1896-1902. Index: T Elected as Confederation candidate in
Albert, New Brunswick, 89; chief commissioner of public works in
Mitchell government, 105; elected for Albert, 107. Bib.: Morgan, Can.
Men; Canadian Who's Who.
McCulloch, Dr. BL Defeats La Fontaine in Terrebonne; affiliated with
Draper, 82.
McCulloch, J. R. Sy Political economist, 13.
McCully, Jonathan (1809-1877). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1837
called to the bar, and practised in Halifax, 1849. In 1860 appointed
solicitor-general; from 1847 to 1867 member of the Legislative Council;
and served as chairman of the Board of Railways; delegate to the
Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences, 1864; appointed to the Dominion
Senate, 1867; and in 1870 judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia.
Index: H Leader of Liberal party in Nova Scotia, 1864, 177; delegate to
Charlottetown Conference, 177; edits Morning Chronicle, 186; firm
advocate of Confederation, 186. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova
Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Macdonald, Andrew Archibald (1829- ). Born in Brudenell, Prince Edward
Island. Engaged in business as a general merchant. Sat in Prince Edward
Island Assembly, 1853-1860; represented Kings South in Legislative
Council, 1863-1873; member of Executive Council, 1867-1871 and
1872-1873; lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1884-1889.
Called to the Senate, 1891. Index: T Delegate to Quebec Conference, 77.
Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Macdonald, Archibald. MS His account of the voyage of the third party of
Red River settlers in 1813, 162-163; in charge at Red River, 173;
colonists demand that he hand over field pieces, 173-174. Bib.: Bryce,
The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists.
Macdonald, Donald Alexander (1816-1896). Born in St. Raphael's, Quebec.
Engaged in business as railway contractor. Represented Glengarry in the
Assembly of Canada, 1857-1867, and after Confederation in the House of
Commons, 1867-1875. Postmaster-general in the Mackenzie administration,
1873-1878; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1875-1880. After his
retirement lived at Montreal. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper
Canada.
MacDonald, Hugh. Born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, 1827. Studied law and
called to the bar, 1855; made a Q. C., 1872. In 1859 elected member for
Inverness to the provincial Legislature. Member of a delegation,
including Joseph Howe, that visited England in 1861 to represent the
views of those opposing the Confederation of the British North American
provinces. In 1867-1873 a member of the Dominion Parliament, and in 1873
president of the Privy Council. On Nov. 5, 1873, appointed judge of the
Supreme Court of Nova Scotia; retired 1893. Index: H Delegate of
Anti-Confederation party, goes to England with Howe and Annand to oppose
Confederation, 192; expenses paid by subscription, 219. Bib.: Campbell,
History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Macdonald, Hugh. Md Father of Sir John A. Macdonald, native of
Sutherlandshire, removes to Glasgow, and in 1820 emigrates to Canada, 1;
settles at Kingston, 2; moves to Hay Bay, thence to Stone Mills, on Bay
of Quinte, 2; unsuccessful in business, he returns to Kingston, 1836,
and secures position in Commercial Bank, 2; his death, 1841, 2; his
character, 2.
Macdonald, Hugh John (1850- ). Born in Kingston, Ontario; second son of
Sir John A. Macdonald. Educated at Queen's and Toronto Universities;
called to the bar, 1872; and practised for some years with his father
and James Patton. In 1882 removed to Winnipeg, and entered into
partnership with J. S. Tupper. In 1890-1891 represented Winnipeg in the
House of Commons; in 1896 minister of the interior in the Tupper
administration; in 1897 leader of the Conservatives in Manitoba; and
from Jan. 8 to Oct. 29, 1900, premier of the province. Index: Md Second
son of Sir John A. Macdonald—represents Winnipeg in Dominion
Parliament, 10; premier of Manitoba, 10. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men;
Canadian Who's Who.
Macdonald, John Alexander. Md Eldest son of Sir John A.
Macdonald—accidentally killed when quite young, 10.
Macdonald, Sir John Alexander (1815-1891). H Attends Charlottetown
Conference, 1864, and proposes union of all the provinces, 178; premier
of first Dominion Cabinet, 198; Tupper writes him as to Howe's political
plans, 207; Tilley and Tupper urge him to visit Nova Scotia, 209; visits
Halifax with Sir Georges Cartier, Peter Mitchell, and William
Macdougall, 210; Acadian Recorder suggests violence, 210; Howe
denounces the suggestion, 210-212; arrives in Halifax, and guest of Sir
Hastings Doyle, 213; meets Howe, 213; appears before committee of
Legislature, 213-214; urges Howe to put an end to the agitation for
repeal of the union, 215-218; persuades Howe to enter Dominion Cabinet,
225; his public letters, 257; contrasted with Howe, 287; correspondence
with Howe on Pacific Railway policy, 299-300. R His University Bill,
1847—its terms, 155-157; withdrawn, 156; referred to, 161; amends
Separate School Bill, 231; supports Ryerson's stand as to separate
schools, 233. D And the Pacific Scandal, 321. C His alliance with
Cartier, 31, 33; his first appearance in Parliament as an uncompromising
Tory, 31; opposed to La Fontaine, 32; votes against settlement of
Seigniorial Tenure, 32; opposes Indemnity Bill, 32; and the Pacific
Scandal, 53; his resignation, 53; at Quebec Conference—favours
legislative union of provinces, 57; defends proposed constitution,
59-60; forms first Dominion administration, 67; resists demand for
disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 74;
sympathizes with Roman Catholic minority, 76; presents Militia Bill,
1862, 87; helps Cartier to establish political union, 100; freedom from
racial or religious prejudice, 100; his qualities, 101-102; strained
relations with Cartier, 102-103; Cartier's knowledge of service to, 111;
receives knighthood, 124, 129; explains Wolseley's quarrel with Cartier,
130. E Becomes receiver-general in Sherwood ministry, 43; his
statesmanlike qualities, 43-44; re-elected, 1848, 50; his political
sagacity, 110; rivalry with George Brown, 114; on provincial
representation, 118; on the dissolution of Parliament in 1853, 127; on
the Representation Bill, 132, 133; Liberal-Conservative party owed its
birth to his inspiration, 137; persuades Sir Allan MacNab to agree to
coalition government, 139, 141; attorney-general in MacNab-Morin
ministry, 140; his views on Clergy Reserves, 163; takes charge of bill
for secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 168; Hincks enters his
ministry, 223; one of the builders of the British Empire—honours
conferred upon him, 225; monuments erected to his memory, 226. B
Relations with George Brown, x; leads his party, 42; frames bill for
settlement of Clergy Reserves, 60; reveals political sagacity, 69; on
the character of the union, 82; bitter relations with George Brown,
87-91; offers seat in Cabinet to John Sandfield Macdonald, 100; the
"Double Shuffle," 107-108; moves want of confidence in Sandfield
Macdonald government, 1863, 146; Brown's motion for constitutional
changes, 1864, takes him by surprise, 150; his account of negotiations
between George Brown and government as to Confederation, 151, 154-156;
his connection with, 152,. 154-155; announces agreement, 153, 160;
favours nominative Senate, 164; describes new constitution, in
Confederation debate, 170-171; announces in Parliament decision of
government to carry Confederation at once and send mission to England,
182; explains intentions of government, 183; on defence of Canada, 183,
184-185; goes to England, 186; relations with George Brown, 189-192;
asked to form government, 1865, 189; interview with Brown, 189-191; his
proposal that Belleau be premier accepted by Brown, 191; virtual leader
of government, 191; charged with using Brown as a stepping-stone to his
own political ambition, 199; benefits by Brown's entry into ministry,
199, 200; Holton describes his path as "studded all along by the
gravestones of his slaughtered colleagues," 201; on friendly terms with
Holton, 202; his essential conservatism, 202; relations with Macdougall
and Howland, 202, 209; with Joseph Howe, 203-206, 210; his ideal of a
legislative union, 207; anomalous position of his Liberal colleagues,
209-210; his government overthrown, 210, 235. BL Co-operates in founding
United Empire Association, 228; elected in 1844, 252; enters ministry as
receiver-general, 276; re-elected, 279; offers Baldwin chief-justiceship
of Common Pleas, 357; Hincks in his Cabinet, 359. Md Assigned foremost
place among Canadian statesmen, i; national recognition of his services
after his death by creation of peerage for his widow, i; memorial tablet
in St. Paul's Cathedral, and statues in Canadian cities, i; his personal
popularity, i-ii; his personality made Confederation possible, ii;
Canada's debt to him, iii-iv; his birth and ancestry, 1; brought to
Canada in 1820, 1; boyhood days at Kingston and on the Bay of Quinté, 2;
his debt to his mother, her strong personality, 2; educated at Kingston
Grammar School, 3; Mowat's tribute, 3; studies law, 4-5; called to the
bar, 1836, 5; begins practice at age of twenty-one, 5; Oliver Mowat and
Alexander Campbell students in his office, 6; called out as a volunteer
in Rebellion of 1837, 7; defends Schoultz and Ashley, 8-9; his first
visit to England, 1842, 9; takes Alexander Campbell into partnership, 9;
elected alderman for Kingston, 10; marries his cousin, Miss Isabella
Clark, Sept. 1, 1843, 10; their children, 10; enters public life, 1854,
as member for Kingston, 11-12; his firm belief from the beginning that
Canada's prosperity depended on permanent connection with the mother
country, 12; impelling motives of his long public career, 13; unsettled
problems in 1844, 13-14; Confederation movement, 14; difficulties of his
position, 15-16; his election address, 23; takes little part in
discussions during his first session, 25; Draper recommends him for
position of commissioner of crown lands, 26; had no sympathy with
political creed of Family Compact, 27; becomes receiver-general, 27; his
views on university endowment, 28-29; Alexander Campbell's letter to,
31; opposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 36; refuses to join the annexation
movement, 40; strong supporter of British American League, 40; acts as
moderating force in conflict over Rebellion Losses Bill, 42, 43; his
character contrasted with George Brown's, 53, 54; conceives idea of
Liberal-Conservative party, 62, 63; appointed attorney-general for Upper
Canada, 63; introduces bill for secularization of Clergy Reserves, 65;
Pope's pen-portrait of his appearance and character, 73; supports
measure proposing to make Legislative Council elective, 75; has no
desire and makes no effort to hasten Sir Allan MacNab's resignation,
though circumstances force him into leadership, 76-77; resigns from the
MacNab-Taché ministry, 78; reasons for resignation, 79, 80; forms an
administration with Taché, May 24, 1856, 80; his quarrel with George
Brown, 80-81; challenged by Colonel Rankin, 81-82; his views on the
separate school system, 82; on the resignation of Taché, forms an
administration with Cartier, 83; becomes premier of the province of
Canada on Nov. 26, 1857, 83; dissolves House and appeals to people on
questions of separate schools and representation by population, 84;
makes proposition to Sandfield Macdonald, which is rejected, 84, 85;
forms administration with Cartier as premier, 86; the "Double Shuffle,"
86, 87; becomes less opposed to representation by population, 89; forms
administration with Sir E. P. Taché, which lasts only a few weeks, 90;
buries the hatchet and forms coalition with Brown to work for
Confederation, 93, 100-102; anticipates results of Confederation, 103;
attends Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences, 104-114; though strongly
in favour of legislative union, modifies his views after discussion at
Quebec Conference, and accepts scheme of a federal union, 107-108, 245;
introduces in Parliament the resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference,
118, 119; one of commissioners to British government in regard to
Confederation, 120; upon death of Taché, is called upon to form a
ministry, but Brown refusing to act with him, or with Cartier, they sit
together under the nominal presidency of Sir Narcisse Belleau, 122, 123;
his answer to Lord Monck on delay in Confederation, 124; his wariness
and skill in presenting Confederation resolutions, 126, 127; made a K.
C. B. in recognition of his services in Confederation negotiations,
128, 267, 344; first prime minister of Dominion of Canada, 131; his
second marriage, 131; granted a special audience by the queen, 132;
returns to Canada, 132; difficulties in formation of first Dominion
Cabinet, 133; list of members, 134-135; his party adopts name of
Liberal-Conservative, 138; seeks able colleagues, 139, 140; results of
first Dominion election, 141; sends Tupper to oppose Howe and his
movement for repeal, 143; visits Halifax for purpose of winning Howe
over to Confederation, 144; Howe persuaded to enter Dominion Cabinet,
145; acts passed by first Dominion Parliament, 151; on verge of
ministerial crisis over Intercolonial Railway, 153, 154; his desire to
annex North-West Territories, 156; difficulties in accomplishing it,
157-163; introduces bill for establishment and government of province of
Manitoba, 161; taken seriously ill, 161; returns to Ottawa, 163; goes to
Washington as member of commission, 163, 165, 169; his reluctance to
become a member of the commission, 171-173; objects to any permanent
sale of the fisheries, 174-175; his connection with, and reasons for
withdrawal of Fenian Raid claims, 175-178; on decision in San Juan
boundary dispute, 179-181; on the fisheries question, 182-184; signs
Washington Treaty, 185; moves ratification of certain clauses of
Washington Treaty, 186-190; general election of 1872, 193 et seq.; the
"Pacific Scandal," 200 et seq.; his defence, 208, 209; sends in his
resignation, 210; leads opposition, 211; his resolution in favour of a
national policy, 217, 225; puts the new policy before the country,
220-223; urges preferential trade with mother country, 227; again in
power, 1878, 228; inaugurates the national policy and reverts to
transcontinental railway scheme, 234; crosses continent on Canadian
Pacific Railway, 238; firm in his conviction that Riel should be hanged,
243, 244, 280; brings Letellier difficulty before Parliament, 248-250;
Ontario boundary dispute, 254-258; introduces Franchise Act of 1885,
258-260; country's devotion to, 262, 263; qualities which maintained
loyalty and devotion of his followers, 263-265; Confederation honours
cause a break in his friendship with Cartier, 267, 268; introduces bill
to adjust representation in House of Commons, 273; election of 1882,
273-276; resolutions on home rule in Ireland, 277; contrasted with
Blake, 277-279; election of 1887, 279-283; adoption of jubilee address
to queen, 283; compromises with Canadian Pacific Railway over their
monopoly of transportation, 285; takes a constitutional stand on
Jesuits' Estates Act, 289; commercial union policy, 291 et seq.;
contemplates a general election, 300-302; takes steps to renew
commercial intercourse with United States, 303; his last appeal to
electors of Dominion, 304-311; makes the most of contents of Farrer
pamphlet, 313-314; throws himself with energy into election campaign of
1891, 314; for fourth time his government is sustained, 315; receives a
chill while attending demonstration at Napanee, 319; attends opening of
the session, 320; suffers a slight stroke of paralysis, 320; his last
appearance in the House, 320; suffers a final stroke on May 29, 1891,
321; and dies on June 6, 1891, 321; funeral, 321, 322; tribute from
Queen Victoria, 322; memorial service in Westminster Abbey, and tablet
to his memory in St. Paul's Cathedral, 322-323; a summing up of his work
and influence, 333-353; a practical politician, 333-336; his political
methods, 335-338; his personal magnetism, 339; anecdotes of, 340-341;
not an orator, but an effective debater, 341-342; proposed preferential
trade in 1879, 342; in favour of Imperial federation, 343; letter to,
from Cecil Rhodes, 349; kept in touch with Imperial affairs, 344;
Imperial honours bestowed on, 344-345; a self-made man, 345; tributes to
his statesmanship, 346; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 347-348; a
peacemaker, 348; Lord Dufferin on, 348-349; a poor man, 349-350; sum
raised for, in 1870, 351; statues to, in many Canadian cities, 351; his
greatness and shortcomings, 351-353. T At Charlottetown Conference, 74,
75; at Quebec Conference, 76, 78; at Westminster Conference, 121;
presented to the Queen, 124; forms first Dominion ministry, 127-128,
129; forms second ministry, 136; his national policy, 137. Bib.: Pope,
Memoirs of Sir John Alexander Macdonald; Macpherson, Life of
Macdonald; Collins, Life and Times of Macdonald; Adam, Life and
Career of Macdonald; Hopkins, Life of Macdonald; Biggar, Anecdotal
Life of Macdonald; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor,
Brit. Am.; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Macdonald, John Sandfield (1812-1872). Born in St. Raphaels, Glengarry.
In 1840 called to the bar, and practised in Cornwall. In 1841 elected to
the Parliament of the recently united provinces of Upper and Lower
Canada; and in 1849 solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin
government. In 1852-1854 Speaker; and attorney-general in the brief
Brown-Dorion ministry; premier in 1862, and resigned, 1864. Formed the
first government of the Province of Ontario, 1867; defeated in the House
and resigned, 1871. Index: E Returned in elections of 1848, 50; his
discourtesy to Lord Elgin, 127-131; Hincks succeeds in humiliating him,
135-136. B Offered seat in Cabinet by John A. Macdonald, 100; enters
George Brown's ministry, 102; called on to form government, 1861, 142;
an enthusiastic advocate of the "double majority," 142; in Confederation
debate, 182-183; asks Brown to go on mission to Washington to discuss
reciprocity, 192, 196. Md Upholds principle of "double majority," but
later throws it overboard, 79; separate schools established by his
administration, 1862-1863, 82; refuses John A. Macdonald's offer of a
seat in the Cabinet, 1858, 84, 85; leads the moderate "Reformers,"
84-89; forms ministry with Sicotte, 1862, 88-89; government defeated
same year on vote of want of confidence, 89; refuses to resign, and
reconstructs government by joining forces with Brown, Dorion, and the
Rouges, 89; resigns, March, 1864, 90; objects to passing of resolutions
adopted at Quebec Conference without submitting them to the people, 119;
becomes leader of provincial government in Ontario at Confederation,
141; his character, 141-142. T Resigns in 1864, 68. Bib.: Dent, Can.
Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.
Macdonell, Alexander. Represented Lord Selkirk's interests as governor
of the Red River Settlement. Had been for some years in the employment
of the Hudson's Bay Company. Left the Red River Settlement, 1821, when
it was discovered that he had been lining his own pockets at the expense
of Selkirk and the settlers. Popularly known as Gouverneur Sauterelle,
or the Grasshopper Governor. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and The Romantic
Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Ross, Red River Settlement.
Macdonell, Alexander. MS Sheriff of the home district, Upper Canada,
133; Selkirk puts him in charge of the Baldoon Settlement, near Lake St.
Clair, Upper Canada, 133.
Macdonell, Alexander. MS Sent by North West Company, with Duncan
Cameron, to Red River, to break up the Red River Settlement, 172-173;
leads attack on the colonists, 175. Bib.: Bryce, The Romantic
Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists.
Macdonell, Alexander (1769-1840). Born at Glen Urquhart, Scotland.
Raised a Roman Catholic regiment of which he was appointed chaplain and
saw service in Ireland; after the regiment had been disbanded, succeeded
in bringing the men to Canada in 1803-1804, and obtained for them an
extensive tract of land on the St. Lawrence, in what is now Glengarry
County. When the War of 1812 was threatened, assisted in raising the
Glengarry Fencibles and accompanied them into action. In 1826
consecrated bishop of Kingston. In 1839 returned to England to promote a
scheme of emigration from the Highlands, and died at Dumfries the
following year. Index: Bk Recommended as chaplain of Glengarry corps,
97. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Macdonell, Sketches Illustrating the
Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada.
Macdonell, George (1770-1870). Member of the well-known Glengarry family
of that name. Served for several years in the King's Regiment;
instrumental in organizing the Glengarry Fencibles in 1811, of which he
was given command. Served with distinction in the War of 1812,
particularly in the capture of Ogdensburg and the battle of Chateauguay.
Index: Bk Becomes colonel of Glengarry Fencibles, 180. Bib.: Lucas,
Canadian War of 1812; Macdonell, Sketches Illustrating the Early
Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada. See also War of 1812.
Macdonell, John. S Speaker of first Assembly of Upper Canada, 80, 85.
Macdonell, Lieutenant-Colonel John. Born in Glengarry; son of
Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Macdonell, of the 1st Glengarry militia.
Present at the capture of Detroit and mentioned in despatches. In 1812
aide-de-camp to Sir Isaac Brock, and took an important part in the
battle of Queenston Heights, where he was killed. At the time of his
appointment to General Brock's staff was acting attorney-general of
Upper Canada. Index: Bk Proposes to raise corps from among Scottish
settlers in Glengarry, 97; his report on American fort at Detroit, 190;
Brock makes him his aide-de-camp, 230; carries summons for surrender of
Detroit, 251, 255; death of, at Queenston Heights, 306. Bib.: Lucas,
Canadian War of 1812; Edgar, Ten Years of Upper Canada; Macdonell,
Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in
Canada. See also War of 1812.
Macdonell, Miles (1767-1828). Governor of Assiniboia. Born in Scotland.
Came to America with his father, Colonel John Macdonell, in 1773; and
entered the army. In 1794 lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Volunteers,
and captain in 1796. Appointed by Lord Selkirk governor of his projected
colony on Red River, and arrived there with a party of colonists in
1812. Opposition on the part of the North West Company culminated in an
attack, June 11, 1815, by the Company's agents, on the colonists, and
Macdonell, to avoid bloodshed, surrendered. A threatened trial at
Montreal fell through, and returned to Red River Settlement, where for
nearly twelve years was one of its leading pioneers. Index: MS Quoted on
Selkirk's Red River scheme, 100; a United Empire Loyalist, settled in
Glengarry, Upper Canada, 150; sent for by Selkirk to take charge of the
Red River Colony, 150; sails for Scotland, 150; at Stornoway in the
Hebrides, 151; at York Factory, 153-155; at the Red River, 157; winters
at Pembina, 158; returns to the Forks, 158-159; difficulties in feeding
the colonists, 161; beginning of troubles with the North West Company,
161-164; goes to meet new settlers, 163; summoned to Montreal to answer
charges, 164; his proclamation, 169; and its effect, 170-171; sends John
Spencer to seize North West Company's provisions at Souris River,
171-172; is arrested and taken to Montreal, 174. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's
Bay Company and The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists;
Ross, Red River Settlement; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.
MacDonnell, Alan. B Addresses Toronto Board of Trade on importance of
acquiring North-West Territories, 216.
Macdougall, William (1822-1905). Born in Toronto. Educated at Victoria
College, Cobourg; admitted as a solicitor in 1847, and as barrister,
1862. Engaged in journalism; founded the Canada Farmer in 1848, and
the North American in 1850. A member of the Assembly from 1858 to
1867; of the Dominion Parliament, 1867-1882; and of the Ontario
Legislature, 1875-1878. In 1862-1864 commissioner of crown lands; and
provincial secretary, 1864; minister of public works in first Dominion
government, 1867; attended the Westminster Conference, 1866-1867;
commissioner to London for the acquisition of North-West Territories,
1868; lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 1869; and member of the
Ontario Boundary Commission. Index: BL One of the leaders of the new
Radicalism,—editor of the North American, 341. E A leader of the
Clear Grits, 110. B A leader of the Clear Grits, 39; a young lawyer and
journalist, 40; edits the North American, 40; denounces George Brown,
40; secretary of Reform Convention, 1859, 137; suggests joint authority
for federal purposes, in Confederation debate, 137; enters coalition
ministry, 159; defeated in North Ontario, 160; elected in North Lanark,
160; favours elective Senate, 164; relations with Macdonald, 202-203;
defends his action in remaining in coalition ministry after
Confederation, 202, 209; his work on the Globe, 245. H Accompanies
Macdonald to Halifax, 1868, 210; meets Joseph Howe, on his way to Fort
Garry to assume duties of governor, 227; blames Howe for fomenting
trouble, 227. C On mission for purchase of Hudson's Bay Company's
territories, 68; attempts to enter North-West as lieutenant-governor,
69. R Graduate of Victoria College, 144. Md Minister of public works,
134; agrees to maintenance of coalition, 137; lieutenant-governor of
Rupert's Land, 1869, 138; accompanies Macdonald to Halifax, 144;
quarrels with Howe, 153, 154; introduces series of resolutions on
acquisition of North-West Territories, 156; sent to London to negotiate
annexation of territories, 156-157; appointed lieutenant-governor of
Rupert's Land, 158; refused admittance to the territory, 159. T Enters
coalition government, 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec
Conference, 76; enters first Dominion government, 128, 129. Bib.: Dent,
Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Morgan, Can. Men.
Macé, Sister de. L Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.
McEvoy, J. M. S His pamphlet on The Ontario Township quoted, 89.
McGee, Thomas D'Arcy (1825-1868). Emigrated from Ireland to the United
States, 1842, and became editor of the Boston Pilot; returned to
Ireland and edited The Nation, the Young Ireland's party organ; fled
to New York; came to Canada in 1857. Established and edited the New
Era in Montreal; elected to Parliament for the same city; president of
Executive Council, 1862-1863; minister of agriculture, 1864-1867. Took a
leading part in the movement for the Confederation of the provinces.
Shot by a Fenian, P. J. Whelan, in Ottawa, April 9, 1868, Index: B On
Confederation movement, xi; his speech on Confederation—names founders
of movement, 129, 130, 147; in Taché's government, 1864, 149. Md Takes
part in debates on resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference, 118. T His
work for Confederation, 65, 67; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at
Quebec Conference, 76. Bib.: Works: Canadian Ballads; Popular History
of Ireland; Notes on Federal Governments; Speeches and Addresses
Chiefly on Subject of British American Union; Poems, with biog.
sketch by Mrs. J. Sadlier. For his minor publications in Canada, and
works published before coming to Canada, see Morgan, Bib. Can. For
biog., see Taylor, Brit. Am. and Thomas D'Arcy McGee: Sketch of his
Life and Death; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.
McGill, James (1744-1813). Born in Glasgow, Scotland. Emigrated to
Canada. For some years engaged in the western fur trade; and in
partnership with his brother, Andrew McGill, acquired a large fortune.
Sat in Lower Canada Parliament for several years, and in the Legislative
and Executive Councils. An officer of the Montreal militia, and in 1812
brigadier-general. Devoted a large part of his wealth to various
institutions in Montreal, and was the founder of the university that
bears his name. Index: Bk Founder of McGill University, 100. Bib.:
Morgan, Cel. Can. See also McGill University.
McGill, John (1752-1834). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Virginia in
1773. Espoused the royal cause in the Revolution; in 1777 a lieutenant
in the Loyal Virginians, and in 1782 a captain in the Queen's Rangers.
In 1783 came to St. John, New Brunswick, and in 1792 to Upper Canada.
Became a member of the Executive Council, 1796, and of the Legislative
Council, 1797. In 1801 appointed inspector-general of accounts. Index: S
Accompanies Simcoe as commissary of stores, 47; appointed by Simcoe
purchasing agent for military supplies, 212; temporarily superseded, but
later confirmed in appointment, 213.
McGill, Peter (1789-1860). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada in
1809; became a wealthy merchant of Montreal. President of the Bank of
Montreal, 1834 to 1860. In 1841 appointed to the Legislative Council;
Speaker, 1847; a member of the Executive Council. In 1834-1838 chairman
of the St. Lawrence and Champlain Railway Company; in 1840-1842 mayor of
Montreal. A governor of McGill University; and of Montreal general
hospital. Index: Sy Member of Constitutional Association, 112. E
President of Legislative Council and member of Sherwood administration,
45; his vote helps to keep government in power, 45. BL Member of
Legislative Council, 1841, 83. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last
Forty Years.
McGill University. Founded through the far-sighted liberality of James
McGill, a merchant of Montreal, who in his will left his property of
Burnside and £10,000 to found the college. It was granted a royal
charter in 1820, and opened in 1829. The original bequest proving
insufficient to complete the college buildings, a further sum was given
by William Molson for that purpose. A new charter was obtained in 1852.
The period of greatest development of the university dates from 1855,
when J. W. Dawson was appointed principal. The university has been
fortunate in receiving generous bequests from wealthy citizens of
Montreal, notably from Peter Redpath, Sir W. C. Macdonald, and Lord
Strathcona. Bib.: Dawson, Historical Sketch of McGill University in
Canada: An Ency., vol. 4; Ency. Brit.; Ency. Amer.
McGillivray, Simon. One of the leading partners of the North West
Company. Signed the agreement of 1821 under which the Hudson's Bay and
North West Companies were amalgamated. Index: MS His declaration that
"Lord Selkirk must be driven to abandon his project, for his success
would strike at the very existence of our trade," 172; arrested by
Selkirk at Fort William, 189. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
MacGillivray, William. Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, and entered the
service of the North West Company. In 1786-1787 had charge of the North
West Company post at Lac des Serpents, in opposition to Roderick
McKenzie of the rival Company. In the spring, the two traders with their
men set out together for their respective headquarters at Grand Portage,
and arrived there side by side, the crews singing in chorus, to the no
small amazement of the Grand Portage people. MacGillivray and McKenzie
were ever after firm friends. The former became a partner of the North
West Company in 1790; signed the agreement of 1804; and was one of the
most influential of the bourgeois. Fort William was named after him in
1807. Made a legislative councillor of Lower Canada in 1814, in
recognition of his services to the government during the War of 1812.
Returned to Scotland before the fusion of the Hudson's Bay Company and
North West Company; bought an estate in Argyllshire, and died there
about 1825. Index: MS Friendly rivalry with Roderick Mackenzie, of the X
Y Company, 15; buys Pond's share in North West Company, 58; Fort William
named after, 100. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Masson,
Bourgeois de la Compagnie Nord-Ouest.
M'Govoch. Dr Discharged soldier, offers testimony in Walker case, 35;
tried for perjury and sent to prison, 38.
Machray, Robert (1831-1904). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen and
Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1855; and priest, 1856; in 1858 elected dean
of his college; vicar of Madingley till 1865, when appointed bishop of
Rupert's Land; in 1893, on the union of the Anglican churches in Canada,
became archbishop of Rupert's Land and primate of all Canada. Professor
of ecclesiastical history and liturgiology in St. John's College,
Winnipeg, and chancellor of the University of Manitoba. Bib.: Morgan,
Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Machray, Life of Archbishop Machray;
Mockridge, Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland.
McIntosh, John. Mc Mackenzie's brother-in-law, 482; house attacked by
mob, 482.
MacIntyre, Duncan. Md Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 236.
Mack, Karl Freiherr von (1752-1822). Bk Austrian general, surrender of,
72.
Mackay, Alexander. Accompanied Alexander Mackenzie on his memorable
journey of 1793 to the shores of the Pacific. In charge of Île à la
Crosse House, 1797-1799; signed the Montreal agreement of 1804, as one
of the partners of the North West Company; joined the Pacific Fur
Company, 1810, and sailed to Astoria with Franchère that year. Murdered
on the Tonquin, near Nootka, in 1811. Index: MS With Mackenzie on
expedition to Pacific, 67; at Astoria, 67; killed on the Tonquin, 67.
D Engaged by Astor for the Pacific, 95; slain by Indians on the
Tonquin, 95; his widow marries Dr. John McLoughlin, 95; succeeds
Douglas in command of northern posts, 187. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay
Company. See also Douglas; Mackenzie; Tonquin.
McKay, James. Born in Edmonton, Alberta. Educated at the Red River
Settlement. For a time in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company. A
member of the Council of Assiniboia and of the North-West Council.
Appointed to the Legislative Council of Manitoba, 1870. Minister of
agriculture, 1875-1878. Died, 1879.
McKay, Joseph William (1829-1900). Born at Rupert House, Hudson Bay.
Crossed the mountains to Fort Vancouver in 1844; had charge of various
trading posts west of the mountains, and rose to the rank of chief
trader; also made important explorations in what is now the province of
British Columbia. Became one of the first members of the Legislative
Assembly of Vancouver Island, 1855. Retired from the Company's service,
1879. Appointed to the Department of Indian Affairs of Canada in 1883.
Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.
McKee, Colonel. S Indian superintendent in the west, 126, 141, 210. Bk
His influence over the Indians, 280.
Mackellar. WM Chief engineer, accompanies Wolfe in reconnaissance of
Island of Orleans, 93.
Mackenzie, Alexander (1822-1892). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to
Kingston, Canada, in 1842; in 1848 started in business at Sarnia as
builder and contractor; in 1852 editor of the Lambton Shield, a reform
newspaper; member for Lambton in the provincial Parliament 1861-1867;
and from 1867 to 1892 a member of the Dominion Parliament. In 1873
became premier and minister of public works, the first liberal premier
of the Dominion. In 1878 his government defeated by the Conservative
party. Leader of the opposition until 1880, when he resigned on account
of ill-health, but remained in Parliament for some years, being elected
for East York in 1882 and 1887. Declined knighthood three times. Index:
Mc His letter in reference to George Brown, 496. Md Leader of opposition
in succession to George Brown, 150; Supreme Court organized under his
administration, 1875, 151; moves an amendment to the address, 208;
called upon to form a ministry, 1873, 211; pessimistic over the Canadian
Pacific Railway scheme, 234, 235; replaced in leadership by Edward
Blake, 235, 261. E Premier of Liberal government under which
simultaneous voting was required by law, 133. B Signs requisition to
George Brown to stand for Kent, 61; votes against proposal that three
members of opposition should enter the government, 157; opposes
Reformers taking seats in coalition ministry, but holds that they should
give Confederation an outside support, 199, 204; on George Brown's
character, 243; on Brown's relations with the parliamentary leaders
after retirement, 247-248; on Brown's last days, 257; character of his
speeches, 259. D His connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway
negotiations, 321. T His Cabinet, 90; opposes coalition idea, 128; his
ministry resigns, 136. Bib.: Works: Speeches in Scotland and Canada;
Life and Speeches of George Brown. For biog., see Buckingham and
Ross, Life of Alexander Mackenzie; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty
Years; Leggo, History of the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin in
Canada; Stewart, Canada under the Administration of the Earl of
Dufferin.
Mackenzie, Sir Alexander (1755-1820). S Visits Simcoe, 188; recommends
establishment of two trading-posts on Pacific coast, 189. MS Joins North
West Company, 7; opposes Selkirk's plans, 7, 146, 151, 159, 167; his
death, 8; born 1763 at Stornoway, Island of Lewis, Scotland, 10;
parentage, 10; education, 10; emigrates to Canada, 1779, 10; enters fur
trade and joins opposition to McTavish, 10, 11; his keenness and daring,
11; leads trading expedition to Detroit, 11; at Grand Portage, 1785, 12;
becomes a bourgeois, 12; assigned to English River department, 14;
friendly relations with officers of rival North West Company, 15; goes
to Athabaska, 17; his administrative ability, 17, 18; plans for
expansion, 18; sends Leroux to build post on Great Slave Lake, 18; and
Boyer to build one on Peace River, 19; describes life of fur trader, 22;
his ambitious designs for discovery, 22; unpopular with McTavish, 23;
hears of a great river in the north, 31; preparation for his journey,
32; his narrative, 32; his party, 33; sets out June 3, 1789, from Fort
Chipewyan, 33; reaches Great Slave Lake, 35; meets Yellow Knife Indians,
36; enters Mackenzie River, 37; meets Slave and Dog-Rib Indians, 28;
their account of the river, 38; passes mouth of Great Bear River, 28,
47; meets Hare Indians, 39; and Quarrellers, 39; enters the delta, 39;
lands on Whale Island, at mouth of the river, 40; erects post with
inscription, 40; uncertainty as to his having reached the sea, 43, 61;
the return journey, 43; coal seam on fire, 47; difficulties with
"English Chief," 45, 46, 48; returns to Great Slave Lake, 48; meets
Leroux, 48-49; reaches Chipewyan, Sept. 12, 1789, 50; results of the
journey, 50-51; establishes existence and course of Yukon, 50-51; his
treatment of natives, 51; his account of fauna, 51; his character,
51-52, 59; winters at Chipewyan, 53; unfriendliness of partners of
Company, 53; his project for a journey to the West, 53; goes down to
Grand Portage, 53; cool reception there, 54; returns to Chipewyan, 54;
his letters, 54; meets Philip Turner, 57; his share in North West
Company, 58; goes to England to acquire instruction and instruments for
his second journey, 59; returns to Athabaska, 61; preparations for
journey to the Pacific, 61; sends men to Peace River to cut timber for a
post, 61; leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, 61; ascends Peace River,
passes the falls and Boyer's "Old Establishment," and reaches Finlay's
fort, 62; his method of dealing with the Indians, 62-63; winters at the
forks, 63-65; Chinook winds, 65; sets out for the mountains and beyond,
66; members of his party, 67; a man of heroic mould, 68; leaves Finlay's
fort, May 9, 1793, 69; describes Peace River, 69; difficulties in
crossing the mountains, 70, 72; meets strange Indians, 74; ascends the
Parsnip River, 75; reaches its source, 75; descends the Fraser, 77;
retraces his steps, and travels overland to the sea, 79-85; describes
visit to the Coast Indians, 83; natives refer to Vancouver's party, 85;
reaches coast and paints record of his journey on a rock, 86; the return
journey, 86; trouble with the natives, 87; reaches Peace River, 88;
reaches Finlay's fort, 89; and Chipewyan, 89; leaves the West, 89;
increased reputation among partners of North West Company, 92; withdraws
from Company and sails for England, 93; publishes his book, 94; King
Bernadotte of Sweden's tribute to explorer, 95; Napoleon has his
Voyages translated into French, 96, 97; friendship of duke of Kent,
98; receives knighthood, 98; becomes head of X Y Company, 99; elected to
Legislature of Lower Canada, 100; returns to Scotland, 1808, 100;
opposes Selkirk's scheme, 100; his marriage, 101; his family, 101; his
death, March 12, 1820, 102; compared with Selkirk, 209. D His
expeditions to the Arctic and Pacific, 51; his personality, 52;
parentage, 52; arrival in Canada, 53; enters fur trade, 53; in command
of Fort Chipewyan, 53; his desire to rival Samuel Hearne, 53; sets out
from Chipewyan in 1789 to explore Mackenzie River, 53; river named after
him, 53; proves futility of search for North-West Passage, 53; visits
England and, prepares himself for further discoveries, 53; returns to
the West, and leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, for the Pacific, 53;
ascends Peace River and crosses the mountains, 54; reaches Tacouche
Tesse (Fraser), which he supposes to be the Oregon (Columbia), 54;
difficulties and dangers of the journey, 54-55; his printed narrative
translated into French for Napoleon, 55; his burial-place, 55; his wife,
55; the legend he printed on a rock on the shores of the Pacific, 56;
results of his journey, 56. Bib.: Voyages from Montreal through the
Continent of North America, 1789 and 1793, London, 1801; trans, into
French, Paris, 1802. See also his letters, in Roderick McKenzie's
Reminiscences (Masson, Bourgeois du Nord-Ouest). For biog., see
Willson, The Great Company; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee,
Search for the Western Sea; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.
Mackenzie, Donald (1783-1851). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada in
1800, and engaged in the service of the North West Company for several
years. In 1809 associated with John Jacob Astor in fur-trading on the
Columbia. Returned to the service of the North West Company; and in
1821, on its absorption by the Hudson's Bay Company, became a chief
factor in the united Company. In 1825 appointed governor of the Red
River Settlement, and held the position till 1832, when he retired to
the United States. Died at Mayville, New York. Index: MS Chief factor,
and afterwards governor, of Assiniboia, 222. Bib.: Bryce, The Romantic
Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists.
Mackenzie, Geddes. MS Marries Sir Alexander Mackenzie, 101; her
parentage, 101.
Mackenzie, George. Md Macdonald studies law in his office, 4; death of,
9.
Mackenzie, Hope. B Moves approval of George Brown's course in
Confederation negotiations, 156-157.
Mackenzie, Isabel. Mc Wife of William Lyon Mackenzie, granted $4000 by
Parliament, 240; at Navy Island, 424; death of, 508.
McKenzie, Roderick. Cousin of Sir Alexander Mackenzie. Came to Canada
from Scotland in 1784, and entered the service of the fur-trading firm
of Gregory, McTavish & Co., of Montreal. The following year reached
Grand Portage, where employed as a clerk. Accompanied his cousin to the
far West in 1786; built the original Fort Chipewyan, on the south shore
of Lake Athabaska, in 1788; and in charge of the post during Alexander
Mackenzie's expeditions of 1789 and 1792 to the Arctic and Pacific. In
1797, on his way to Montreal, after a long absence, rediscovered the old
Kaministiquia route, first discovered by the French many years before,
but afterwards abandoned. Became a partner of the North West Company,
1799; and signed the Montreal agreement of 1804 by which the X Y Company
was absorbed by the North West Company. A year or two later retired from
the fur trade, and began gathering material for a history of the North
West Company. The work was never published, nor even completed, but many
of the original journals which were to have formed its basis are
included in Masson's Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. Settled
at Terrebonne, in Lower Canada, and became a member of the Legislative
Council of the province. Index: MS Joins X Y Company, 14; friendly
rivalry with McGillivray (North West Company) in English River
department, 15; at Île à la Crosse, 16; brings news of death of Ross to
Grand Portage, 16; joins his cousin Alexander Mackenzie in Athabaska
department, 23; their friendship, 23; his Reminiscences, 24; builds
Fort Chipewyan, 24; plans library there, 26; winters there, 1788-1789,
27; at Chipewyan, 53; goes down to Grand Portage, 53; sent to Great
Slave Lake, 54. Bib.: Reminiscences in Masson, Bourgeois de la
Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search
for the Western Sea.
Mackenzie, William Lyon (1795-1861). Mc His personality, Goldwin Smith
on, 3; Dr. Harrison on, 4; W. J. Rattray on, 5, 6; first to enunciate
principle of responsible government, 5; "a man ahead of his time," 6;
his loyalty, 10; not an annexationist, 11; constitutional reformer, 12;
parentage and ancestry, 34-36; defends himself from charges of
disloyalty, 36-38; books read by him from 1806 to 1809, 40, 41; enters
commerce, 41, 42; goes to Canada, 43; physical description of, 43; joins
survey of Lachine Canal, 44; enters business with John Lesslie, 44;
moves to Queenston, 44; marries, 45; declares war on Constitutional Act,
72; starts Colonial Advocate, 85; describes Upper Canada in 1820,
85-87; warns Canadians against union with United States, 87, 97;
attitude on Clergy Reserves, 94; advocates provincial university, 95;
reforms advocated by, which have come into effect, 97, 98; defends
himself against disloyalty charge, 98-101; advocates federation of all
North American colonies, 104, 105; moves to York, 106; pictures life of
editors, 111; assists to bring about a party revolution, 112; mob
destroys Colonial Advocate, 113; Macaulay offers damages, 115;
personal attacks, 117-120; Macaulay's treatment of, 121-123; retaliates,
124, 125; answers Macaulay's pamphlet, 126; gets £625 damages, 129;
refuses to prosecute criminally, 129; indicted for libel, 130;
prosecution abandoned, 135; friendship of Robert Randal, 138; secures
Randal's mission to England, 139; advocates responsible government,
146, 148; elected for York, 150; moves committal of Allan MacNab, 152;
chairman of committee on post-office, 153; chairman of committee on
privileges of House, 154; carries many motions and addresses, 154;
introduces Thirty-two Resolutions, 155; opinions stated, 156; visits New
York, 157; letter in National Gazette, 158; supports Robert Baldwin,
159; chairman of committee on banking, 161, 162; moves Libel Bill, 162,
163; letters to Sir John Colborne, 164; advocates responsible
government, 166, 167; appeal to the people of Upper Canada, 168;
re-elected for York, 169; banks oppose, 170; gets committee on state of
representation, 171; committee reports, 175; he prints journals of
House, 172; accused of printing libel on House, 175; arouses Upper
Canada, 176, 177; visits Quebec, 178; first expulsion from Assembly,
181-201; libel complained of, 182, 183; his speech in his defence, 185;
House refuses committee of inquiry, 201; petitions to the governor, 203;
governor's answer, 203; backed up by the people, 204; again elected,
205; presented by constituents with gold medal, 205; second expulsion
moved, 207; defends himself, 209; expelled a second time, 209; appeals
to electors, 210-213; again elected, 215; attempt to assassinate, 219;
Colonial Advocate office again attacked, 221; his mission to England,
221; estimate of Earl Grey, 221; his friendship with Joseph Hume, 222;
introduces George Ryerson to Lord Goderich, 223; offered management of
post-office department, 225; prepares statement for minister, 226; reply
to Lord Goderich, 227; concessions obtained, 227-230; third expulsion,
232, 242; secures dismissal of Boulton and Hagerman, 232; scheme of
post-office reform, 236; asks control of post-office revenue for
Canadians, 236; obtains veto of Bank Charter Acts, 237; introduces
Egerton Ryerson to colonial office, 238; publishes Sketches of Canada
and the United States, 238; visits Scotland, 239; pays old creditors,
239; refuses banquets in Montreal and Quebec, 240; left to pay his own
expenses, 240; unanimously re-elected for the third time, 242; not
permitted to take oath, 242; new election ordered, 244; unanimously
re-elected for the fourth time, 244; ejected from the House, 245;
governor orders that he be allowed to take oath, 248; takes the oath,
251; again ejected from the House, 252; first mayor of Toronto, 255;
designs city arms, 256; helps cholera patients, 256; takes cholera, 257;
defeated for second mayoralty term, 257; forms Canadian Alliance
Society, 258; retires from journalism, 259; estimate of, as a
journalist, 260; again elected for York, 261; obtains select "Committee
on Grievances," 263; obtains committee on Welland canal, 264; appointed
director, 264; anticipates official report of canal committee, 265; sued
for libel, 265; report of "Committee on Grievances," 270; urges
responsible government, 279; visits Quebec, 287; meets Papineau, 288;
opposes British restraint on trade, 292; anticipates Reciprocity Treaty,
292; defeated for the House, 308; claims the election was unfair,
309-314; insulted by Tory press, 317; his replies, 318; visits New York,
320; begins the Constitution, 320; "Declaration of Independence" of
Upper Canada, 329, 330; meetings at Doel's brewery, 330-332; becomes
agent of convention committee, 332; addresses nearly two hundred public
meetings, 333-338; advises run on Bank of Upper Canada, 340; second
meeting at Doel's brewery, 346; urges seizing arms and proclaiming
provisional government, 349; drafts constitution, 355; organizes
Rebellion, 359; warrant issued for his arrest, 360; tries to correct
Rolph's mistake, 361; his advice disregarded, 362; sets out for the
city, 363; again proposes to march on the city, 366; meets Head's flag
of truce, 367, 368; urges Lount to march into the city, 371; skirmish at
Montgomery's tavern, 379; ransom offered for, 380; account of his
escape, 381 et seq.; addresses Buffalo audience, 411; meets Van
Rensselaer, 412; Head seeks his extradition, 414; occupies Navy Island,
415; president of provisional government, 416; arrested at Buffalo, 424;
threats of assassination, 428; abandons Van Rensselaer, 430; visits New
York and Philadelphia, 433; begins Mackenzie's Gazette, 433; no
connection with later frontier movements, 439, 444, 446; moves to
Rochester, 448; forms association of Canadian refugees, 448; tried for
breach of neutrality laws, 452; found guilty, 454; his sentence, 454;
rigorous treatment in gaol, 455-458; released, 459; publishes Caroline
Almanac, 459; his exchange attempted, 463; attempts to kidnap him, 464;
publishes Volunteer, 467; moves to New York, 468; appointed to
Mechanics' Institute, 468; publishes Lives of one Thousand Remarkable
Irishmen, 469; publishes the Examiner, 470; appointed to New York
customs house, 470; publishes Lives of Butler and Hoyt, in 1845, 471;
and Life and Times of Martin Van Buren, 1846, 472; goes on Tribune,
472; Hume's letter to, 475; writes to Earl Grey, 479; amnestied, 480;
visits Toronto, 481; brings family back, 486; elected for Haldimand,
486; his relations with George Brown, 487; his work in Parliament, 492;
again elected for Haldimand, 497; resigns, 498; later parliamentary
life, 500; love of his children, 504; Buchanan's proffered friendship,
504; Robert Hay's generosity, 505; offered office, 505; publishes
Mackenzie's Message, 505; friends purchase homestead for, 505;
financial difficulties, 506; declining health, 506; death of, Aug. 28,
1861, 507; funeral, 507, 508; one of the founders of St. Andrew's
Church, 507; tributes of the press, 509-523. Md Leads Rebellion of 1837
in Upper Canada, 7; supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, 81. R
Views on relation of church and state in 1824, 45; his work for popular
government, 66; his policy, 111; his "Seventh Report on Grievances,"
112; opposes separate schools, 224. B His return to Canada, 36; burnt in
effigy at Toronto, 36; defeats George Brown in Haldimand, 40, 44, 46;
his resolution for abolition of Court of Chancery, 47. BL His parentage,
12; early days in Canada, 12, 13; in politics, 13-16, 26, 27, 33; aids
Baldwin to secure seat in Legislature, 31; organizes revolutionary
clubs, etc., 43; his proposed constitution for Upper Canada, 43; plans
attack on Toronto by rebels, 43; described as a "mountebank," 120; his
correspondence with Hume and Roebuck, 229; founds Canadian Alliance
Association, 1834, 229; returns to Canada, 312, 318, 319; one of the
leaders of the new Radicalism, 340-341; brings in motion to abolish
Court of Chancery, 352. Sy Reform party falsely identified with his
proceedings, 85, 138. E And the Rebellion of 1837, 17; leads Radical
wing of Liberal party, in Upper Canada, 21, 22; and parliamentary
government, 51; and MacNab, 75, 76; returns from his exile, 91; causes
of his failure as a political leader, 91-93; proposes abolition of Court
of Chancery, 103, 112; defeats George Brown, 113; attacks the
government, 127; aftermath of the Rebellion, 190. P His correspondence
with Papineau, 189. H Effect of his action in Upper Canada, upon popular
party, in Nova Scotia, 49. Bib.: Works: Life and Times of Martin Van
Buren; Life and Opinions of B. F. Butler; Sketches of Canada and the
United States. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Lindsey, Life and
Times of W. L. McKenzie; Dent, Can. Por., Upper Canadian Rebellion,
and Last Forty Years; King, Other Side of the Story; Read,
Rebellion of 1837. See also Rebellion of 1837 (Upper Canada.)
Mackenzie River. Named after Sir Alexander Mackenzie, who explored it
from Great Slave Lake to the Arctic in 1789. It was known at one time as
Disappointment River. Its ultimate source is in Thutage Lake, the
headwaters of the Finlay in northern British Columbia. Its total length
from Thutage Lake to the sea is 2525 miles. The Hudson's Bay Company
has the following trading-posts on the main stream: Fort Providence,
near entrance of Great Slave Lake; Fort Simpson, at the mouth of the
Liard; Fort Wrigley, in lat. 63°; Fort Norman, at the mouth of Great
Bear River; Fort Good Hope near the Ramparts; and Fort MacPherson on
Peel River. The Company now operates a steamer from Fort Smith, on Slave
River, to the Arctic Ocean. Index: MS Alexander Mackenzie discovers and
explores, 37-48; "Great River," 53; Mackenzie refers to as "River
Disappointment," 55. Bib.: Mackenzie, Voyages; Franklin, Narrative of
Second Expedition; Richardson, Arctic Searching Expedition; Cameron,
The New North.
Mackenzie's Message. Published at Toronto. Index: Mc Newspaper,
published 1853, 505.
McKim, R. P. T Assists at funeral service of Sir Leonard Tilley, 146.
McLachlan, Alexander (1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada,
1840; engaged in farming. Government emigration agent for Scotland,
1862. Collected edition of his Poems published, 1900. Bib.: MacMurchy,
Canadian Literature.
McLane, David. Dr Hanged for treason, 301.
McLaren, Dr. Murray. T Attends Sir Leonard Tilley, 145.
MacLean, Judge. B Proposes Metcalfe's health at St. Andrew's Society
banquet, 27.
MacLean, Colonel Allan (1725-1784). Born in Scotland. Served in Holland,
1747. In 1757 served with Montgomery's Highlanders in America, and in
1761 major-commandant of the 114th Royal Highlanders. In 1775
lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Highland Emigrants. Served under
Carleton in the defence of Quebec, 1775-1776. Index: Hd Raises regiment
of Royal Highland Emigrants, 111; takes part in repulse of Arnold and
Montgomery, 112; on methods of trade, 162; speech of Indians to, 171;
his precipitancy in arresting Pillon, 279, 280, 285; departure of, 294;
his correspondence with Haldimand, 306; his opinion of the Americans,
307; letter to Haldimand regarding Du Calvet's movements, 209, 310;
visits Haldimand in London, 311, 327. Bib.: Bradley, The Making of
Canada; Lucas, History of Canada.
McLean, Archibald (1791-1865). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada
with his father; educated at Cornwall Grammar School. In 1812 served in
the war with the United States. After the war, called to the bar, and
built up an extensive practice. For several years member for Stormont
and Cornwall in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, of which he
was twice elected Speaker. In 1837 judge of the Court of King's Bench,
and held the position till 1856. In 1862-1863 chief-justice of Upper
Canada, and in 1864-1865 judge of the Court of Error and Appeal. Index:
Mc Elected Speaker, 1831, 170. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.
McLean, John (1828-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at the University
of Aberdeen; ordained priest, 1858, and became curate of St. Paul's,
London, Ontario. Removed to the Red River Settlement as archdeacon of
Assiniboia, and professor in St. John's College, 1866. Made bishop of
Saskatchewan, 1874. Died at Prince Albert as the result of an accident.
Bib.: Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland; Machray, Life of Archbishop Machray.
McLeod, Alexander. Mc Charged with murder of Amos Durfee, 423; trial and
acquittal, 424.
McLeod, Alexander Norman. Of the North West Company. Index: MS
Associated with Gregory and others in opposition to North West Company,
10, 11; visits Mackenzie at Detroit, 12; his character, 14; builds new
house at Chipewyan, 50; brings North West men from Fort William, 182;
arrives seven days after the Seven Oaks affair, 183.
McLeod, Archibald Norman. Entered the service of the North West Company
some time before 1790. In charge of Fort Dauphin, 1799, and Swan River,
1800. Three years later moved to the Athabaska department, and remained
there until 1809, when he took charge of New Caledonia. Had already
become a partner of the Company, signing the agreement of 1804 as such.
McLeod, Donald (1779-1879). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen
University for the church, but entered the navy, 1803, and the army,
1808. Served in the Peninsula under Sir John Moore, and in Canada during
War of 1812-1814; wounded at the battles of Chrystler's Farm and Lundy's
Lane. Returned to Europe and fought at the battle of Waterloo. Came to
Canada, 1816; opened a classical school at Prescott; began publication
of the Grenville Gazette. Took part in the Rebellion of 1837, as a
major-general in the insurgent army. Fled to the United States; arrested
and tried at Detroit, but acquitted. Settled at Cleveland, Ohio, where
he died. Index: Mc Occupies Point Pelee Island, 430. Bib.: History of
the Canadian Insurrection. For biog., see Dent, Upper Canadian
Rebellion.
McLeod, John (1788-1849). Born in Scotland. Entered the service of the
Hudson's Bay Company; conducted Selkirk's colonists from York Factory to
the Red River, 1811; from that date to the union of the two fur
companies in 1821, engaged in building trading-posts and extending the
operations of the Hudson's Bay Company towards the Rocky Mountains. Had
taken a leading part in the long conflict between the Hudson's Bay
Company and the North West Company, some account of which is given in
his diary, 1814-1815, reproduced in part in Bryce's Hudson's Bay
Company. On the union of the Companies, given charge of the New
Caledonia department, west of the mountains, where he remained for many
years, finally retiring from the service, and spending the remainder of
his days on the banks of the Ottawa. Index: MS Leads the Selkirk
colonists in their opposition to Cuthbert Grant and the half-breeds,
175; his journal, 175, 176; builds house for governor, 176. D Ascends
upper Liard to its southern source in Dease Lake, 1834, 123. Bib.:
Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.
McLoughlin, John (1784-1857). Born at Rivière du Loup. Studied medicine
in Edinburgh; joined the North West Company; engaged for several years
in the Rainy Lake country; in charge of Fort William in 1821, when the
North West and Hudson's Bay Companies were amalgamated, and appointed to
take charge of the Columbia River department, 1823. Built Fort
Vancouver, 1824, and made it the headquarters for the whole territory
west of the mountains. Did more than any other man to strengthen the
hold of the Company on the fur trade of the Pacific coast. Through
misunderstandings over his attitude towards the American settlers on the
Columbia, retired from the Company's service, 1846, and spent the rest
of his life in Oregon City. Index: MS Edward Ellice on, 220; impresses
Sir George Simpson, 220; travels in state, 221. D First great Hudson's
Bay Company leader in Oregon, 84; his character, 84, 86; takes Douglas
under his charge, in North West Company, at Fort William, 93; persuades
Douglas to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; his friendship for Douglas,
94; born, 1784, at Rivière du Loup, 94; grandson of Malcolm Fraser, 94;
his early home and training, 94-95; studies medicine in Edinburgh, 95;
returns to Canada and enters North West Company, 95; sent to Sault Ste.
Marie, 95; there when post burned in War of 1812, 95; marries widow of
Alexander Mackay, 95; goes to Fort William, 95-96; at Fort Vancouver,
his practically absolute rule, 111; ambitious plans for development of
western department, 114; sends expedition to Fraser River by sea, 115;
builds Fort Colville, 1825-1826, 116; builds Fort Langley, 1827, 116;
builds Fort Simpson, 1831, 116; sends Findlayson, Manson, and Anderson,
1833, to build Fort McLoughlin, 117; sends Douglas to receive Fort
Stikine from Russians, 1840, 122; expedition to Sacramento and San
Joaquin Valleys, 126; recognizes agricultural possibilities of Oregon,
128; organizes Puget Sound Agricultural Company, 130; his attitude
towards Oregon settlers, 144; forced out of Hudson's Bay Company, 145;
Douglas and Ogden associated with him in management of western
department, 187; resigns from Hudson's Bay Company, 1846, 187; removes
to Oregon City, 187; treatment of, by American settlers, 187; his death,
187; his character contrasted with that of Douglas, 351-353. Bib.:
Holman, Dr. John McLoughlin: the Father of Oregon; Laut, Conquest of
the Great North-West; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Bancroft, History
of the North-West Coast.
McLoughlin, John. D Son of Dr. John McLoughlin, accompanies Douglas to
Sitka, 122; succeeds Rae at Fort Stikine, 122; shot by Indians, 1842,
122-123.
McMaster University. Located at Toronto. Formed in 1887 from the union
of Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College. Mainly indebted for
endowment to William McMaster. Woodstock College, Woodstock, and Moulton
Ladies' College, Toronto, are maintained in close connection.
McMillan, John (1816-1886). Born in Scotland. Came to New Brunswick,
1832. Represented Restigouche in the Assembly, 1857-1867;
surveyor-general, 1861-1865; postmaster-general, 1867-1868; inspector of
post offices for New Brunswick, 1868-1886. A strong advocate of
Confederation. Index: T Elected for Restigouche, 89; postmaster-general
in Mitchell ministry, 105.
MacNab, Sir Allan Napier (1798-1862). Born at Newark (now Niagara),
Ontario. On the American invasion of Canada joined the army in 1813 and
served throughout the war. In 1826 called to the bar of Upper Canada and
practised in Hamilton. In 1829 first elected for Wentworth County in the
Assembly, and during 1837-1841 Speaker of the House. Took an active part
in the Rebellion of 1837-1838 and knighted for his services. After the
union of Upper and Lower Canada became Conservative leader and elected
Speaker of the House, 1844-1848, and again in 1862. Premier, 1854, and
resigned, 1856. Index: H Entertains Joseph Howe at Hamilton, 138. BL
Brings loyal troops from Hamilton, to disperse rebels under Mackenzie,
44; taunts Baldwin with his share in the Rebellion, 45; his exploits in
1837 win him knighthood, 82; leader of Tories in Legislature, 1841, 82;
proposed for speakership, 87; withdraws his name, 88; his faction
welcomes Bagot's appointment as governor, 113; raises racial question,
178; opposes transfer of capital to Montreal, 183; Baldwin on, 183;
attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 214; referred to by George Brown,
224; elected in 1844, 252; elected Speaker, 279; his opposition to
Rebellion Losses Bill, 314; his quarrel with Blake, 315; warns ministry
of riot, 322; rescues portrait of the queen, 324; proposed for Speaker,
Baldwin's tribute to his qualifications, Morin elected in his stead,
283; and Papineau, 343; and Baldwin, 353. E His part in suppressing
Rebellion of 1837-1838, 31; returned in 1848, 50; defeated for
speakership, 51; takes part in stormy debate on Rebellion Losses Bill,
68-69; his responsibility for the disturbances of 1849, 75; nominal
leader of Conservative party, 119; called upon by Lord Elgin for advice,
137; agrees to coalition ministry, 139-140; forms government with Morin,
140; his last resting-place, 224. B And the old Tory party, 69; his
farcical amendment to prohibition motion, 76; forms coalition ministry
with Morin, 77; on the charges against George Brown, 89. C His alliance
with Quebec Liberals, 33. Mc Committed to gaol by Speaker, 152; moves
Mackenzie's expulsion, 241; admits error, 242; leads forces against Navy
Island, 417; orders cutting out of Caroline, 420; knighted, 423; goes
to Brantford, 425; seizes Dr. Duncombe's papers, 426; goes to Sandwich,
427; in debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 489. Md Called upon to form an
administration, 61; forms government with A. N. Morin, 63; Morin resigns
and he forms a new administration with Colonel Taché, 74; his ideal of
government, 76; problem of superseding him, 76, 77; resigns, 80;
supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, 81. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years;
Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
MacNab, James. H Member of Lord Falkland's Council, 69; declaration as
to ministerial responsibility, 75; retires from government, 87; offered
seat in Executive Council, 1846, 103; declines offer, 104; elected for
Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110; becomes
receiver-general, 112. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
McPhelim, Francis. T Deserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18;
postmaster-general in Gray ministry, 41.
McPherson, Charles. T Member of Executive Council, New Brunswick, 41.
Macpherson, Sir David Lewis (1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to
Canada, 1835. In 1842 entered business in Montreal; in 1851 he, with
others, obtained a charter for a railway from Montreal to Kingston, and
associated with the construction of other lines; formed the
Inter-Oceanic Railway Company for the purpose of constructing the
projected Canadian Pacific Railway, but the contract given to the
syndicate headed by Sir Hugh Allan. In 1864-1867 a member of the
Legislative Council of Canada; in 1867 appointed to the Senate; Speaker,
1880; member of the Cabinet without portfolio; minister of the interior,
1883-1885; knighted, 1884. Index: Md Heads the Inter-Oceanic Company
which received charter from government, 200. E Signs Annexation
Manifesto, 81. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Pope,
Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
McTavish, Dugald. D Member of Victoria board of management, 265; becomes
president of board, 265; transferred to Montreal, in 1870, 265.
McTavish, Simon (1750-1804). Born in the Highlands of Scotland. A man of
"enormous energy and decision of character." Settled at Montreal.
Engaged in the fur trade soon after the cession of Canada to England,
and chiefly instrumental in organizing the North West Company, 1784.
Purchased the seigniory of Terrebonne; entertained in princely style at
his home in Montreal; and at the time of his death was engaged in
building a huge mansion at the foot of Mount Royal. Index: MS A leader
in the fur trade, 10; known as le Marquis and le Premier, 23, 91;
his dislike for Alexander Mackenzie, 23; his haughty temper and
domineering spirit make him unpopular, 54, 91, 93; compared with
Mackenzie, 92; puts new life into North West Company, 99; his death,
1804, 99. Bk And McGillivray of North West Company, send news of
declaration of war, 203. Bib.: Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du
Nord-Ouest; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
McTavish, William. MS Chief factor, 1851, 228; last governor of
Assiniboia under Hudson's Bay Company, 228.
Madison, James (1751-1836). Fourth president of the United States.
Index: Dr His hatred of Great Britain, 274, 281. Bk Maintains
non-intercourse with Britain and France, 120; his warlike messages to
Congress, 173, 185; places temporary embargo on United States ships,
192; informs Congress of Hull's advance into Canada, 213. Bib.: Cyc.
Am. Biog.
Madocawando. F Abenaquis chief, 329.
Madras Schools. W Founded by Joseph Lancaster, 86; the system described,
86-87; established in New Brunswick, 87. T At Gagetown, 5; system
popular, 5.
Magdalen Islands. In Gulf of St. Lawrence. Uncertain who first
discovered the group. They were known for many years as the Isles
Ramées, or Ramea. This name first appears in narratives of voyages to
the Gulf in 1590-1597, in Hakluyt. Champlain applied the present name to
what is now known as Amherst Island, in the 1632 ed. of his Voyages.
It was afterwards applied to the whole group. Bib.: Ganong, Cartography
of Gulf of St. Lawrence (R. S. C., 1889).
Magistrates. Dr Poor character and scandalous methods of many of them,
52; some of them most worthy men, 55.
Magnan, Pierre. Ch Goes on embassy to Iroquois, 163; is murdered, 164.
Maguaga. Bk Americans successful in skirmish at, 238-243.
Mahicanaticouche. Ch Montagnais chief, 139, 163; found to have been
guilty of murder, 165.
Mail. Newspaper published at Niagara. Index: B Ridicules Globe's
proposal for annexation of North-West Territories, 217-218.
Maillard, Antoine Simon. Missionary to the Indians and French of Acadia
and Cape Breton, 1734. Vicar-general at Louisbourg for several years.
Invited by the governor of Nova Scotia to settle at Halifax, 1759. At
first opposed British supremacy, but afterwards a strong supporter of
the government. Died in Halifax, 1768. Bib.: Selections from the Public
Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Mair, Charles (1840- ). Born in Lanark, Ontario. Educated at Queen's
University, Kingston. Paymaster for the Dominion government at Fort
Garry, 1868; captured by the rebels in Riel's first rising, 1869;
condemned to death, but escaped. In the second rising, 1885, served as
quartermaster of the Governor-General's Body Guard. In 1893, appointed
Canadian government immigration agent in charge of the Lethbridge
district, Southern Alberta. Index: Md Comes to Ottawa from Prince Albert
to impress on authorities the serious situation in the West, 241. Bib.:
Works: Dreamland and other Poems; Tecumseh: a Drama. For biog.,
see Morgan, Can. Men; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.
Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedy, Sieur de. In this "devout and valiant
gentleman," as Parkman says, lived again the spirit of Godfrey de
Bouillon, leader of the first Crusade. He had seen much service in
European wars, before the opportunity came to consecrate his sword to
the church in Canada. A group of enthusiasts in France had obtained a
grant of the Island of Montreal from Lauson and the Company of New
France, and purposed to establish there a religious colony, of which
Maisonneuve was appointed governor. Sailed from Rochelle, in 1641, with
a company of soldiers and artisans; wintered at Quebec; and on the
eighteenth of May, 1642, landed on the same spot where Champlain had
stood thirty-one years before. Here he and his men set to work to build
a chapel, fort, and their simple habitations, thereby laying the
foundation of the future city of Montreal. Was for 22 years governor of
Montreal, but through the jealousy of De Mésy, governor-general of
Canada, was recalled to France by De Tracy in 1664. Though no charges
were made against him he found no possibility of reinstatement in office
and resigned in 1669; died in 1676. Index: F Conducts mission colony to
Montreal, 29, 33; bravery of, 34; goes back to France for
reinforcements, 38; returns to Canada with one hundred soldiers, 39;
removed from governorship by Marquis de Tracy, 54. L Governor of
Montreal, his piety, 8; carries cross on his shoulders to summit of
Mount Royal, 91; removed from his position, 176; presents a cannon from
which to make a bell, to Bonsecours chapel, 177. Ch Comes out in 1613
with three vessels licensed to trade, 78; Champlain returns to France in
his ship, 79. Bk Founder of Montreal, 99. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits in
North America and Old Régime; Faillon, La Colonie Française;
Dollier de Casson, Histoire de Montreal.
Maitland, Sir Peregrine (1777-1854). Born in Hampshire, England. Entered
the army, 1792. Served in Flanders, 1794-1798; in Spain, 1809 and 1812;
promoted major-general, 1814; took part in the battle of Waterloo and
made K.C.B for his services. Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada,
1818-1828; and lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1828-1834.
Commander-in-chief of the Madras army, 1836-1838; and governor and
commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope, 1844-1847. Knighted, 1852.
Index: E Grants charter to King's College, 93. BL Dismisses Willis from
office, 28. R Favours encouragement to British Methodists in Canada,
87-88. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, The Lieutenant-Governors of
Upper Canada; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Maizerets, Louis Ange de. L Comes to Canada, 41; director of the
Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to Seminary, 56; made
archdeacon of chapter of Quebec, 197; administers diocese, with
Glandelet, in absence of Laval, 243.
Malartic, Anne Joseph Hyppolite, Count de (1730-1800). Born in France.
In 1745 entered the army; and in 1749 came to Quebec as assistant major.
In 1756 served under Montcalm, and took part in all his campaigns; bore
a conspicuous part in the siege of Quebec, 1759-1760, and severely
wounded at the battle of Ste. Foy; served on the American side in the
War of Independence. Index: WM Anxious as to line of defence above the
city, 159, 162; in battle of Ste. Foy, 261; wounded, 264; Murray's
conversation with, 269. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Doughty,
Siege of Quebec.
Malaspina. Dr In search for Strait of Anian, 26.
Malot, Louis. Ch Jesuit, drowned, 200.
Mance, Jeanne (1606-1673). Born at Nogent-le-Roi. Infected with the
prevailing enthusiasm for missionary work in Canada, and in 1640
journeyed to Rochelle, intending to embark for the New World. At
Rochelle met Dauversière and others interested in the project of a
missionary settlement at Montreal, and determined to throw in her lot
with them. Sailed to Quebec with Maisonneuve, and spent the winter there
with the Ursulines. In May, 1642, the colonists ascended the river,
having gained another convert at Quebec in the person of Madame de la
Peltrie. The following year a hospital was built at Montreal, with money
supplied by Madame de Bullion. Jeanne Mance was put in charge, and
devoted the remainder of her life to ministering to the sick, native as
well as white. Index: F Establishes Hôtel Dieu at Montreal, 29; death
of, 78. L Founder of hospital at Montreal, 8; smitten by plague on board
the St. André, 31; laid one of the foundation stones of Montreal
church, 89; her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91. Bib.: Parkman,
Jesuits in North America; Faillon, Vie de Mlle. Mance.
Manchester. In England. Index: Sy Poulett Thomson elected for, 31; his
free trade views find support in, 36; great dinner to Thomson in, 37.
Manet, Jean. Ch Interpreter, 144.
Manitoba. Area, 73,956 square miles. The province was created in 1870,
the old Red River Settlement, founded by Lord Selkirk, forming the
nucleus. The name is a contraction of the Cree word Manitowaban. La
Vérendrye and his sons were the first white men to set foot within what
now forms the province. They built Fort Maurepas, at the mouth of
Winnipeg River, in 1734; Fort Rouge, at the mouth of the Assiniboine, in
1733; and Fort La Reine, near present Portage la Prairie, in 1738. They
afterwards built Fort Dauphin, on or near Lake Dauphin. See also Red
River Colony; Winnipeg. Index: C Bill creating province introduced by
Cartier, 71; meaning of name, The God That Speaks, 71. Md Bill passed
for establishment of, as province, 161; restrictions against rival lines
to Canadian Pacific Railway removed, 236, 284; boundary dispute, 256;
its connection with commercial union, 298. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba; Gunn
and Tuttle, History of Manitoba; Begg, History of the North-West;
Bryce, Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Hargrave, Red
River; Ross, Red River Settlement.
Manson, Donald. Engaged in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, west
of the Rocky Mountains. Led three brigades from the Columbia to Langley
on the Fraser, 1848. Appointed a justice of the peace. Index: D At Fort
McLoughlin, 117; establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope,
117-118.
Mantet, Nicholas d'Ailleboust, Sieur de (1663-1709). In 1689 defeated
the Iroquois at the Lake of the Two Mountains; and in 1690 led an
expedition against Schenectady. Killed during an attack on Fort St.
Anne, Hudson Bay. Index: F One of the leaders of war party against
Schenectady, 235. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.
Maquinna. D His relations with Captain Meares at Nootka, 27; keeps
armourer and sailmaker of the Boston in slavery four years, 37.
Marcel, Captain. WM Third aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; accompanies
Montcalm on visit of inspection, 173; with Montcalm in his last hours,
219; informs Lévis of Montcalm's death, 220; departure for France, 238.
Marcet, Mrs. Hd Grand-niece of Haldimand, 343.
Marchand, Étienne (1755-1793). Engaged in the trade between the West
Indies and North and South America. In 1790 sailed from Marseilles on a
voyage of trade and exploration, in which he made careful surveys of the
coast of Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, visited the islands of
Polynesia, sailed up the west coast of America, visited China and
Siberia, and finally returned to Europe, 1792. Index: D Explores
North-West Coast, 1791, 25; his narrative, 25. Bib.: Voyage autour du
Monde, ed. by Fleurien. For biog., see Cyc. Am. Biog.
Marchand, Félix Gabriel (1832-1900). Born in St. Johns, Quebec. Educated
at St. Hyacinthe College. Elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec,
1867; provincial Secretary, 1878-1879; commissioner of crown lands,
1879; Speaker of the Assembly, 1887-1892; premier of Quebec, 1897. For
many years proprietor and editor of Le Franco-Canadien. Bib.: Works:
Manuel et Formulaire du Notariat; Fatenville; Erreur n'est pas
Compte; Un Bonheur en Attire un Autre; Les Faus Brillants. For
biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.
Marché, Charles de. Ch Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.
Marcy, William Learned (1786-1857). Mc Governor of New York, declines to
surrender Mackenzie, 414. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Mariana. Ch Jesuit, book written by, ordered to be burnt, 153.
Marie. WM A storeship launched at Montreal, 244.
Marie Antoinette (1755-1793). Queen of France. Index: S Public mourning
in Upper Canada for death of, 193.
Marie de l'Incarnation (Marie Martin, née Guyart) (1599-1672). Born at
Tours, France. Married early, and was left a widow after two years, with
an only child. For twelve years devoted herself to his education; and
then entered the Ursuline convent at Tours; in 1639 accompanied Madame
de la Peltrie to Canada, and became the first superior of the Ursuline
convent at Quebec. Her Lettres Historiques, written for the
edification of her son Claude Martin, form one of the most valuable
sources of information on the history of the period. Composed a
catechism in Huron, three in Algonquian and a dictionary of French and
Algonquian. Index: F Arrival of, at Quebec, 28; on Jesuit Relations,
30; on influence of convent teaching, 89; on rapid decline of Indian
population, 168. L On the devotion of Laval to the sick, 33; on his
saintliness, 34, 254; on conversions wrought by the earthquake, 45;
mentions Dollard's exploit, 75; on piety of the soldiery, 79; her piety,
92; called the Theresa of New France, 93; Abbé Ferland's account of, 93;
on the zeal of Fénelon and Trouvé, 109; on the sale of brandy to the
Indians, 113; praises Talon, 114; on Canadians, 119; on education of
Indian girls, 125; death of, 153, 154; character and influence, 155. Ch
Praises virtues of early settlers, 258. Bib.: Lettres de la Vénérable
Mère Marie de l'Incarnation; Martin, La Vie de la Vénérable Mère Marie
de l'Incarnation; Charlevoix, Vie de Mère Marie de l'Incarnation;
Casgrain, Vie; Life, by a Religious of the Ursuline Community.
Marion, Nicholas. Ch Captain of the Levrier, one of the two vessels of
Champlain's first expedition to Quebec, 40.
Maritime Provinces. B Movement for union of, 161, 186; Taché argues
advantages of union with, 169-170; coal mines of, 170; shipping of, 170,
174; inclusion of, in Confederation, opposed by Dorion, 176; British
government brings pressure upon, in interests of Confederation, 186-187;
involved in reciprocity negotiations, 194. Md Their determined
opposition to Confederation, 116-118. T History of union movement in,
69-71; Charlottetown Conference, 73-75. See also New Brunswick; Nova
Scotia; Prince Edward Island; Cape Breton. Bib.: See under foregoing
titles.
Markland, George H. R Member of Legislative Council, Upper Canada, and
of Board of Education, 58.
Marquette, Jacques (1637-1675). Born at Laon, in the north of France.
Joined the Society of Jesus about 1654, and sailed for Canada, 1666.
Sent to the Upper Lakes, 1668, and stationed at La Pointe, near the
western end of Lake Superior, 1670. Here he heard from the Illinois of a
great river flowing far to the south, and was filled with an ardent
desire to explore it. His opportunity came two years later, when he was
chosen by the Intendant Talon to accompany Louis Jolliet on his
memorable exploration of the Mississippi, 1673. Descending the river to
the mouth of the Arkansas, and satisfying themselves that it flowed
neither into the Atlantic nor the Gulf of California, but into the Gulf
of Mexico, they returned to Green Bay, arriving in Sept. 1673. Marquette
remained at the mission of De Père until 1675, when he established a
mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois. His strength had been broken by
the difficult journey of 1673, and on his return from Kaskaskia to
Michilimackinac, died on the shore of Lake Michigan, May 18, 1675. In
the winter of 1676 his bones were brought to Michilimackinac and buried
there. Index: F Accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 155. L One of
the founders of mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; follows course of
Mississippi, 11, 146; accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 59; his
death, 146. WM Descends the Mississippi with Jolliet, 19. Bib.: Shea,
Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley; Griffin,
Discovery of the Mississippi; Parkman, La Salle; Breese, Early
History of Illinois; Sparks, American Biography, ser. 1, vol. 10.
Marriages. W Dissenting ministers forbidden to perform ceremony in New
Brunswick, 14, 15; the Dissenters' Marriage Bill, 14, 15; question
settled in 1834, 16. F Stimulated by civil authorities, 57. S Question
of, in Upper Canada, 85-88, 161.
Marriott, Sir James (1730?-1803). Advocate general, 1764;
vice-chancellor, 1767; sat in Parliament for Sudbury, 1781-1784, and
1796-1802. Index: His views on question of Canadian laws, 62; examined
in connection with the Quebec Act, 63, 69. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Marshall, John George (1786-1880). Born in Nova Scotia. Educated at
Halifax, and called to the bar, 1808. Represented Sydney in the Nova
Scotia Assembly, 1811-1823. Subsequently appointed chief-justice of the
Court of Common Pleas. Died in Halifax. Bib.: Brief History of Events
in Nova Scotia during the Earliest Years of the Present Century.
Marsolet, Nicolas (1587-1677). Came to Canada from France about 1608,
and for many years an interpreter for the Montagnais and Algonquian
tribes. In 1629, when Kirke took Quebec, deserted to the English. Index:
Ch Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; joins Algonquians to learn their
language, 63; interpreter of Algonquian language, 144; sides with the
Kirkes, 194; subsequent career, 203. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of
France.
Marteilhe. Dr Appointed judge, 183.
Martial Law. Bk Question respecting, 226. Hd Canada under, for four
years after conquest, 41, 43; abolished, 59; Haldimand's opinion of, for
Florida, 65; at Vincennes, 93; not strictly enforced by Haldimand, 275.
Martin, Abraham (1589-1664). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada in 1614,
having married Marguerite Langlois the previous year. Engaged as a pilot
at Quebec. In 1635 granted lands on the heights of Quebec by the Hundred
Associates, and in 1648 and 1652 received further gifts of land from
Adrien Duchesne. Index: WM First proprietor of Plains of Abraham, 186.
Ch Early settler, 145, 146; his property, 147. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of
Quebec; Wood, Fight for Canada.
Martin, Anne. Ch Daughter of Abraham Martin, 146.
Martin, Charles Amador. Ch Priest, 146.
Martin (or Marten), Sir Henry (1562-1641). Born in London. Educated at
Oxford. Sent to the Palatinate, 1613; chancellor of London diocese,
1616; judge of the Admiralty Court, 1617-1641. A member of the Court of
High Commission, 1620-1641. One of the commissioners appointed to
negotiate a settlement in Canadian affairs between England and France,
1629-1630. Index: Ch English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Martin, Joseph (1852- ). Born in Milton, Ontario. Educated at the public
schools and at the Toronto Normal School. Taught school for a time;
studied law at Ottawa; removed to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, 1882,
and the same year called to the bar of Manitoba. Member of the Manitoba
Assembly, 1883-1892; attorney-general, 1888-1891; carried through the
Act abolishing separate schools in Manitoba, 1890. In 1891 contested
Selkirk for the House of Commons, but defeated; elected for Winnipeg,
1893, but defeated, 1896. Removed to British Columbia, 1897; elected to
the British Columbia Assembly for Vancouver; subsequently
attorney-general and premier of the province. Removed to England, 1909,
and in same year contested Stratford-on-Avon for the British House of
Commons, but defeated; elected to represent East St. Pancras, London,
1910. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who; Ewart, The
Manitoba School Question.
Martin, Marguerite. Ch Daughter of Abraham Martin, 146.
Martinez, Estévan José. Accompanied Perez to North-West Coast in 1773 as
pilot. In 1788 sent again to the North-West Coast as joint commander
with De Haro of an expedition to watch the operations of the Russians;
the following year again sent north from Mexico in command of the
Princessa. Seized the Iphigenia at Nootka, but afterwards released
it; fortified Hog Island near Friendly Cove, and took formal possession
of Nootka; also seized several other vessels at Nootka, and imprisoned
Captain Colnett. After carrying out some local explorations returned to
Mexico. Index: D Asserts Spanish sovereignty over Pacific, 28; at
Nootka, 28; seizes Iphigenia and North-West America, and claims
Nootka by right of conquest, 28; claims disproved by Douglas, 28;
Iphigenia released, but North-West America retained, 29; seizes
Princess Royal and Argonaut, 29. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the
North-West Coast.
Marylanders. Dr Loyalists, commanded by Chalmers, 202.
Mascarene, Paul (1684-1760). Born in Castras, in the south of France.
Educated at Geneva, and afterwards went to England; naturalized, 1706.
Entered the army, 1708; accompanied his regiment to America, 1710; took
part in the capture of Port Royal. Became lieutenant-colonel of
Philipps's regiment, and a member of the Council of Nova Scotia.
Lieutenant-governor of Annapolis, 1740, and administrator of the
government of the province until the arrival of Governor Cornwallis,
1749. Defended Annapolis against Du Vivier, 1744. Retired from active
service on account of advancing age; gazetted major-general. Lived in
Boston until his death. Bib.: Selections from the Public Documents of
Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Campbell, History of Nova Scotia. See
also Acadians, Expulsion of the.
Mascouten Indians. An Algonquian tribe. The name means "Little prairie
people." They were known to the French as Nation du feu. First
mentioned by Champlain in 1616; Perrot visited their village, near Fox
River, Wis., some time before 1669. They were also seen by Allouez in
1670, and by Marquette in 1673. Always a small tribe, they disappeared
entirely before the end of the eighteenth century. Bib.: Hodge,
Handbook of American Indians.
Masères, Francis (1731-1824). Born in London. Educated at Cambridge. In
1766 appointed attorney-general of Quebec, holding the position until
1769. Returned to England and was cursitor baron of the Exchequer,
1773-1824, and in 1780 became senior judge of the Sheriff's Court,
London. Index: Dr Attorney-general, of Huguenot descent, conducts
prosecution in Walker Case, 37; called upon to report on a system of
law for the country, 41; goes to England, 56; opposed to Carleton and
others on question of Canadian laws, 62; called as witness in connection
with Quebec Act, 63; evidence before House of Commons, 68. Hd Supports
Du Calvet, 290, 291, 305; mentioned by MacLean, 310; his opinion of
Mabane, 315. Bib.: Works: Account of the Proceedings of the British and
other Protestant Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec, in Order to
Obtain an House of Assembly; Additional Papers Concerning the Province
of Quebec; Canadian Freeholder; Collection of Commissions, etc.,
Relating to the Province of Quebec; Occasional Essays. For biog.,
see Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada.
Massachusetts. F Charter of, declared null and void, 264; takes lead in
expedition against Quebec, 277. Bk War of 1812 unpopular in, 208.
Massé, Enemond (1574-1646). Born in France. Entered the Society of
Jesus, 1596. In 1611 went to Port Royal (Annapolis); and later to Mount
Desert Island, where he established a mission and built a fort. In 1613
Captain Samuel Argall (q.v.), attacked the fort, and Massé and most of
the colonists were taken prisoners. In 1614 went to France; returned in
1625, and spent the remainder of his life in mission work among the
Algonquians and Montagnais. Taken prisoner at Quebec in 1629, but
afterwards released. Index: Ch Jesuit, 152; returns to college of La
Flèche, 207; returns to Canada, 228. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New
France; Parkman, Old Régime; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia.
Masson, Louis François Rodrigue (1833-1903). Born at Terrebonne. Entered
Parliament in 1867 as member for Terrebonne; minister of militia and
defence, 1878; president of the Council, 1880; called to the Senate,
1882; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1884; again called to the Senate,
1890. Bib.: Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. For biog., see
Morgan, Can. Men.
Mather, Cotton (1663-1728). F On failure of Phipps's expedition, 302; on
rescue of some men cast ashore on Anticosti, 304. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Matheron. L Steward of abbey of Maubec, 137.
Mathews, Peter. Mc Executed, 435; monument to, 436.
Mathews, Robert. Hd English secretary to Haldimand, 245, 305; signs
order for arrest of Du Calvet, 286; sails for England with Haldimand,
309; on Mrs. Fairchild, 314; Haldimand's interest in, 331; returns to
Canada as aide-de-camp to Lord Dorchester, 332; sent to Detroit as
lieutenant-governor, 332; receives bequest from Haldimand, 342.
Maubec, Abbey of. L Revenues of, assigned to bishopric of Quebec, 131,
132, 136, 137.
Maupassant. F Récollet father, Frontenac's confessor, 165.
Maurelle, Francisco Antonio. Sailed to the North-West Coast with Quadra
in 1775, and again in 1779. Embodied the results of the explorations in
several charts of the coast with explanatory text, which were published
in Mexico and also in London. His journal of the 1775 expedition
published in Barrington's Miscellany, 1781. Commanded the Princessa,
1781-1782, on a voyage from Manilla to San Bias. Index: D On North-West
Coast, 15. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names; Bancroft,
History of the North-West Coast.
Maxwell, Colonel. W Sent to frontier with troops in 1839, 135.
May, Sir Humphrey (1573-1630). Born in England. Educated at Oxford. In
1604 groom of the King's privy chamber; in 1618 surveyor of the Court of
Wards, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster; and in 1625 privy
councillor; in 1629 one of the commissioners appointed to negotiate a
settlement in North American affairs between England and France. Index:
Ch English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.
May, Sir Thomas Erskine. See Farnborough.
Meade, George Gordon (1815-1872). In 1865-1866 commanded the military
division of the Atlantic, during which period prevented the Fenians from
making Eastport, Maine, the base of operations against New Brunswick.
Index: T Sent to check Fenians, 107. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Meares, John (1756-1809). Born in England. Entered the navy, 1776, and
served against the French until 1783. Entered the merchant service,
1783, and explored the coast of Alaska, 1786. Explored and surveyed the
north-west coast of America, 1789. Index: D Winters 1786-1787 in Prince
William Sound, 22; half his crew die of scurvy, 22; voyage of 1788, and
his connection with "Nootka Affair," 26; at Canton, 1788, 27; expedition
to North-West Coast, 27; at Nootka, 27; purchases land from Maquinna for
fur-trading post, 27; builds North-West America, at Nootka,—first
ship launched in what is now British Columbia, 28; explores coast
southwards, 28; enters and examines Strait of Juan de Fuca, and takes
possession for Great Britain, 28; sails for China, 28. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.
Medley, John (1804-1892). Born in London, England. Graduated at Oxford,
1826; ordained priest, 1829; vicar of St. John's, Truro, 1831; of St.
Thomas, Exeter, 1838, and prebendary of Exeter cathedral, 1842. Elected
first bishop of Fredericton, New Brunswick, 1845; metropolitan of
Canada, 1879. Bib.: Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in
Canada and Newfoundland; Dent, Can. Por.
Meech, Lieutenant. WM Makes reconnaissance of Island of Orleans, 92.
Meilleur, Jean Baptiste (1795-1878). Born in St. Laurent, near Montreal.
Educated at the College of St. Sulpice, Montreal; studied law, and,
later, medicine. Elected to the Assembly, 1834, and appointed
superintendent of public instruction by Sir Charles Bagot, 1842. Held
this position for fifteen years, during which time forty-five
educational institutions were established. In 1862 appointed postmaster
of Montreal. One of the founders of the College of L'Assomption. Index:
BL Appointed superintendent of public instruction by Bagot, 115. Bib.:
Bibaud, Dict. Hist. and Pan. Can.
Melbourne, William Lamb, second Viscount (1779-1848). Born in London,
England. Educated at Eton, Cambridge, and Glasgow. Entered Parliament,
1805; Irish secretary under Canning, 1827, and under Wellington, 1828;
and in 1830-1834 home secretary under Grey; for a few months in 1834,
prime minister. In 1835 again became prime minister and retained office
for six years; from 1837 to 1841 acted as adviser to the young Queen
Victoria. Index: Sy Becomes prime minister, 45; dismissed by the king,
45; recalled to power, 46; weakness of his government, 47; his estimate
of Poulett Thomson, 6; resigns, 56; returns to office, 57; Cabinet
reorganized, 57. W Negotiations re New Brunswick crown lands, 37.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Letters of Queen Victoria.
Melville, Henry Dundas, first Viscount (1742-1811). Sat for Midlothian,
1774-1790, and for Edinburgh, 1790-1802; home secretary, 1791-1794;
secretary of war, 1794-1801; first lord of admiralty, 1804-1805. Index:
S Secretary of state, thought Simcoe's educational schemes premature,
169. Dr Colonial secretary, disapproves of Dorchester's speech to Miami
Indians, 283. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Melville, Henry Dundas, third Viscount (1801-1876). Served through
Rebellion of 1837. General, 1868. Index: Mc Defends Windmill Point,
443; accepts Van Schoultz's surrender, 444. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Membertou, Henry (1510?-1611). Micmac sagamore; became a convert to
Christianity in extreme old age. In 1604 De Monts and his band of
colonists landed in Acadia, and the chief received them hospitably.
Assisted the French against hostile Indians, and in 1607 with a force of
Micmacs defeated the Armouchiquois Indians. In 1610 baptized, with his
family and other Indians; and was counted a zealous son of the church.
Is reputed to have been over a hundred years of age at his death. Index:
Ch Aged Indian who claimed to have known Jacques Cartier, 36. Bib.:
Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Membré, Zenobius (1645-1687). Born in France. The first novice in the
Récollet province of St. Anthony. In 1675 came to Canada; in 1679 a
member of La Salle's expedition to the West; and in 1682 accompanied La
Salle on his voyage down the Mississippi. In 1684 again associated with
La Salle on his second expedition to the mouth of the Mississippi.
Killed at Fort St. Louis, in an Indian attack. Index: L Récollet
missionary, 149, 150. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle.
Menneval, Robineau de. Governor of Acadia in 1689, with headquarters at
Port Royal. In 1690 Port Royal was attacked by the English, and after
vainly attempting to defend it, captured and sent as prisoner to
England. Index: F Governor of Acadia, 272; surrenders to Phipps, 274;
carried prisoner to Boston, 276; released, 277. Bib.: Charlevoix,
History of New France; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia.
Mercier, Honoré (1840-1894). Born at Ste. Athanase, Quebec. Educated at
the Jesuit College, Montreal. In 1865 called to the Quebec bar; and in
1872 elected to the Dominion Parliament for Rouville. In 1879 appointed
solicitor-general in the Quebec provincial Assembly; and in 1883 elected
member for St. Hyacinthe, and liberal leader in the House. In 1887
premier of Quebec and held office until Dec. 15, 1891, when the ministry
was dismissed because of the Baie de Chaleur Railway scandal. Introduced
the Jesuits' Estates Act in the Quebec Legislature. Index: C One of the
founders of Le Parti National and its organ Le National, 30;
eulogizes the clergy, 30. Md Heads an agitation in favour of Riel, 243;
incorporates the Society of Jesus, 286; introduces and passes the
Jesuits' Estates Act in Quebec Legislature, 186, 287. Bib.: Legendre,
Honoré Mercier in Men of the Day; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and
the Liberal Party.
Mercury. Newspaper of Quebec, established, 1805. Index: BL Voices
sentiments of dominant faction in Lower Canada, 20. P Antagonistic
attitude to French-Canadians, 28; makes merry at expense of Papineau's
followers, 122-123. Bk Editor of, forced to apologize to Legislative
Assembly, 93; opinions expressed in, 93, 116.
Meredith, Sir William Collis (1812-1894). Born in Dublin, Ireland.
Emigrated to Canada; in 1836 called to the bar of Montreal, and in 1844
appointed Q. C. From 1849 to 1859 a judge of the Superior Court for the
province of Quebec; in 1859-1866 judge of the Queen's Bench; in 1866
chief justice of the Superior Court; retired in 1884. During Lord
Elgin's administration as governor-general of Canada (1847-1854), one of
the judges of the Seigniorial Court. In 1886 knighted. Index: E Member
of Seigniorial Court, 187.
Meredith, Sir William Ralph (1840- ). Born in the county of Middlesex,
Ontario. Educated at the London District Grammar School, and at the
University of Toronto. Studied law, and called to the bar, 1861. Sat in
the Ontario Assembly, 1872-1894; leader of the opposition, 1878-1894.
Appointed chief justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court
of Justice, 1894. Knighted, 1896. Chancellor of the University of
Toronto. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Merritt, William Hamilton (1793-1862). Born in Westchester County, New
York. Came to Canada with his parents, 1796. Served during the war of
1812-1814; took part in the capture of Detroit and the battles of
Queenston Heights, Stony Creek, and Lundy's Lane. The principal promoter
of the Welland Canal, opened in 1830. In 1832 elected to the Legislative
Assembly; and in 1845 projected the Niagara Falls suspension bridge. In
1848 president of the Council in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration;
in 1850 commissioner of public works; and in 1860 member of the
Legislative Council. Index: Bk Commands troop of cavalry at Queenston
Heights, 310. E Elected in 1848, 50; Welland Canal due to his
enterprise, 97; a member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 97. Mc
President of Welland Canal, 265; sues Mackenzie for libel, 265. Bib.:
Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Merritt, Hon. W. H. Merritt.
Mesnard, Father. L Death of, 11.
Mesnu, Peuvret de. L Clerk of the Sovereign Council, 158, 167.
Mesplet, Fleury. Hd Publisher of first books printed in Canada, 276;
founder of Montreal Gazette, 276; publishes scurrilous sheet in
French, and is arrested, 277. S Prints Simcoe's first proclamation, 80,
173.
Metaberoutin. See St. Maurice River.
Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, Baron (1785-1846). Born in Calcutta,
India. Educated at Eton. Resident of Delhi, 1811-1820; in 1820-1827
resident of Hyderabad; and member of the Supreme Council of India, 1827.
Provisional governor-general, 1835-1836; and lieutenant-governor of the
North-West Provinces, 1836-1838; governor of Jamaica, 1839-1842. In 1843
appointed governor-general of Canada, and held the position until 1845.
Index: Sy Did not believe that Sydenham was really in favour of
responsible government, 312; his reactionary policy, 313. C On the union
of 1841, 14-15; his high-handedness, 17; his political schemes, 18;
constitutional battle with La Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial
responsibility, 97. R Ryerson's defence of, 126, 129-130, 163;
opposition to, 126-131; confers with Ryerson on popular education, 163.
B Reasons for his selection as governor, 18-19; Hincks on, 18-19;
rupture with his advisers, 19; his character and attitude towards
responsible government, 19-20, 23, 24; defended by Ryerson, 22; wins
elections, 26; leaves Canada, 27; his death, 27; Brown refuses to drink
his health, 27-28. H His narrow views and arbitrary conduct, delays full
development of responsible government, 55. BL The great political
controversy during his administration, x; on responsible government,
138; his arrival in Kingston, reception, and appearance, 155; his
character and views on representative government, 156-166; his birth,
158; difficulties of his position, 166-168; relations with Baldwin and
La Fontaine, 169-176; 199-214; defended by Daly and MacNab, 214-215;
forms provisional government, 216; defended by Wakefield, 219, 220;
agitation of the Reform Association, 221-223; attacked by the Globe,
224, 225; public addresses, 226-228; supported by Stanley, the colonial
secretary, in his quarrel with the Reformers, 230-234; and by Lord John
Russell, Peel, and Buller, 234-235; attempts to form a Cabinet, 235-236;
defended by Ryerson, 240-242; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; Ryerson's
rejoinder, 245-246; forms Cabinet, 246-247; uses personal influence in
elections, 1844, 249-250; wins the election, 250; elevation to peerage,
256-257; his recall, 263, 265; his illness and death, 265; succeeded by
Cathcart, 265; his mistaken policy, 272, 274, 285; refuses La Fontaine's
request for amnesty, 288, 291; and Baldwin's University Bill, 293; and
the Indemnification Bill, 308; La Fontaine's reference to, in his
farewell speech, 356. E Succeeds Bagot as governor-general, 32; his
defects as governor, 32, 33, 39; comes into conflict with La Fontaine
and Baldwin, 33-34; his views on patronage, 34-35; attempts to form a
ministry, 35-36, 66, 119; and Ryerson, 36, 90; Kaye's views on, 36;
raised to peerage, 37; his death, 37; Macaulay on, 37-38; Hincks on, 38;
succeeded by Cathcart, 38; and the Rebellion Losses question, 64; rebels
allowed to return from exile, 91. Md Succeeds Sir Charles Bagot as
governor-general of Canada, 18; previous appointments, 18; disagrees
with Baldwin and La Fontaine on question of patronage, 18, 19;
difficulty in forming administration, 19; his high-handed policy, 20;
carries on government with three ministers, 20; his administration
sustained in general election, 21; resigns, 24; leaves Canada, 24, 25. W
New Brunswick House of Assembly presents address to, 74; attacked by
Wilmot and Fisher, 74; addresses from St. John and county of York,
74-75; his unconstitutional attitude, 75, 76. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.;
Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Kaye, Life and Correspondence
of Lord Metcalfe; Ryerson, Story of my Life; Pope, Memoirs of Sir
John A. Macdonald.
Methodist Church in Canada. Can be traced back to 1772, when a party of
Yorkshire Methodists settled in Nova Scotia. The first provincial
Methodist Conference was held at Halifax in 1786. In 1814 the British
Conference appointed missionaries to Quebec and Montreal; and in 1807
the first Methodist Conference was held at Elizabethtown (Brockville).
In 1828 the Canada Conference became independent of the Methodist
Episcopal Church of the United States; and in 1833 the Canada Methodist
Episcopal Church united with the British Wesleyans. In 1874 the Wesleyan
Methodist Conference of Canada, the Canadian Wesleyan New Connexion
Conference, and the Wesleyan Conference of Eastern British America
became one as the Methodist Church of Canada. The first session of the
General Conference was held the same year. In 1883 the Primitive
Methodist Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church also became part of
the Methodist Church in Canada. Index: R History of church in Canada,
38; without civil rights, 40; independent Canadian church established,
81; English Methodism in Canada, 87; Wesleyan missionaries, 89; Canadian
bodies united, 287-288. S Bishop Mountain's low opinion of Methodist
preachers in Upper Canada, 159; their earnest labours, 162-164. Bib.:
Sanderson, The First Century of Methodism in Canada; Ryerson,
Canadian Methodism; Carman, Historical Sketch of Canadian Methodism
in Canada: An Ency., vol. 2.
Methye Portage. Also known as Portage La Loche. Named after the methye
or loche (Lota maculosa), which has always been abundant in
neighbouring waters. This portage was an important point in the palmy
days of the fur trade. It leads from the Churchill to the Clearwater,
and so to the Athabaska and the immense systems of northern and western
waterways that lie beyond. It was noted for its beautiful scenery, which
has been described or mentioned by Mackenzie, Franklin, Back, and other
northern travellers. It was first crossed by Peter Pond in 1778. The
route has now been abandoned for some years, supplies for the northern
posts of the Hudson's Bay Company being transported overland from
Edmonton to Athabaska Landing, and thence down the Athabaska. Bib.:
Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
Métiomègne. L Algonquian chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69.
Métis. Md Or Half-breeds, view with alarm the prospect of annexation of
territories to Canada, 157; their complaints as to division of lands,
240; their sympathy with Riel, 243.
Meulles, Chevalier Jacques de. Intendant of New France, 1682-1686. The
son of François Meulles, seignior of the forest of Montpensier, in
Poitou; held the office of grand bailiff, or magistrate, of Orleans,
before coming to Canada. Married a sister of Michel Bégon, intendant of
Rochefort, and father of Michel Bégon, afterwards intendant of New
France. Index: F Intendant, opposed to popular representation, 69;
arrival of, 171; criticizes La Barre in despatches, 173, 174; on La
Barre's expedition against Senecas, 188; recalled, 207; visits Acadia,
and makes census, 271. L Succeeds Duchesneau as intendant, 68; incapable
and conceited, 186; the king's instructions to, 186, Bib.: Roy,
Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman,
Frontenac.
Mexico. Ch Visited and described by Champlain, 4.
Mézy, Augustin de Saffray, Chevalier de. Governor of New France from
1663 until his death in 1665. Index: F Appointed governor on Laval's
recommendation, 48; quarrels with Laval, 50; death of, 50. L Governor,
sides with traders on the liquor question, 10; succeeds D'Avaugour, 41;
supports the bishop at first, and then quarrels with him, 51; death of,
51. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Old Régime.
Miami Indians. A tribe of the Algonquian family, belonging chiefly to
what is now Wisconsin, where the French first came in contact with them
in 1690. After 1700 many removed to Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and
adjoining territory. In the colonial wars they fought indifferently on
both sides. In 1812 they served under Tecumseh with the British against
the Americans. Index: Dr Dorchester's speech to, 282. Bib.: Hodge,
Handbook of American Indians.
Miami River. Rises in Hardin County, Ohio, and flowing south and
south-west for about 150 miles, enters the Ohio River, twenty miles west
of Cincinnati. Index: S General Wayne defeats Indians on, 139.
Michel, Jacques. Ch Huguenot, violent conduct of, towards Father Jean de
Brébeuf, 201; his fate, 202.
Michigan Territory. Bk Ceded to Britain with surrender of Detroit, 255,
260.
Michilimackinac. A missionary station and fur-trading post, which stood
on the straits between Lakes Huron and Michigan. The name was derived
from an Algonquian tribe, the Mishinimaki, and in its original form
meant "Place of the big wounded person." The name is now shortened to
Mackinac. It was an important place throughout the period of French rule
in Canada; and was the scene of the famous massacre of 1763, described
by Alexander Henry, and by Parkman in his Conspiracy of Pontiac.
Index: Bk Resort of fur traders, 53; United States fort, captured by
Captain Roberts, 211. S Handed over to United States, 142. MS Migration
of French to, from Detroit, 12. Hd Situation of, 145, 153; Sinclair in
charge at, 158; an expensive fort to maintain, 161, 163; plan for
settling Loyalists near, 259; Haldimand's determination regarding
defence of, 260; surrender of, in 1796, 262. Bib.: Kelton, Annals of
Fort Mackinac; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Lucas, Canadian War
of 1812.
Micmac Indians. An Algonquian tribe, called by the French, Souriquois.
Their habitat was in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and northern New
Brunswick. Visited by Cabot in 1497; and by Corte-Real in 1501. They
were for a long time bitterly hostile to the British. In 1611 they
numbered about 3000; and their population in 1884 was given as 4000.
Index: WM Indian tribe, enemies of the English, 16; H Howe interests
himself in their welfare, 245; his report on their condition, 246. Bib.:
Biard, Relation, 1616; Rand, Micmac Dictionary; Hodge, Handbook of
American Indians.
Middleton, Sir Frederick Dobson (1825-1898). Born in Belfast, Ireland.
Educated at Sandhurst, and entered the army, 1842. Served in India
during the mutiny, 1857-1858. In 1868 stationed in Canada; and in 1884
general in command of the militia of Canada. In 1885 commanded the
Canadian troops during the Riel Rebellion, and, for his services in
suppressing it, knighted and received a grant of $20,000. Appointed,
1896, keeper of the crown jewels in the Tower of London. See Riel
Rebellion, 1885. Index: Md Commands troops sent to quell Riel Rebellion,
242. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Denison, Soldiering in Canada.
Milan Decree. Bk Issued by Napoleon in 1808, 110; disastrous effects of,
110-111; 171, 172. Bib.: Dict. Eng. Hist.
Milbank Sound. West coast of British Columbia, north of Queen Charlotte
Sound, and south of Princess Royal Island. Named in 1788 by Captain
Charles Duncan, of the Princess Royal, after Vice-admiral Mark
Milbanke. Index: D Natives of, attack the Atahualpa, 1805, and kill
the captain, mate, and six seamen, 37. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia
Coast Names.
Militia and Defence. WM Militia in Canada raised by conscription and
receive no pay, 30; composition of military forces, 29-30; desertions,
119. Dr French-Canadian militia called out, 86; their unwillingness to
serve, 87; their good behaviour at Quebec, 111, 124, 144; lose
confidence in British regulars as result of American war, 242; strongly
object to being enrolled, 278, 290; Militia Bill of 1777 disliked by
habitants, 186. Bk Military roads in Upper Canada, 52; military posts
in Upper Canada, 53-59; militia organization in Upper and Lower Canada,
190; Brock's commendation of militia in general order, 212. S Passage of
Militia Act of Upper Canada, 91. C Militia reorganized after Trent
affair, and again after Confederation, 87; Cartier's interest in, 87-88,
110. E Under French régime, 177-178; Elgin's views on colonial defence,
209-210. B Government defeated on Militia Bill of 1862, 142; its terms,
142; disappointment in England over, 142; question of defence one of
forces leading towards Confederation, 142, 147, 181, 182; debate in
House of Lords on Canadian defence, 181, 183-184; scheme of defence,
184-185, 186; improved militia system advocated by Canada First
Association, 236. Md Bill defeated for better organization of, 88;
militia organized, 151.
Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873). English philosopher. Index: Sy Sydenham's
acquaintance with, 13. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Miller, James Andrew (1839-1886). Born in Galt, Ontario. Called to the
bar, 1863; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Manitoba, 1880-1882;
attorney-general of Manitoba, 1882-1885; prepared, along with Oliver
Mowat, the special case on the boundaries of Ontario and Manitoba for
submission to the Privy Council; registrar-general of titles of
Manitoba, 1885.
Miller, William. H Anti-Confederationist, changes his views, and moves
resolution authorizing Nova Scotia delegates to frame Confederation
scheme in London, 179; brings action against Annand for libel, 188.
Millet, Pierre (1635-1708). Born at Bourges, France. Came to Canada,
1667; sent to the Onondaga mission the following year; and in 1672 to
Oneida, where he remained until 1686, labouring with characteristic
devotion among his savage flock. Met Denonville at Cataraqui in 1686,
and, as a result of the governor's expedition against the Iroquois,
unjustly suspected by the Oneidas of being implicated. Captured by a
war-party at Cataraqui, in 1689, and carried back to Oneida as a
prisoner. The Oneidas threatened to kill him, but he was finally
released, and adopted into the tribe. Remained at Oneida until 1694,
when he returned to Quebec, where he spent his latter years. Index: F
Tortured by Oneida Indians, 216. L On the Christian character of
Garakontié, 73. Bib.: Campbell, Pioneer Priests of North America.
Mills, David (1831-1903). Born in the township of Orford, Kent County,
Ontario. Educated at the University of Michigan. Taught school for
several years; afterwards inspector of schools for Kent County until
1865. In 1867 entered the Dominion Parliament; and in 1876-1878 minister
of the interior in Mackenzie administration. In 1883 called to the bar
of Ontario; practised in London; and created Q. C., 1890. Appointed to
the Senate, 1896; minister of justice in the Laurier administration,
1897; justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1901-1903. Index: Md On
national policy, 224. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Morgan, Can. Men.
Milnes, Sir Robert Shore (1746-1836). Born in England. Entered the army.
In 1795 governor of the island of Martinique; in 1799 appointed
lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada; and during the absence of Gen.
Robert Prescott acting governor; retired, 1803. Index: P His
governorship marked by bitter relations between French and English in
Lower Canada, 27. Bk Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada, 34, 45;
distrusted French-Canadians, 47. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower
Canada.
Minchin, George. W Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69.
Minto, Gilbert John Murray Kynynmond Elliot, Earl (1847- ). Educated at
Eton and Cambridge, and entered the army, 1867. Served with the Turkish
army, 1877; in the Afghan War, 1879; private secretary to Lord Roberts
at the Cape, 1881; took part in the Egyptian campaign, 1882. Military
secretary to the Marquis of Lansdowne when governor-general of Canada,
1883-1885; and in 1885 served through the Riel Rebellion as chief of
staff to General Middleton. Governor-general of Canada, 1898-1904;
viceroy of India, 1905-1910. Index: Md On Louis Riel, 240. Bib.: Morgan,
Can. Men.
Miristou. Ch Montagnais chief, 159.
Miscou. An island on the southern side of the entrance to the Baie de
Chaleur. Name probably of Indian origin. First appears in Champlain's
narrative. It was the reputed home of the Gougou, a very remarkable
monster, described by Champlain. Cartier sighted the island in 1534,
when sailing into the Baie de Chaleur. He named Miscou Point, Cap
d'Espérance. A Basque establishment is mentioned here as early as 1623;
and in 1645 Nicolas Denys built a fort about the same place, having
secured a concession from the Company of Miscou. Index: Ch French
habitation at, seized by Kirke, 177; Jesuit mission at, 234, 235. Bib.:
Ganong, Place-Nomenclature of New Brunswick (R. S. C., 1896); Denys,
Acadia, ed. by Ganong; Dawson, St. Lawrence Basin.
Mississagua Indians. A tribe of Algonquian stock. They are named on
Galinée's map of 1670 as occupying the north shore of Lake Huron, about
the mouth of Thessalon River. Some were at the mission of Sault Ste.
Marie, 1670-1673. After the great Iroquois raid of 1650, they scattered
to the north country. A hundred years later, some of the tribe were
found on the borders of Lake Ontario. They had been absorbed by the
Iroquois in 1746. About seven hundred are now living on reservations in
Ontario. Index: Hd Engage in ginseng trade, 148; lands purchased from,
265. Bib.: Chamberlain, Notes on the History, Customs and Beliefs of
the Mississaguas; Pilling, Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages;
Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites.
Mississagua Point. Bk At entrance to Niagara River, lighthouse,
dockyard, and a fort at, 58.
Mississippi River. Rises in northern Minnesota, its chief source being
Itasca Lake, and enters the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of 2550
miles. It was discovered by the Spaniards, early in the sixteenth
century. De Soto explored the lower part of the river, and died on its
banks in 1541. Radisson was probably the first white man to see its
upper waters, in 1659. Jean Nicolet reached Wisconsin River in 1634, but
did not descend it to the Mississippi. Jolliet and Marquette in 1673
reached the Mississippi, and descended as far as the mouth of the
Arkansas. In 1682 La Salle descended the river from the mouth of the
Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. Its headwaters were discovered by David
Thompson, of the North West Company, in 1798. Index: WM Exploration of,
19. L Exploration of, 145; La Salle reaches mouth of, 150; taken
possession of, in name of king of France, 151. Hd Proposed canal route
to, 77. Bib.: Lippincott's Gazetteer of the World; Parkman, La
Salle; Chambers, The Mississippi River and its Wonderful Valley.
Mitchell, Peter (1824-1899). Born in Newcastle, New Brunswick. Educated
at the Newcastle Grammar School; called to the bar, 1848. Engaged in the
lumbering and shipbuilding trades. Elected to the Assembly, 1856;
appointed to the Legislative Council, 1860. Became a member of the
government, 1858. A strong advocate of Confederation. Delegate to the
Charlottetown, Quebec, and Westminster Conferences. Premier of New
Brunswick, 1865. Called to the Senate, 1867. Entered the government of
Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries, 1867.
Resigned from the Senate, 1874, and elected to the House of Commons.
Defeated, 1878, but again elected, 1882; defeated at general election of
1896. Appointed inspector of fisheries for Quebec, New Brunswick, and
Nova Scotia, 1897. For some years after 1885, proprietor and editor of
the Montreal Herald. Index: B Forms government in New Brunswick
favourable to Confederation, 188. H Accompanies Sir John Macdonald to
Halifax in 1868, 210. Md Minister of marine and fisheries in first
Dominion Cabinet, 135, 138; supports route along Gulf of St. Lawrence
for Intercolonial Railway, 152-153. T Delegate to Quebec in
Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; attends Quebec Conference, 77;
forms ministry in New Brunswick, 104-105; delegate to England re
Confederation, 140-141; in first Dominion ministry, 128, 129. Bib.:
Works: Notes of a Holiday Trip; Review of President Grant's Message
Relative to Canadian Fisheries. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men;
Dent, Last Forty Years.
Moberley, Walter. D Associated with Edgar Dewdney in building road from
Hope to Similkameen, British Columbia, 252-253.
Moffatt, George (1787-1865). Born in England. Emigrated to Canada; and
engaged in business in Montreal. Served during the War of 1812. In 1831
appointed to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, being leader of
the British party in that house and a member of the Constitutional
Association. In 1841 elected for Montreal to the House of Assembly, and
in 1844 re-elected, retiring 1847. President of the British American
League, formed to oppose the annexation movement of 1849. Index: Sy
Member of Constitutional Association, 112; delegated to promote union of
provinces in Upper Canada, 112. Bib.: Taylor, Brit. Am.; Christie,
History of Lower Canada.
Mohawk Indians. A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages
stood in the valley of the Mohawk River. From their position as the
easternmost of the Iroquois tribes, they came first in contact with both
the Dutch and English to the south and the French on the north. They
took a leading part in most of the wars between the Iroquois and the
French, as well as with other tribes. In the Revolutionary War they
sided with the British; and afterwards removed to Canada, settling
principally on Grand River, in the Niagara peninsula. See also
Iroquois. Index: L Tracy marches against, 53. Ch (Agniers), Iroquois
tribe or nation, 50. Dr Join British forces, 88; easily depressed by
reverses, 99; Caughnawagas desert at St. Johns, 100. Hd Loath at first
to fight against the English colonists, 148; lands allotted to, on Grand
River, 258; payment made to, for land, 259; education of, 265. F Attack
Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; Courcelles leads expedition against,
52; Tracy leads a second, 53; expedition against, 331. Bib.: Hodge,
Handbook of American Indians; Diefendorf, The Historic Mohawk.
Mohier, Gervais. Ch Récollet, returns to France, 208.
Molson, John (1787-1860). Born in Montreal. In 1837 a member of the
Special Council of Lower Canada; served during the Rebellion; in 1849 as
a protest against the passing of the Rebellion Losses Bill, signed, with
others, the Annexation Manifesto, and was in consequence relieved of his
commission as colonel of militia and justice of the peace. In
partnership with his brother William founded, in 1853, the Molsons Bank.
Index: E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.;
Weir, Sixty Years in Canada.
Monck, Sir Charles Stanley, fourth Viscount (1819-1894). Born in
Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and called to the Irish
bar, 1841. Entered Parliament, 1852; lord of the treasury, 1855-1858. In
1861 appointed governor-general of Canada and British North America; in
1867 governor-general of the Dominion of Canada; in 1868 resigned
office, after successfully inaugurating Confederation. In 1869 appointed
a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Index: B Attempts to secure a
ministry, 149; proposes coalition government, 151; his keen interest in
the negotiations prior to Confederation, 157; writes George Brown urging
him to join Cabinet, 157-158. C Enlists Taché in task of forming a
Cabinet, on advice of Cartier, 68; correspondence in regard to Cartier's
refusal of the C. B. decoration, 125-128. Md Governor-general of Canada,
90; induces Brown to enter coalition ministry, 121; calls on Macdonald
to form a ministry, 122; impatient at delay in Confederation, 123, 124;
charges Macdonald with formation of a government, 131; letter to, from
Macdonald, in reference to election of 1872, 197. T Renders valuable
assistance in Confederation scheme, 123; entrusts Macdonald with
formation of ministry, 128. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.
and Last Forty Years; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Monckton, Robert (1726-1782). Born in England. Served in Flanders, 1742;
sent to Nova Scotia, 1752, and appointed lieutenant-governor of
Annapolis Royal, 1754. In 1755 captured several French forts; in 1759
brigadier-general, and served under Wolfe at the siege of Quebec, where
he was wounded. In 1761 promoted major-general, and made governor of New
York. In 1762 co-operated with Rodney in the expedition which resulted
in the capture of Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent.
Index: WM Brigadier under Wolfe, character of, 74; occupies village of
Beaumont, 100; commands British left in battle of Montmorency, 134, 140,
142; moves up the river with his command to join fleet, 161; at St.
Nicholas, 165; Wolfe's bequest to, 175; commands British right in
battle of Plains, 189; wounded, 189. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec;
Campbell, History of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada.
Mondelet, Charles Joseph Elzear (1801-1877). Born in St. Charles,
Quebec. Educated at Nicolet and Montreal. In 1822 called to the bar of
Lower Canada; practised at Three Rivers and Montreal. Arrested in 1828
and 1838 for political offences, but never brought to trial. In 1842
district judge for Terrebonne, L'Assomption, and Berthier; in 1844
circuit judge at Montreal; and judge of the Superior Court, 1849;
appointed judge of the Seigniorial Court, 1855, and in 1858 assistant
judge in Appeals, Court of Queen's Bench. Index: E Member of Seigniorial
Court, 187. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Mondelet, Dominique. P Called to the Council, 72; expelled from Lower
Canada Assembly, 72.
Monk, James. Dr Attorney-general, his account of state of feeling among
French Canadians, 278.
Monmouth. S Battle of, Simcoe at, 26; description of, 26-29.
Monro, Lieutenant-Colonel. WM In command of Fort William Henry, 45;
despatch to, from Webb, intercepted by French, 46. Bib.: Bradley, The
Fight with France.
Monroe, James (1758-1831). Fifth president of the United States. Index:
Bk United States representative in England, presents claims on account
of Chesapeake matter, 84; United States secretary of state, purchases
the John Henry letters, 187. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Monsabré, Father. L On Laval University, 99.
Monseignat. F Frontenac's secretary, 260, 297.
Montagnais Indians. A tribe of Algonquian stock. Occupied the Saguenay
country in 1608, when Champlain visited Tadoussac, and acted as
intermediaries between the French and the tribes of the far north. They
defeated a party of Iroquois in 1610, with Champlain's assistance; but
paid bitterly for their success in later years, when the warriors of the
Five Nations hunted them relentlessly throughout all the region of their
northern fastnesses. In 1633 the Jesuits first established missions
among them, and laboured diligently for many years among this most
degraded of the Algonquian tribes. They are described in modern
narratives of exploration and travel in northern Quebec and Labrador.
Index: Ch Induced to cultivate land near Quebec, 159; allies of the
French, 162, 163; murders committed by, 164; give Champlain three young
girls to be educated, 165. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France and
Jesuits in North America; Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian
Languages; Comeau, Life and Sport on the North Shore of the Lower St.
Lawrence and Gulf; Low, Report on Labrador (Geol. Survey, 1895).
Montagne, Perche, France. Ch Colonists from, 252.
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689-1762). WM On death of Wolfe, 239. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.
Montbeillard. WM Receives note from Bougainville, 162; his letter to
Bougainville, 178.
Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de (1712-1759). WM Seigneur de Saint
Véran, his appointment as commander-in-chief in New France, 1; his
friendship with Chevalier de Lévis, 3; birth and descent of, 3;
education, 4; enters the army, 4; returns to Candiac, his birthplace, 5;
his marriage, 5; colonel of Auxerrois Regiment, 6; promoted to be
brigadier, 7; major-general with command of troops in North America, 7;
character of, 11; his expedition sails from Brest, 12; lands at Cap
Tourmente, 12; greatly interested in Quebec, 15; goes to Montreal to
meet Vaudreuil, 27; king's instructions made him subordinate to
Vaudreuil, 28; places troops of Fort Carillon under charge of Lévis, 32;
goes to Fort Frontenac, 34; captures Oswego, 34; erects a cross in
commemoration of the event, 35; calls a general assembly of the Indian
warriors, 40-42; vainly endeavours to arrest massacre at Fort William
Henry, 50; destroys the fort, 51; reports to home government destitute
condition of country and army, 53; his victory at Fort Carillon, 54-61;
erects cross with Latin inscription, 61; inveterate hatred between him
and Vaudreuil, 62; returning to Quebec, finds nothing in readiness, 79;
summons meeting of naval men, 80; speaks of Vaudreuil as playing the
general, 83; promoted to rank of lieutenant-general, 84; sarcastic
entries in his journal, 87; makes manor of De Salaberry at Beauport his
headquarters, 94; his military prudence, 96; little confidence in
fireships, 98; prepares for an attack on Beauport side, 104; consults
Lévis as to concentration of their forces, 106; not anxious to dislodge
British from left bank of Montmorency, 119; gains battle at the
Montmorency River, 138-141; accuses English of scalping, 150;
despondent, 151; letter to Bourlamaque, 157; rearranges his forces, 159;
thought cliff above Quebec inaccessible, 160; writes to Lévis expressing
desire to have him near, 165; despondent but determined to hold out,
173; completely deceived by feint made by British at Beauport, 174; his
anxiety respecting boats bringing provisions, 175; learns that the
British have gained the heights, 187, 188; sends forward troops and
immediately follows, 188; orders all remaining troops forward, 190;
disregards Vaudreuil's request not to precipitate engagement, 193; his
action severely criticized, 193, 194; encourages his troops, 196;
mortally wounded, 201; consulted by Vaudreuil as to best course to
pursue, 212; carried into house of Dr. Arnoux, 218; his message to
Townshend, 219; death and burial, 220, 221; forgotten in France,
remembered and honoured in Canada, 239. P Causes of his defeat at
Quebec, 143. Hd At Carillon, 18; unable to take advantage of victory
there, 22; destroys fort at Oswego, 25; a forged letter of, 49; his
memory green with Canadians, 122; referred to in D'Estaing's appeal,
123. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada;
Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, The Fight with France;
Bonnechose, Montcalm et le Canada Français; Casgrain, Montcalm et
Lévis; Martin, Le Marquis de Montcalm; Guérin, Montcalm;
Manuscrits de Lévis, ed. by Casgrain, vols. 6 and 7.
Monteagle, Thomas Spring-Rice, Baron (1790-1866). British statesman.
Index: Sy Chancellor of the Exchequer, 55, 56; elevated to the peerage
as Lord Monteagle, 57. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Montgomery, John. W Becomes member of New Brunswick government, 72. T
Surveyor-general, 41.
Montgomery, John (1783-1879). Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick.
Accompanied his father to York about 1799, where he settled. Served with
the York Volunteers during the War of 1812-1814. An active supporter of
the Reform party in Upper Canada. At outbreak of Rebellion of 1837 was a
boarder at the tavern, of which he was owner, on Yonge Street, Toronto.
Charged with treason and arrested; imprisoned at Fort Henry, but escaped
to the United States. After the passing of the Amnesty Act, returned to
Canada and appointed postmaster at Davidtown. Index: Mc Banished, 437;
escapes from Fort Henry, 437; president of Association of Canadian
Refugees, 448. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Montgomery, Richard (1736-1775). Born in Ireland. Entered the British
army, 1754, and in 1757 stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia; served under
Wolfe at the siege of Louisbourg, and in 1759 in command of the force
that captured the French forts on Lake Champlain; in 1760 took part in
the campaign against Montreal; in 1775 joined the American
revolutionists; made brigadier-general, and in command of expedition to
Canada; after reducing the fortresses of St. Johns and Chambly, and
capturing Montreal, laid siege to Quebec, and on a final and
unsuccessful attack on Dec. 31, 1775, mortally wounded. Index: Dr
Commands American force on Lake Champlain, 96; his previous service in
British army, 97; captures fort at St. Johns, 102; greatly assisted by
boats captured from Carleton, 114; describes difficulty of taking
Quebec, 115; joins Arnold at Pointe-aux-Trembles, 116; his summons and
warning to Carleton, 118; despondent, 123; attacks Quebec, 125; his
death, 126; his body recovered from snow and buried, 132. Hd Captures
Montreal, 111; death of, 112; inhabitants neutral during attack of, 127.
Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada; Lucas, History
of Canada; Smith, Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony; Jones, The
Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in 1776.
Montigny, Abbé de. L Title borne by Laval in his youth, 7, 19.
Montigny-sur-Avre. L Birthplace of Laval, 17.
Montmagny, Charles Jacques Hualt de. Came to Canada as governor, 1636.
Strongly opposed the settlement at Montreal, 1641-1642, but finding
Maisonneuve determined, accompanied him from Quebec, and gave his
official countenance to the founding of the new town; in 1642 built a
fort at the mouth of the Richelieu, where Sorel now stands, to check the
inroads of the Iroquois; three years later arranged a treaty of peace
with these troublesome neighbours; returned to France in 1648; and died
there shortly afterwards. Index: Ch Restored Fort St. Louis, and named
it Château St. Louis, 158. F Second governor of Canada, 27; retirement
of, 35. L His pious administration, 8. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by
Thwaites; Parkman, Jesuits in North America; Charlevoix, History of
New France.
Montmorency. Seven miles below Quebec. Index: WM British establish
themselves on left bank of river, 112; unsuccessful attack by British on
French position, 135-141; British loss in battle at, 142; French loss,
143; victory raises morale of French army, 145; the British evacuate
their position, 158.
Montmorency Family. L Great distinction of, 16; motto of, 18. See also
Laval.
Montmorency, Henri, Duc de (1595-1632). In 1620 purchased the
viceroyalty of New France from the Comte de Soissons, his
brother-in-law, and retained Champlain as his lieutenant; in 1624
conveyed his rights as viceroy to Henri de Levi, Duc de Ventadour;
served at the sieges of Montaubon and Montpellier, and in 1625 captured
the islands of Ré and Oleron. Having taken part in the rebellion of
Gaston of Orleans against Louis XIII in 1632, was arrested and executed.
Index: Ch Becomes viceroy of New France, 129; his administration causes
dissatisfaction, 130; his letter to Champlain, 130; resigns position of
viceroy, 151; executed for treason, 215. F Becomes lieutenant for
Canada, 17; executed for revolt, 22. L Executed, 18. Bib.: Charlevoix,
History of New France; Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Montmorency, Mathieu. L Ancestor of Laval, 17.
Montmorency House. Below Quebec. Index: Hd Residence of Haldimand, 301;
occupied later by Prince William Henry and the Duke of Kent, 345.
Montpensier, Mlle. de. F Mme. Frontenac's relations with, 63.
Montreal. Founded May 17, 1642, by Chomedy de Maisonneuve. Champlain
had selected the site thirty-one years before, as adapted to a
settlement. With Maisonneuve, at the historic ceremony which gave birth
to the future city of Canada, were Montmagny, governor of Quebec,
Vimont, superior of the Jesuits, Madame de la Peltrie, and Mademoiselle
Mance. Several years later another heroic woman, Marguerite Bourgeoys,
joined the builders of the infant town. In 1653 colonization began in
earnest, and in 1667 Montreal counted a population of 766. Its later
history has been largely one of material progress. Index: Hd Lévis at,
34; Amherst prepares to capture, 36, 37; surrender of, 38; Haldimand
takes possession of, 39; Gage at, 40; under martial law, 41; Haldimand
improves roads to, 45, 46; change of command at, 53; enlistment of
French-Canadians in, 55-56; difficulties of government, 60; Tryon at,
91; surrenders to rebels, 111; trade with upper lakes, 124, 140; rebel
spies in, 130, 274, 278; Sulpician priests deported from, 181; Haldimand
visits, 186; rebel prisoners at, 187, 250; census taken, 190; postal
service in, 193; its people present loyal addresses, 225; schools of,
233, 235, 236; North West Company formed at, 261; Indians in, 266; first
printing press in, 276; the Riedesels at, 300; MacLean at, 306; old
burying-ground in, 345. T Transaction connected with its bonds causes
defeat of Taché government, 69. L Church erected at, 84; foundation
stone laid by De Courcelles, 88; completion of edifice, 89; description
of, 89. F Hôtel Dieu established by Mlle. Mance, 29; beginnings of, 33;
settlement in danger of extinction, 38; population in 1666, 56;
Frontenac's arrival at, on his way to Cataraqui, 76; description of, 77;
expedition from Albany against, 268; great rejoicings at, on arrival of
trading canoes from the lakes, 324. E Public reception to Elgin, 41;
riots at, in opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 73-74, 77, 78, 79;
ceases to be seat of government, 78; Elgin's reference to, in his
farewell address, 204. B Election methods in 1844, 25. Dr British
residents of, dissatisfied with Quebec Act, 79; king's bust at,
disfigured, 82; British at, with few exceptions, refuse to serve against
Americans, 88; gaiety in, during winter of 1776-1777, 162. BL Sir
Charles Bagot's public reception there, 118; Sydenham's gerrymander,
146; original boundaries restored, 146; aspires to be chosen as capital,
181; its population, etc., in 1843, 181; Dr. Taché on, 181; opposition
in Upper Canada to its selection as capital, 182-183; resolution carried
recommending it for capital, 182-183; MacNab's and Draper's opposition,
183; gerrymandered by government, 1844, and elects two supporters of
government, 252; becomes capital, 254; address of welcome to Elgin, 275;
returns La Fontaine in elections of 1848, 279; riots in, over Rebellion
Losses Bill, 305, 322-325. Sy Charter of, reëstablished, 255; change in
electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. Bk Description
and early history of, 99, 100; centre of fur trade, 100. Md Ceases to be
seat of government after the riots, 28, 29; issues Annexation Manifesto
in 1849, 39, 40. S The entrepôt between Britain and Upper Canada, 109. C
Cartier warns people of the importance to city's welfare of means of
transportation, 47; urged as terminus of Canadian Pacific Railway, 52.
See also Ville Marie; Mount Royal. Bib.: Dollier de Casson, Histoire
du Montreal, 1640-1672; Morin, Le vieux Montreal; McLennan, Anciens
Montrealais ("Canada Français," vol. 3); Bosworth, Hochelaga Depicta;
Sandham, Ville-Marie; Warburton, Hochelaga; Leblond de Brumath,
Histoire Populaire de Montreal; Lighthall, Montreal after Two Hundred
and Fifty Years; McLennan, Montreal, 1642-1842, and Dawson,
Montreal, 1842-1892 in the Semi-centennial Report of the Montreal
Board of Trade. See also under Maisonneuve; Jean-Jacques Olier;
Marguerite Bourgeoys; Mademoiselle Mance; Jeanne Le Ber; Madame
d'Youville; and in publications of the Soc. Hist. de Montreal, Quebec
Literary and Historical Society, and Royal Society of Canada.
Contemporary descriptions are found in narratives of Kalm, Lambert, and
Landmann.
Montreal, Island of. Dr Limit of French settlement, 8; governorship of,
abolished, 21. L Consecrated to the Virgin Mary, 8, 85; granted to the
Sulpicians, 108.
Montreal Company. Founded at Montreal, 1784, in opposition to the North
West Company. Two Montreal merchants, John Gregory and Alexander Norman
McLeod, formed a partnership with Peter Pond and Peter Pangman, western
fur traders. Alexander Mackenzie joined the Company, and much of its
success was due to his energy and resourcefulness. His cousin, Roderick
Mackenzie, was also in its service. Keen rivalry resulted between the
two companies, finally culminating in a tragedy; in the Athabaska
department, Pond, who had deserted to the North West Company, quarrelled
with his rival, Ross, and in the scuffle Ross was fatally shot. This
serious news being brought down to the headquarters at Grand Portage, a
conference was held, resulting in the union of the Companies in 1788.
Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Willson, The Great Company. See
also North West Company; X Y Company.
Montresor. Dr His survey of route through Maine, 106.
Montreuil, Chevalier de. Served during the French campaigns in America
from 1754 to 1758 as adjutant-general, and during the siege of Quebec in
1759 took part in the battle of the Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy,
with the rank of major-general. Index: WM Advances Guienne regiment to
meet British, 188; his views in council of war, 195. Bib.: Doughty,
Siege of Quebec.
Monts, Pierre du Guast, Comte de (1560-1611). In 1603 became head of the
Company formed by Champlain to plant colonies in New France, and to
which a monopoly of the fur trade had been granted by the king. Had made
the voyage to Tadoussac with Pont-Gravé in 1603, and had conceived no
very high opinion of the St. Lawrence as a field for colonization; it
was therefore decided to direct the operations of the Company to Acadia.
In 1604, with Champlain, sailed to Acadia, explored the Bay of Fundy,
and discovered Annapolis Basin and the St. John River; settlements were
established at Ste. Croix Island and Port Royal; in 1606 returned to
France; and the following year sent Champlain and Pont-Gravé on an
expedition to the St. Lawrence. Index: F Ten years trading patent, with
position of lieutenant-general granted to, 5; conducts expedition to
Acadia, 6; patent cancelled but renewed for one year, 7; sails for
Quebec, 8; resigns lieutenancy, 12. Ch Commissioned as
lieutenant-general in Acadia, 17; forms Company and obtains ten years'
privilege of exclusive trading, 18; is joined by Champlain, 19; occupies
Ste. Croix Island, 21; decides to abandon it, 25; transfers post to Port
Royal, 31; returns to France, 32; obtains monopoly of fur trade for one
year and sends Champlain to Quebec as his lieutenant, 39; encouraged by
Champlain's report, decides to extend operations, 56; his commission not
renewed, 56; serious loss incurred by, 64; present at Champlain's
marriage, 66; his Company dissolved, 71; applies to the king (Louis
XIII) for assistance, but without success, 71; signs agreement on behalf
of Company, 127; his Company abolished, 132. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of
France. See also Champlain.
Moodie, Colonel. Mc Shot at Montgomery's hotel, 365. Bib.: Dent, Upper
Canadian Rebellion; Read, Rebellion of 1837.
Moodie, Susanna (1803-1885). Born in England. Daughter of Thomas
Strickland, and sister of Agnes Strickland and Katherine Parr Traill. In
1832 emigrated to Canada with her husband, John Wedderbar Dunbar Moodie,
and settled in the forest near the present city of Peterborough. In 1839
her home was in Belleville, and later in Toronto. Published numerous
works of fiction and poetry. Bib.: Works: Roughing it in the Bush;
Life in the Clearings. For full list of her writings, see Morgan,
Bib. Can. For biog., see McMurchy, Canadian Literature.
Moody, Richard Clement (1813-1887). Born in the Barbados, West Indies.
Entered Woolwich Military Academy, 1827; first lieutenant, 1835; and
professor of fortifications, 1838. In 1841 governor of the Falkland
Islands; promoted lieutenant-colonel, 1858; appointed chief commissioner
of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858. Founded New Westminster,
the former capital, and built a number of roads and other public works.
In 1863 returned to England. Promoted major-general, 1866. Index: D In
charge of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858, 235-237; arrives,
246-247; reports in favour of site of New Westminster as capital of
British Columbia, 247; proposes Queensborough as name of capital, 247;
returns to England, 1863, 254. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Begg, History
of British Columbia.
Moravian Indians. Hd Massacre of, by Americans after conclusion of
peace, 171.
Moreau, M. Ch On the settlement at Ste. Croix, 25. Bib.: Histoire de
l'Acadie Française, 1598-1755.
Morel. Ch Captain of vessel in which Champlain returned to Canada in
1617, 112.
Morel, Thomas. Arrived at Quebec in August, 1661; appointed first curé
of Château Richer and attached as mission priest to the Seminary at
Quebec; spent several years in missionary work among the Indian tribes.
Index: L Director of Seminary, 55; chaplain of Beaupré, 101; arrested,
163; released, 164; death of, 219.
Morel de la Durantaye, Olivier (1641-1717). Born at Notre-Dame de Gaure,
in the diocese of Nantes. Entered the army, and obtained a lieutenancy
in the regiment of Chambellé, afterwards being promoted to the rank of
captain in the regiment of Carignan; came to Canada, 1665, and was with
La Motte the following year at Fort Ste. Anne; sailed for France, and
returned in 1670; granted the seigniory of Bellechasse, and that of La
Durantaye; served as an officer of the garrison at Quebec; and took part
in the expeditions against the Iroquois in 1684 and 1687, and again in
1696; named a member of the Superior Council in 1701, and granted a
pension of six hundred francs. Index: F Post commander, ordered to
rendezvous at Niagara, 181; captures English canoes on the way, 210;
reports critical situation among lake tribes, 240; reinforced, 241.
Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.
Morgan, Daniel (1736?-1802). Served in the Indian and French wars. Took
the colonial side in the Revolution; marched with Arnold to Quebec;
captured in an assault on one of the batteries, 1776, and released on
parole. Subsequently served under Washington against Burgoyne, and
defeated Tarleton at Cowpens. Index: Dr Leader of Virginia Mountaineers
in attack on Quebec, 128. Bib.: Graham, Life of Daniel Morgan; Cyc.
Am. Biog.
Morgan, Maurice. Dr Sent to Canada to study legal situation, 43, 51;
returns to England, 56; Carleton's private secretary, 203.
Morin. L Describes church at Montreal, 89.
Morin, Augustin Norbert (1803-1865). Born in St. Michel, Quebec.
Educated at the Seminary of Quebec, and called to the bar of Lower
Canada, 1828. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; commissioner of crown lands
in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1842-1843; Speaker of the
House, 1848. In 1851 joined Francis Hincks in forming an administration,
Hincks being premier, and Morin provincial secretary until 1853;
commissioner of crown lands, 1853. Appointed judge of the Superior Court
of Lower Canada, 1855; a commissioner for codifying the laws of Lower
Canada, 1859. Index: BL On the union, 57; meets Hincks, 63; his letters
to Hincks, 79; member for Nicolet, relations with Reform party in Upper
Canada, 79; supports Cavillier for Speaker, 1841, 87; commissioner of
crown lands, 134; elected for two constituencies, 1844, 252; Draper
attempts to secure his support, 259; elected Speaker, 1848, 283;
occupies the chair at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354; joint
premiership with Hincks, 359. B Brown acknowledges his services in cause
of responsible government, 67. C Sides against the government, 7; his
standing as a statesman, 23; forms alliance with Upper Canadian
Conservatives, 99-100. E Member of first La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry,
32; his character, 32; refuses seat in Draper government, 43; elected in
1848, 50; opposed by Papineau, 51; forms ministry with Hincks, 113;
commissioner of crown lands in reconstructed ministry, 126, 127;
defeated in Terrebonne, 1854, 133; his conservative influence in Lower
Canada, 138; forms coalition government with MacNab, 140, 141; favours
secularization of Clergy Reserves, 166-167; member of Seigniorial Court,
187; his services as a statesman, 236. Sy His letter to Hincks, 294. P
Joins Papineau's party, 78; drafts "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 85;
supports Papineau in his violent attitude towards government, 86; at
meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; in the Assembly, 100-109;
his articles in La Minerve, 101. Md Forms administration with Hincks,
47; their administration defeated on a technicality, 47; accepts, in
1855, a seat on the bench, 74. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Last
Forty Years; Hincks, Reminiscences.
Mornay, Louis-François Duplessis de. Bishop of Quebec, 1727-1733.
Consecrated at Paris, 1714, as coadjutor to the bishop of Quebec, but
never came to America. Index: L Appointed bishop of Quebec, 12.
Morris, Colonel. Dr Presided over department of Loyalist claims, 202.
Morris, Alexander (1826-1889). Born at Perth, Upper Canada. Educated at
the University of Glasgow and McGill University; studied law and called
to the bar of both Upper and Lower Canada, 1851. Entered public life in
1861 as member for South Lanark; minister of inland revenue, 1869-1872;
appointed chief justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba, 1872;
and the same year lieutenant-governor of Manitoba and the North-West
Territories; returned to Ontario, 1877, and sat in the Ontario
Legislature for East Toronto from 1878 to 1886. Index: B Member for
South Lanark, advocates Confederation in a pamphlet, Nova Britannia,
129; conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. Bib.:
Works: Nova Britannia; Canada and Her Resources; Treaties of
Canada. For biog., see Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.
Morris, Charles. Born in England. Under the direction of Governor
Shirley of Massachusetts made a survey of the whole of Nova Scotia. In
command of a company during the action at Grand Pré. Assisted in laying
out the city of Halifax. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1775;
surveyor-general; acting judge of the Supreme Court. Died, 1781. Bib.:
Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Morris, James (1798-1865). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada as a child
with his parents; in business at Brockville with his brothers, William
and Alexander. Member for Leeds County in the Upper Canada Assembly,
1837; a commissioner for the improvement of navigation of the St.
Lawrence, 1838; and member of the United Canada Parliament, 1841. In
1844 appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1851 to the Executive
Council, and postmaster-general; in 1853-1854 Speaker of the Legislative
Assembly; in 1858 member of the Executive Council and Speaker of the
Legislative Council; in 1862-1863 receiver-general. Index: E
Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; president of
Legislative Council in reconstructed government, 1853, 126. Bib.:
Morgan, Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.
Morris, William (1786-1858). Born in Scotland. Emigrated with his
parents to Canada in 1801, and engaged in business in Montreal; served
in the militia in the War of 1812, and in 1816 settled in Perth. Member
for Lanark in the Upper Canada Assembly, 1820-1836, when he was
appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1837-1838 served as colonel of
the militia during the Rebellion; in 1844 appointed receiver-general;
and in 1846-1848 president of the Executive Council. Index: Sy Claims
share of Clergy Reserves for Church of Scotland, 239. BL Member of
Legislative Council, 1841, 83; previous career, 83; protests against
removal of capital to Montreal, 183-184; receiver-general, 247. Bib.:
Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.
Morrison, Joseph Curran (1816-1885). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada
with his father. In 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada; in 1843-1847
deputy clerk of the Executive Council of Canada; in 1847 elected for
West York to the Assembly; solicitor-general in the Hincks-Morin
ministry, 1853-1854; a member of the Executive Council, 1856; and the
same year receiver-general in the Taché-Macdonald administration.
Registrar of Toronto, 1859; solicitor-general in the Cartier-Macdonald
ministry, 1860. Puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1862; judge
in the Court of Queen's Bench, 1863; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1877,
which position he filled until his death. Index: E Solicitor-general,
West, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1853, 126. B His connection with the
contempt of court case against George Brown, 249-254; solicitor-general
under Hincks, and a colleague of John A. Macdonald, 250. Bib.: Dent,
Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Read, Lives of the Judges.
Morrison, Thomas David. Mc Defends Joseph Hume, 263; aids Mackenzie's
petition, 310; aids Lower Canada, 330; refuses to sign "Declaration of
Independence," 331; at Doel's brewery, 346; his conduct explained, 350;
joins Rebellion movement, 357. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Morse, Colonel. S Recommends union of British North American provinces,
4.
Moss, Sir Charles (1840- ). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Studied law and
called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Lecturer and examiner to the Law
Society, 1872-1879; bencher, 1880; Q. C., 1881; vice-chancellor of the
University of Toronto, 1900-1906; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1897;
chief justice of Ontario, 1902. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian
Who's Who.
Moss, Thomas (1836-1881). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Educated at Gale's
Institute, Upper Canada College, Toronto, and at the University of
Toronto; graduated with triple first-class honours and gold medals in
classics, mathematics, and modern languages. Studied law and called to
the bar of Upper Canada, 1861. For a time lecturer in equity at Osgoode
Hall, and registrar of the University of Toronto. Bencher of the Law
Society, 1871; Q. C., 1872; member of the Law Reform Commission, 1875.
Sat in the House of Commons for West Toronto, 1873-1875. Appointed
judge of the Court of Appeal, 1875; chief justice of Ontario, 1877.
Vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto, 1874. Died in Nice,
France. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.
Motin. Ch Author of an ode to Champlain, 72.
Mouet de Moras de Langlade, Charles de (1729-1800). WM With band of
Indians crosses Montmorency, and attacks English, 112, 113. Bib.:
Morice, Dict. des Canadiens de l'Ouest.
Mounier. Dr One of protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.
Mount Allison College. Located at Sackville, New Brunswick. In 1858 an
Act of the New Brunswick Legislature authorized the trustees of the
Mount Allison Wesleyan College to establish a degree-conferring
institution at Sackville, under the name of the Mount Allison Wesleyan
College. Work regularly organized, 1862. Corporate name changed to
University of Mount Allison College, 1886.
Mount Royal. L Cross planted on summit, by Maisonneuve, 91.
Mount-Stephen, George Stephen, first Baron (1829- ). Born in Dufftown,
Banffshire, Scotland. In 1850 came to Canada; built up a successful
business in Montreal; in 1873 vice-president of the Bank of Montreal,
and in 1876 president. In 1881 elected president of the Canadian Pacific
Railway, and for his valuable services in promoting its construction
created a baronet, 1886. Joined Lord Strathcona in 1886 in donating
$1,000,000 for the erection of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. In
1888 retired from the presidency of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In
1891 created a baron; and in 1905 G.C.V.O. Index: Md Director of the
Canadian Pacific Railway, 236. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who.
Mountain, George Jehoshaphat (1789-1863). Born in England. Educated at
Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1812, and priest, 1816. In 1814-1817 rector
of Fredericton, New Brunswick; in 1817 rector of Quebec; and in 1821
archdeacon of Lower Canada. Appointed suffragan bishop of Montreal,
1836, as coadjutor to Dr. C. J. Stewart, bishop of Quebec; and in 1850
bishop of Quebec. Established Bishop's College, Lennoxville, which was
incorporated as a college, 1843, and as a university, 1853. Index: R
Secures incorporation of Church of England in Canada, 48. Bib.: Morgan,
Cel. Can.; Taylor, Brit. Am. and Last Three Bishops; Mockridge,
Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.
Mountain, Jacob (1750-1825). Born in Norfolk, England. Graduated at
Cambridge, 1774, and became fellow, 1779. After holding several livings,
appointed castor prebendary of Lincoln cathedral, 1788. Through the
friendship of William Pitt, appointed in 1793 first Anglican bishop of
Quebec. During his administration the number of clergy increased from
nine to sixty-one. The cathedral of Quebec erected under his auspices.
Index: Dr First bishop of Quebec, 271. S Appointed bishop of Quebec,
158; visits Upper Canada, 158; made legislative and executive
councillor, 160. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Mockridge, Bishops of the
Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland.
Mounted Police. See Royal North-West Mounted Police.
Moustier, Count. Dr French minister to United States, proposes to visit
Canada, 247-248.
Mowat, Sir Oliver (1820-1903). Born in Kingston, Ontario. Educated
there; called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1841, and practised in
Kingston and Toronto. In 1857-1864 represented South Ontario in the
Canada Assembly; in 1858 provincial secretary in the Brown-Dorion
ministry; postmaster-general in the Macdonald-Dorion administration,
1863-1864, and in the Taché coalition government, 1864. From 1864 to
1872 vice-chancellor of Ontario. In 1872 premier and attorney-general of
Ontario, and held office until 1896. In 1896 minister of justice in the
Dominion Cabinet, with leadership in the Senate; and in 1897
lieutenant-governor of Ontario, a position he held until his death.
Index: B Member of brief Brown ministry, 102; on committee of
Anti-Slavery Society, 112; speech on Confederation, 1859, 135; George
Brown's letter to, on his contemplated retirement from the leadership,
141; opposes proposal that opposition members should enter government,
to further Confederation movement, 157; enters coalition government,
158; reëlected, 160; favours elective Senate, 164; his successful fight
for provincial rights, 207. Md Enters Macdonald's office as a student,
6; succeeds Edward Blake as premier of Ontario, and leader of Liberal
party, 252; his characteristics, 252; takes prominent part in Ontario
boundary dispute, 252-258. T Enters coalition ministry, 69; attends
Quebec Conference, 76. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years;
Morgan, Can. Men; Biggar, Sir Oliver Mowat; Clarke, Sixty Years in
Upper Canada.
Muir, Major. Bk Commands detachment of 41st Regiment at Brownstown and
Maguaga, 237, 238-241.
Mulock, Sir William (1843- ). Born in Bond Head, Simcoe County, Ontario.
Educated at the University of Toronto. In 1868 called to the bar of
Ontario, and appointed an examiner and a lecturer on equity of the Law
Society. In 1882 entered the Dominion Parliament; 1896-1905,
postmaster-general of Canada, and through his initiative the
Inter-Imperial Postal Conference adopted penny postage within the
empire. Created K.C.M.G., 1902. In 1905 appointed chief-justice of the
Exchequer Division of the High Court of Justice for the province of
Ontario. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Municipal Government. BL Legislation under Sydenham, 100-105; bill
passed, 105; Baldwin Act of 1849, 105; regulation of, 287, 292; Law
Journal on the bill, 296; Shortt on, 296; municipal history, 297-298;
terms of Baldwin Act, 299-300. Sy Lack of, noted in Lord Durham's
Report, 92; provided for in first draft of Union Bill, 273; Sydenham's
deep interest in the subject, 273-275; municipal clauses struck out of
Union Bill, 275; ordinance respecting, passed by Special Council of
Lower Canada, 276; and later (for Upper Canada) by Legislature, 277;
Sydenham's bill providing for, in Upper Canada, 323; provisions of bill,
324; bill passed, 325. S Beginnings of, in Upper Canada, 89. Bib.:
Wickett, City Government in Canada and Municipal Government in
North-West Territories; Shortt, Municipal Government in Ontario;
Ewart, Municipal History of Manitoba; Weir, Municipal Institutions in
Quebec (Toronto Univ. Studies in Hist, and Econ.).
Munro, John. S Member of Legislative Council, 79.
Murders. Ch Committed by Indians near Quebec, 115; in colony, 209.
Murdoch, Beamish. Historian. Index: H Contributes to The Club edited
by Joseph Howe in the Nova Scotian, 10; his independent stand in the
Nova Scotia Assembly, 18. Bib.: History of Nova Scotia.
Murdoch, T. W. C. Sy Appointed civil secretary, 152.
Murray. R Appointed to take charge of improvement of popular education
in Upper Canada, 163.
Murray. Dr One of the protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.
Murray, Sir George (1772-1846). Born in Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh
University, and entered the army, 1789. Served in Flanders, 1794; in the
West Indies, 1795-1796; in Egypt, 1801; in the Baltic expedition, and in
Portugal, 1808; quartermaster-general in the Peninsular War, and for his
services promoted major-general, and made K.C.B., 1813. In 1814
appointed governor of Canada. Entered Parliament, 1823;
commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1825-1828; colonial secretary, 1828-1830.
Index: Sy Colonial secretary, 16. Bk Disapproves employment of German
troops, 136. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Murray, Mrs. George. Bk Wife of Colonel (afterwards Sir George) Murray
142.
Murray, George Henry (1861- ). Born in Grand Narrows, Nova Scotia.
Educated at the public schools and at Boston University; studied law and
called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1883. Appointed to the Nova Scotia
Legislative Council, 1899; took office in the Fielding administration,
1891; premier, 1896; sustained at general elections of 1897, 1901, and
1906. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Murray, James (1719-1794). Entered the army, 1740, and served in the
West Indies, Flanders, and Brittany. In 1758 commanded a brigade at
Louisbourg; and the left wing of the army at the battle of the Plains,
1759. After the surrender of Quebec, left in command, and defended the
city against the French, 1760. On Oct. 27, 1760, appointed governor of
Quebec, and from 1763 to 1766 governor of Canada. In 1772
lieutenant-general; in 1774 governor of Minorca; and 1783 promoted
general. Index: WM Under Wolfe, character of, 74; governor of Canada,
and highly esteemed by Canadians, 74; joins Holmes's fleet with four
battalions, 161; commands British centre in battle of Plains, 189; takes
command at Quebec, 235; issues proclamation, 236; maintains strict
discipline, 237; learns of intended attack on Quebec, 250, 251; his
proclamation ordering civilians to leave the city, 250; goes out to meet
Lévis and occupies Ste. Foy, 252; returns to city, 253; his character
described by Bernier, 254; leads army out to give battle to Lévis, 256;
orders attack, 258; loses battle, 263; foresees coming trouble with
British colonies, 269. Dr Administrator of Canada, 2; character of his
government, 4; quells mutiny, 4; after cession (1763) appointed governor
of Canada, 9; his troubles with English settlers, 9, 10, 14; wins
confidence of French-Canadians, 10; appoints Council, 13; sends Cramahé
to London to represent condition of affairs, 16; his recall petitioned
for by certain of the English settlers, 17; defended by Canadian
seigniors, 18; goes to Montreal in connection with Walker case, 21;
summoned home, 23; presents report on colony, 24-28; somewhat offended
at Carleton's proclamation relinquishing fees, 35; resigns governorship,
57. B Instructed to provide for support of Protestant clergy and
schools, 51-52. Bk His heroic defence of Quebec, 35. P His iron rule
relaxed, 8. Hd Marches on Montreal, 34, 36, 37; governor of Quebec, 41;
his feelings towards French-Canadians, 42; his precautionary measures,
43; threatened friction with Haldimand, 49; his friendship for
Haldimand's nephew, 49-50; made governor-general, 53; petitions against
and in favour of, 60; his high regard for Haldimand, 94. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The
Fight for Canada; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, The Fight
with France and The Making of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada.
Murray, Colonel John. W Massachusetts Loyalist, 4.
Musgrave, Sir Anthony (1828-1888). Born in England. Entered the Inner
Temple, London, 1851; governor of the colony of Neiro, 1860; governor of
the island of St. Vincent, 1861; governor of Newfoundland, 1864-1869;
governor of British Columbia, 1869; governor of Natal, 1872; governor of
South Australia, 1873; governor of Jamaica, 1877; governor of
Queensland, 1888. Index: Md Governor of British Columbia, succeeding
Seymour, 149. D His work for Confederation, 312, 313. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.; Begg, History of British Columbia.
Myers, Lieutenant-Colonel. Bk In command at Fort George, 225.
Myrand, Ernest. F Author of Frontenac et Ses Amis, 229; his work, Sir
William Phipps devant Québec, quoted, 293; on losses incurred in siege
of Quebec, by Phipps, 302; discusses question of Frontenac's portrait,
361.
Nairne, Captain John. Hd Haldimand gives him rank of major, 294.
Napagabiscou. Ch Indian, brings news to Champlain of Kirke's arrival,
176.
Napoleon I (1769-1821). Born at Ajaccio, Corsica. First consul, 1799.
Crowned Emperor, 1804. Abdicated, 1814, and retired to Elba. Escaped,
raised another army, and finally defeated at Waterloo, 1815. Banished to
St. Helena, where he died. Index: Bk Crowned as emperor, 71; threatens
Britain, 71; battle of Austerlitz, 72; Jena and the Berlin Decrees, 81;
endeavours to force on war between Britain and the United States, 98,
111; enforces Berlin Decrees, 105; dominates Europe, 106-108; his Milan
Decree, 110; his reverses in Spain, 112, 113; triumphs over Austria at
Wagram, 117. Bib.: Larousse, Dictionnaire Universel; Chambers, Biog.
Dict., and lives mentioned in article.
Natel, Antoine. Ch Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; reveals
conspiracy against Champlain, 43; death of, 46.
Nation. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: B Radical journal,
founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235; its programme, 236.
National Club. Social club at Toronto. Index: B Founded during Canada
First movement, 235.
National Policy. B Secret of its success in 1878, 241. Md Description
and history of, 217-219; political picnics used as means of placing its
advantages before the country, 220-223; Macdonald on its advantages,
221-223; Blake in favour of, 224; Mills on, 224; comes into effect,
228-230; adopted by Liberal party in 1896, 262; comments on, after its
operation for three years, 273. See also Macdonald, Sir John A.;
Conservative Party.
Navigation, Art of. Ch Highly praised by Champlain, 7.
Navigation Acts. Sy Poulett Thomson's speech on, 17. E Their disastrous
effect on Canadian development, 38-39; Legislature passes address
praying for repeal of, 45; repealed in 1849, 83.
Navy Hall. S Simcoe's residence at Niagara, 99, 180; guests entertained
at, 183-188, 229, 230; erected by Haldimand for accommodation of naval
officers, 195; description of, 195, 196. Bk Residence of Governor Simcoe
at Niagara, 57.
Naxouat. F Governor Villebon of Acadia establishes himself at, 327.
Needham, William H. T Elected for St. John, 10, 18; character, 12,
86-87; refuses to resign his seat, 24; candidate in York County, New
Brunswick, 86; elected for York, 95; defeated in York, 108.
Negroes. Dr Disputed property in, at close of war, 216. See also
Slavery.
Neilson, John (1776-1848). Born in Scotland. In 1790 came to Canada, and
in 1797 edited the Quebec Gazette. Member of the provincial Assembly
for Quebec County, 1818. In 1822 one of the delegates, with Papineau,
sent to England to oppose the union of Upper and Lower Canada; and in
1830 went on a similar mission. Member of the Canadian Parliament, 1840;
and Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1844. Index: Sy Proprietor of
Quebec Gazette, and member of Special Council of Lower Canada, his
opposition to union, 193, 194, 211, 234, 309; opposed also to
responsible government, 211; continued opposition to Union Act, 287; the
real leader of the French-Canadians in 1841, 295. P Proprietor of Quebec
Gazette—supports Papineau in his opposition to proposed union of
Upper and Lower Canada in 1822, 46-47; sent as delegate to London, 46;
persecuted by Dalhousie, 55; again sent to England with French-Canadian
petition, 63; Papineau's friendship for, 67; Papineau's letters to,
67-68; deserts Papineau because of his violent attitude towards
government, 86; loses his seat in Assembly, 102; attacked by Papineau,
169. BL Supports Papineau and popular party, 20; moves amendment against
Act of 1840, 96; his amendment voted down, 97. Bib.: Morgan, Cel.
Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada; Dent, Last Forty Years.
Nelles, S. S. R Graduate of Victoria College, 143.
Nelson, Horatio, Viscount (1758-1805). Born at Burnham Thorpe, England.
In 1770 entered the navy; in 1794 served under Lord Hood in the capture
of Corsica; under Sir John Jervis at the battle of Cape St. Vincent,
1797; and in 1798 defeated the French fleet in Aboukir Bay; in 1801
destroyed the Danish ships and batteries at Copenhagen; at the battle of
Trafalgar Bay, 1805, overwhelmed the French and Spanish fleets, but his
own life was sacrificed. Index: Bk His victory at Copenhagen, 24-31;
ignores signal to cease firing, 28. Hd Captain of Albemarle, enamoured
of Miss Mary Simpson of Quebec, 244. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Southey,
Life of Nelson; Mahan, Life of Nelson; Dispatches and Letters, ed.
by Nicolas. See also lives by Clarke and McArthur, Pettigrew, Browne,
Laughton.
Nelson, Robert (1794-1873). Born in Montreal. Practised as a surveyor;
and in 1812 served during the War. In 1827 elected with Louis J.
Papineau to the Assembly as member for Montreal. In 1838, while residing
in the United States, organized a force of 600 filibusters, and invaded
Canada, making his headquarters at Napierville, and as president of a
provisional government proclaimed a Canadian republic. The insurgents
were defeated at Lacolle and Odelltown, and Nelson fled to the United
States. In 1862-1873 practised as a surgeon in New York. Index: P Leads
outbreak at Lacolle and Odelltown in 1838, 139-140. Bib.: Morgan, Cel.
Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Nelson, Wolfred (1792-1863). Born in Montreal. Practised medicine and
served as a surgeon in the War of 1812. One of the leaders of the
Rebellion of 1837; captured and banished to the Bermudas, but released
in October, 1838. In 1842 returned to Montreal and resumed the practice
of his profession. In 1844 elected to Parliament for Richelieu County;
inspector of prisons, 1851, and chairman of the Board of Prison
Inspectors, 1859. Index: P With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837,
125; preaches rebellion, 126; leads Patriotes at St. Denis, 128; said
to have advised Papineau to leave the field, 132; a price put on his
head, 137; captured, 137; exiled to Bermuda, 138; extent of his
responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; throws blame on Papineau, 145. E
His misguided attitude, 22; elected to Parliament after his return from
exile, 50; his actions compared with disturbances of 1849, 76; permitted
to return from exile, 91. BL Arrested after Rebellion in Lower Canada,
49; defeats Viger in election of 1844, 252; his house in Montreal
attacked by mob, 324; at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354. C
Defeated by Colonel Wetherall, 7; entrusts Cartier with a mission, 8.
Mc Addresses revolutionary meetings, 328; takes the field, 358. Bib.:
Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower
Canada.
Nelson River. Rises in the Rocky Mountains, at the headwaters of Bow
River, a branch of the South Saskatchewan. Length to Lake Winnipeg, 390
miles; to headwaters of the Bow, 1660 miles. The mouth of the river was
discovered, and named, by Sir Thomas Button in 1612. He wintered there,
1612-1613. Captain Luke Foxe spent eleven days at Port Nelson in 1631.
The river itself was explored by David Thompson in 1792. Pierre Radisson
visited the mouth of the river in 1669, and built the first trading-fort
there. In later years the post was repeatedly captured by the French,
and recaptured by or restored to the Hudson's Bay Company, in whose
hands it finally remained, under the name of York Factory (q.v.).
Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Pathfinders of the West and
Conquest of the Great North-West.
Neptune. WM Ship in which Wolfe sailed for Quebec, 75.
Nesbitt, William. Accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Halifax. Acted as
Secretary of Nova Scotia for several years. Afterwards practised the
profession of law at Halifax. Attorney-general for twenty-five years.
Elected to the Assembly, 1758; Speaker of the House, 1759-1783; retired
on a pension, 1783. Died, 1784. Bib.: Selections from the Public
Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Nesle, Captain de. Ch Brings out settlers, 252.
Neuchâtel, Canton of. Hd Haldimand born in, 3.
Neutral Nation. An Iroquoian tribe, occupying the north shore of Lake
Erie. First visited by the Jesuit Fathers, Brébeuf and Chaumonot, in
1640, who described them as ferocious and extremely superstitious.
Despite all efforts, the attempted mission had to be abandoned. The
tribe was exterminated by the Iroquois in 1650. Bib.: Parkman, Jesuits
in North America; Lalemant, Relations, 1641, 1643; Ragueneau,
Relations, 1648, 1651.
New Brunswick. The gulf coast of the province was discovered by Cartier
in 1534; first settlement made by De Monts and Champlain, on St. Croix
Island, near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy, in 1604. The same year
they discovered and named the St. John River, at the mouth of which La
Tour built a fort in 1635. The territory embraced in this province
formed part of Acadie under French rule. It was included in Nova Scotia
from the date of the cession to England up to 1784, when it became a
separate province. Index: Dr Creation of province, 224. Sy Satisfactory
political condition of, 265. B Confederation an issue in, and government
defeated, 182-183; British government brings pressure on, in interests
of Confederation, 186-187, 206. Md Its attitude towards Confederation,
123; appoints delegates to confer on question of, 125; sullen on
completion of, 129; result of first general election in, 141; selection
of routes for Intercolonial through, 152; boundary dispute, 152; low
tariff in, before Confederation, 218; supports Mackenzie in election of
1878, 228; assents to resolution in favour of unrestricted reciprocity,
298. See also Acadia; Nova Scotia; St. John; De Monts; Champlain.
Bib.: Hannay, History of Acadia and History of New Brunswick.
New Brunswick, College of. W Early history of, 10. See also New
Brunswick, University of; King's College (New Brunswick).
New Brunswick, University of. W Established as provincial university,
1859, 51; formerly King's College, previous history, 86; part of Madras
school property handed over to, 88. T History of, 48-49. See also New
Brunswick, College of; King's College (New Brunswick).
New Brunswick Land Company. W Involved in crown lands dispute, 26, 29,
36.
New Caledonia. D Traversed by Mackenzie, 56; origin of name, 56; extent
of district, 56; so named about 1806, 59; described, 97; furs and other
products of the district, 99. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West
Coast; Morice, Northern Interior of British Columbia.
New Company. F Name given to trading Company formed by inhabitants of
Canada in 1645, 36.
New France. Name given to the French possessions in North America,
otherwise known as Canada and Acadia. First discovered by Jacques
Cartier in 1534. First settlement made in Acadia by De Monts, in 1604;
and in Canada, by Champlain, in 1608. Index: E Government of, 171-172;
feudal tenure, etc., in, 171-185. Ch Population of colony in 1629, 208;
births, deaths, and marriages, 209; restoration of, demanded by French
king, 212; ceded back to France, 213; limits of, not clearly defined,
222; colony based on religion, 255. See also Canada; Acadia; Quebec;
Port Royal; Montreal; Cartier; Champlain; Monts; Frontenac; La Salle.
Bib.: Charlevoix, Histoire de la Nouvelle France; Lescarbot, Histoire
de la Nouvelle France; Cartier, Voyages; Champlain, Voyages;
Parkman, Works.
Newfoundland. Discovered by Cabot in 1497. Sir Humphrey Gilbert
established a short-lived colony on the island in 1583. Another attempt
was made in 1610, by the Company of London. A more successful effort at
colonization was that of Lord Baltimore in 1621. For a time the colony
was governed by the so-called "Fishing Admirals," the most famous of
whom was Richard Whitbourne, author of A Discourse and Discoverie of
Newfoundland. French influence on the island dated from the founding of
Placentia in 1660. In 1696 Iberville captured St. John's, and laid waste
the coast settlements. St. John's was again captured by a French
squadron, in 1760. A Legislative Assembly was granted to the colony in
1832 as a result of popular agitation; and responsible government
established in 1855. Efforts to bring about the union of the island with
Canada were made in 1864, and again in 1895, but without success. Index:
B Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. F English settlements
in, attacked, 46. L French successful in, 232. Md Withdraws from
Confederation negotiations, 117; further negotiations unsuccessful, 146;
fishery question, 303. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of
Canada; Prowse, History of Newfoundland; Reeves, Governors of
Newfoundland; Dawson, Canada and Newfoundland; Hatton and Harvey,
Newfoundland; Willson, The Tenth Island.
New Langley. D Or Derby, proposed as capital of British Columbia, 246.
New Ontario. Includes that part of the province known as northern and
north-western Ontario, lying west of the Upper Ottawa River and its
tributary lakes north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and extending to
the eastern boundary of the province of Manitoba on the west, and to the
Albany River and James Bay on the north. Bib.: North-Western Ontario,
its Boundaries, Resources, and Communications.
New Orleans. Hd Haldimand's enquiries regarding, 64; embassy to, 73;
dissatisfaction at, 77; Haldimand's visit to, 78; Spaniards send troops
to, 80, 81.
New Westminster. A city of British Columbia, founded by Colonel R. C.
Moody in 1859, and first named Queensborough. The present name was given
by Queen Victoria the same year, when the new town was selected as the
capital of British Columbia. It was incorporated in 1860; and in 1868
the seat of government was removed to Victoria. Index: D Chosen as
capital of colony of British Columbia, 247; local dispute as to name,
247; present name given by Queen Victoria, 247; sale of town lots, 247.
Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names; Begg, History of British
Columbia.
New York City. Hd Haldimand in command at, 1, 87, 90, 91, 96, 121;
Amherst in command at, 41; Gage in command at, 53; influenced by
outbreak of violence at Boston, 86; rioting in, 91, 95; Lord North burnt
in effigy at, 97; Haldimand's departure from, 102; his property in, 103,
107; difficulties of communication with, 129; animosity against British
in, 252.
New York State. Hd Proposal to build Florida barracks there, 79; slow in
joining revolt, 98, 101; Vermont's dispute with, 198, 203, 209, 215,
217; Indians migrate from, 258. F British colony, plan for conquest of,
231.
Newark. See Niagara.
Newcastle, Henry Pelham Tiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of (1811-1864).
Entered Parliament, 1832; chief secretary for Ireland, 1846; and
secretary for war and the colonies, 1852-1854; secretary for war in
1854-1855; colonial secretary, 1859-1864; visited Canada in 1860, with
the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward VII. Index: E Secretary of state
for colonies, 167. Md Colonial secretary, accompanies Prince of Wales on
his visit to Canada in 1860, 88; his difficulty at Kingston with Orange
Order, 88; threatens to disallow high tariff measure, 218. T And
Intercolonial Railway question, 55, 56; on Confederation question, 64.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
News. Newspaper published at Toronto. Established, 1880. Index: Mc Urges
monument to Mackenzie, 521.
Newspapers. Mc Postage on, 93, 103, 106; their tributes to Mackenzie,
509-523. See also under names of individual newspapers.
Niagara (Newark). Settled by Loyalists about 1782. Selected by Simcoe
ten years later as the capital of Upper Canada, and named by him Newark.
The first Legislature of the province met there in 1792. The first
public library in the province established in 1800. Index: Bk First seat
of government of Upper Canada, 57. S First seat of government of Upper
Canada, 50; Loyalists settled at, 58; social life at, 181. L Fort built
at, 216. Bib.: Kirby, Annals of Niagara; Reminiscences of Niagara
(Niagara Hist. Soc., n.d.); Carnochan, Niagara Library, 1800 to 1820.
Niagara Falls. First described from actual observation by Father
Hennepin, in the narrative of his journey of 1678. The falls are
indicated on Champlain's map of 1632, and are briefly mentioned in
Ragueneau's Relation des Hurons, 1648. The name is of Iroquois origin.
Bib.: Hulbert, Niagara River; Spencer, Falls of Niagara.
Niagara, Fort. S Guards entrance to Niagara River, 51; held by the
British pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55; cannon mounted on,
129; handed over to United States, 142. Hd Surrendered to British, 26;
number of refugees at, 152. Bk Its history, 54-56; its transfer to
United States, 56; rations issued from, to Loyalists, 58; silenced by
Fort George, 309.
Nichol, Lieutenant-Colonel. Bk Quartermaster-general of militia, Upper
Canada, 206; his statistical account of Upper Canada, 207; supports
Brock's proposal to attack Detroit, 248.
Nicholson, Sir Francis (1660-1728). Born in England. Entered the army,
1678; lieutenant-governor of the colonies north of Chesapeake Bay,
1686-1689; and lieutenant-governor of Virginia, 1690-1694. Governor of
Maryland, 1694; and of Virginia, 1698-1705. From 1705 to 1713 engaged in
military operations against the French in Canada, and, by capturing
Port Royal, made Acadia British territory. In 1712 appointed governor of
Nova Scotia; and in 1719 of South Carolina. Subsequently appointed
commander-in-chief of the forces in North America, and a
lieutenant-general. Index: F Lieutenant-governor of New York, 263;
uprising against, 266. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Campbell, History of
Nova Scotia; Parkman, Half Century of Conflict.
Nicolet, Jean (1598-1642). Born at Cherbourg, Normandy. Came to Canada,
1618, and the same year sent to the Algonquians of Allumette Island, on
the Ottawa, to learn their language. Remained with the tribe two years;
and afterwards spent eight or nine years with the Nipissings, gaining so
much of their confidence that he was made a member of the tribe and took
part in their councils. His memoirs on this tribe, furnished to Father
Le Jeune, were embodied in the Jesuit Relations. Returned to Quebec,
1633, after an absence of fifteen years. There met Champlain, who sent
him west once more, in 1634. Reached Green Bay the same year, and
ascended Fox River to the Wisconsin portage. The following year returned
to Quebec, and employed as commissary of the fur trade, and interpreter
at Three Rivers, till his death. Index: Ch Arrives in Canada, 144. Bib.:
Butterfield, Discovery of the North-West by Jean Nicolet; Parkman,
Pioneers of France.
Ninety-Two Resolutions. P Drafted by Morin—embodied the grievances of
Papineau and his followers, 85; inspired by Papineau, 85-86; their
intemperate language, 89-93; real grievances set forth, 94-96; voiced
complaints and indignation of the people, 99; criticized by Lord Aylmer,
106. BL Denounce Upper House, 21; Cuvillier votes against, 86. Bib.:
Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Nipigon Lake. Discovered by Charles de Greysolon, Sieur de La Tourette,
brother of Du Lhut, about 1678. Built several trading-posts on or near
the lake, between 1678 and 1686. La Vérendrye had charge of these forts
in 1727-1728, and acquired there much of the information which induced
him to undertake his long search for the Western Sea. In 1784 Édouard
Umfreville was sent by the North West Company to discover a canoe route
from the lake west to the Winnipeg River. The narrative of his
successful expedition is in the archives of McGill University.
Nipisiguit. Ch Jesuit mission at, 235.
Nipissing Indians. A tribe of the widespread Algonquian family,
occupying the upper waters of the Ottawa River, and the country about
Lake Nipissing. First mentioned and described by Champlain, who calls
them the Nebecerini. The name also appears, in ever-varying form, in
the narratives of other early French explorers and missionaries. Parkman
mentions that they were also known as Sorciers, from their ill repute
as magicians. Index: Ch Indian tribe alleged to be sorcerers, 77. Bib.:
Hodge, Handbook of North American Indians; Parkman, Pioneers of
France.
Nipissing Lake. Named after the Algonquian tribe of the same name.
Discovered by the Récollet missionary Le Caron in 1615, on his way to
the country of the Hurons. Traversed by Champlain the same year.
Constant references are made to the lake in the early journals of
explorers, missionaries, and fur traders. It formed part of the western
route of the fur traders under both French and British rule. Index: Ch
Visited by Champlain, 88.
Nipissirini. See Nipissing.
Noble, Colonel Arthur. A Massachusetts officer, sent by Governor Shirley
in 1746 to oppose Ramesay in Acadia. Occupied Grand Pré without
opposition, Ramesay having retreated to Chignecto. In February of the
following year a party of Canadians and Indians under Coulon de Villiers
surprised the British garrison at Grand Pré, and in the fight Noble and
his brother, with a large number of men, were killed, and the rest
forced to capitulate. Bib.: Parkman, Half Century of Conflict; Hannay,
History of Acadia.
Nomenclature. D Of Pacific coast, largely due to Vancouver, 34, 36;
Spanish, 36. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.
Non-importation Act. Bk Passed by Congress, 84.
Nootka Affair. D Origin of the dispute, 26; history of, 26-35; Martinez
claims Nootka by right of discovery, 28; Martinez seizes Iphigênie and
North-West America, 28; held by Spaniards until 1795, 29; restored to
British, 31; terms of treaty, 31-33, 36; act of restitution completed,
35; no actual occupation by Britain at end of eighteenth century, 62. Dr
Dorchester's connection with the Nootka incident, 250, 259. Bib.:
Bancroft, History of North-West Coast.
Nootka Sound. On west coast of Vancouver Island. Discovered and named by
Captain James Cook in 1778. Prior discovery in 1774 claimed by
Spaniards, but not established. They built a fort there in 1789, and
remained in possession until 1795, when the district was taken over on
behalf of Britain. Here Vancouver and Quadra carried on the negotiations
of 1792 for the restoration of the territory. Index: D Supposed to have
been visited by Perez, 14; visited by Cook, 14; Captain Cook refits his
ships at, 20; Gray and Kendrick at, in 1788-1789, 24; visited by
Metcalfe in 1789, 25; Spanish establishment at Friendly Cove in 1790,
26; Douglas arrives from Sandwich Islands, 28; Spaniards name the place
Port San Lorenzo, 28; Meares at, in 1788, 27; builds North-West
America there, 28; natives destroy American ship Boston and murder
crew, 1803, 37. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast;
Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names.
Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Marquis of (1797-1863). Entered
Parliament, 1818; appointed governor of Jamaica, 1832; entered the
Cabinet as lord of the privy seal, 1834; lord lieutenant of Ireland,
1835; secretary of war and the colonies, 1839; home secretary,
1839-1841; ambassador at Paris, 1846-1852; minister at Florence,
1854-1858. Index: Sy Succeeds Lord Glenelg in the colonial office, 57;
offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Normandy. L Many of colonists natives of, 116.
Norquay, John (1841-1889). Born in St. Andrews, Manitoba. After the
suppression of the Riel Rebellion, elected to the Assembly of Manitoba,
and entered the ministry as minister of public works. Defeated for
election to the House of Commons, 1872. Resigned from the ministry,
1874, but became provincial secretary, 1875; and again minister of
public works, 1876; premier, 1878. Held office continuously until 1887,
when he resigned. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West; Rose, Cyc.
Can. Biog.
North, Lord Frederick. See Guilford.
North American. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index.: B The organ of
the Clear Grits, edited by Macdougall, 40; absorbed by the Globe, 74;
publishes personal attack on George Brown, editor apologizes, 93. BL
Radical publication, edited by Macdougall, 341.
North American Colonial Association. Sy On appointment of Poulett
Thomson (Sydenham), 132.
North American Fur Company. D Succeeds Pacific Fur Company, 134; Astor
at head of, 134. See also Astor; Pacific Fur Company.
North-West America. D Built by Meares at Nootka—first ship launched in
what is now British Columbia, 28; seized by Martinez, 28; crew sent to
China, 29.
North-West Coast. D Spanish influence delays colonization, 4; history
of, affected by Russian occupation of Alaska, 4; by British trade
interests by sea, 4; by North West Company, 4; by Hudson's Bay Company,
4; by Astorians, 4; unvisited by European navigators during whole of
seventeenth and three-quarters of eighteenth century, 11, 12; final era
of exploration of, 18; American voyages to, 23, 24, 25; La Pérouse
explores in 1788, 25; Étienne Marchand explores in 1791, 25; Malaspina's
voyage to, in 1791, 25; Elisa's and Quimper's visit to, 26. Bib.:
Bancroft, History of the North-West Coast.
North West Company. Organized in 1795, by a number of merchants chiefly
of Montreal, engaged in the fur trade. The first "partners," or
bourgeois, of the Company were Simon McTavish, Joseph Frobisher, John
Gregory, William McGillivray, Angus Shaw, Roderick McKenzie, Cuthbert
Grant, Alexander McLeod, and William Thorburn. Most of them had
previously been in the North-West as independent fur traders. A new
agreement was entered into by the then partners in 1802; in 1804 the
Company absorbed its vigorous rival, the X Y Company, and in 1821 was
itself absorbed by the Hudson's Bay Company. Index: MS Early
beginnings—Montreal traders enter the North-West, 2; oppose the
Hudson's Bay Company, 3; the Frobishers build a post on Sturgeon Lake,
4; penetrate to Lake Athabaska, 5; their aggressiveness, 5; more than a
match for the Hudson's Bay Company, 6; Company organized, 1783-1784, 6;
opposition (X Y) Company formed, 6; absorbs rival interests, 1787, 6,
16; growth of fur trade, 7; amalgamates with Hudson's Bay Company, 8;
rearrangements of partners and stock, 58; operations extended to Hudson
Bay, 99; absorbs X Y Company, 1804, 99; opposes Red River settlers,
161-164; resents Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 170-171; sends Duncan
Cameron and Alexander Macdonell to Red River, 172-173; breaks up the
colony, 174-176. D Influence upon development of Pacific slope, 4;
conserves British interests in western America, 17, 18. Hd Establishment
of, 261-263. Bk Its headquarters at Montreal, 99. See also Hudson's
Bay Company; X Y Company; Montreal Company. Bib.: Mackenzie, Voyages;
Henry, Travels and Adventures; Henry-Thompson, Journals, ed. by
Coues; Harmon, Journal; Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian
Country; Sketch of the British Fur Trade; Bancroft, History of the
North-West Coast; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Begg, History of the
North-West; Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Tassé,
Canadiens de l'Ouest; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West;
Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.
North-West Passage. D Tenacity of belief in its existence, 50;
Mackenzie's journey to Pacific is additional blow to belief in, 55.
North-West Rebellion. See Riel Rebellion.
North-West Territories. Comprised all the western portions of Canada,
except Manitoba and British Columbia. Its early history is the history
of the western fur trade, whose forts became in time centres of
settlement. In 1870, the territories were transferred to Canada by the
Hudson's Bay Company. In 1882, four provisional districts were
formed—Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabaska. In 1905 these
were made into the two provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Index: B
Annexation of, advocated by George Brown, 137; communication to be
opened with, 166; value of, 174; acquisition of, 186; Brown's interest
in, 211-213, 217, 218-221; R.B. Sullivan's address on, 1847, 211; warns
Canadians of danger of American occupation, and urges immediate steps to
settle and develop the country, 211; Isbister's work on behalf of, 212,
213; Globe article on, 213-215; value of the country, 214; Edward
Fitzgerald on agricultural possibilities of, 214; "Huron's" letters in
the Globe on, 216; Toronto Board of Trade urges acquisition and
settlement of, 216; Globe carries on vigorous campaign, 216-217;
William Macdougall an enthusiastic advocate, 217; incorporation of,
adopted as part of Reform Convention of 1857, 217; project ridiculed by
Niagara Mail, 217-218; and Montreal Transcript, 218; matter taken up
by Canadian government, and arrangements made for acquiring the
territories, 220-221; bill for government of, provision for separate
schools opposed by George Brown, 249. Md Terms upon which Hudson's Bay
Company transfers territory to the crown, 156-157; causes of discontent
and rebellion involved in annexation of, 157-163. See also Assiniboia;
Alberta; Athabaska; Saskatchewan. Bib.: Adam, Canadian North-West;
Tassé, Canadiens de l'Ouest; Dugas, Légendes du Nord-Ouest; Begg,
History of the North-West; Hind, North-West Territory; MacBeth,
Making of the Canadian West.
Northern Railway. Chartered in 1849 as the Toronto, Sarnia, and Lake
Huron Railway. The line ran north from Toronto to Lake Simcoe, thence to
Georgian Bay. In 1879 the Northern acquired the Hamilton and
North-Western; and in 1888 was itself absorbed by the Grand Trunk.
Index: E Construction of, stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, 99.
Norton, John. Born in Scotland. Came to America and settled among the
Mohawks, who made him a chief. After the close of the War of 1812, went
to Georgia. Died in Scotland. Index: Bk In battle of Queenston Heights,
310. Bib.: Richardson, War of 1812, ed. by Casselman.
Norway House. Also known at one time as Jack River House. A post of the
Hudson's Bay Company, on Little Playgreen Lake, at the northern end of
Lake Winnipeg. The post formerly stood on Mossy Point, where the Nelson
River flows out of Lake Winnipeg, but was burnt to the ground about
1826. The present fort was completed in 1828. It is described in
McLeod's Peace River, pp. 49-50. In Sir George Simpson's day, Norway
House was the headquarters of the Company, where the governor and
Council met annually to discuss and arrange its affairs. The name
originated in the fact that a party of Scandinavians had been employed
in building the old fort. Index: MS Selkirk colonists at Jack River,
163-164, 175; becomes headquarters of Hudson's Bay Company, 216;
Governor Simpson at, 1828, 233-236. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company;
Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.
Notre Dame de la Recouvrance. First parish church of Quebec; built by
Champlain, 1633, and enlarged, 1635. Totally destroyed by fire, June 14,
1640. Replaced in 1645 by the Church of Notre Dame de la Paix, now the
Basilica of Quebec. Index: Ch First service in, 239; Champlain's bequest
to, 239; gifts to, 240; consecrated under name of Immaculate Conception,
240; burnt, 241. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.
Notre Dame de Montréal. L Parish erected, 175; united to Seminary, 175,
176.
Notre Dame des Anges. Ch Jesuit convent, 45, 227; views of Jesuits in
connection with, 229; instruction of Indian children, 232, 233; Récollet
convent dedicated to, 148.
Notre Dame des Victoires. Church in Quebec. The corner-stone was laid
May 1, 1688, Bishop Laval officiating. The building was completed the
following year. In 1690 the name was changed to Notre Dame de la
Victoire, to commemorate the repulse of Phipps. In 1711 the name was
again changed, to its present form, to mark the second deliverance of
the city from the English fleet under Walker. The church was destroyed
in the siege of 1759; restored in 1765; and the interior completed in
1817. Index: L Church of, 185. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.
Noüe, Anne de (1587-1646). Born in France. Entered the Jesuit novitiate
in 1612; and came to Canada in 1626. For several years laboured among
the Hurons and Montagnais, and from 1632 spent the remainder of his life
in mission work in the French settlements along the St. Lawrence. Index:
Ch Jesuit, goes to Bourges, 207. L Death of, 5. Bib.: Charlevoix,
History of New France.
Nouveau Monde. C Edited by Canon Lamarche, 81; bitterly attacks Cartier,
81-82.
Nova Scotia. Acadia of the French régime. The present name dates from
1621, when Sir William Alexander (q.v.) obtained from King James I a
grant of all the territory now constituting the provinces of Nova Scotia
and New Brunswick. After many vicissitudes the territory was finally
ceded to England. Halifax was founded in 1749, as the capital of the
young colony; and in 1784 New Brunswick was made a separate colony.
Index: Ch Grant of, to Sir William Alexander, 223. Dr Carleton arranges
to visit, 235; population of, 236; communication with England and
Quebec, 236. B Strong feeling against Confederation in, 186, 206. Md Its
agitation for "better terms" in Confederation scheme, 110; opposes
Confederation, 116-117; though discarding Quebec Resolutions,
compromises by appointing delegates to arrange question with Imperial
government, 122; dissatisfied with terms offered, demands and receives
"better terms" before entering Dominion, 145. See also Acadia; New
Brunswick; Halifax. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Haliburton,
Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia; Campbell, History
of Nova Scotia; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Kirke, The First
English Conquest of Canada; Moorson, Letters from Nova Scotia;
Cozzens, Acadia.
Nova Scotian. Newspaper published at Halifax. Index: H Joseph Howe
becomes editor and proprietor of, 1828, 6; extends its influence
throughout the province, 7; Haliburton contributes to, 9; also Lawrence
O'Connor, Doyle, and others, 9; published by William Annand, 75; Howe
contributes to, 90-93, 117, 231.
Noyrot, Father. Ch Jesuit, sails for Canada, 167; vessel did not reach
Quebec, 168, 177; drowned, 200.
Oblate Fathers. A religious order founded in 1816 in France, and first
established in Canada at St. Hillaire, Quebec, in 1841. Its headquarters
in Canada are at Montreal, and it has missions in Quebec, Ontario, and
in the North-West. Index: L Their labours in Canada, 1.
O'Brien, William Edward (1831- ). Born at Thornhill, Ontario. Educated at
Upper Canada College; engaged in journalism at Toronto; studied law and
called to the bar of Ontario, 1874. In command of the York and Simcoe
Regiment during the Rebellion of 1885. Sat in the House of Commons,
1882-1896; defeated in the general election of 1896. A strong opponent
of the Jesuits' Estates Act and of the Remedial Bill, 1896. Index: Md
His motion for disallowance of Jesuits' Estates Act, 288; its defeat,
289. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Observer. Mc Carey's newspaper, allowed to print legislative reports,
107; defends Judge Willis, 132, 133.
O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey (1797-1880). Born in Ireland. In 1823
emigrated to Canada, and practised medicine at Quebec. Edited the
Vindicator, 1834. Elected to the Assembly of Lower Canada, 1836, as a
supporter of Papineau. Having been involved in the Rebellion of 1837,
after its collapse he retired to New York, and for many years employed
in editing the records of the state at Albany. Index: P Edits the
Vindicator, 86; elected through Papineau's influence in Richelieu
County, 86; advocates annexation, 97; ridiculed by Quebec Mercury,
122; charged with high treason, 128; extent of his responsibility for
the Rebellion, 143; a born conspirator, 145; calls the Rebellion a
spontaneous explosion, 145; blames Gosford, 146; his letter to Garneau,
145-149. BL Flies the country, after collapse of Rebellion, 49. Bib.:
Christie, History of Lower Canada.
O'Connell, Daniel (1775-1847). Irish statesman. Index: Mc Befriends
Mackenzie, 221. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Chambers, Biog. Dict., and
lives mentioned in article.
O'Connor, John (1824-1887). Born in Boston, Mass. Came to Canada, 1828.
Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1854. Practised at
Sandwich. Defeated for the Assembly, 1861; elected, 1863, but unseated
by order of the House. Elected to the House of Commons, 1867; president
of the Council, 1872; minister of inland revenue, 1873;
postmaster-general, 1873; defeated for re-election, 1874; again elected,
1878; held successively the offices of president of the Council,
postmaster-general, and secretary of state. Appointed judge of the Court
of Queen's Bench, 1884. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the
Judges.
Ochateguin. Ch Huron chief, 48; forms alliance with Champlain, 55;
wounded in battle, 103.
Ochterlony, Captain. WM Rescued by French grenadier from Indian about to
scalp him, 142; carefully tended by nuns of General Hospital, 145.
Odell. W Father of W. F. Odell, 8; provincial secretary, New Brunswick,
8, 34, 57.
Odell, William Franklin. W Provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, 34,
57, 72; dies at Fredericton, 1844, 75, 76.
Odell, William Hunter (1811-1891). Born in New Brunswick. Called to the
bar, 1838; appointed clerk of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and
subsequently deputy provincial secretary, registrar and clerk of the
Executive Council. In 1847 appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas;
and in 1850 a member of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick. A
member of the Executive Council, and postmaster-general of the province,
1865-1866. Called to the Dominion Senate, 1867. Index: T Son of W. F.
Odell, and postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 91-92; his character, 92.
Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
O'Donoghue, William B. A professor in St. Boniface College. Elected a
member of the first convention called by Louis Riel, and afterwards a
member of the Council. When the Rebellion was suppressed, fled to the
United States. Pardoned, 1877. Died in St. Paul, Minn., 1878.
Ogden. S Methodist preacher, not allowed to officiate, being a citizen
of the United States, 190.
Ogden, Charles Richard (1791-1866). Son of following. Studied law and
called to the bar, 1812; elected to the Assembly for Three Rivers, 1815;
attorney-general for district of Three Rivers, 1818; solicitor-general,
1823; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1833-1842. On his retirement
went to England, and appointed attorney-general for the Isle of Man, as
well as district registrar at Liverpool. Index: Sy Attorney-general for
Lower Canada, 283. BL Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76;
unpopular with French, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; his retirement
suggested by Bagot, with a pension, 123; pension objected to by La
Fontaine, 125; is given Imperial appointment, 133. Bib.: Taylor, Brit.
Am.; Dent, Last Forty Years.
Ogden, Isaac. Born in New England. Took the Loyalist side in the
Revolution, and, when New York was evacuated in 1783, went to England.
Came to Canada, 1784, and appointed judge of the Admiralty Court for the
Montreal district; judge of the Superior Court, 1796.
Ogden, Peter Skene (1794?-1854). Son of Isaac Ogden (q.v.). Entered
the fur trade, was sent out to Astoria by Astor, and, finding that
Astoria had been transferred to the North West Company, entered their
service. Led trading expeditions into the interior, explored the
Yellowstone country, Lewis River and Utah, and discovered the Ogden
River in California. After the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay
Companies, moved to New Caledonia and became chief factor in 1835, with
headquarters at Fort St. James. Died at Ogden City, Oregon. Index: D
Sent with Anderson to establish post on the Stikine, 1834, 120;
frustrated by Russians, 120; reaches Sacramento River, 126; associated
with McLoughlin and Douglas on board of management of western
department, 187; dies, 1854, 265; in charge of New Caledonia, 285. Bib.:
Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bancroft, History of the
North-West Coast.
Ogdensburg. See Oswegatchie.
O'Grady, Doctor. Mc Publishes Correspondent and Advocate, 259; visits
Quebec with Mackenzie, 287; prepares answer to governor, 298; pens
"Declaration of Independence," 330. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian
Rebellion.
Ohio River. One of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi,
discovered by La Salle in 1669. Its short portages from Lake Erie to the
navigable tributaries of the Ohio, and the continuous waterway to the
Gulf of Mexico, made the river an important route for the explorer,
missionary, and settler of the early colonial days. Index: WM First
named La Belle Rivière, 19. S Demanded as boundary of Indian territory,
120, 122. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle.
Ohio Valley. WM French retreat from, 62.
Olbeau, Jean d'. Born in Langres. Joined the Jesuit College there in
1628. In 1640 came to Canada, and laboured as a missionary at Miscou
until 1643. Index: Ch Récollet missionary, 85; his missionary labours,
107; returns to France to report to the king, 113; lays foundation stone
of Récollet convent, 148; sees its doors closed in 1629, 167. Bib.:
Charlevoix, History of New France.
Old Company. F Name given to Company of New France after 1645, 36. See
also Company of New France.
Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques (1608-1687). In 1640 parish priest of
St. Sulpice, Paris, and established the St. Sulpice Seminary in 1645.
Founded in 1636 the Company of Montreal, through whose instrumentality
Maisonneuve was sent out in 1641-1642 to lay the foundations of the
future city. Index: L His designs for establishing a religious centre at
Montreal, 6; trained by St. Vincent de Paul, 24; sends four priests to
Canada, 25; dying, recommends work to his successor, 135. F Founder of
Sulpician Order, obtains grant of island of Montreal, 32. Bib.: Parkman,
Old Régime.
Oneidas. A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood
between those of the Mohawks on the east and the Onondagas on the west.
In the American Revolution, they alone with some of the Tuscaroras took
the side of the rebellious colonists, the remainder of the confederacy
remaining loyal to Great Britain. The remnant of the tribe is now
settled on reservations in New York, in Wisconsin, and in the Niagara
peninsula. Index: F Torture Father Millet, 216; party of, destroyed,
308; three burnt alive, 309; negotiate for peace, 324. Ch Iroquois
tribe, 50. L Frontenac marches against, 233. Hd Their wavering fidelity,
148; Brant burns village of, 153. Bib.: See Iroquois.
Onneyouts. See Oneidas.
Onondaga. S Armed schooner of eighty tons, 113; Prince Edward embarks
on, at Kingston, 183.
Onondagas. A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their country lay west
of that of the Oneidas. They took the British side in the Revolutionary
War; and on its conclusion many of them settled on Canadian
reservations. Some are now on reservations in New York. Index: F
Iroquois tribe, demand a French colony, 40; escape of, 41; a number
treacherously captured for king's galleys, 215; their orator,
Teganissorens, 338; campaign against, 250-253. Ch Indian tribe, 50. L
Frontenac marches against, 233. See also Iroquois. Bib.: See
Iroquois.
Onontagues. See Onondagas.
Onontio (Big Mountain). F Name applied by Indians to French governors,
35.
Ontario. Hd Armed vessel, foundering of, 163.
Ontario. Area, 260,862 square miles. Formerly Upper Canada. As a
separate province, its existence dates from 1791. The population at that
time was insignificant. Simcoe became the first governor, and the first
Legislature met at Newark (Niagara) in 1792. The province was reunited
to Lower Canada in 1841; and in 1867 became a member of the new
Confederation, under its present name. The greater part of the province
was explored by Champlain, Étienne Brûlé, and Brébeuf, Chaumonot, and
other Jesuit missionaries, in the first half of the seventeenth century.
Index: W Abolishes second chamber, 71. See also Upper Canada; New
Ontario. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Smith, Geographical View of
Upper Canada; Gourlay, Statistical Account of Upper Canada; Haight,
Country Life in Canada; Canniff, History of the Settlement of Upper
Canada; Moodie, Roughing it in the Bush; Edgar, Ten Years of Upper
Canada; Strickland, Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West; Clarke, Sixty
Years in Upper Canada; Conant, Upper Canada Sketches.
Ontario Boundary Dispute. Md Began in 1871, 254; arbitration arranged,
254-255; Macdonald refuses to accept award, 255; federal influence in
Manitoba dispute, 255-256; Manitoba's claims, 256; settlement of,
257-258. Bib.: Mills, Report on Boundaries of Ontario; Lindsey,
Unsettled Boundaries of Ontario; Documents relating to the Boundaries
of Ontario, 1878; Correspondence, etc., relating to the Boundaries of
Ontario, 1882; Proceedings before the Judicial Committee of the Privy
Council, 1889; Biggar, Life of Sir Oliver Mowat.
Ontario, Lake. The smallest of the Great Lakes; area, 7,260 square
miles. Discovered by Étienne Brûlé in 1615.
Orders-in-Council. Bk British, prohibiting neutral trade between hostile
ports, 93, 106, 111; premature announcement of withdrawal of, 120, 121;
difficulty of withdrawing, 192, 193; repealed, 193. Bib.: Dict. Eng.
Hist.
Ordre du Bon Temps. Ch Social club established at Port Royal, 36.
Oregon. D Extent of district, 56-57; origin of name, 56-57; arrival of
ships Convoy and Owyhee, 1829, 136; first missionaries, 136-142;
coming of the settlers, 138-142; provisional government, 143; John
Gordon sent to report on its value, 183; incident of his salmon fishing,
183-184; question of ownership, conflicting views of Great Britain and
the United States, 62-64. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the North-West
Coast; Nicolay, Oregon Territory; Foster, Bibliography of Oregon in
Mag. of Amer. Hist., vol. xxv.
Oregon Boundary Question. D Settled in 1846, 27; occupation of the
Columbia by the Astorians made basis of United States claims, 72; Oregon
Treaty, 1846, 114; fundamental elements of dispute, 147-149; the Spanish
title, 148; the collision at Nootka, 148; Gray's exploit strengthens
United States claim, 148; negotiations between Great Britain and the
United States, 149-150; United States flag raised over Astoria, 150;
agreement of Oct. 20, 1818, 151; Florida Treaty, 1819, and the Spanish
title in the west, 153; negotiations reopened at London, 154; attitude
of British and American governments, 154; compromise of 1827, 155;
popular feeling in United States, 156; "fifty-four forty or fight," 157;
arbitration refused, 157; 49th parallel proposed by Britain as boundary,
157; analyses of opposing claims, 159-168; mutual ignorance concerning
Oregon, 169-170; British and American diplomacy, 171-172; negotiations
and treaty of 1846, 275; history of the dispute, 276-283. BL Treaty
removes any immediate prospect of rupture with the United States, 272. E
Threatening aspect of dispute leads to selection of a military governor;
Lord Cathcart, 38; settlement of, 40. Md Settled by treaty of June 15,
1846, 178. Bib.: Lit. Amer. Hist.; Kingsford, History of Canada;
Nicolay, Oregon Territory; Gray, History of Oregon; Hodgins,
British and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada; Begg, History of
British Columbia; Schafer, History of the Pacific North-West;
History and Digest of International Arbitrations to which United States
has been a Party; Egerton, Canada.
Orehaoué. F Cayuga chief, brought back from France by Frontenac, 237;
services rendered by, 315, 339.
Orford, Horace Walpole, fourth Earl of (1717-1797). Sat in Parliament,
1741-1767; established a private press at Strawberry Hill, at which he
printed his various works. Index: WM His statement regarding Townshend,
74; on fall of Quebec, 238. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Oriskany. Dr Battle of, Indians lose heavily in, 173.
Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of (1608-1660). Ch Conspires against
his brother Louis XIII, 215.
Orleans, Isle of. In the St. Lawrence River, below Quebec. It was first
named by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, the Island of Bacchus, on account of
the numerous grape-vines growing there. In 1759 it was occupied by Wolfe
and the British troops during the siege of Quebec. Index: WM Evacuated,
90; British establish fortified camp on, 108; settlements on, burned by
Wolfe's orders, 150. L Exchanged by Laval for Ile Jésus, 138. Ch Granted
to Guillaume de Caën, 140. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The
Fight for Canada.
Ormiston, William. Born in the parish of Symington, on the banks of the
Clyde, Scotland, 1821. Came to Upper Canada 1834, and settled with his
parents in the township of Darlington, then a comparative wilderness;
studied divinity at Victoria College under Egerton Ryerson, 1843;
appointed professor of moral philosophy and logic, 1847; mathematical
master at Toronto Normal School, 1853-1861; minister of the Central
Presbyterian Church, Hamilton, 1857. Index: R Graduate of Victoria
College, 144; his tribute to Ryerson, 144-146; on staff of Toronto
Normal School, 174; inspector of schools, 253; his report on union
schools, 254-255, 257.
Ormsby, Major. Bk Brings up supply of ordnance from Quebec, 229.
Osgoode, William (1754-1824). Born in England. Educated at Oxford;
studied law, and called to the English bar, 1779. Appointed
chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1792; and chief-justice of Lower Canada,
1794. In 1801 resigned and returned to England. Osgoode Hall, Toronto,
the seat of the provincial law courts, is named after him. Index: S
Legislative councillor, 49; executive councillor, 79; chief-justice,
178. Dr Chief-justice of Lower Canada, 291. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.;
Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges.
Osler, William (1849- ). Born in Bond Head, Ontario. Educated at Toronto
and McGill Universities; from 1874 to 1884 professor of medicine at
McGill University; from 1884 to 1889 professor of clinical medicine in
the University of Pennsylvania; Gulstonian lecturer at the Royal College
of Physicians, London, 1885; and professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins
University, 1889-1904; appointed regius professor of medicine at Oxford,
1904. Bib.: Who's Who.
Oswald, Richard (1705-1784). Dr Sent to discuss matters with Franklin,
192, 213. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Oswegatchie. Former name of the town of Ogdensburg. Index: Dr Captain
Foster stationed at, 142. Hd Starting-point of many scouting parties,
150.
Oswego. Hd British post at mouth of Oswego River, 25; battle at, 26, 40,
121; Haldimand returns to, from Niagara, 27; Indians around, 28;
derivation of name, 32; Amherst at, 33, 34, 35; Haldimand insists on
importance of suitably fortifying, 142; fear of rebels taking post, 150;
retaken, after falling into hands of enemy, by Major Ross, 157;
Loyalists at, 250; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260.
WM Capture of, 34.
Otis, Charles Pomeroy. Ch Translator of Champlain's Voyages, 277.
Otoucha. Ch Huron village, 88.
Ottawa. Formerly Bytown. Founded about the year 1827, and named after
Colonel By, a Royal Engineer, who built the Rideau Canal, and whose
workmen formed the nucleus of the infant town. The name was changed to
Ottawa in 1854, and Queen Victoria, in 1858, selected the place as the
seat of government. In 1867 it became the capital of the new Dominion.
Index: E Selected as seat of government, and later as capital of the
Dominion, 79. B Selection of, as capital, opposed by George Brown, 100.
See also Bytown. Bib.: Edgar, Canada and its Capital; Gourlay,
History of the Ottawa Valley; Gard, The Hub and the Spokes; Scott,
The Choice of the Capital. See also papers by Mrs. H. J. Friel, M.
Jamieson, F. G. Kenny, Eva Read, in Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa
Trans., vol. 1; B. Sulte, The Name of Ottawa in Ottawa Lit. & Sc.
Soc. Trans., 1898-1899.
Ottawa Indians. A tribe of the Algonquian family. First mentioned in
Champlain's narrative, 1615. The explorer met a party of these Indians
on French River. They were called the Cheveux Relevés, because of
their peculiar method of dressing the hair. They occupied Manitoulin
Island from about 1615 to 1650; were attacked and dispersed by the
Iroquois the latter year, and settled West of Green Bay. They were keen
fur traders, and throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century
continued to bring down quantities of furs from the west to Montreal by
way of the Ottawa River. Fought under Pontiac in 1763; made peace with
Sir William Johnson at Niagara in 1764. A few thousand are now scattered
on reservations in Ontario. Index: F Keen for trade and cheap goods,
259; entertained at Quebec, 310. Hd Sioux offer to attack, 148. Bib.:
Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages; Champlain, Voyages;
Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the
United States; Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites. See also Sulte's
papers in the Royal Society of Canada Trans., 1903 and 1904.
Ottawa River. A tributary of the St. Lawrence. Total length, 685 miles.
Explored by Champlain in 1613 and 1615. Named after Ottawa Indians. The
river formed for many years the thoroughfare of explorers, missionaries,
and fur traders, from Montreal to the far West. It will furnish the
major portion of the route of the proposed Georgian Bay Canal. Index: P
Papineau's home at Montebello, 6. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Sulte,
The Valley of the Grand River, 1600-1650 (R. S. C., 1898-1899);
Parkman, Pioneers of France; Keefer, Montreal and the Ottawa;
Stewart, Georgian Bay Canal.
Ottawa, University of. Established, 1848. Originally incorporated under
the title of "College of Bytown"; received the title of "College of
Ottawa," 1866. Pope Leo XIII raised it to the rank of a Roman Catholic
University, 1889. It suffered from a serious fire, 1903. The university
is conducted by the Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate.
Otway's Regiment. WM On British right, 189.
Ouendats. Ch General name given by French to four Huron tribes, 89.
Ouentaron. S Indian name of Lake Simcoe, 93. See also Lake Simcoe.
Ourouehate. See Big Mouth.
Overman. Ch Farmer of county of Renfrew, Ontario, discovers astrolabe
lost by Champlain, 76.
Owen, Admiral. W Member of New Brunswick Council, 69.
Pabos. Hd Haldimand acquires seigniory of, 50; sends his nephew there,
73; not profitable, 111.
Pacific Coast. See North-West Coast.
Pacific Fur Company. Organized by John Jacob Astor in 1810. Sometimes
known as the Astor Fur Company. Astor had made a fortune in the fur
trade, and formed the plan of extending his operations to the Pacific
coast, and building a post at the mouth of the Columbia. He suggested to
the North West Company that the project be undertaken jointly, but the
Company declining the offer, he induced several of its partners and
employees to join him. These men sailed to the Columbia by way of Cape
Horn, while another party went overland by the route followed by Lewis
and Clark. Astoria was built in 1811, at the mouth of the Columbia, but
the energetic competition of the North West Company, and complications
arising out of the War of 1812, defeated Astor's plans. Index: D Logical
sequel to journey of Lewis and Clark, 68; formed in 1810 by John Jacob
Astor, 68; made famous by Washington Irving, 68; character and extent of
its operations, 69-71; employees recruited in Montreal, 70; expeditions
sent out, 71. See also Astoria. Bib.: Cox, Adventures on the Columbia
River; Ross, Fur Hunters of the Far West; Franchère, Voyage to
North-West Coast of America; Irving, Astoria.
Pacific Scandal. D Difficulties aroused by episode, 321. C Cartier's
connection with, 53-54, 105-106. Md History of, 199-211; grew out of
Pacific Railway project, 200; the two syndicates, 200; government
subsidies, 201; Huntington's motion for a committee to investigate
charges against Sir Hugh Allan and the government, 201-203; motion
defeated, 203; Macdonald's motion for select committee, 203-204; Allan's
letters and telegrams published, with other documents, 205; royal
commission issued, 206; Macdonald's letter to Dufferin, 207; Mackenzie
moves vote of censure, 208; Macdonald's defence, 208-209; Donald A.
Smith's speech, 210; Macdonald resigns, 210; his party defeated at the
elections, 211. T Tilley not involved in, 131. See also Macdonald, Sir
John A.; Macpherson, Sir David L.; Cartier, Sir Georges E.
Pagan, William. W Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 7.
Pakington, Sir John. See Hampton.
Palliser, Hugh. Captain of the Shrewsbury in 1759. Index: WM British
marines under, occupy Lower Town of Quebec, 235.
Pallu. L Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.
Palmer, Edward (1809-1889). T Represents Prince Edward Island at Quebec
Conference, 77.
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, third Viscount (1784-1865). Born in
Hampshire, England. Educated at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Cambridge. First
entered Parliament, 1807; lord of the admiralty, 1808; secretary of war,
1809-1828; foreign secretary, 1830-1840 and 1846-1851; home secretary,
1852; prime minister, 1855; defeated, but returned to power, 1857; again
defeated, 1858, and once more prime minister, 1859; warden of the Cinque
Ports, 1861. Index: E Sends Elgin on mission to China, 212. Sy Resigns
from Duke of Wellington's Cabinet, 16. T On Intercolonial Railway
question, 55; on Confederation negotiations, 63-64. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.
Pambrun, Pierre Chrysologue. Served in the Canadian Voltigeurs during
the War of 1812. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and
sent to the Qu'Appelle district. Captured there by Cuthbert Grant, of
the North West Company, in 1816, and held prisoner for five days,
shortly before the Seven Oaks affair. Stationed at Stuart Lake, New
Caledonia, in 1824, and still in the same district in 1828 when Sir
George Simpson made his overland journey to the Pacific. In 1842 in
charge of Fort Halkett. Index: D At Stuart Lake, 99. Bib.: Bryce,
Hudson's Bay Company; Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Morice,
History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia.
Panama Canal. Ch Suggested by Champlain, 5; undertaken by De Lesseps, 6.
Panet, Jean Antoine (1751-1815). Practised as an advocate and notary in
Montreal, represented Quebec in the Legislature, 1792, and presented a
petition from the citizens of Quebec for the abolition of slavery. First
Speaker of the Legislature of Quebec; appointed judge of the Court of
Common Pleas by Lord Dorchester, 1793, but resigned almost immediately
and re-elected to the Legislature of Lower Canada where he sat until
1815; appointed a member of the Legislative Council, 1815. Index: Bk
Speaker of Lower Canada Assembly, his commission as lieutenant-colonel
of militia cancelled by Governor Craig, 105; elected for Huntingdon and
again made Speaker, 115. Dr Speaker of first Lower Canada Assembly, 276;
appointed to judgeship, 277. C Claims liberty of the press, 95; sent to
jail, 95. P Establishes Le Canadien, 28; name struck off militia list
by Sir James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29; Speaker of
Assembly succeeded by Papineau, 33. Bib.: Bibaud, Pan. Can.; Christie,
History of Lower Canada.
Panet, Jean Claude. Dr Appointed judge, 183.
Pangman, Peter. Born in New England. Engaged in the fur trade west of
Lake Superior about 1780. With Peter Pond, John Gregory, and A. N.
McLeod, organized in 1784 a company in opposition to the North West
Company. Afterwards for some years in the service of the North West
Company. In 1793 retired from the fur trade, and purchased seigniory of
Mascouche in Lower Canada. Index: MS Associated with Pond and others in
opposition to North West Company, 11; sent to Saskatchewan, 14; his
share as partner of North West Company, 58. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay
Company.
Paper Currency. Bk Issue of, in Upper Canada, 198. Hd Redemption of, 58,
Dr French, in circulation in Canada, 23; habitants object to American,
116, 135, 150. Bib.: Weir, Sixty Years in Canada.
Papin. C Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering
Cartier administration, 106-107.
Papineau, Denis B. E Brother of Louis Joseph Papineau, 35; Metcalfe
brings into Cabinet, 35; his lack of influence in Lower Canada, 44, 66.
BL Elected for Ottawa, 116; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 1844,
246; attacked, 246-247; elected for Ottawa, 1844, 252; introduces
question of French language, 255-256; Draper prepared to throw him over,
259, 260. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Papineau, Joseph. P Represents Montreal in first Parliament, 1792, 4;
his patriotism, 4; oratorical gifts, 4; services during American
invasion, 1775-1776, 5, 33; acquires seigniory of La Petite Nation, 5-6.
Papineau, Louis Joseph (1786-1870). P Tribune of the people, 1; a
melodious speaker, 1-3; compared with Cartier, 2; his parentage, 3-4;
services in War of 1812, 5, 33; his house at Montebello, 6; college
days, 32; enters Assembly, 1812, and immediately springs to front, 32;
succeeds Panet as Speaker, 1815, 33; studies history and constitutional
law, 33; his speeches, 34; leadership acknowledged, 34; his opinion of
the constitution of 1791, 34-38; insists on budget being voted item by
item, 42; sent to England to oppose proposed union of Upper and Lower
Canada, 1822, 44-53; attacks Dalhousie in the Assembly, 56; Bibaud on,
56; fight for control of the budget, and removal of political abuses,
56-64; criticized for accepting mission to England, 65-66; revolt
against his leadership, 66; friendship for Neilson, 67; difficulties
with his followers, 68-69; refuses offer of seat in the Council, 1822,
72; his unsuccessful fight for responsible government, 75; defeats
motion for adoption of Goderich's offer, 77; his action defended in
Durham's Report, 77; advocates reform of Legislative Council, 79; his
Montreal speech, 1834, 79-82; question of patronage, 84; his immoderate
attitude, 86; deserted by Neilson and other moderate men, 86; blames
government for ravages of cholera, 88-89; Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97;
becomes an annexationist, 97, 113; stormy scenes in the Legislature,
1835, 99; his outbursts of passion, 100; replies to Gugy's speech in
Assembly, 103-106; has Lord Aylmer's remarks about Ninety-Two
Resolutions erased from journals of Assembly, 106, 109; bitter attack on
Aylmer, 107-108; and Craig, 109; becomes an irreconcilable, 110;
conflict with Lord Gosford, 110; criticized by Dr. Henry, 112; accepts
invitations to Government House, 112-113; refuses to vote supplies, 115;
the eve of the Rebellion, 116; moderate French, with the clergy, break
away from his leadership, 116-117; fails to secure support of
malcontents in other provinces, 118-119; his seditious speeches,
119-125; influenced by example of American Revolution, 121-122; at the
St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125-126; leaves Montreal for St. Hyacinthe,
127; charged with high treason, 128; leaves St. Denis on the eve of the
fight, 132; a price put on his head, 137; escapes to the United States,
137-138; extent of his responsibility for Rebellion, 143; denies having
advocated violence, 143; his speeches evidence against him, 144; his
letters, 144; and the government, 156; the people follow him blindly,
indifferent to political rights, 160-161; spends the period of his exile
in France, 163; letter to his brother, 164; returns to Canada in 1845,
165; historical studies in Paris, examines Canadian Archives there,
164-165; his pamphlet on the Rebellion, 165; again enters Parliament,
1847-1854, 166; relations with La Fontaine, 167-180; advocates
independence, 167; attacks La Fontaine, 170-172; La Fontaine's reply,
172-176; his hatred of all forms of compromise, 177; forms new party,
Le parti démocratique, 1849, 178, 187; its leaders, 178; its
programme, 178; retires from public life, 180; his letters to Christie,
144, 180, 191, 194; criticism of the Act of 1840, 181-182; his
correspondence with his friends, 183; lectures before Canadian
Institute, Montreal, 1867, 183, 199; his portrait, 185; his character,
185; his father's influence, 186; merits and defects of his public life,
186-188; his correspondence with W. L. Mackenzie, 189; his home on the
Ottawa, 190; his social qualities, 190-191; home life, 192; friendly
attitude towards the English, 196; his letters, 197; his death, Sept.
23, 1870, 198; attitude towards the church, 198; opposed to
Confederation, 199; his love for his country, 200. BL Born in Montreal,
19; political life, 19, 20; his connection with the Rebellion in Lower
Canada, 45, 46, 49; anxious to conciliate clergy, 47; Cuvillier votes
against his Ninety-Two Resolutions, 86; his correspondence with Hume and
Roebuck, 229; his life in exile, 288; La Fontaine secures his pardon,
288; his return and election for St. Maurice, 288; his lost leadership,
289; attacks La Fontaine and his policy, 289-290; La Fontaine's reply,
290-292; for Radical party, 292; opposes Redistribution Bill, 303; in
the Assembly, 312; leads Radical party, 342; opposes La Fontaine, 342,
343; Elgin calls him "Guy Fawkes," 342; attitude on Seigniorial Tenure,
350. E Causes of Rebellion, 17, 75, 76; his dangerous eloquence, 17-18;
an agitator rather than a statesman, 20; fights for an elective Council,
21; mistaken attitude, 22; returns from exile, 50, 91; elected to
Parliament, 50; his career in Parliament, 50-51; Elgin's antipathy for,
56, 57, 72, 73; contrasted with Mackenzie, 91, 92; controls Legislature
of Lower Canada, 97; opposes development of St. Lawrence, 97, 98; forms
Parti Rouge, 108, 109; factious opposition to law increasing
representation, 117; held responsible by Cartier for amendment to Union
Act, 122; his defeat and retirement from public life, 134; aftermath of
Rebellion, 190. Bk Elected to the Lower Canada Legislature, 117. C His
influence on Cartier, 1, 5; his St. Charles meeting, 3; standing as a
statesman, 23; founds Democratic party, 26; advocates reforms, but
crosses limits of constitutional agitation, 96. Md Heads Rebellion of
1837, in Lower Canada, 7; Cartier goes to United States with, after
defeat of rebels, 266; in struggle against political domination of
priesthood, 45. Mc Visited by Mackenzie, 288; addresses meetings, 328;
amnestied, 474. See also Rebellion of 1837. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.;
Taylor, Brit. Am.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower
Canada.
Pardoe, Avern (1845- ). B Librarian of Legislative Assembly of Ontario,
255; a witness of the shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256.
Parent, Étienne (1801-1874). Born at Beauport, near Quebec. Educated at
the Seminary of Quebec, and at the College of Nicolet. In 1822 editor of
Le Canadien, but resigned, 1825, to study law. After being called to
the bar and practising for a short time, abandoned the profession on his
appointment as French translator to the Legislative Assembly of Lower
Canada. In 1831 editor of Le Canadien, and held the position for
eleven years. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 strongly supported the
extreme measures of Papineau, and imprisoned in Quebec jail. In 1841
elected to the Assembly for Saguenay. In 1842 appointed clerk of the
Executive Council; and in 1847 assistant secretary for Lower Canada.
Index: P Applies name of Chouayens to those who would not follow
Papineau, 68; withdraws from Papineau's party, 117; denounced by La
Minerve as a traitor, 123. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Paris, Treaty of. Between England and France, signed 1763. Ceded Canada
to Britain, France retaining islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. Index:
E Guarantees institutions of French-Canadians, 24. P Grants free
exercise of Roman Catholic religion, 9; breadth of view of framers of,
9. Dr Cedes Canada to Great Britain, 7. Sy Liberal provisions of, 62. WM
Signed Feb. 10, 1763, 268; ends the Seven Years' War, 269. Bib.:
Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.
Parke, Thomas. Born in Ireland. Emigrated to Canada, and settled in York
(Toronto) in 1820. Member for the county of Middlesex in the two last
Parliaments of the province of Upper Canada. Member of the first
Parliament of Canada, 1841-1844; surveyor-general in the La
Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1841-1845, when the office was
abolished. Died, 1864. Index: Sy Made surveyor-general, 333. Bib.: Rose,
Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Last Forty Years.
Parker, Sir Hyde (1739-1807). Second son of Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde
Parker. Born in England. Served in the navy under his father. In 1757
became lieutenant, and in 1763 commanded the Baleine. In 1766
transferred to the Hussar, and served under Lord Hood on the North
American station until 1770; served with Howe at New York; Rhode Island
in 1778; and in 1779 convoyed the troops to Savannah; knighted for his
services, 1779; commander-in-chief at Jamaica, 1796-1800; promoted
rear-admiral of the Red in 1799; commanded the fleet which attacked
Copenhagen in 1807. Index: Bk In command of expedition to the Baltic,
24; signals Nelson at Copenhagen to leave off action, 28. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.
Parker, Robert. T Attorney-general, New Brunswick, appointed to bench,
19; made chief-justice, 1865, 93-94; dies same year, 94.
Parkes, Sir Henry (1815-1896). Australian statesman. Index: Md Rhodes
suggests scheme of Imperial preferential trade to, 343.
Parkman, Francis (1823-1893). Born in Boston. Educated at Harvard, where
he graduated, 1844. While still at college decided to write the history
of the struggle between France and Britain for the dominion of the New
World, and the remainder of his life was devoted to carrying out this
great plan. Lived among the western tribes for months at a time, and on
several occasions visited Canada and Europe for material for his work.
Index: F On the Jesuit Relations, 30; on the beginnings of education
and its founders, 31-32; on the encouragement of marriage, 57-58;
reference to his account of the defence of fort at Verchères, 319-320. L
On the friction of Laval with the governor-general and others, 34. WM On
French colonization, 19. Bib.: Works: Pioneers of France in the New
World; Count Frontenac; The Jesuits in North America; La Salle and
the Discovery of the Great West; The Old Régime in Canada; A Half
Century of Conflict; Montcalm and Wolfe; The Conspiracy of Pontiac;
The Oregon Trail. For biog., see Farnham, Life of Francis Parkman.
Parliamentary Government. E Canadian and American systems compared,
239-267. P Not at first welcomed by French-Canadians, 19, 20; their
change of view, 22; Lower Canadian Assembly petitions the king to be
allowed to provide for expenses of administration, 30; partial control
of budget granted in 1818, 30. H Granted to Canada and the Maritime
Provinces, 14; its limitations, 14-17. Bib.: Bourinot, Parliamentary
Procedure and Government; Todd, Parliamentary Government in the
British Colonies.
Parliaments in France. F Subjection of, to royal power, 152.
Parr, John. Served in the army for some years; appointed governor of
Nova Scotia, 1782; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1786-1791. The
last governor of the province previous to the separation of New
Brunswick from the old province of Nova Scotia, and instrumental in
bringing about the change. Created widespread dissatisfaction by bad
management of the affairs of the Loyalists in Nova Scotia. Parrtown,
afterwards St. John, was named after him. Index: Dr Lieutenant-governor
of Nova Scotia, 206, 235; arranges for receiving Loyalists, 214. Bib.:
Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Partelow, John R. W Opposed to responsible government, 65; his views on
initiation of money grants, referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 108;
enters government as provincial secretary, 116. T Defeated for St. John
County, 11; Speaker of House of Assembly, 11; mayor of St. John, 11;
elected for Victoria, 14; his character, 14-15; elected for St. John
County, 30; defeated, 32. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Parti Catholique. C An extreme faction of Quebec Conservatives, 82; its
policy, 82; attacks Cartier, 82-83.
Parti Rouge. B Origin of, 78-79; alliance with, of George Brown and
Upper Canadian Reformers, 78, 80; led by A. A. Dorion, 80; significance
of movement, 235. E Its history and members, 108; help to defeat
Hincks-Morin government, 127; Papineau becomes leader of, 134. BL Origin
of, 335, 351. Md Formed to fight against domination of priesthood, 45,
46; members of, in Legislature in 1854, 51; defeated in 1857, 84; George
Brown's rupture with, 102. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Willison,
Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.
Party Government. B Origin of the double ministries, 81. Sy Absence of
necessary conditions for, 185, 186, 303; Robert Baldwin's premature
demand for, 187, 294; party names in Canada without significance, 303.
See also Representative government; Responsible government.
Paterson, General. Hd His report on state of affairs at Boston, 95.
Patriot. Newspaper published at Toronto. Index: Mc Publishes proceedings
of House, 174. BL Attacks Bagot, 142, 153; on the election law, 145-146;
its abuse of Bagot, 153; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 319.
Patriotes. P Name assumed by popular party in Lower Canada—particularly
the followers of Papineau, 40, 68; Neilson checks the more violent among
them, 46; vacillation of Quebec wing of party, 68; their press publish
violent articles, 86; prepare Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97; Gugy
belittles their cause, 103; influenced by American Revolution, 121;
advocate smuggling, 122; boycott English goods, 122; the St. Charles
meeting, 125; under Nelson and Brown at St. Denis and St. Charles, 128;
they kill Lieutenant Weir, 134; crushed at St. Eustache, 137; in the
Montreal election, 1834, 144. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Patriotic Fund. Bk Raised in Canada during war with Napoleon, 46.
Patterson, James Colebrooke (1839- ). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada,
1857; entered civil service at Ottawa; studied law and called to the
Ontario bar, 1876. Represented North Essex in the Ontario Assembly,
1874-1878; and the county of Essex in the House of Commons, 1882-1891.
Defeated at the general election of 1891, but elected for West Huron,
1892. Secretory of State, 1892; minister of militia, 1892-1895;
lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1895-1900. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men;
Canadian Who's Who.
Patterson, Walter. Born in Ireland. Entered the army; came to Prince
Edward Island in 1770 as first governor of the colony. It was then known
as the Island of St. John. Patterson, who was one the largest landed
proprietors in the Island, had an Act passed by the Assembly in 1780
changing the name to New Ireland, but the Act was disallowed by the
Imperial government. The present name was given in 1798, in honor of the
Duke of Kent. Patterson was recalled in 1787. Index: Dr Governor of
Prince Edward Island, objects to make way for his successor, Fanning,
235. Bib.: Davin, The Irishman in Canada.
Paul I (1754-1801). Czar of Russia, son of Peter III and Catherine II.
Ascended the throne, 1796. Index: Bk Withdraws from British alliance,
23; murder of, 30.
Paul V, Pope (1552-1621). Camillo Borghese: elected pope, 1605. Index:
Ch Grants brief to Récollets for their mission in Canada, 84.
Payne, Captain. Dr His connection with the Walker case, 19.
Peace River. A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in Thutage Lake, in
northern British Columbia, its total length being 1065 miles. It is
first mentioned in the Voyages of Alexander Mackenzie. Mackenzie
ascended the river, in 1792, on his way to the Pacific. He says that it
took its name from a place on its banks known as Peace Point, where the
Crees and Beaver Indians settled their disputes. Alexander Henry learned
of the river, under the same name, in 1776, from a party of Chipewyans
whom he met at Île à la Crosse Lake. Index: MS Post built on, by Boyer,
1788, 19, 61; its outlet, 33, 34; described, 34; Mackenzie on, 34, 62;
sends party to build post on, 61; Boyer's post known as "Old
Establishment," 61; fertility of the region, 61; the falls, 62;
Mackenzie winters there, 64-66; beautiful scenery, 69; Mackenzie's
description of, 69, 71. D Mackenzie ascends, 54; visited by Thompson,
58; ascended by Simon Fraser, 59. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company;
Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.
Peace River Pass. The gorge cut by the Peace River through the Rocky
Mountains. The summit of the pass is 2000 feet above the sea. First
traversed and described by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793. Simon Fraser
followed in 1805, to build several trading-posts in New Caledonia, and
explore the river that bears his name.
Péan, Mdme. Hugues, née Davennes des Meloises. WM Casemate made for, 87.
Pearson, Lieutenant-Colonel. Bk Captured at sea by United States
privateer, 224.
Peel, Sir Robert (1788-1850). Born in Lancaster, England. Educated at
Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford. Entered Parliament, 1809;
under-secretary for war and the colonies, 1811-1812; chief secretary for
Ireland, 1812-1818; and home secretary, 1822; premier in 1834, but
resigned the following year; again premier, 1841-1846. Index: E Supports
Rebellion Losses Bill, 78. B His government misunderstands situation in
Canada, 14, 15; his distrust of French-Canadians, 16; disapproves of
Bagot's policy, 16-17; reasons for selection of Metcalfe, 18; justifies
Metcalfe's action in withholding responsible government, 23. Sy Resigns
from Cabinet, 16; returns to office as home secretary, 16; assists Duke
of Wellington to form a government, 46; brief tenure of office, 56;
anxious for due representation of commercial interest in Canada, 285;
desires to give representation to Chambers of Commerce, 286; his
moderation as leader of the opposition, 350. Mc His attitude towards
great political movements, 16; condemns Head for inducing rebellion,
355. W Fails to form administration, 37. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Pellegrin. WM Pilot of Montcalm's squadron, 81.
Pelletier, Captain. WM Takes soundings in the Traverse, 82.
Pelletier, Sir Charles Alphonse Pantaléon (1837- ). Born at Rivière
Ouelle, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law, and called to
the bar, of Lower Canada, 1860. Represented Kamouraska in House of
Commons, 1869-1877. Appointed minister of agriculture in Mackenzie
ministry, 1877. President of the Canadian Commission at the Paris
exhibition, 1878. Called to the Senate, 1877; Speaker, 1896-1901.
Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1908. Index: C One of the
founders of Le Parti National and its organ Le National, 30. Bib.:
Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Pelly River. Rises in the Pelly Mountains about lat. 62°, and flows into
the Yukon after a course of 330 miles. Discovered and explored by Robert
Campbell between the years 1840-1848. Campbell reached the upper waters
of the Pelly, by way of the Liard, in 1840; built Fort Pelly Banks,
1842; and descended the river to the junction of the Pelly and Lewes in
1843. He built Fort Selkirk at the forks in 1848. The river was named
after Sir H. Pelly, the governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Index: D
Explored by Robert Campbell, 124. Bib.: Campbell, Discovery and
Exploration of the Youcon; Dawson, Report on the Yukon (Geol.
Survey, 1887-1888); Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.
Pennahouel. WM Ancient Indian warrior, 38, 41, 42.
Pennsylvania. Hd Independent temper of the colony, 11.
Pennsylvania Loyalists. Dr Commanded by Allen, 202.
Penny, Edward Goff (1820-1881). Born in England. In 1844 came to Canada,
studied law, and in 1850 called to the bar of Lower Canada. Became
editor-in-chief of the Montreal Herald and afterwards one of the
proprietors. In 1869 published a pamphlet giving his views in opposition
to Confederation. In 1874 appointed to the Senate. Index: E Signs
Annexation Manifesto, 81.
Pensacola. Hd Bouquet at, 58, 63; Haldimand's headquarters in Florida,
63, 65, 70; his labours to improve, 67, 68; watch kept on Spaniards
from, 77; troops transferred from, to St. Augustine, 78; Haldimand again
in charge at, 79, 80; barracks built at, 81, 90; Haldimand's house at,
104, 316.
Pentagouet. F Fortress on western boundary of Acadia, captured by
freebooters, 269; captured by New Englanders, 275.
Perceval, Spencer (1762-1812). Bk British prime minister, assassinated,
192. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Perche (France). L Many colonists natives of, 116.
Perez, Juan. Voyage of, in 1774, 13, 14.
Péricard, Michelle de. L Mother of Laval, 17; death of, 26.
Péricard, Mgr. de, Bishop of Evreux. L Cousin of Bishop Laval, 21.
Perley, Moses Henry (1804-1863). Born in Maugerville, New Brunswick.
Educated at St. John. In 1828 became an attorney; called to the bar of
New Brunswick, 1830, but soon forsook his profession. For some years
engaged in milling and lumbering, and, having mixed much with the Micmac
and Melicete Indians, appointed commissioner of Indian affairs and
immigration officer. In 1841 and succeeding years spent much time
visiting the Indian tribes and investigating their grievances. Also
active in advertising the resources of the province, and in 1846 asked
to report on the capabilities of the country. A line of railway being
projected, sent to England in 1847 to report on the matter. Returning to
New Brunswick, pursued his investigations into the fisheries of the
province. In 1849 commissioned to report on the fisheries of the Gulf of
St. Lawrence; in 1850 those of the sea and rivers of New Brunswick; and
in 1851 those of the Bay of Fundy. In 1852-1853 compiled the trade
statistics which were used in the negotiations for the Reciprocity
Treaty between Canada and the United States. In 1854 the treaty was
signed, and he was appointed a commissioner to carry out the terms
arranged. Index: H Fishery commissioner on behalf of Great Britain, 170;
his death in Newfoundland, 1863, 170. Bib.: Sea and River Fisheries of
New Brunswick. For biog., see Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Perrault, Joseph François (1753-1844). Born in Quebec, the son of a rich
merchant trading with New England and the West Indies. Given the
appointment of prothonotary in Quebec, and held it throughout his life.
Took a deep interest in educational matters; founded a number of schools
on the Lancaster system; and is regarded in Quebec as the father of the
provincial school system. Also did much, both by his writings and by
furthering the establishment of model farms, to place agriculture upon a
better and more scientific basis. Bib.: Biographie de Joseph François
Perrault écrite par Lui-Même, à l'Age de Quatre-Vingt Ans, sans
Lunettes; Casgrain, Vie de Joseph François Perrault; Bender, Old and
New Canada. For list of his writings, see Casgrain's work mentioned
above.
Perrault, Father Julien. Ch Jesuit, carries on mission at Cape Breton,
236, 237.
Perrot. F Curé of Montreal, disapproves of Abbé Fénelon's sermon, 95.
Perrot, François-Marie. Sent to Canada as governor of Montreal, 1670.
Obtained a grant of Isle Perrot in 1672. Used his office to further his
own interests; quarrelled violently with Frontenac, who had him arrested
and sent to France. Imprisoned for a short time in the Bastile,
released, and restored to his governorship, which he held until 1684.
Governor of Acadia, 1684-1687. Index: F Succeeds Maisonneuve as governor
of Montreal, 54; engages in illicit trading and shields coureurs de
bois, 90; arrests Bizard, an officer of Frontenac's, 91; summoned
before Sovereign Council, 92; arrested at Quebec, 93; character and
conduct of, 96-97; protests competency of Sovereign Council to try him,
99; specially commended to Frontenac in a despatch from minister, 101;
sent to France, 102; allowed to return to Canada, after brief
imprisonment, 103; removed to government of Acadia, 270; continues to
trade, 271; dismissal, and death, 272. L Governor of Montreal, lays
foundation stone of church, 89; comes into contact with Frontenac, 160;
punished by the king, 164. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac.
Perrot, Nicolas (1620-1697). Born in France. Came to Canada, and entered
the service of the government at Quebec. Went on several exploring
expeditions, living among the Indian tribes, and mastering the
Algonquian language. In 1665 returned to Quebec; and accompanied as
interpreter Daumont de St. Lusson to the Falls of St. Mary. In 1684
induced a number of the western tribes to join Lefèbvre de la Barre in
his campaign against the Iroquois. In 1687 his influence with the
Indians proved of great service to the Marquis de Denonville, and later
to Vaudreuil. Among his other notable achievements was the discovery of
the lead mines on the Des Moines River, Iowa. Left manuscripts
describing his sojourn among the different Indian tribes, and their
manners and customs. Index: F Ordered to rendezvous at Niagara with
Indians, 181, 186, 187; arrives with contingent, 210; accompanies
Louvigny to Michilimackinac, 242; exhibits Iroquois scalps, 243. L Sent
by Talon to visit northern and western tribes, 82. Bib.: Mémoire sur
les Mœurs, Coustumes et Religion des Sauvages de l'Amerique
Septentrionale. For biog., see Stickney, Nicolas Perrot; Parkman,
Frontenac.
Perry, Peter. Born at Ernestown, Upper Canada. Followed his father's
occupation as farmer; entered public life, 1824, as member for Lennox
and Addington in the Upper Canada Assembly, and became a leader of the
Reform party; defeated, 1836; again elected in 1849, for the east riding
of York, succeeding William Hume Blake. Index: R Leading member of Upper
Canada Assembly, on popular side, 66. B Leader of the Clear Grits, 39. E
One of the leaders of Clear Grits, 110; founder of Liberal party in
Upper Canada before the Union, 110. BL Fights for reform, 13; Baldwin's
letter to, 39-40. Mc Expenditure of £50,000 road money, 303; defeated
for the House, 308. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years.
Peters. W Attorney-general, New Brunswick, 50.
Peters, Harry. W Retires from New Brunswick Council, 69. T Speaker of
House of Assembly, 6.
Peters, Samuel Leonard. T Uncle of Sir Leonard Tilley, 5.
Peters, Susan Ann. T Mother of Sir Leonard Tilley, 5.
Peters, T. H. W Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69.
Peters, William. W Grandfather of Sir L. Tilley, 3. T Member of
Assembly, 4.
Petit, Father. L Companion of Father Marquette, 62.
Petitot, Émile Fortuné Stanislas Joseph. Roman Catholic missionary in
the North-West, particularly in the Mackenzie River district. Author of
several works on the languages, manners, and customs of the native
tribes. Bib.: Traditions Indiennes du Canada Nord-Ouest; On the
Athabaska District of the Canadian North-West in Canadian Record of
Science, 1884; Essai sur une Légende Américaine (Société
Philologique, Actes, Alençon, 1883).
Peto. T His proposal to build railways in New Brunswick, 25, 27.
Peuvret, de Mesnu. L Clerk of Sovereign Council, 158, 167. F Clerk of
the Council, imprisoned by Frontenac, 135.
Peyras, Jean Baptiste. F Member of Sovereign Council, 106; visits
Acadia, 271. L Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166.
Philadelphia. S British army evacuates, 25. Hd Spirit of rebellion
strong in, 104.
Philipps, Richard (1661-1751). Early entered the army. Served at the
battle of the Boyne; lieutenant-colonel, 1712; governor of Nova Scotia,
1717. Arrived in Nova Scotia, 1720, and remained until 1722. Again
visited Nova Scotia for a short time, returning to England, 1731.
Arranged for a lieutenant-governor to act during his absence. Did not
return to Nova Scotia, but continued to draw full pay as governor until
1849. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Campbell, History of
Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed.
by Akins.
Phillips, Mary. Dr Sister-in-law of Colonel Beverley Robinson, becomes
wife of Colonel Morris, 202.
Phillips, William (1731-1781). Born in England. Entered the Royal
Military Academy at Woolwich as a cadet, 1746; promoted captain, 1756;
commanded three companies of British artillery attached to the Duke of
Brunswick's army, at Minden, 1759; served also at Warberg, 1760. In 1772
became colonel and in 1776 sent to Canada on the staff of General
Burgoyne; in command of the artillery at the battles of Skenesborough,
near Ticonderoga, and Mount Independence, at both of which distinguished
himself; afterwards promoted major-general; in 1777 took a leading part
in the two battles which led to the capitulation at Saratoga. Index: Dr
Comes out with Burgoyne, 152; disappointed that Crown Point not
occupied, 159. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Phipps, Sir William (1651-1695). Born in Maine. In 1669, employed as a
ship carpenter, and later became captain of a merchantman sailing from
Boston. In 1687 succeeded in raising a Spanish treasure-ship which had
been sunk near the Bahamas, recovering £300,000, of which his share was
£16,000. Knighted the same year, and given the office of provost-marshal
of New England. In 1690 commanded an expedition against Acadia, and
captured Port Royal. His expedition the same year against Quebec met
with failure. In 1692 appointed governor of Massachusetts, with a
special commission to take aggressive measures against the French in
Canada, but accomplished little. Summoned to England in 1694 to account
for his administration, but died before the inquiry was held. Index: F
Birth and early life, 272; conducts expedition against Acadia, 273;
captures Port Royal, but violates terms of surrender, 274; ravages
committed by his men, 274; captures other Acadian posts, and establishes
government, 275; returns to Boston with prisoners and booty, 176; sails
from Nantasket, 279; arrives at Quebec, 282; demands surrender, 285-287;
his attack repulsed, 295; decides on retreat, 299; his estimate of his
losses, 302; disastrous return voyage, 303; goes to England, 315;
returns as governor of Massachusetts, 328; recall and death of, 331. L
Commands expedition against Quebec, 11, 229-231; is forced to retreat,
231. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Cyc. Am. Biog.; Parkman, Frontenac.
Piat, Father. Ch Récollet, sails for France, 141; goes on mission to
Montagnais, 149; complains of negligence of trading company, 150;
recommends seminary for young Indians, 150.
Pichon, Thomas. A native of France; in early life a medical student.
Secretary to the governor of Louisbourg, 1751-1753. Sent to Fort
Beauséjour as commissary of stores. Furnished information to the
British, which was of great assistance in the capture of the place.
Acted as a spy for the British while confined with the French prisoners
held at Halifax. Went to London, 1758; resided there until his death,
1781. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the
Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Pickard, John. T Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 95; defeated, 96,
108.
Pickering, Timothy (1745-1829). Joined the revolutionary army; appointed
adjutant-general, 1776, and took part in the battles of Brandywine and
Germantown. In 1790 sent on a commission to the Seneca Indians, and
arranged a treaty. In 1795 secretary of war, an office which also
included Indian affairs; later secretary of state in the administration
of John Adams; dismissed in 1800, and returned to Massachusetts, where
he was appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1802.
Index: S American commissioner to treat with Indians, 123; entertained
at Navy Hall by Simcoe, 184, 229. Bk Massachusetts Senator, his toast to
Great Britain, 172. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Picquet. L Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.
Pierre, Captain. See Chauvin, Pierre de.
Pijard, Father. L Establishes first brotherhood of the Holy Family, 86.
Pillet. Ch Frenchman, murdered by Montagnais Indians, 161.
Pillon. Hd Surgeon, arrested for treason, 278, 279, 280.
Pilot. Newspaper published at Montreal. Index: BL Established, March 5,
1844, by Hincks, and edited by him, 217-218; on Elgin, 275-276; offices
wrecked by mob, 323.
Battle of the Plains of Abraham
Pilots, Canadian. WM Deceived by the hoisting of French flag on British
men-of-war, 78; forced to steer English ships, 90. See also Quebec,
Siege of, 1759.
Piraube, Martial. Ch Godfather to young Hurons, 233.
Pitt, William (1759-1806). Son of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham; born at
Hayes, England. Educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. Entered
Parliament, 1781, becoming prime minister in 1783. In consequence of
French aggressions, formed in 1793 a great coalition with Russia,
Sardinia, Spain, Prussia, and Austria. In 1798 formed a second coalition
against France, including Russia, Austria, and other countries. Resigned
office, 1801. Again premier in 1804; and in 1805 formed a third
coalition with Russia, Austria, and Sweden. The union of Ireland with
Great Britain was effected by his influence and under his
administration. Index: S Constitutional Act introduced by, 1, 7. Dr
Introduces Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 263. Sy His
expectations regarding Lower Canada, 68. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Pivert, Nicolas. Ch Early settler, 145.
Plague. L Breaks out on the St. André, 31.
Plains of Abraham. Above city of Quebec. Named after Abraham Martin, a
Quebec pilot, who owned a portion of these lands in the early days of
the colony. The Plains have now been set apart by the Dominion
government as a national park. Index: WM Origin of name, situation and
extent of, 186; battle of, the arrangement of British troops, 188; of
French troops, 192, 195; engagement begins at ten o'clock in the
morning, 197; defeat of French, 200, 201; losses, 205; French army
seized by panic, 206. Ch Origin of name, 146-147; famous conflict fought
on, Sept. 13, 1759. See also Martin, Abraham. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of
Quebec; Woods, The Fight for Canada; Bradley, The Fight with
France.
Plamondon, Marc Aurèle. Born in Quebec, 1823. Educated at the Quebec
Seminary. In 1846 called to the bar, and practised for many years in
Quebec, achieving success in the criminal courts. In his early years
closely connected with newspapers published in the Liberal interests,
among others the Artisan; also established Le Menestre and the
Courrier Commercial. In 1855 founded Le National, for several years
one of the leading organs of the Reform party in Lower Canada. In 1874
appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Quebec. In 1896 the
members of the profession in Quebec celebrated the 50th anniversary of
his call to the bar. Retired from the bench, November, 1897. Index: C
One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Plessis, Joseph Octave. Bishop of Quebec, 1806 to 1825. Named archbishop
of Quebec in 1819, but never assumed the title. Index: Bk His staunch
support of British rule, 87. P Accepts leadership of Papineau, 34, 45.
Plet. F Cousin of La Salle, comes from France in connection with
financial matters, 177.
Pointe au Fer. Dr British troops concentrated at, 153.
Pointe-aux-Trembles. On north shore of St. Lawrence, Portneuf County.
Index: WM Carleton lands at, and makes prisoners, 125; retreating army
halts at, 218; Lévis's army lands at, 246.
Pointe Lévis. On south shore of St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec. Index: WM
Abortive attempt to capture British batteries at, 133-135; Quebec
bombarded from, 115, 116; sailors landed at daily, for military
exercises, 120; Wolfe assembles three army corps at, 159.
Pollock, Duncan. MS Sent to Red River district by X Y Company, 14.
Pommier, Hugues. L Director of Seminary, 55.
Pomone. WM French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.
Pompadour, Jean Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de (1721-1764). WM Assisted
in Bougainville's promotion, 177.
Pond, Peter. MS Associated with Pangman and others in opposition to
McTavish, 10, 11; returns to North West Company, 15; his character, 15,
17; causes death of Wadin, 15; relations with Ross, 15; death of Ross,
16; leads way to Athabaska, 21; builds post on Elk (Athabaska) River,
1778, 21; his map, 55; his error as to distance from Lake Athabaska to
Pacific, 57; sells his share in North West Company to McGillivray, 58.
Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay
Company.
Pontbriand, Henri-Marie Dubreuil de (1709-1760). Born in Vannes, France.
In 1741 consecrated bishop of Quebec, and left Paris for Canada. Soon
after his arrival in Quebec engaged in a lawsuit with the nuns of the
general hospital as to the ownership of the episcopal palace, which they
claimed Bishop Saint-Vallier had bequeathed to them. The king, however,
confirmed him in its possession. Another royal decree prohibited
religious congregations from holding lands in mortmain, but the bishop
refused to enforce it. In 1760, after the fall of Quebec, he appointed a
vicar-general, admonished the clergy to observe strictly the terms of
capitulation, and went to Montreal, where he died after a short illness.
Index: WM Bishop of Quebec, urges inhabitants to take to arms, 63; his
palace converted into redoubt, 86; visits hospital in spite of fatal
illness, 153; administers last sacrament to Montcalm, 220; issues
mandemant in support of Lévis' attack on Quebec, 245. L Bishop of
Quebec, 12. Bib.: Têtu, Evêques de Quebec.
Pontchartrain, Louis Phélypeaux, Comte de (1643-1727). Chancellor of
France. Index: F Minister of marine, 72.
Pont-Gravé, François Gravé, Sieur du Pont. A merchant of St. Malo;
sailed for Tadoussac with Chauvin, 1600. Had already made several
voyages to the St. Lawrence; accompanied Champlain in the voyage of
1603, and again in 1613. Index: Ch Joins expedition to Acadia, 19;
arrives at Island of Ste. Croix, 26; in temporary charge of colony, 32;
sails for Quebec, 40; his vessel disarmed by a Basque captain, 40;
member of court to try Duval for conspiracy, 43; sails for France, 45;
returns to Canada, 47; in command of the colony during Champlain's
absence, 48; returns to France with Champlain, 54; sent out in charge of
second expedition to Quebec, 56; sails for France, 64; returns to
Quebec, 106; trades at Three Rivers, 121; rivalry with Champlain, 125;
comes to Canada as representative of De Monts' (Rouen) Company, 133;
proceeds to Three Rivers to trade, 135; returns to France, 136; comes to
Canada with De Caën, 138; placed in charge at Quebec, 138; sails for
France, 141; very ill at Quebec, 156; his commission read publicly at
Quebec, 181; with Champlain signs articles of capitulation of Quebec,
191; too sick to leave Quebec, 196. F Voyages of, to St. Lawrence, 3, 8.
See also Champlain. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France; Biggar,
Early Trading Companies of New France; Douglas, Old France in the New
World.
Pontiac (1720-1769). Born on the Ottawa River. An ally of the French
during their struggles against the British colonists. In 1746 he and his
Indians assisted the French at Detroit in an attack by northern tribes,
and in 1755 he led the Ottawas when General Braddock was defeated. In
1763 began a campaign against the British; destroyed several forts from
Lake Michigan to Niagara, and massacred their garrisons. Detroit then
attacked and besieged for nearly a year, until relieved by Colonel
Bradstreet; Pittsburg saved only by the timely arrival of Colonel
Bouquet. Eight out of twelve fortified forts destroyed by Pontiac and
his Indians. They were finally subdued by Sir William Johnson, who in
1766 concluded a treaty of peace. In 1769 assassinated by a Kaskaskia
Indian. Index: Hd Rouses western tribes against British, 55; his rising
quelled, 57; after effects of, 259. Bib.: Parkman, Conspiracy of
Pontiac.
Pontiac's War. Dr History of, 4; fomented by French traders, 5; conduct
of the colonies in connection with, 5, 6. See also Pontiac. Bib.:
Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac; Smith, Historical Account of
Bouquet's Expedition.
Pontleroy. WM French military engineer, 85, 90.
Pope, James Colledge (1826-1885). Born in Bedeque, Prince Edward Island.
Educated at home and in England. Engaged in mercantile pursuits. Sat in
the Prince Edward Island Assembly, 1857-1867; premier, 1865-1867. A
strong opponent of Confederation and succeeded in preventing the
entrance of Prince Edward Island into the Dominion. Defeated, 1868; two
years later elected and again became premier. His government defeated,
1872, but returned to power, 1873. Carried through resolutions under
which Prince Edward Island became a province of Canada. Elected to the
House of Commons for Prince County, 1873; did not offer for re-election.
Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878; entered the government of
Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries. Held office
until his retirement from public life, 1882. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.;
Rose, Cyc. Am. Biog.
Pope, John Henry (1824-1889). Born in the Eastern Townships, Quebec.
Elected for Compton to the Canada Assembly, 1857; and in 1867 to the
Dominion Parliament. Called to the Cabinet, 1871, as minister of
agriculture, and again in 1878 on the return of the Conservatives to
power; in 1880 accompanied Sir John Macdonald and Sir Charles Tupper to
England in connection with the negotiations as to the Canadian Pacific
Railway contract; minister of railways and canals, 1885. Index: B
Conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. Bib.: Rose,
Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.
Pope, Joseph (1854- ). Eldest son of William Henry Pope (q.v.). Private
secretary to Sir John A. Macdonald, 1882-1891; under-secretary of state,
1896-1908; under-secretary for external affairs, 1908. Index: B On the
"double shuffle," 107-108. Md On Macdonald's early life, prints
Campbell's letter, 31; his pen picture of Macdonald, 73; on the double
majority, 78; Macdonald's notes on Quebec Conference, 106; Macdonald's
negotiations with Howe, 145; does not publish documents on last stages
of Macdonald's life, 272. Bib.: Memoir of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Pope, William Henry (1825-1879). Born in Prince Edward Island. Elected
to the Legislature and became provincial secretary in the Gray ministry,
1863; represented Prince Edward Island at the Charlottetown Conference,
1864, and the Quebec Conference, 1864; judge of the County Court of
Prince County, Prince Edward Island, 1873-1879. T Represents Prince
Edward Island at Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Campbell, History of
Prince Edward Island.
Population. B Of Upper Canada, doubled between 1842 and 1851, exceeds
that of Lower Canada in 1852, 62, 75; in 1841, 82; in 1852, 134. Dr Of
Canada in 1763, 9. See also Census.
Porcupine. WM Sloop of war, commanded by Captain Jervis, 176.
Porcupine River. Discovered by John Bell, of the Hudson's Bay Company,
in 1842, and explored to its junction with the Yukon, by Bell, in 1844.
In 1847 Alexander Hunter Murray, of the same company, descended the
Porcupine to its mouth, and built Fort Yukon, about three miles above
the mouth of the Porcupine, on the east bank of the Yukon. In 1869, on
the abandonment of Fort Yukon, the Hudson's Bay Company built Rampart
House, on the Porcupine River, close to the international boundary. As
subsequent surveys proved it to be on American territory, the fort was
moved some miles to the east. Index: D Ascended by Robert Campbell in
1850, 125. Bib.: Murray, Journal of the Yukon (Canadian Archives,
1910); McConnell, Report on the Yukon and Mackenzie Basins (Geol.
Survey, 1889).
Port au Mouton (Acadia). Ch De Monts stops at, 19.
Port aux Anglais. Ch Louisbourg commonly known as, 236. See also
Louisbourg.
Port Hayes. On Hudson Bay, captured by Troyes, 206.
Port Nelson. Fort built by the Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Hayes
River, west coast of Hudson Bay, 1669. Afterwards known as York Factory
(q.v.). It was captured by the French under Iberville in 1694, and
again in 1697. Index: F Captured by Iberville, 345; retaken by English,
347; again taken by Iberville. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company;
Laut, Pathfinders of the West and Conquest of the Great North-West.
See also Iberville.
Port Royal. Founded by De Monts in 1605. The basin had been discovered
the previous year, and the land granted to Poutrincourt, who named it
Port Royal. The early settlement is described in Lescarbot's History of
New France. Captured by Sedgwick, under the orders of Cromwell, in
1654; restored in 1668. Again captured by Phipps, 1690, and once more
restored to France by the treaty of Ryswick, 1697. Nicholson finally
captured the place in 1710, and re-named it Annapolis Royal (q.v.).
Index: F Capital of Acadia, 270; captured by Phipps, 274. Ch Settlement
made at, 32; new settlers arrive under Poutrincourt, 36. L Captured by
English, 229. Bib.: Champlain, Voyages; Lescarbot, History of New
France; Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Portages. See Frog Portage; Giscome Portage; Grand Portage; Methye
Portage; Rocky Mountain Portage.
Porter, G. R. Sy Statistician of Board of Trade, 54.
Portland Railway Convention. W Its object to secure a shorter route to
Europe, 119-120.
Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third Duke of (1738-1809).
Educated at Eton and Oxford; entered Parliament, 1760; prime minister in
1783; and again in 1807. Index: Dr Thanks Dorchester for surrendering
his fees, 292. S Secretary of state, Simcoe's despatch to, explaining
his advance in American territory, 143-154; does not approve of the
creation of lieutenants for the Upper Canada counties, 197; writes to
Simcoe in very commendatory terms, 216. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Portlock. D With Dixon, sails from England, 1785, 22; discovers that
Queen Charlotte Islands are not part of mainland, 22.
Portneuf, De. F Commands war party from Quebec, 236; captures Fort
Loyal, 252; removed for peculation, 330.
Porto Bello. Ch Champlain's description of, 4.
Porto Rico Island. Ch Taken and abandoned, by English in 1598, 3.
Portuguese. Ch Island of Cape Breton once occupied by, 236.
Post Office. Mc Report on, 153; Mackenzie offered control of department,
225; Lord Goderich requests Mackenzie's opinion on, 235; Mackenzie's
scheme for reform of, 236; control of the revenue from, 236. Bk Service
in Upper Canada, 155. Md Savings banks introduced in 1867, 151; rates
reduced and unified at same time, 151. E Reforms brought about by La
Fontaine-Baldwin government, 85-86. BL Transferred from Imperial to
Canadian government, and reorganized, 338. Dr Condition of service in
1788, 243; Dorchester's improvement of, 243. Hd Difficulties of, 129,
131; improved by Haldimand, 131; inefficiency of, in 1782, 193.
Potash. S Decline in production of, 107.
Potenger, Maria. Bk Niece of Sir Isaac Brock, 133.
Potenger, Zelia. Bk Niece of Sir Isaac Brock, 133.
Pottawotomi Indians. An Algonquian tribe, allied to the Chippewas. They
ranged over portions of what is now the state of Michigan, and in 1760,
when Detroit fell into the hands of the British, occupied a village
below the fort. One hundred and fifty of the tribe fought under Pontiac
in 1763. In the War of 1812, they took the British side. Index: Hd Sioux
offer to attack, 148; described as fickle, credulous, and timid, 148.
Bib.: Pilling, Bibliography of Algonquian Languages; Charlevoix,
History of New France; Parkman, Conspiracy of Pontiac.
Pouchot (1712-1769). Born at Grenoble, France. Entered the Engineers'
corps of the French army in 1733, and served in Flanders, Corsica, and
Germany. Accompanied Montcalm to Canada and took part in the defence of
Fort Niagara and Fort de Lévis. Served in the campaigns against the
British and Indians, until the fall of Quebec in 1759. Index: WM Quoted
with reference to battle of Carillon, 58; in command at Niagara, divides
his force, 122; forced to capitulate, 146. Hd In command of French fort
at Niagara, 25; surrenders, 26; surrenders Fort de Lévis, 36. Bib.:
Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley,
Fight with France.
Poulariez. WM Placed in command of French left (Beauport to
Montmorency), 158, 174, 175; protests against idea of capitulation, 209;
in battle of Ste. Foy, 262.
Poulett. Sy Maiden name of Sydenham's mother, 4.
Poullain, Father Guillaume. Ch Récollet missionary, 87; goes to
Nipissing mission, 149.
Pouthier, Toussaint. Bk Agent of the Hudson's Bay Company, assists in
capture of Michilimackinac, 210.
Poutrincourt. See Biencourt de Poutrincourt.
Powell, Henry Watson (1733-1814). Born in England. Entered the army; in
1756 became captain; and in 1759 served in the West Indies; in 1768 and
subsequent years stationed in different parts of North America, and in
1771 promoted lieutenant-colonel. Took part in General Burgoyne's
expedition in 1777, with the rank of brigadier-general; in July, 1777,
in command of Fort Ticonderoga, and held it successfully against the
besieging forces of New Hampshire and Connecticut. Returned to England
at the end of the American Revolution, and in 1801 promoted general.
Index: Dr In command at Ticonderoga, discouraging messages from, 179,
180; on surrender of Burgoyne retreats to St. Johns, 180. Bib.: Cyc.
Am. Biog.
Powell, John. Mc Shoots at Mackenzie, 364; his treachery, 365.
Powell, Colonel Walker (1828- ). Born in Waterford, Ontario. Educated at
the county Grammar School, and at Victoria College, Cobourg. Engaged for
some years in mercantile pursuits. Appointed warden of Norfolk County,
1856. Member of the Legislative Assembly for Norfolk County, 1857-1861.
Appointed deputy adjutant-general for the Dominion of Canada, 1862.
Served during the Fenian Raid, 1866, and in the Rebellions of 1869-1870
and 1885. Adjutant-general of the Dominion, 1875-1896. Largely
responsible for the present militia system of Canada, and aided in the
establishment of the Royal Military College at Kingston. Index: R
Adjutant-general, graduate of Victoria College, 144. Bib.: Rose, Cyc.
Can. Biog.; Morgan, Can. Men.
Powell, William Dummer (1755-1834). Born in Boston. Called to the bar,
1779. Came to Montreal, and made judge of the district of Hesse with
headquarters at Detroit, 1789. Promoted to chief-justiceship, 1815.
Retired from the bench, 1825. Index: S Judge of Common Pleas in Upper
Canada, 178. Bk On Brock's victory at Detroit, 262. Mc Tries and
banishes Robert Gourlay, 92. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.
Power, Michael (1804-1848). Born in Waterford, Ireland. Emigrated to
Canada. Ordained a priest, and became curé of La Prairie, which position
he held until 1841, when he went to Europe with Bishop Bourget. On his
return to Canada appointed bishop of the western part of Kingston, when
that diocese was divided. Consecrated, May 8, 1842, and adopted the
title of bishop of Toronto, from the city in which he resided. During
his administration the missions which the Jesuits had formerly held in
Upper Canada were restored, and others established by his aid. Index: R
Chairman of the Council of Public Instruction in Ontario—favourable to
public schools, 219.
Prairie de la Madeleine. L Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74.
Precedence. L Questions of, 163.
Preferential Trade. B Ended by repeal of corn laws, 31; protests from
Canada, 31; Globe defends free trade and urges Canada to help herself,
31-32; Elgin against Canadian dependence on Imperial tariff legislation,
32. E Elgin on, 58-59; debates on, in Canadian Parliament, 59.
Presbyterian Church in Canada. Had its beginnings early in the
eighteenth century in Nova Scotia. In 1776 the Presbytery of Truro, Nova
Scotia, was organized; that of Montreal in 1793; and in 1818 the
Presbytery of the Canadas was formed in Montreal. In 1831 the united
Presbytery became the Synod of Upper Canada; and in 1840 joined the
Church of Scotland Synod. In 1844, on the disruption of the Church of
Scotland, the (Free) Presbyterian Synod of Canada was organized.
Training colleges were established at Toronto, Halifax, Montreal, and
other centres. In 1861 the Free and United Presbyterian synods united as
the Synod of Canada Presbyterian Church; and in 1875 all Presbyterian
bodies became one in the Presbyterian Church in Canada. Index: E Secures
a share of Clergy Reserves, 153. B George Brown's attitude to, 2; the
British Chronicle and "disruption," 4; the Banner largely devoted to
the interests of, 5, 6. R Claims equality with Anglicans, 39; statistics
in Upper Canada, 51. W Represented by one in New Brunswick Assembly, 69.
Bib.: Torrance, Origin of the Canadian Presbyterian Church in Canada:
An Ency., vol. 4; Gregg, History of the Presbyterian Church in
Canada.
Prescott, Richard (1725-1788). Born in England. Entered the army, and
promoted major, 1756; lieutenant-colonel, 1762, and served in Europe
during the Seven Years' War. In 1773 sent as colonel of the 7th Foot to
Canada, and during the next two years rendered good service. In 1775,
during the investment of Montreal by the Americans, surrounded while on
the way to Quebec with troops and stores, and captured. In September,
1776, exchanged; and in December, third in command of the British army,
until again made prisoner, July 10, 1777. Released, and the same year
became major-general, and in 1782 lieutenant-general. Index: Dr Placed
in charge of Montreal, 89; leaves Montreal with Carleton, 112; captured
by Americans, 113. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Prescott, Sir Robert (1725-1816). Born in Lancashire, England. Educated
for the army. Promoted captain of the 15th Foot, 1755; served in the
expeditions against Rochefort, 1757, and Louisbourg, 1758. Aide-de-camp
to Amherst, 1759; afterwards served under Wolfe in Canada. Promoted
major, 1761; lieutenant-colonel, 1762. During the American Revolution,
1775, took part in the battle of Long Island, and at the attack on Fort
Washington; engaged in the expedition against Philadelphia, 1777;
promoted brevet-colonel, and took part in the battle of Brandywine;
promoted colonel, 1780; major-general, 1781; lieutenant-general, 1793.
Sent in 1794 to Martinique, which he reduced. On April 10, 1796,
appointed governor of Canada in succession to Lord Dorchester, who was
recalled. In that year the fortifications at Quebec were greatly
strengthened under his direction. In 1797 also appointed governor of
Nova Scotia and of New Brunswick. Held all three positions until his
recall to England, 1799. Index: Bk Succeeds Dorchester as governor of
Canada, 38. Dr Succeeds Dorchester as governor, 303. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.; Bradley, The Making of Canada; Lucas, History of Canada.
President and Little Belt. Bk Affair of, 173.
Preston, Major. Dr Sent to occupy fort at St. Johns, 84; surrenders to
Montgomery, 102.
Prévert. Ch Explorer, gives information to Champlain respecting a copper
mine, 13.
Prévost, Augustin (1725?-1786). Father of Sir George Prévost. Entered
the army; served under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759; became lieutenant-colonel,
1761, colonel, 1777; major-general, 1779; defeated General Ashe at Brier
Creek, 1779, and defended Savannah against the Americans the same year.
Index: Hd Haldimand's correspondence with, 294, 338; proposed
appointment of, 330. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Prévost, Major Augustin. Son of preceding. Index: Hd Interested in
settlement of Haldimand's lands in Pennsylvania, 315; his father,
General Prévost, also a friend of Haldimand's, 316.
Prévost, Sir George (1767-1816). Born in New York. Entered the army;
took part in the battles of St. Vincent, Dominica, and St. Lucia. In
1803 created a baronet and promoted major-general. In 1803 appointed
governor of Nova Scotia, and in 1812, governor of Canada and commander
of the forces in British North America. In 1812-1813 rendered important
service in the defence of Canada against the Americans, but was
unsuccessful in his operations in the invasion of New York state, being
severely defeated, Sept. 11, 1814. Index: Bk Governor of Nova Scotia,
and second in military command in British North America, 101; arrives in
Canada as governor-general and commander of forces, 157; previous
career, 157, 158; his appointment satisfactory to French-Canadians, 158;
appoints Bédard to judgeship, 158; hampered by his instructions from
England, 184; his despatch with reference to the John Henry letters,
188; his cautious instructions to Brock, 190, 194, 204, 216; receives
news of declaration of war, 203; officially informed of it, 207; his
instructions to Captain Roberts at St. Joseph, 210; praises Roberts for
his prompt action, 227; his despatch to Lord Bathurst, 227; sends money
and stores to Upper Canada, 229; sends proposal for armistice to General
Dearborn, 233; letter of congratulation to Brock, 268, 269; notifies
Brock of termination of armistice, 269; disapproves of Brock's proposal
to attack Sackett's Harbour, 271; his pacific policy approved by British
government, 271; speaks of "infatuation" of British ministers regarding
American affairs, 277; letter to Brock recommending attitude of defence,
288; his despatch on victory at Detroit, 295. P Arrives as governor,
1811, 32; political quiet restored for a time, 32, 39. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812. See also War of 1812.
Prevost. F Town-major of Quebec, 257; strengthens defences, 284.
Prévôte (Provost's court). F Abolished, 1674, reëstablished, 1677, 107.
Price. Dr A disaffected Montrealer, 122, 123.
Price, David Edward (1826-1833). Born in Quebec. Interested in
lumbering. Sat in the Assembly for Chicoutimi and Saguenay, 1855-1864.
Although English-speaking and a Protestant, returned to the Legislative
Council for a purely French-Canadian district, 1864. Appointed to the
Senate, 1867.
Price, James Hervey (1797-1882). Born in England. Came to Canada and
settled at Toronto, 1828. Studied law and called to the bar, 1833. Took
a leading part in the agitation preceding the Rebellion of 1837, but not
concerned in the Rebellion itself. Elected to the Canadian Assembly as
member for the 1st Riding of York, 1841; during the succeeding years one
of the most influential members of the Assembly; held office as
commissioner of crown lands in the La Fontaine-Baldwin government,
1848-1851; defeated at the election of 1851 and retired from public
life. Returned to England and settled at Shirley, near Southampton. Died
in Shirley. Index: E Returned to Parliament, 1848, 50; commissioner of
crown lands, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; his views on Clergy
Reserves, 160, 161, 162. BL Commissioner of crown lands—supports
Baldwin, 214; his resolution, 215, 216; elected for York, 279;
commissioner of crown lands, 284; resolution on Clergy Reserves, 346,
348. Mc At Doel's brewery, 330; rebels meet at his house, 362. Bib.:
Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion and Last Forty Years.
Prices of Commodities. S In Upper Canada, 114.
Prideaux, John (1718-1759). Born in Devonshire, England. Entered the
army in 1739 as an ensign. In 1743 took part in the battle of Dettingen;
in 1745 promoted captain; in 1748 became lieutenant-colonel; in 1758
colonel; and in 1759 brigadier-general. In 1759 appointed by Pitt,
commander of a division of the army in Canada, under the supreme command
of General Amherst. Ordered by Amherst to attack Fort Niagara, then one
of the strongest of the French forts. On July 7, 1759, made the first
assault on the fort, and on July 11 repulsed an attack by the French. On
the same day, while directing the artillery fire, killed by the bursting
of one of his own guns. Succeeded by Sir William Johnson, who carried
out his plan of operations, the fort capitulating on July 24, 1759.
Index: Hd Marches against Fort Niagara, 25; death of, 26. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.; Bradley, The Fight with France; Parkman, Montcalm and
Wolfe.
Priests. Dr Introduction of, from France, prohibited, 257.
Primogeniture. E Abolished in Upper Canada with respect to real estate,
87.
Prince, Colonel. Mc Defends Windsor, 447; shoots prisoners, 447;
condemnation for, 448.
Prince Edward Island. Under the name of Isle St. John, it appears in
Champlain's narrative and on his map. The name is found on earlier maps,
and both the discovery and naming of the island have been attributed to
Cabot, and again to Cartier, but without sufficient proof. It bore that
name until the year 1798, when the present form was adopted, in honour
of the Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria. During the French régime,
it was largely settled by Acadian families, but these were expelled
after the island came under British rule. In 1769 the island was granted
to a number of proprietors, and settlement was very slow. It formed part
of Nova Scotia until 1769, when it was made a separate province.
Responsible government was granted in 1851; and in 1873 the province
entered Confederation. Index: E Land question in, 143-144; 174-175. B
Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. Md Electors reject
proposals of Quebec Conference in 1865, 147; again reject Confederation
terms in 1866, 147; Macdonald's interest in acquisition of, 148;
financial difficulties lead to union in 1873, 148-149; railway debt of,
assumed by Canada, 149. Dr Carleton arranges to visit, 235; difficulty
in transfer of governorship from Patterson to Fanning, 235. See also
Charlottetown. Bib.: Campbell, History of Prince Edward Island.
Prince of Wales College. Located at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.
Founded, 1860, and amalgamated with the provincial Normal School, 1879.
Prince of Wales Fort. At the mouth of the Churchill River, Hudson Bay.
Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, between the years 1733 and 1771. It
was of massive masonry, 37 to 42 feet thick; 310 feet long on the north
and south sides, and 317 on the east and west; and is said to have been
designed by English military engineers. The walls are still standing,
though parts have fallen in. The parapet mounted forty guns, which are
still on the walls. See Tyrrell's Introduction to Hearne's Journey
(Champlain Society ed., 1910). Hearne was governor of the fort in 1782,
when it was captured by the French under Admiral La Perouse. The fort
was built on Eskimo Point, just west of the mouth of the river. The
present Hudson's Bay Company post stands on the site of a much earlier
fort, built by the Company in 1688. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company;
Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.
Prince of Wales Island. On the north-west coast of North America. Index:
D Recognized as Russian territory by Convention of 1825, 118.
Pringle, Captain. Dr Commands flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154.
Prison Reform. B Need of, in Upper Canada, shown by George Brown, 90;
his strong interest in, 91-92.
Prisoners. Dr British, in America, 201; exchange of, after Revolutionary
War, 207, 208; hardships suffered by Germans captured by Burgoyne, 208,
209; refuse service either as farm labourers or in American army, 210,
211; liberation and embarkation of, 214.
Proclamation, Royal. Dr Following treaty of Paris, 7; its provisions, 7,
8.
Proclamation of 1764. P Attorney-general Yorke's opinion of, 11-13;
Solicitor-general Wedderburne's views on, 14.
Procter, Henry A. (1787-1859). Born in Wales. Served in the army, and
became colonel of his regiment. In 1812, being stationed in Canada,
ordered by General Brock to prevent the landing of the American troops
under General Hull at Amherstburg. This he successfully accomplished,
and later defeated the enemy at Brownstown. In 1813 inflicted a severe
defeat on the Americans, under General James Winchester, at Frenchtown
on the river Raisin. For these services promoted brigadier-general. In
August, 1813, forced to retire from Fort Stephenson by Major Croghan. On
Oct. 5, defeated by General W.H. Harrison at the battle of the Thames.
For this disaster tried by court-martial and sentenced to be suspended
for six months from rank and pay. Afterwards reinstated; served during
the later stages of the war, and promoted lieutenant-general. Index: Bk
In command of Niagara frontier, 205; sent to Amherstburg, 215, 235;
second in command to Brock, 247; opposed to the attempt on Detroit, 267.
Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812. See also War of 1812.
Programme Catholique. C Issued by Le Parti Catholique, 82; its terms,
82; disapproved of by Archbishop Taschereau, 82-83.
Prohibition. T Bill introduced by Tilley in New Brunswick, 34;
difficulty with its enforcement, 35-39; causes defeat of government, 41;
Act repealed, 41. See also Liquor question; Brandy question.
Protection. B Beginnings of agitation for, in Canada, 231; opposed by
George Brown, 232-233; at the bottom of objections to proposed
Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 232, 233; secret of its success in 1878,
241. C Cartier's views on, 115-116. See also National policy.
Protestant Protective Association. Md Carries on an anti-Roman Catholic
campaign, 289.
Protestants. Dr Feeling aroused among, in connection with Quebec Act,
69. Ch Fanaticism of Huguenot agents, 86; had large share of trade, 110;
proposed to exclude, 110. L Protestantism proscribed in Canada under the
French régime, 12.
Provençal. Ch Uncle of Champlain, officer in Spanish naval service, 2.
Provincial Secretaries. Sy Duties assigned to, 331.
Prud'homme. WM Commands Montreal militia, 105.
Prussia. Hd Becomes a first-class power, 6.
Public Works. Sy Expenditure on, in Lower and Upper Canada,
respectively, 317, 318; home government advances money for completion
of, 320.
Puget Sound Agricultural Company. D Organized, 129; agricultural
interests of Hudson's Bay Company handed over to, 129; its farms,
129-130; checkered career, 130; McLoughlin first manager, 130; disputes
with United States, 130-131; claims settled by commission, 131; Douglas
succeeds McLoughlin as manager, 132; epidemic of fever and ague follows
first turning of soil about Fort Vancouver, 132; land claims on
Vancouver Island, 198; dispute with Langford, 199. Bib.: Bancroft,
History of the North-West Coast.
Punshon, William Morley (1824-1881). Born in England. Engaged for a time
in the timber business with his father; joined the Methodists, 1838, and
ordained a Wesleyan minister, 1845. Worked in London, 1858-1868, and in
Canada, 1868-1873, when he returned to England. Index: R Ryerson's
friendship for, 285; comes to Canada, 285-286; Ryerson's letter to,
288-289. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Purchas, Samuel (1575?-1626). A graduate of St. John's College,
Cambridge. Rector of St. Martin's, Ludgate, London, 1614-1626. Fell heir
to a number of unpublished narratives left by Hakluyt, and edited them
with many others, in his collections of voyages and travels. Index: Ch
Gives in his Pilgrims English version of Champlain's first narrative,
15. Bib.: Purchas his Pilgrimage, 1613; Purchas his Pilgrim, 1619;
Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes, 1625.
Purchase of Commissions. Dr In Loyalist corps, 217.
Putnam, Charles S. W A leading barrister of Fredericton, 11.
Quadra, Juan Francisco de la Bodega y (1744?-1794). Knight of the Order
of Santiago. Made voyages of exploration to the North-West Coast in 1775
and 1779. Governor of Nootka, and met Vancouver there in 1792 for the
purpose of arranging the restoration of Nootka to the British crown.
Index: D Voyage to North-West Coast, 7, 14; at Bay of Islands, 15; takes
possession for Spain, 15; searches for Strait of Anian, 15; fails to
discover mouth of Columbia, 15; sights Mount St. Elias and enters Prince
William's Sound, 15; meets Vancouver at Nootka, 33. Bib.: Bancroft,
History of the North-West Coast.
Quakers. S Try to bring about peace with Indians, 122. Hd Of
Pennsylvania, their opposition to the government, 11, 12. Bk Emigration
of, from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49.
Quebec Act, 1774. Provided that the boundaries of the province of Quebec
in the west should extend from Lake Erie to the Ohio, along the Ohio to
the Mississippi, and north to the territories of the Hudson's Bay
Company; guaranteed the French-Canadians in the free exercise of their
religion; provided for the continuance of the criminal law of England,
and for the appointment of a Legislative Council, with limited powers.
Index: E Guarantees institutions of French Canada, 24. Dr Introduced in
House of Lords, 63; its delimitation of Canada gives offence to older
colonies, 63; concedes full religious liberty to Roman Catholics and
establishes French civil law, 64; opposition to, 65; passed, 65;
corporation of London petitions king to withhold assent, 69; saves
Canada to British crown, 78; agitation against, 79-81; goes into force,
81, 89. L Beneficial operation of, 13. Sy Its effect in creating
cleavage between French and English in Canada, 62; precipitated by
American Revolution, 65; not carried out in its integrity, 66, 67; a
mistake as preventing the unification of Canada, 91. BL Its provisions,
2-3; opposition to, 4; its results, 4. P Gives French-Canadians
long-deferred justice, 7; establishes French civil law, 9; the magna
charta of French-Canadians, 9, 16; its genesis and history, 11. Mc
Commentary on, 47; cause of its repeal, 47. Hd Extends Quebec to
Mississippi, 93; obnoxious to New Englanders, 101; not satisfactory to
English inhabitants, 173, 175; in Haldimand's opinion, saved the country
from going over to the enemy, 174; and estates of Ursuline nuns, 179;
opposition to, 180; repeal wanted, 188, 264; Haldimand's opinion of,
195; his use of, 273. Bib.: Houston, Constitutional Documents of
Canada; Bourinot, Constitutional History of Canada; Egerton and
Grant, Canadian Constitutional Documents; Bradley, The Making of
Canada; Lucas, History of Canada. See also Dorchester.
Quebec City. Founded by Champlain (q.v.), in 1608. Seventy-three years
earlier, Jacques Cartier had sailed up the great river, and landed near
the same spot, wintering in a creek not far from the native town of
Stadaconé. Champlain, in 1608, built a rude fort, the Abitation de
Québec, and a warehouse. There he and his men spent the winter, but
before succour arrived in the spring, most Of them died of scurvy. Had a
man of less courage and resourcefulness been in Command, the infant
settlement of Quebec might have died a natural death. Champlain kept it
alive, and, though harassed by enemies, and neglected by the motherland,
the town grew steadily from the year of its birth. Quebec has passed
through five sieges, that of Kirke in 1629, that of Phipps, 1690, the
great siege of 1759, Lévis's siege of 1760, and that of Montgomery and
Arnold, 1775-1776. Index: Bk The centre of society in Canada, 46;
defective state of fortifications, 75; defences of in early years of
nineteenth century, 89, 90, 94. Sy Charter of, reëstablished, 255;
change in electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. L
Church erected at, 84; placed under patronage of Immaculate Conception
and St. Louis, 85; not less pious as a community than Montreal, 92;
conflagration at, 186; siege of, by expedition under Phipps, 229-231. B
Brown's objection to, as seat of government, 70; gross election frauds
in 1857, 99; fortifications of, to be completed by England, 186. Dr
Carleton's report on fortifications of, 44; fortifications of, improved
by Cramahé, 117; attack by Montgomery and Arnold on, repulsed, 125-131;
garrison of, greatly encouraged, 133; gayety in, during winter of
1776-1777, 162; unreasonable demands of British inhabitants of, 252,
253. F Foundations of, 7; capture of, by Kirke, 20; restored to France,
23; population of city in 1666, 56; first ball given at, 59; sea
expedition planned against, by New Englanders, 268-277; defences
strengthened, 284; attack by squadron under Phipps, 285-300; defences
further strengthened, 326. E Seat of government at, 78; Lord Elgin's
references to, in his farewell address, 205-206. WM In 1756, description
of, 15; Wolfe's plan for attacking, 76; fortifications afforded no
protection, 79; batteries at, 95; batteries of, have no effect against
enemy's works at Pointe Lévis, 113; discouragement of inhabitants, 113;
general exodus from, 115; bombardment of, 115; thieves pillage the
houses, 122; pitiable condition of, 160; abandoned by the enemy, the
citizens call for capitulation, 224; garrison of, disorganized, 230;
capitulation of, 230-235; rejoicing in England over fall of, 238;
Vaudreuil maintains spies in, 243; sickness in British garrison of, 243.
Ch Fortifications of, 157; slow progress of settlement at, 167; terms of
capitulation of, 190-192; keys of, handed to Lewis Kirke, 195; English
flag hoisted over, 196; names of families remaining at, after surrender,
196; passes again under French rule, 224; population in 1629, 208;
destructive fire at, 1640, 241. BL Boundaries of, for political purposes
changed by Sydenham, restored in 1842, 146; aspires to honour of
capital, 181; seat of government, 338. Md Shares with Toronto the honour
of seat of government, for sixteen years, 39; dispute over capital, 77;
dissatisfaction of, over selection of Ottawa as capital, 85; conference
on Confederation meets at, in 1864, 104-105. Hd Besieged by Wolfe, 25;
news arrives of surrender of, 29; defended by Murray, 34; Murray
lieutenant-governor of, 41; roads to, 45, 46; uses St. Maurice forges,
47; government of, 49; enlistment of French-Canadians in, 55-56;
Haldimand arrives at, 117; Indians brought to, 152; fortifications of,
strengthened, 183; prisons in, 187; threatened by French fleet, 188;
census of, taken, 190; old customs of, 192, 221-224; Riedesels at, 220,
300-304; education in, 233-235; food supply of, 239; Nelson at, 244;
rebel sympathizers in, 279; Du Calvet in, 286, 287; Haldimand's life in,
298; Haldimand sails from, 310; Haldimand Hill in, named after him, 346.
Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France; Le Moine, Historical Notes on
Quebec; MacPherson, Reminiscences of Old Quebec; Hawkins, Picture of
Quebec; Douglas, Old France in the New World; Le Moine, Quebec Past
and Present; Parker, Old Quebec.
Quebec Committee. Sy Its address to the electors in opposition to the
union, 288.
Quebec Conference, 1864. To discuss terms of Confederation. Index: C
Cauchon's commentaries on the resolutions, 24. B Division of authority
between federal and provincial Legislatures, 163; residuary powers,
163-164; constitution of the Senate, 164-165; financial question, 165;
resolutions adopted, 165; George Brown on, 165-166; delegates tour
Canada, 166; its character defined, 205. H Frames scheme of
Confederation, 178-179; Howe opposes the scheme, 185-191. Md Meets at
Quebec, Oct. 10, 1864, to discuss union of provinces, 104; Taché
selected as chairman, 104; deliberations behind closed doors, 105;
passes seventy-two resolutions along main lines upon which Confederation
was finally accomplished, 106; Macdonald's notes on, 106; legislative
vs. federal union, 107-109, 245-247; financial relations of provinces
and Dominion, 110; constitution of Senate, 110-112; question of
representation, 112-113. T Deals with Intercolonial Railway question,
54; history of, 76-80. Bib.: Pope, Confederation Documents; Cauchon,
Union of the Provinces; Whelan, Union of the British Provinces;
Rawlings, Confederation of the British North American Provinces;
Confederation Debates.
Quebec General Hospital. WM Care taken of wounded British in, 153;
British guard placed on, 223; Lévis takes possession of, 265; painful
scenes at, described, 265, 266. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.
Quebec, Hôtel Dieu. F Origin of, 28. L Laval lodges at, for a time, 33;
nuns of, take charge of the general hospital, 236. Bib.: Doughty,
Cradle of New France.
Quebec Library. Founded at Quebec in 1779. The first public library in
what is now Canada. On Jan. 7 of that year, the following advertisement
appeared in the Quebec Gazette: "A subscription has been commenced for
establishing a publick library for the city and district of Quebec. It
has met with the approbation of His Excellency the Governor and of the
Bishop, and it is hoped that the institution, so particularly useful in
this country, will be generally encouraged." The idea of the library
originated with Governor Haldimand, and the first lot of books was
purchased in England, under his instructions, by Richard Cumberland, the
dramatist. An Act of incorporation obtained in 1840. Five years later,
the library was absorbed by the Quebec Library Association, founded
1843; and in 1866 the Association dissolved and sold its books to the
Quebec Literary and Historical Society (q.v.). Bib.: A detailed
account of the Quebec Library, and the Quebec Library Association, will
be found in Würtele's paper, in Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Trans.,
1887-1889.
Quebec Literary and Historical Society. Founded at Quebec in 1824,
largely through the influence and liberality of the Earl of Dalhousie,
then governor-general. Its purposes were "to discover and rescue from
the unsparing hand of time the records which yet remain of the earliest
history of Canada. To preserve while in our power, such documents as may
be found amid the dust of yet unexplored depositories, and which may
prove important to general history and to the particular history of this
province." In 1829, another similar organization was absorbed; and in
1831 the society was incorporated by Act of Parliament. The library had
been started the previous year, as well as the museum. Both have grown
steadily, despite serious losses from fires. Bib.: The publications
consist of Transactions and Historical Documents. The first volume
of the former appeared in 1829, and the first part of the latter in
1838. The Trans., for 1887-1889 contain an account of the Society, its
publications and its library, by F. C. Würtele, who also published in
1891 an Index to the series of publications.
Quebec, Province of. Area 351,873 square miles. Formed the principal
part of Canada, as ceded to Britain in 1763. Under the Quebec Act, 1774,
its boundaries extended west to the Ohio and Mississippi. In 1791, the
province was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, with the Ottawa River
as the boundary; in 1841 the two provinces were again united; and in
1867, Quebec became a province of the Dominion. The period of military
rule extended from the conquest to 1764, when civil government was
established. In 1775 the first Legislative Council met at Quebec.
Constitutional government was established in 1791; and responsible
government in 1841. Index: Dr Government of, embraced Canada, 7. S
Divided, 1. Md Seigniorial Tenure in, 14; difficulties of Confederation
in, 101; supports Confederation, 115; "doubtful and expectant" on entry
into Dominion, 129; representation in Cabinet, 133; result of election
of 1867 in, 141; excitement in, over Riel question, 242-244; Cartier's
influence in, 266. See also Quebec Act; Constitutional Act;
Seigniorial Tenure; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Responsible government;
Rebellion of 1837; Lower Canada.
Quebec Revenue Act. Sy Provided fund for carrying on colonial
government, 83. Bib.: Houston, Constitutional Documents of Canada.
Quebec Seminary. Opened 1668, in a house belonging to the widow of
Guillaume Couillard, at the entrance to the governor's garden.
Corner-stone of the first separate building laid in 1678; enlarged,
1701; restored and enlarged after the fire of 1866. Index: F
Establishment of, 48. L Founded by Laval, 10, 47-50; empowered to
collect tithes, 50; Laval transfers his personal income to, 56;
affiliated with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57, 140; buildings erected
for, 58; total destruction of, by fire, 58, 240; Saint-Vallier's high
opinion of, 203; sends missionaries to Louisiana, 208; Saint-Vallier
makes important changes in, 236; destroyed a second time by fire, 241.
See also Laval University. Bib.: Doughty, Cradle of New France.
Quebec, Siege of, 1629. The previous year, David Kirke had sailed up the
river, and sent a demand for the surrender of the fort, which Champlain
peremptorily refused. Kirke thereupon returned to the gulf to meet the
French fleet under De Roquemont, which he captured after a battle which
lasted fifteen hours, and carried his prizes and prisoners back to
England. The following year he returned, with a fleet of three sails,
and Champlain surrendered the fort, the more readily as the little
garrison was at the point of starvation. Index: See Quebec City;
Kirke. Bib.: Kirke, The First English Conquest of Canada; Parkman,
Pioneers of France.
Quebec, Siege of, 1690. Sir William Phipps, having captured Port Royal
in May of this year, appeared before Quebec in October, with thirty-two
ships and a force of over two thousand men. He immediately summoned
Frontenac to surrender, and got a contemptuous refusal. Quebec was well
defended both in men and guns, and after a fruitless attack on the town
from the Beauport flats, and a subsequent bombardment in which he did
much less damage to the town than his ships suffered from Frontenac's
batteries, Phipps abandoned the siege. A little church then building in
the Lower Town was named Notre Dame de la Victoire, to commemorate the
victory. Index: See Quebec city; Phipps. Bib.: Myrand, Sir William
Phipps devant Québec; Parkman, Frontenac.
Quebec, Siege of, 1759. Following the capture of Louisbourg, Duquesne,
and Fort Frontenac, in the campaign of 1758, two expeditions were sent
the following year against Quebec, one by land under Amherst, the second
by water under Wolfe and Saunders. The French forces were commanded by
Montcalm, whose plans were hampered at every stage by the interference
of the governor, Vaudreuil. Wolfe commanded the attacking army, and
Saunders the fleet. The former had as brigadiers Townshend, Monckton,
and Murray. Montcalm had a force of over fourteen thousand men, partly
regulars and partly militia. Wolfe's army numbered less than nine
thousand men, but all were regulars. After bombarding the city from the
Lévis shore, Wolfe, on July 31, made an unsuccessful attack at
Montmorency. Several ineffective efforts followed, and it was not until
early in September that Wolfe matured the plans which led to ultimate
success. Landing his men at a cove two miles above the city, on the
night of the twelfth, he had three thousand men upon the heights of
Abraham before daybreak. Montcalm hastily assembled his troops and led
them to the attack, but was completely defeated. During the battle, both
Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded, and five of the French
brigadiers fell upon the field. The French were pursued to the gates of
the city, and Townshend, who had succeeded to the command, had
difficulty in re-forming his troops to repel an attack from the rear by
Bougainville. The latter, however, after a brief engagement, was forced
to retire; and the British remained masters of the field. Five days
later, the city capitulated to Saunders and Townshend. Index: See
Quebec City; Wolfe; Montcalm. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Woods,
Logs of the Conquest of Canada and Fight for Canada; Bradley, The
Fight with France; Knox, Historical Journal; Waddington, La Guerre
de Sept Ans.
Quebec, Siege of, 1760. After the battle of Ste. Foy, April 20, 1760,
Murray retreated within the walls of Quebec, and Lévis laid siege to the
town. The defences were in a feeble state, but Murray strengthened them
by forming a wall of ice. In May a British fleet appeared, and Lévis,
seeing that the cause was lost, hastily raised the siege. Bib.: Bradley,
The Fight with France; Doughty, Siege of Quebec and Cradle of New
France; Waddington, La Guerre de Sept Ans.
Quebec, Siege of, 1775-1776. See American invasion; Montgomery;
Arnold; Dorchester. Bib.: Anderson, Siege and Blockade of Quebec
(Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Trans., 1872); Strange, Historical Notes
on the Defence of Quebec (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. Trans., 1875).
Queen Charlotte Islands. A group in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of
British Columbia. Discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. Captain George
Dixon examined both the eastern and western shores of the islands in
1787, and named them after his ship, the Queen Charlotte. The natives
are known as Haidas. Index: D Portlock and Dixon discover that group is
not part of mainland, 22; discovery confirmed by Duncan in 1788, 22;
Douglas at, 29; coal discovered, 191; discovery of gold, 219. Bib.:
Poole, Queen Charlotte Islands; Chittenden, Report of Exploration of
Queen Charlotte Islands; Dawson, Report on the Queen Charlotte
Islands (Geol. Survey, 1878-1879).
Queen's Brigade (French). WM In battle of Ste. Foy, 262.
Queen's Rangers. Dr Commanded by Colonel Simcoe, 202. S Raising of, 22;
Simcoe obtains command of, 22; disperse large body of rebel militia,
26-29; ordered to Virginia, 33; capture large quantity of enemy's
stores, 34; defeat superior force at Spencer's Ordinary, 36; surrender
with army of Cornwallis, 37; placed on roster of British army, 39;
disbanded, 39; first division of, arrives in Canada, 49; transferred
from Niagara to Toronto, 203; employed to make Yonge Street road, 208,
216. Bk Stationed at Newark (Niagara), 57. Bib.: Simcoe, Journal of the
Operations of the Queen's Rangers.
Queen's University. Established at Kingston, Ontario. Founded in 1839,
and incorporated by royal charter in 1841. The first principal was Rev.
Thomas Liddell; succeeded by Dr. John Machar, Dr. John Cook, Dr. Leitch,
Dr. Snodgrass. In 1877 Dr. George Monro Grant became principal, and it
was due mainly to his enthusiasm and splendid organizing ability that
the university reached its present high state of efficiency. On the
death of Dr. Grant, in 1902, he was succeeded by Dr. D.M. Gordon. Index:
R Opened March, 1842, a Presbyterian institution, 135, 147; Act of
incorporation, 1840, 146; royal charter, 1841, 147; legislative grant,
148; Dr. Liddell principal, 150; advocates university scheme, 150. E
Proposal to make it part of a provincial university, 94. BL Established
by Presbyterians at Kingston, 194; refuses to come into provincial
university under terms of Baldwin's Bill, 295. Bib.: Machar, Sketch of
Queen's University in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4.
Queenston. Village on Canadian side of Niagara River. Index: Bk In 1803
an important village, 58. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.
Queenston Heights, Battle of. In War of 1812. Brock commanded the
British forces, consisting of regulars and militia, between 1500 and
2000 men, scattered along the Niagara River from Fort Erie to Fort
George. The opposing American forces numbered about 6000 men, similarly
distributed on the south bank of the river, under Stephen Van
Rensselaer. In the first skirmish, a few hundred men only were engaged
on either side, and the Americans finally gained the heights, brought up
reinforcements, and remained in possession for several hours. The
British losses included Brock and Macdonell. Sheaffe, on whom the
command had devolved, gathered together the scattered detachments of
British troops, 1000 strong, and marching them through the woods,
attacked the Americans from the inland side, and completely defeated
them. Many were driven over the banks into the river, and between 900
and 1000 surrendered, including Major-General Wadsworth and
Lieutenant-Colonel Winfield Scott. Index: Bk Account of battle, 300-312.
Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Currie, Battle of Queenston
Heights. See also War of 1812.
Quen, Jean de (1603-1659). Born at Amiens. Came to Canada, 1635.
Laboured for many years among the Montagnais. In 1647, explored the
upper Saguenay and Lake St. John. Five years later returned, and
established a permanent mission on the shores of the lake. Superior of
the Canadian missions, 1655-1656. Index: Ch Parish priest of Notre-Dame
de la Recouvrance, 238. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites;
Charlevoix, History of New France.
Quentin, Barthelemy. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.
Quentin, Bonaventure, Sieur de Richebourg. Ch Director of Company of New
France, 170.
Quentin, Father Claude. Ch Jesuit, visits Miscou, 234.
Quesnel, Frederick A. Sy Member of Special Council of Lower Canada,
opposes union, 193. P Withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his
seat in Assembly, 102.
Quesnel, Jules Maurice. D Accompanies Simon Fraser on voyage down the
Fraser, 60. MS With Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 108-109; river named
after, 109. Bib.: Masson, Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.
Queylus, Abbé de. F Sulpician, appointed vicar-general for Canada, 42;
sent back to France by Bishop Laval, 43. L His difficulties with Laval,
7; Sulpicians desire his appointment as bishop, 25; recognizes authority
of Laval, 27; receives appointment as grand vicar to archbishop of
Rouen, 27; returns to France, 27; again in Canada, and assumes charge of
parish of Montreal, 28; suspended by Laval, returns to France, 28; later
returns to Canada and is made grand vicar at Montreal, 29; causes chapel
to Ste. Anne to be erected at Beaupré, 101; arrival of, 1668, 105; makes
donation to hospital at Quebec, 107; Talon's recommendation of, 107,
134; departure of, for France, 134; his great liberality, 135. Bib.:
Parkman, Old Régime.
Quimper, Manuel. Accompanied Eliza on his voyage to the North-West Coast
in 1790, and under his orders explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and
named various points on both sides of the strait. Returned to Monterey,
Mexico, in September, 1790. Index: D Examines both shores of Juan de
Fuca Strait, 1790, 26. Bib.: Walkran, British Columbia Coast-Names.
Quinte, Bay of. An inlet of Lake Ontario, on the north shore. The name
is of Iroquois origin. A number of Cayugas settled here about the middle
of the seventeenth century; and in 1668 two Sulpicians, Trouvé and
Fénelon, were sent from Montreal to open a mission among these "Iroquois
of the North." About 1783, permanent settlements on the shores of the
bay were made by United Empire Loyalists and disbanded officers and men
of regiments serving in Canada. About the same time a number of Mohawks
settled in the township of Tyendenaga—named after Joseph Brant. Index:
Hd Iroquois settlement on, 265. Bib.: Conant, Life in Canada and
Upper Canada Sketches.
Quintin's Bridge. S Skirmish at, 24.
Quinton, James. T Candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick. 85, 109.
Radisson, Pierre Esprit (1620?-1710?). Born in Paris. Came to Canada in
1651, and settled at Three Rivers. In 1652 captured by the Iroquois and
carried off to their country, where by great good fortune he escaped the
following year. In 1657 had the hardihood to make a voluntary visit to
the Onondagas; in 1658 explored the country south-west of Lake Superior,
discovered the Mississippi, and possibly went beyond. In 1661 made
another journey to the west, accompanied as on the previous journey by
his brother-in-law, Medard Chouart; wintered among the Sioux, and the
following year explored the country north of Lake Superior, and
apparently penetrated to James Bay. In 1665 went to England and offered
his services to lead a trading expedition to Hudson Bay. The result of
this trading venture was the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company.
In 1674, returned to the service of France, led an expedition to Hudson
Bay in 1682, and captured an English ship. In 1684 once more changed his
allegiance, and from that year to the time of his death remained in the
service of the Hudson's Bay Company. Index: F Proceedings of, in Hudson
Bay, 204-205. Bib.: Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson (Prince Society,
Boston, 1885); Relation du Voiage du Sieur Pierre Esprit Radisson
(Canadian Archives Report, 1895); Sulte, Radisson in the North-West
(R. S. C., 1904); Découverte du Mississippi (R. S. C., 1903);
Prud'homme, Notes Historiques sur la Vie de Radisson; Dionne, Chouart
et Radisson (R. S. C., 1893, 1894); Bryce, Further History of Pierre
Esprit Radisson (R. S. C., 1898) and Hudson's Bay Company; Laut,
Pathfinders of the West and The Conquest of the Great North-West.
Rae, John (1813-1893). Served as a surgeon in the Hudson's Bay Company.
In 1846-1847 made two exploring expeditions. Accompanied Richardson in
his expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, 1848; and in 1851
commanded another expedition which examined Wollaston Land. During an
expedition in 1853-1854, he obtained positive intelligence of Franklin's
death from the Eskimo on the west coast of Boothia. Index: MS Journey in
search of Franklin, 51; his method of provisioning his party, 51; chief
factor, 1850, 227; Franklin expedition, 228. Bib.: Expedition to the
Shores of the Arctic Sea.
Rae, W. G. D Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; in charge
of Fort Stikine, 122; appointed to post on Yerba Buena Cove, San
Francisco Bay, 127; commits suicide, 1845, 127.
Rafeix, Father. L Jesuit, comes to Canada, 41.
Rageot, Gilles. F Clerk to attorney-general, 106.
Ragueneau, Paul (1605-1680). Born in Paris, France. Joined the Society
of Jesus, and in 1636 came to Canada as a missionary to the Indians. For
a few years worked among the Hurons, and in 1640 sent on a mission to
the Iroquois. In 1650 appointed superior of the missions. In 1657 went
on a mission to the Onondagas, and after finding that they had murdered
several Hurons, barely escaped with his life. Spent the next nine years
in labouring among the Hurons and other tribes, and in 1666 returned to
France, where he acted as agent for the Canadian missions until his
death. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; Parkman, Jesuits in
North America.
Raikes, Thomas. Sy His description of Poulett Thomson, 43.
Railways. E History of, in Canada, 99; vigorous policy of La
Fontaine-Baldwin government, 99-101; and Hincks-Morin ministry, 114-117.
C Cartier favours building of, 45. BL Early charters for, in Canada,
301. B One from Quebec to Windsor and Sarnia advocated by George Brown,
61; arrangements for building of Grand Trunk made by Hincks, 64;
Intercolonial negotiations fall through, 64. H Line from Halifax to
Windsor advocated by Joseph Howe in 1835, 117, 120; survey completed in
1849, 118; European and North American Railway projected, 121-125;
transcontinental railway foretold by Howe, 135; Nova Scotia Railway
Bills passed, 141, 143; government railways in Nova Scotia, 143-147;
railway riots in Nova Scotia, 157-158. T In New Brunswick, subsidies to,
19-20. See also Canadian Pacific Railway; Grand Trunk Railway; Grand
Trunk Pacific Railway; Intercolonial Railway; Canadian Northern Railway;
Northern Railway.
Rainsford, John. F Rescues comrades cast away on Anticosti, 304.
Raisin, Sister Marie. L Member of Congregation de Notre Dame, 91.
Ralleau. Ch Secretary of De Monts, 33.
Ramesay, De. F Commands militia in attack on Iroquois, 351.
Ramezay, Claude de. WM Commandant of garrison of Quebec, 214, 219;
describes despondency in city, 224; calls council which declares for
capitulation, 225; seeks pretext for capitulation, 230; capitulates,
231, 232. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for
Canada.
Rand, Theodore Harding (1835-1900). Born at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia.
Educated at Horton Academy and at Acadia College. Taught for a time in
the provincial Normal School, Truro. Subsequently superintendent of
education in both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Occupied various
professorships in educational institutions; chancellor of McMaster
University, Toronto, 1892-1895. Bib.: Works: At Minas Basin, and other
Poems; Song Waves and other Poems; Treasury of Canadian Verse. For
biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.
Randal, Robert. Mc Virginian, settled at Chippewa, 138; Mackenzie
defends, 138; goes to England about Alien Act, 139; success of his
mission, 142, 143.
Randolph, Beverley (1755-1797). Governor of Virginia. Born in Henrico
County, Virginia, and educated at William and Mary College. In 1784 was
appointed a visitor of the college. A member of the Virginia Assembly
during the American Revolution. In 1787 appointed president of the
Executive Council; and in 1788 governor of Virginia. Index: S American
commissioner to treat with Indians, 123; entertained by Simcoe at Navy
Hall, 184, 229. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Rangers (British). Hd Established near Cataraqui, 265. WM Reëmbark after
fall of Quebec, 236. See also Queen's Rangers.
Rankin, Colonel. Md Challenges Macdonald, but makes frank apology, and
meeting is averted, 81-82.
Rankine, Alexander. T Deserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18.
Rattray, William Jordan (1835-1883). Born in London, England. Emigrated
to Canada, 1848. In 1858 graduated from Toronto University, and later
entered the journalistic profession. Published a number of books on
religious and general subjects; for several years on the editorial staff
of the Toronto Mail. Contributed to Canadian and American periodicals.
Index: Mc His opinion of Mackenzie, 5, 6, 12, 26; views on the
Rebellion, 26; on destruction of the Advocate, 115; opinion of Head,
307. Bib.: The Scot in British North America. For biog., see Rose,
Cyc. Can. Biog.
Raudot, Antoine-Denis (1679-1737). Son of Jacques Raudot. Filled the
office of inspector-general of the navy at Dunkirk, before coming to
Canada with his father in 1705. Acted as assistant to the intendant;
recalled to France in 1710, and appointed intendant-general of seamen;
also made a director of the Company of the Indies. Succeeded his father
as councillor of marine. Bib.: Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle-France
(R. S. C., 1903).
Raudot, Jacques (1647-1728). Councillor to the Parliament of Metz in
1674; and to the Cour des Aides at Paris, 1678. Came to Canada as
intendant, 1705, and devoted himself with rare disinterestedness to the
welfare of the colony. Returned to France in 1711. Bib.: Roy,
Intendants de la Nouvelle-France (R. S. C., 1903).
Razilly, Chevalier de. Ch One of the Hundred Associates, 170; ordered to
assist Quebec, 200; instructions cancelled, 201; sent with expedition to
take possession of Quebec, 213.
Ré, François, Sieur de Gand. Ch One of the Hundred Associates, 171.
Read, David Breakenridge (1823- ). Born in Augusta, Ontario. Educated at
Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada,
1845; practised his profession in Toronto; appointed Q.C., 1858; mayor
of Toronto, 1858. Index: Mc On Mackenzie, 1; Mackenzie as a reformer, 5;
on responsible government, 12. Bib.: Works: The Lives of the Judges of
Upper Canada; The Life and Times of General John Graves Simcoe; The
Life and Times of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock; The Rebellion of
1837; The Lives of the Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada and
Ontario. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men.
Reade, Alfred. W Appointed by Governor Colebrooke as provincial
secretary of New Brunswick, 76; causes resignation of ministers, 76-78;
discussed in House, 79-80; appointment cancelled, 80.
Rebellion Losses Bill. Mc Furious debate on, between MacNab and Blake,
489. BL Passed in 1847, 292; La Fontaine responsible for, 303; its
history, 305-334, 335, 336. E History of, 63-84; commission appointed by
Draper-Viger government, 64; report of commissioners, 65; La Fontaine's
resolutions, 67-68; new commission appointed, 68; bitter opposition of
Tories, 68-69; the debate, 69-70; public meetings held in opposition to
bill, 70; bill passed by both houses by large majorities, 70; Elgin
gives royal assent, 71; his reasons for doing so, 72-73; the Montreal
riots, 73-77, 161, 203. B History of, 34-38. C John A. Macdonald
characterizes it as a reward for treason, 32. Md Circumstances leading
up to introduction of bill, 33-35; presented to Legislature, 35; passes
the Assembly, 36; consented to by Elgin, 36-38; cause of unseemly riots,
38; causes division of opinion in British Parliament, 41. See also
Rebellion of 1837 (Lower Canada). Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada. The culmination of a long agitation,
on the part of the French-Canadians, for a larger measure of popular
government. The older and more experienced of their leaders refused to
overstep the bounds of constitutional agitation; but Papineau, Wolfred
Nelson, and a few more hot-headed enthusiasts determined to resort to
armed rebellion. A series of violent speeches and demonstrations, in the
summer and autumn of 1837, in which Papineau was the central figure, led
to incipient riots in Montreal and elsewhere, and the decision of the
authorities to arrest Papineau blew the smouldering embers into a
fierce blaze. Nelson and Brown gathered their followers together at St.
Denis and St. Charles on the Richelieu, and Colonel Gore and Colonel
Wetherall were sent to disperse them. Shortly after, Amury Girod raised
the flag of revolt at St. Eustache, and Sir John Colborne led a force
against him. In every case the rebels were dispersed. Papineau, Nelson,
Brown, and the other leaders fled. Papineau and Brown escaped over the
border. The others were captured and exiled to Bermuda. The next year
Robert Nelson and Dr. Côte made a final attempt at Napierville. Nelson
managed to escape, but his misguided followers were captured, twelve
executed, and eighty-seven transported to Australia. Index: C
Responsibility of the government for, 2; Cartier's part in, 7; defence
of, 9-10; the aftermath, 11; suspension of the constitution of 1791, 11;
origin of, 121-122. Sy In Lower Canada, 57. B Attributed by Durham to
racial animosity, 11; his remedy, 12. P Responsibility of the
bureaucrats for, 24-25; street fights in Montreal, 127; Demaray and
Davignon arrested, and rescued by Bonaventure Viger and party of
Patriotes, 128; rebels gather at St. Denis and St. Charles, 128;
Colonel Gore's expedition up the Richelieu, and Colonel Wetherall's
against St. Charles, 128-132; the fight at St. Denis, 130-132; at St.
Charles, 133; death of Lieutenant Weir, 134; the fight at St. Eustache,
135-137; leaders sent into exile, 138-139; outbreak of 1838 crushed,
139-141; causes of the Rebellion, 143-161; O'Callaghan's version,
146-149; Bouchette's views, 149-153. BL Papineau's connection with,
45-46; history of, 45-49; its lessons, 51; general pardon, 287-288. MS
Governor Simpson and Hudson's Bay Company influence strongly against
Papineau, 243. H Its effect on popular party in Nova Scotia, 49. E Its
causes, 17-21; Durham on, 18, 25-26; aftermath of the Rebellion, 62-63;
contrasted with the disturbances of 1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders,
91-92. Md Cartier involved in, 7; takes advantage of amnesty, 7;
passions kindled by, 13; and responsible government, 23. See also
Ninety-Two Resolutions; Papineau; Nelson; Rebellion Losses Bill. Bib.:
Christie, History of Lower Canada; Kingsford, History of Canada;
Carrier, Les Evénéments de 1837-1838; David, Les Patriotes de 1837;
Globensky, La Rebellion de 1837; Theller, Canada in 1837-38.
Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada. Almost the exact counterpart of the
revolt in the lower province. The leaders here were William Lyon
Mackenzie, Samuel Lount, Van Egmond, and Rolph. The plan was to march
upon Toronto, seize the city, and proclaim a republic. This was early in
December. On the night of the 5th, the insurgents marched on the city,
were met on the outskirts by a small body of Loyalists, and
ignominiously fled. The following day, having gained reinforcements,
they made a stand at Montgomery's tavern, and were completely routed by
the militia under MacNab. Mackenzie, Lount, and Rolph made their escape.
Lount was afterwards captured, tried, and hanged. Spasmodic efforts were
made in this and the following years, with the aid of American
sympathizers, to keep the Rebellion alive, but the movement had no
serious support in Canada, and in every case ended in disaster to the
rebels. Index: Mc Excuses for, 12; history of, 12-13; Globe justifies,
13; J. S. Willison's view, 14; Lord Durham on the power of rebellion,
14, 15; Lord Dalling and Bulwer on, 15, 16; Goldwin Smith's view, 18,
27; how far justified, 23, 24; Edward Blake on, 26-27; Chamberlain's
view of, 28-30; Laurier's view of, 30, 31; "first low murmur of
insurrection," 300. B Attributed by Durham to ascendancy of Family
Compact, 11. MS Responsibility of Family Compact, 242; Hudson's Bay
Company influence supports government, 242. BL Mackenzie's and Rolph's
connection with, 43-45; Van Egmond leads rebel forces, 43; attack
planned at Toronto, 43; rebels gather at Montgomery's tavern, 43; and
are dispersed by loyal troops under MacNab, 44; Baldwin's and Lount's
connection with, 44-45; general pardon, 287-288. E Its causes, 17,
18-21; the Sherwoods and Sir Allan MacNab take a conspicuous part in
suppressing, 31; aftermath of, 62-63; contrasted with disturbances of
1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, 91-92. R Mentioned, 113, 143. Md
Militia and volunteers called out, 7; John A. Macdonald serves at
Toronto, 7; trial of Von Schoultz, 8-9; passions kindled by, 13; and
responsible government, 23. See also W. L. Mackenzie; Rolph; Lount;
Grievances. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Head, Narrative;
King, Other Side of the Story; Ryerson, Affairs of the Canadas;
Glenelg, Despatches to Sir F. B. Head; Read, Rebellion of 1837;
Lizars, Humours of '37.
Reciprocity. Efforts were made from time to time by Canada, between the
years 1847 and 1854, to secure the free admission of goods between
Canada and the United States, but without success until the latter year,
when Lord Elgin negotiated a treaty. It came into force in 1855, and was
abrogated in 1866, at the instance of the United States. The renewal of
the treaty was urged by Canada in 1866, 1869, 1871, 1874, 1879, 1887,
1892, and 1896, but in every instance the American authorities failed to
respond. Index: B Advocated by Elgin, 37; the treaty and its abrogation,
148; George Brown's interest in, 192; Lincoln believed to be favourable
to, 192; Brown urges action, but nothing done, 192-193; confederate
council on, authorized, 192; Galt and Howland at Washington, 193;
reciprocal legislation suggested by Seward, 193; Galt outlines scheme,
193; Brown objects to terms and plan of reciprocal legislation as
against interests of Canada, 194; Brown's resentment at being set aside
in the formation of the confederate council, and his objection to
reciprocal legislation, lead to his resignation, 195; his attitude
towards proposed renewal of treaty of 1854, 223-224; failure of
negotiations of 1866, 224; changing attitude in Canada on subject,
224-225; Canadian offers of 1869 and 1871 rejected, 225; the Brown
treaty of 1874—history of the negotiations, 225-233; a treaty suggested
by Mr. Rothery as compensation for fisheries, 226; Brown sent on mission
to Washington, 226; joint plenipotentiary with Sir Edward Thornton for
negotiation of treaty, 226; terms of the proposed treaty, 227-228; Brown
corrects American ignorance as to balance of trade under old treaty,
228-230; and carries on active propaganda in American newspapers, 230;
treaty rejected by the United States Senate, 231; objections urged
against treaty in Canada, 231-232. BL Advocated by Hincks, 1849, 302;
movement for, with United States and Maritime Provinces, 338. H Halifax
Convention, 1849, affirms principle of reciprocity with United States,
115-116. E Treaty urged by Elgin, 82; supported by La Fontaine-Baldwin
government, 101; Elgin negotiates treaty, 124; ratified by MacNab-Morin
government, 142; history of the treaty, 196-202. Md Treaty negotiated by
Elgin in 1854, 45, 98; speech by Howe in 1865, favouring renewal of, 99;
ended in 1866, 166, 215-216. T Discussed in New Brunswick Assembly, 28;
treaty arranged, 29; ratified in New Brunswick, 30; bill passed, 33.
See also Elgin; Unrestricted Reciprocity; Commercial Union;
Zollverein. Bib.: Derby, Report upon the Treaty of Reciprocity;
Griffin, The Provinces and the States; Howe, The Reciprocity Treaty;
Haliburton, American Protection and Canadian Reciprocity.
Récollets. A branch of the Franciscan order. First came to Canada in
1615, at the request of Champlain, and under the authority of Pope Paul
V. The same year they built a convent at Quebec. Of the four members of
the order who came out in 1615, Le Caron was assigned to the Huron
mission; Dolbeau to the Montagnais; and Jamay and Du Plessis remained at
Quebec. Among later members of the order, Sagard and Le Clerc became
famous as the historians of their missions in New France. Index: F
Brought out by Champlain, 13; difficulties encountered by, 16; not
allowed to return to Canada after restoration to France, 25; permitted
to return, 1668, 72; favoured by Frontenac and La Salle, 162; offer to
serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165;
not greatly esteemed by the bishop, 165; missions, 166. Dr Their
churches at Montreal and Quebec used by Anglicans, 241, 242. L Recommend
adoption of St. Joseph as patron saint of Canada, 87; desire
ecclesiastical independence of Louisiana, 208; through Talon's
influence, return to Canada, 109; the pope's letter to Laval in regard
to, 110; four missions assigned to them, 111; surprised at their kind
treatment by Laval, 111; welcomed by the people, 111, 112; build a
monastery in the Upper Town of Quebec, 112; take sides with Frontenac
against Intendant Duchesneau, 112; their convent of Notre Dame des Anges
reopened, 236. Ch Consent to come to Canada, as missionaries, 83; papal
brief defining their powers, 84; their activity, 94; their mission a
failure, 113; authorized to build a convent, 116; disagree with
Huguenots, 150; lodge Jesuits on their arrival at Quebec, 153; abandon
Huron mission, 167; had chapel at Cap Tourmente, 171; refuse assistance
in general distress, 180; the Kirkes promise protection to, 190; hide
the ornaments of their church, 196; embark for France, 206; do not
return to Canada after restoration of the colony to France, 225. Hd
Recommended by Gage, 48; their house pronounced unsatisfactory as a
prison, 187; steeple of chapel destroyed by storm, 222; Du Calvet
imprisoned in house of, 286, 289. Bib.: Le Clerc, First Establishment
of the Faith in New France, trans. by Shea; Sagard, Histoire du
Canada; Parkman, Pioneers of France, Old Régime, and Frontenac.
Red River. Sometimes called Red River of the North, to distinguish it
from the Red River of Texas. The name is supposed to have been derived
from the colour of its waters, heavily impregnated with clay. It was
discovered by La Vérendrye in 1733, and explored as far as the mouth of
the Assiniboine in that year. The river rises in North Dakota, and
enters Lake Winnipeg after a course of 545 miles. Bib.: Lovell,
Gazetteer of Canada; Hind, Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and
Saskatchewan Expeditions.
Red River Colony. Also known as the Red River Settlement; Selkirk
Colony; Assiniboia, etc. Founded by the Earl of Selkirk (q.v.), in
1811. The first party of colonists from Scotland reached York Factory
that year, under the leadership of Miles Macdonell, and arrived at the
Red River in 1812. A second party was sent out in 1812, reaching Red
River in 1813. In that same year a third party sailed from the Orkneys,
reaching their destination in 1814; and in 1815 a still larger party, in
charge of Robert Semple, sailed for Hudson Bay and reached Red River the
same year. The colonists suffered great privations for the first few
years, and were constantly harassed by the fur traders of the North West
Company. This petty warfare culminated in the Seven Oaks affair, in
which Governor Semple lost his life. After the union of the two fur
Companies, in 1821, the colony entered upon a period of comparative
peace and prosperity; and eventually became, in 1870, part of the
province of Manitoba. Index: MS The settlers sail from Stornoway, in the
Hebrides, 151; the voyage to Hudson Bay, 152; settlers land at York
Factory, 153; and winter there, 154; set out for Red River, June 1,
1812, 155; the first winter on the Red River, 157; the encampment at
Pembina, 158; return to the Forks, 158; buildings erected a mile north
of Fort Gibraltar, 159; second party of colonists sail from Stornoway,
159; ship-fever breaks out, 159; reach Red River, 1813, 159; first
attempts at agriculture, 160; opposition of North West Company, 161-164;
winter again at Pembina, 161-162; third party of settlers arrive, 1814,
163; a number of colonists abandon the Red River and settle in Upper
Canada, 163; the remainder are driven north by the half-breeds and
settle at Jack River, 163; brought back by Colin Robertson, 165; Robert
Semple brings out party of Highlanders, 164; beginnings of education and
religion, 165-166; Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 169; retaliatory
measures of North West Company, 172-176; again winter at Fort Daer
(Pembina), 178; Fort Gibraltar captured and dismantled, 178-179; Seven
Oaks affair, 180-181; surrender of Fort Douglas, 182; Selkirk comes to
the rescue, 191; brings back the settlers, 191; surveys ordered, roads
and bridges built, 192; Commissioner Coltman sent to Red River, 195; his
investigation, 196; Coltman returns to Quebec, 196; his report, 196;
trial of Charles Rimhart, 197; Hudson's Bay Company relieves Selkirk's
heirs of the responsibility of maintaining the colony, 222; agricultural
experiments, 222; Adam Thorn appointed recorder, 245; stirs up trouble,
246-247; local governor appointed, 247; arrival of Bishop Anderson,
1849, 270; Simpson's evidence on conditions in the colony, 273-278;
population, 1870, 286. B Isbister's work on behalf of, 212; deputation
from, in England, 212; George Brown's interest in, 212-213. Md Plague of
grasshoppers in, in 1868, 155; had population of about ten thousand
persons at Confederation, 157. See also Selkirk; Assiniboia. Bib.:
Bryce, Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Begg, Creation
of Manitoba; Hargrave, Red River; Ross, Red River Settlement; Bell,
The Selkirk Settlement; MacBeth, The Selkirk Settlers in Real Life;
Selkirk, Statement Respecting the Settlement upon the Red River;
Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Countries.
Red River Rebellion. See Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.
Redistribution Bill. Md Bill brought in by Macdonald in 1882, to adjust
representation in House, 273; Blake on, 274; description of, 274;
Globe on, 275; unfairness of, 275-276; effect of, on election, 276.
Redpath, Peter (1821-1894). Born in Montreal. Educated at St. Paul's
School there; engaged in business in his native town. Took a deep
interest in the improvement of Montreal and of its public institutions,
and particularly McGill University, of whose governing board he was a
member from 1864 to his death. Besides many minor donations to the
University, gave $20,000 in 1871 to found a chair of mathematics,
$140,000 for a museum in 1881, and $135,000 for a library building,
besides an endowment of $100,000 for the library fund, and $30,000 for
the museum fund. Removed to England in 1880, where he made his home in
the old manor house of Chislehurst. Mrs. Redpath made further donations
of $85,000 to the library. Index: E Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81.
Bib.: Dawson, Peter Redpath, Governor and Benefactor of McGill
University.
Reed, Joseph. T Deserts his party in New Brunswick, 18.
Reform Alliance. Mc Objects of, 495; Mackenzie attacks, 496; death of,
497.
Reform Association. BL Founded in Toronto, with branches throughout
Canada, in 1844, 221; organizes series of public meetings to oppose
Metcalfe, 221; meeting at Toronto, 238; series of "tracts for the
people," 238.
Reform, Parliamentary. Sy Question of, in Britain, 25, 28, 32.
Reform Party. B Fight for responsible government, against Metcalfe, 21;
under wise leadership of Baldwin and La Fontaine, 24; Convention of
1857 recommends representation by population, free trade, uniform
legislation for two provinces, and annexation of North-West Territories,
131, 217; Convention of 1859 considers relations of Upper and Lower
Canada, 133-134; arguments for and against Confederation, 135-138;
leaders of, consulted by George Brown as to Confederation, and the
coalition Cabinet, 156-157; inadequately represented in government, 159;
Convention of 1867, 208; against continuance of coalition ministry,
208-209; disintegration of, hastened by retirement of Baldwin and La
Fontaine, 262. Sy Its support of the policy of union of the provinces
acknowledged by Sydenham, 213. See also Liberal Party.
Regale. L Dispute respecting, between Louis XIV and Pope Clement, 184,
201.
Regina. Capital of the province of Saskatchewan, and formerly of the
North-West Territories. Founded in 1882, and named by the Marquis of
Lorne (now Duke of Argyll), after Queen Victoria. It is the headquarters
of the Royal North-West Mounted Police. Bib.: Powers, History of
Regina: its Foundation and Growth.
Regiopolis College. Established at Kingston. Index: BL Established by
Roman Catholics, 194. R Incorporated March 4, 1837, 147.
Registration. S Of deeds in Upper Canada, system introduced, 94, 102. Sy
Of titles in Lower Canada, ordinance providing for, passed by Special
Council, 278, 279.
Reid, Stuart J. Mc On colonial government, 2; on Lord Durham, 7; on the
Duke of Wellington, 17; on authorship of Durham's Report, 82, 83. Bib.:
Life and Letters of Durham; Lord John Russell.
Renaud. C Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate
schools, 73.
Repentigny. On the St. Lawrence, north bank. F Band of Iroquois
surprised and destroyed at, 308.
Repentigny, Captain de. WM With Canadians, guards fords of Montmorency,
112; drives British force back to their camp, 129; ordered with his
reserve, with Indians, to the city, 161; commands Canadian
sharpshooters, in battle of Ste. Foy, 259.
Representation Bill, 1853. E Sir John Macdonald's view on, 132-133.
Representation by Population. B Advocated by George Brown, 71, 75, 82,
142; principle defined, 82-83; movement for, 83-84; demanded by Upper
Canada Reformers, 125; conceded at Confederation to Ontario, 127; growth
in sentiment for, 142. Md Not an issue in 1844, 14; difficulty caused by
working out of Act of Union, 70; Lord Durham on, 71; George Brown's
solution of difficulty, 71-72; Macdonald becomes less opposed to, 89;
solution of problem, 112-113; settled by British North America Act, 141.
T Movement for, in Upper Canada, 67-68.
Representative Government. Dr Little interest felt in, by
French-Canadians, 61; mentioned in their petition to the king, 61. See
also Responsible government.
Representative Institutions. F Complete absence of, in New France,
131-132.
Responsible Government. The period of responsible government in Canada
dates from the union of 1841; in Nova Scotia, from 1848; in New
Brunswick, the same year; in Prince Edward Island, 1851. The agitation
for responsible government, from its very nature, cannot be limited to
an exact period. It was a gradual growth, whose roots ran back almost to
the beginning of the period of British rule in Canada. The Quebec Act of
1774, the Constitutional Act of 1791, the Ninety-Two Resolutions of
1834, the Rebellion of 1837, and Durham's Report, were mile-stones on
the road to responsible government. Index: Mc Rattray on, 5, 6; Lord
John Russell on, 19, 20; resolution refusing, passed by Imperial House,
20; Lord Glenelg opposes, 21; Erskine May's review, 21; Bond Head on,
22; Lord Durham justified in demanding, 61, 67-69; the "true remedy,"
61, 63; Durham's Report favours, 81; Mackenzie urges, 81; Mackenzie
advocates, 148, 166, 177, 244, 279; Seventh Report on Grievances, 273;
Lord Glenelg on, 279-286; Lord Russell opposes, 325; comes at last, 409;
May on value of, 490. Md Its principles accepted in Act of Union in
1840, 17, 22; established under Elgin, 32-33; principles of, outlined by
Lord Grey in despatch to Sir John Harvey, 47-50. W History of movement
for, in New Brunswick, 99-130. Sy Effects of its introduction foreseen,
81; not fully understood, 82, 107; idea opposed in reports of committees
of both Houses of Upper Canada Legislature, 100-103; Sydenham's great
tact in dealing with question of, 104; limited views of its more ardent
advocates, 105, 230; open to theoretical objections, 105-107; advocated
by Hincks and Howe, 107; problem not theoretically solved, 108;
responsible government favoured by French-Canadians, 117; opposed by
English element in Lower Canada, 117; favoured by Reform party in Upper
Canada, 117; agitation on subject of, 124; Sir George Arthur opposes,
125; inhabitants of Gore district pass resolutions in favour of, 125;
Lord John Russell's despatch on the subject, 169-172; misunderstood by
Conservatives and Reformers alike, 172, 173, 219, 230; absence of, in
Canada, 175, 176; Russell's despatch on tenure of office brings it
nearer, 184; the sole issue on which Reformers were united, 185; could
be introduced only gradually, 189; not clearly defined in Durham's
Report, 223; Sydenham's view of, 224; excitement on the subject
diminishing, 225; unity in the Cabinet a necessary condition of,
227-229; question of, in Nova Scotia, 257-264; French-Canadians
indifferent to, 305; appreciation of, in Upper Canada, 305; resolutions
on, adopted by Legislative Assembly, 310, 311. B Explained in the
Banner, 9; Durham's remedy for political unrest, 12; withheld by
Metcalfe, 20-25; introduced by Elgin, 33, 35; Hincks's and Morin's
services in cause of, 67; George Brown's views on, 67. C La Fontaine's
fight for, 97; Lord Elgin's good work for, 98. H Fight for, in Nova
Scotia, 18-19, 30-31; only partially conceded by Union Act of 1841, 53;
triumph of, in Nova Scotia, 111; in Canada, 111; Sir John Harvey on,
112-113; Joseph Howe's fight for. See Howe. BL Baldwin's "one idea,"
ix; the corner-stone of the British Imperial system, ix; evolution of,
in Canada, ix; impossible in early days of British rule, 1-2; Head calls
it the "smooth-faced insidious doctrine," 38; the desire for, at the
root of both constitutional and armed movements in Canada, 52;
recommended by Durham, 56-58; advocated by Hincks in the Examiner, 58;
Union Bill identified with, by Reformers of Upper Canada, 61; Sydenham's
views on, 64-67; favoured by La Fontaine, 70; discussion on, in
Legislature of 1841, 90-95; the Baldwin resolutions, 108-110; history
of, 137-143. See also Brown, George; Howe, Joseph; Baldwin, Robert;
Hincks, Sir Francis; La Fontaine, Sir L. H.; Elgin, Earl of; Head, Sir
F. B.; Sydenham; Metcalfe; Bagot; Durham; Stanley; Papineau, L. J.;
Cartier, Sir G. E.; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Twelve Resolutions;
Representative government; Constitutional Act, 1791; Union Act, 1840;
British North America Act, 1867; Mackenzie, W. L.; Union of 1840. Bib.:
Bourinot, Constitutional History of Canada; Shortt and Doughty,
Constitutional Documents of Canada; Egerton and Grant, Canadian
Constitutional Documents; Dent, Last Forty Years; Durham, Report;
Kingsford, History of Canada.
Revenue. Mc Casual and territorial, how derived and appropriated, 54-55;
subject of contention, 55. Sy Control of, contended for by provincial
Assemblies, 84; division of, between Upper and Lower Canada, gives rise
to dispute, 93. W Disputes over disposition of, in New Brunswick, 16-30,
35-39, 44-47, 92.
Revue Canadienne. Established in Montreal, in 1865. This important
French-Canadian magazine contains an immense amount of valuable material
bearing on the history and literature of Quebec. Its contributors have
embraced most of the ablest writers of the province during the past half
century.
Reye, Pierre. Ch Sides with the Kirkes, 194; his character bad, 204.
Rhéaume, Colonel. WM Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.
Rhodes, Cecil John (1853-1902). Born at Bishop Stortford, England.
Educated at Oxford. Went to South Africa, 1871, and made a fortune in
the diamond mines. Entered the Assembly of Cape Colony, 1881, and became
a member of the Executive Council, 1884, as treasurer-general. Appointed
deputy-commissioner of Bechuana Land, 1884. Organized the British South
Africa Company, 1889. Premier of Cape Colony, 1890-1896. Left the
greater part of his fortune for the establishment of scholarships at
Oxford University, open to university students in each of the British
colonies, the United States, and Germany. Index: Md Letter from, to
Macdonald suggesting Imperial preferential trade, 343; makes same
suggestion to Sir Henry Parkes of Australia, 343. Bib.: Hensman, Cecil
Rhodes: a Study of a Career; Scholz, Oxford and the Rhodes
Scholarships.
Riall, Sir Phineas. Entered the army, 1794; lieutenant-colonel, 1806;
saw service in the West Indies. In 1813 attained the rank of
major-general and ordered to Canada. Took part in the contest on the
Niagara frontier; in command of the British troops at the battle of
Chippawa. Appointed governor of Grenada, 1816; lieutenant-general, 1825;
knighted, 1833; general, 1841. Died at Paris, 1851. Bib.: Morgan, Cel.
Can.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.
Rice, Spring. See Monteagle, Lord.
Richard, Father. Ch Jesuit, in charge of mission at Miscou and
afterwards at Chedabucto, 235, 237.
Richards, Sir William Buell (1815-1889). Born in Brockville, Ontario.
Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1837. Elected a
member of the Upper Canada Assembly, 1848; appointed to the Executive
Council, 1851; Q.C., 1850; puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas,
1853; chief-justice of that Court, 1863; chief-justice of Ontario, 1868;
arbitrator for Ontario on the commission to delimit the north-western
boundary of the province, 1874; chief-justice of the Supreme Court of
Canada, 1875; knighted, 1878; awarded the confederation medal, 1885.
Index: E Returned in 1848, 50; attorney-general of Upper Canada, in
Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; elevated to the bench, 126; first
chief-justice of Supreme Court of Canada, 128. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.
Richardson, James (1791-1875). Entered the provincial marine, 1809, and
served through the War of 1812. Entered the ministry of the Methodist
Episcopal Church, 1824. Became editor of the Christian Guardian, 1832,
and secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1837.
Consecrated bishop, 1858. Index: B Asked to enter religious controversy
in Upper Canada, 68; elected editor of Christian Guardian, 94; in the
internal troubles among the Methodists, 105. Bib.: Webster, Life of
Rev. James Richardson; Dent, Can. Por.
Richardson, John (1796-1852). Born near Niagara Falls, Ontario. In 1812
served during the war in the Canadian militia; at the battle of the
Thames taken prisoner; released; and afterwards entered the British
army. Index: BL Cited on Baldwin, 64; quoted on Hincks, 105; on Bagot,
153. Bk His War of 1812 quoted, 236; describes encounter at Maguaga,
238-242; describes attack on Detroit, 252, 254. Bib.: Works: War of
1812, 1842; new ed., edited by Casselman, 1902; Wacousta; Ecarté;
The Canadian Brothers. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog. See also
introduction to War of 1812, ed. by Casselman.
Richardson, Sir John (1787-1865). Born in Dumfries, Scotland. Educated
at Edinburgh University. In 1807 entered the navy as assistant surgeon,
and took part in the attack on Copenhagen. In 1816 obtained the degree
of M.D. from Edinburgh; and in 1819 appointed surgeon and naturalist in
Franklin's Arctic expedition, spending the winter of that year in the
Saskatchewan district. In 1821 the party reached Fort Providence, and in
October, 1822, returned to England. In 1825 accompanied Franklin on his
second expedition to the north. In 1838 appointed physician to the Royal
Hospital at Haslar; in 1840 inspector of hospitals; and in 1846
knighted. Placed in command of an expedition sent to search for Franklin
in 1848, but returned to England without finding any trace of the
explorer. Bib.: Works: Arctic Searching Expedition; Fauna Boreali
Americana. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Duc de (1585-1642). Born in France.
In 1607 bishop of Luçon; entered politics, and in 1616 secretary of
state for war and foreign affairs. In 1622 created cardinal; in 1624
councillor of state, and from that time till his death practically
dictator of France. The founder of the French Academy. Index: E
Introduces modified form of feudal system into Canada, 175. L Provides
for maintenance of missionaries, 4; strong measures of, to strengthen
royal power, 18. F Creates Company of New France, 19. Ch Founder of the
Company of New France, 168; heads list of members, 170. Bib.:
Correspondence and State Papers, 1853-1877. See lives or political
biographies by Hanotaux, Dussieux, Fagniez, Lodge.
Richelieu District. In the Province of Quebec. Index: Dr Parishes in,
show marked sympathy with Americans, 89.
Richelieu Islands. Near mouth of Richelieu River. Index: Ch A trading
place, 120, 245.
Richelieu River. Rises in Bennington county, Vermont, and flows into the
St. Lawrence, after a course of 210 miles. Discovered by Champlain in
1609, who in that year ascended the river to Lake Champlain. It was at
first known as the Rivière des Iroquois, and has at different times
borne the names of Chambly, St. Louis, and Sorel. Index: F Highway to
Iroquois country, 9; fort erected at mouth of, 51. C Scenes of
patriarchal life along, 118-121. P In Rebellion of 1837, 128-134. Bib.:
Parkman, Pioneers of France; White, Atlas of Canada.
Richer, Jean. Ch Interpreter, 144.
Richibucto. Ch Jesuit mission at, 234.
Richmond, Charles Lennox, third Duke of (1735-1806). Graduated at
Leyden, 1753; entered the army, and distinguished himself at Minden,
1759; ambassador at Paris, 1765; secretary of state, 1766-1767; member
of Pitt's Cabinet, 1783. Index: Dr Carleton appointed as preceptor to,
30. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Richmond, Charles Lennox, fourth Duke of (1764-1819). Entered
Parliament, 1790; privy councillor, 1807; lord lieutenant of Ireland,
1807-1813; governor-general of British North America, 1818-1819. Died
near Richmond, Upper Canada. Index: E An unsuccessful governor, 2; his
death at Richmond, 2. P Quiet rule of, 39. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.;
Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Kingsford, History of Canada.
Rickson, Lieutenant-Colonel. WM Wolfe's letter to, 72.
Riddell, Robert. BL Defeats Hincks in Oxford, 1844, 253; Hincks's
petition against his election refused, 253.
Rideau Canal. Built in 1826-1832, by Colonel John By, with several
companies of Royal Engineers. The first boat went through the canal in
May, 1832, from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston. The project arose out of
the War of 1812, and was mainly a military work, designed to afford a
secure route for gunboats and military supplies between Montreal and the
Great Lakes. This, with the other canals then built, remained under the
control of the Imperial government until 1853. It was then handed over
to the government of Upper Canada. In 1867 it came under the control of
the Dominion government. Index: E Its origin as a military work, and
importance to Upper Canada, 98. BL Its importance from a military point
of view, 74. Bib.: Billings, The Rideau Canal (Women's Can. Hist. Soc.
of Ottawa Trans., vol. 2).
Ridout, George. Mc Dismissed by Head, 306.
Ridout, Thomas. A United Empire Loyalist. Came to Canada in 1780; became
registrar of York; and subsequently surveyor-general of Upper Canada.
Index: R Surveyor-general, and member of Board of Education, 58. Bk On
administrative energy of Brock, 168. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Edgar,
Ten Years of Upper Canada.
Ridout, Thomas G. (1792-1861). Born near Sorel. Removed with his family
to Niagara, and later to York. At the age of nineteen appointed deputy
assistant commissary-general. Resigning this office, became cashier of
the Bank of Upper Canada, which position he held until his death. Index:
Bk Letter from, describing condition of affairs in England in 1811, 167;
on the political situation in England in 1812, 192-193. Bib.: Edgar,
Ten Years of Upper Canada.
Riedesel, Frederica Charlotte Louisa (1746-1808). Wife of Baron
Friedrich Adolph Riedesel; born in Bradenburg, Germany. Educated in
Berlin. In 1777 accompanied her husband to Canada and was with him
through the Burgoyne campaign, acting as nurse during the war. Index: Dr
Her journal, 145, 159. Hd Her Canadian diary, 219-220, 239, 240,
299-304, 345.
Riedesel, Friedrich Adolph, Baron (1738-1800). German officer. Born in
Rhine-Hesse. Educated at Marburg. Served on the staff of Prince
Ferdinand of Brunswick in the Seven Years' War, and took part in the
battle of Minden. In 1776 attached to the British forces in North
America, and while in Quebec organized his troops to meet colonial
methods of fighting. Took part in the capture of Ticonderoga, and in the
defeat of the Americans at Hubbardton. In 1777 taken prisoner at
Saratoga, and exchanged in 1779. Returned to Germany, 1783, and promoted
lieutenant-general, 1787. Commandant of the city of Brunswick, 1794.
Index: Dr Commands German troops, 145; joins Burgoyne at St. Johns, 147;
his regret at Carleton's being superseded in military command, 174. Hd
Commands German troops, 114; his description of Canada and Canadians,
114-116, 239-240; personal friend of Haldimand, 296, 297, 299, 302; on
Washington's methods, 298. Bib.: Bradley, The Making of Canada;
History of Canada. See also Haldimand.
Riel, Louis (1844-1885). Born in St. Boniface, Manitoba. Educated at the
Jesuit College, Montreal. Leader of the Rebellion of 1869-1870;
organized a provisional government at Fort Garry, but fled to the United
States on the arrival of the punitive force under Wolseley. Returned to
Canada in 1884, took command of the rebel forces in Saskatchewan,
captured at Batoche, tried, convicted of treason, and hanged. Index: C
Leads revolt in North-West, 69; establishes provisional government, 69.
Md Sets up provisional government at Fort Garry, 158; puts Thomas Scott
to death, 160; his good faith doubted by Macdonald, 160; Cartier's plan
of a full amnesty and a new provincial government, 162; decamps on
arrival of Wolseley, 162; long the storm centre of Canadian politics,
162; elected to Parliament, 1874, but expelled and outlawed, 162;
invited by half-breeds to return to Canada, 241; leads Rebellion of
1885, 242; captured and hanged, 242; excitement in Quebec, 243-244; his
execution debated in Parliament, 280. Bib.: The Queen vs. Louis
Riel; Louis Riel, Martyr du Nord-Ouest; Begg, History of the
North-West; Morice, Dict. See also Riel Rebellion.
Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870. The territorial rights of the Hudson's Bay
Company having been transferred to Canada, a surveying party under
Colonel Dennis was sent out to Red River in 1869, and the same year
William Macdougall was appointed lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land,
and instructed to proceed to Fort Garry and assume control. The French
half-breeds, alarmed at these proceedings, which they thought menaced
the rights to their lands, turned back the surveying parties, and
prevented Macdougall from crossing the boundary. They formed themselves
into a provisional government, of which Louis Riel was secretary, and
later was elected president. Riel published a "Bill of Rights," and
seized Fort Garry. An ill-judged attempt on the part of some of the
loyal settlers to compel the release of certain prisoners failed, and
the leader, Major Boulton, with Thomas Scott and others, was captured.
Boulton was released, but Riel caused Scott to be shot. Intense
indignation throughout Canada was aroused by this act, and the
government at once organized an expeditionary force, under Colonel
Wolseley. The force proceeded by way of the lakes, and the Dawson route
from Fort William to Lake Winnipeg. Wolseley reached Fort Garry on Aug.
24, 1870, to find that Riel, with his lieutenants Lepine and O'Donoghue,
had fled across the border. Riel was subsequently outlawed. Index: C Its
causes, 69. H Joseph Howe's official connection with, 227-228. See
also Riel. Bib.: Huyshe, Red River Expedition; Boulton,
Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions; Bryce, Manitoba;
McArthur, Causes of the Rising in Red River Settlement (Man. Hist. and
Sc. Soc., 1882); Denison, Reminiscences of the Rebellion of 1869 and
Soldiering in Canada.
Riel Rebellion, 1885. The land question, which had given rise to the Red
River Rebellion of 1869-1870, was also responsible for the Saskatchewan
Rebellion of 1885. The government had neglected to issue patents to the
half-breeds on the Saskatchewan, and they became convinced that their
lands would be taken from them. Riel was sent for, and an agitation
worked up, at first along peaceful lines, but rapidly moving towards
violence. Riel finally threw discretion to the winds, and deliberately
inflamed not only the half-breeds, but also the western tribes. A small
detachment of Mounted Police and volunteers was attacked at Duck Lake,
and the government at Ottawa, hitherto indifferent, awoke to the
seriousness of the situation. A force was organized, and sent west under
General Middleton. Middleton divided his force into three columns; one
under General Strange, to operate against Big Bear in the neighbourhood
of Edmonton; the second under Colonel Otter, to relieve Battleford,
which was threatened by Poundmaker; and the third, of which he himself
took command, to relieve Prince Albert. Middleton met the rebels at Fish
Creek, and experienced a stubborn resistance, but drove them back to
Batoche. Here Riel and his men held the troops at bay for three days,
but were finally routed and scattered. Meanwhile Otter had encountered
Poundmaker at Cut Knife Creek, and after a desperate fight had been
forced to retreat. In the far west, Strange had a similar experience
with Big Bear, but finally drove him to the north. Big Bear gave himself
up; Poundmaker and Riel were captured, and the latter paid the penalty
of his crimes on the scaffold. Index: See also Riel. Bib.: Boulton,
Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions; Report upon the
Suppression of the Rebellion in the North-West; Denison, Soldiering in
Canada.
Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, Earl of (1782-1859). Born in London.
Educated at Harrow and Cambridge. In 1806 entered Parliament; in 1809
appointed under-secretary for the colonies; in 1810 lord of the
Admiralty; in 1812 a member of the Privy Council; and paymaster-general
of the forces, 1813-1817. Appointed chancellor of the exchequer, 1823,
and introduced various fiscal reforms. In 1827 created Viscount
Goderich; and became leader of the House of Lords and prime minister on
the death of Canning. Subsequently filled the portfolios of war, the
privy seal, the Board of Trade, and Indian affairs. In 1836 created Earl
of Ripon. Index: Mc Colonial secretary, 1832, 221; inquires into Upper
Canada Reformers' grievances, 223, 224; offers Mackenzie the post-office
department, 225; deprecates civil war, 226; replies to Mackenzie, 227;
relieves religious bodies as to taking oath, 227; stops free gifts of
public lands, 227; decides that British subjects not to be disqualified
from voting, 228; promotes extension of education, 228; orders account
of public moneys, 228; suggests retirement of ecclesiastics as
legislative councillors, 229; reduces cost of elections, 229; favours
independent judiciary, 229; differs from Mackenzie, 230; Family Compact
incensed at, 230; dismisses Hagerman and Boulton, 231, 232; resigns,
235; disallows Bank Acts, 237. Sy Resigns, 16. BL His despatch to the
colony of Upper Canada, 15; petition and correspondence as to affairs in
Upper Canada, 30. P Offers Papineau and his friends control of revenue
in exchange for a civil list, 76-79. W Views on crown lands, New
Brunswick, 23. Sy Liberal statesman, 15; becomes prime minister as Lord
Goderich, 16; resigns, 16. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, first Marquess (1827- ).
Succeeded his father as Earl of Ripon, 1859, and his uncle as Earl de
Grey the same year. Created marquis, 1871. Has been secretary of state
for war, India, the colonies, lord president of the Council, and first
lord of the Admiralty. Viceroy of India, 1880-1884. Index: B Explains
proposed scheme of defence for Canada, 184; on committee as to
Confederation and defence, 186. Bib.: Who's Who.
Ritchie, Sir William Johnstone (1813-1892). Born in Annapolis, Nova
Scotia. Educated at Pictou Academy, Nova Scotia. In 1838 called to the
bar of New Brunswick; in 1846-1851 member for St. John in the
Legislative Assembly, and in 1854-1855 appointed to the Executive
Council. In 1855 became puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New
Brunswick; in 1865 chief-justice of New Brunswick; and in 1875 puisne
judge of the Supreme Court of Canada. Appointed chief-justice of Canada,
1879; knighted, 1881. Index: T Elected for St. John County, 10, 12-13;
afterwards chief-justice of Canada, 13; moves amendment to address, 18;
condemns the government, 22; resigns his seat, 24; returned for St. John
County, 30; and surveyor-general question, 33; made chief-justice, New
Brunswick, 94. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.
Rivière aux Raisins. S Boundary of territory dependent on Detroit during
British occupation, 145.
Rivière Ouelle. South shore of St. Lawrence, below Quebec. Index: F
Alleged repulse of party of New Englanders at, 291.
Roads. BL Government makes provision for, in 1841, 98-99; winter roads
at Quebec, 146-147. See also Yonge Street; Dundas Street; Baldoon
Road.
Roberts, Captain. Bk Commands on Island of St. Joseph, 202, 210;
instructed by Brock to capture Michilimackinac, 205; contrary order from
Prévost, 210; acts on Brock's order and captures fort, 210, 211, 227.
Robertson. T Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 109.
Robertson, Colin. MS Brings Selkirk settlers back to Red River, 165,
177; captures Fort Gibraltar, 178; takes Duncan Cameron to York Factory,
178; tried at Montreal, 198; his character, 220. See also Red River
Colony. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the
Great North-West.
Robertson, James (1839-1902). Born in Scotland. Removed to Canada and
educated at the University of Toronto, Union Theological Seminary, New
York, and Princeton University. Ordained to the ministry of the
Presbyterian Church, 1869; settled at Winnipeg as pastor of Knox Church,
1874. Appointed superintendent of western missions of the Presbyterian
Church, 1881. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Gordon, Life of James
Robertson.
Robertson, Thomas Jaffray. R First principal of Toronto Normal School,
173; his methods and influence, 173-174; inspector of schools, 253.
Robertson, William. S Appointed member of Legislative Council, but did
not come to Canada, 79.
Roberval, Jean François de la Roque, Sieur de. A gentleman of Picardy,
born about the year 1500. By a commission dated Jan. 15, 1541, Francis I
gave him the command of the expedition planned by Jacques Cartier, and
made him his viceroy and lieutenant-general in the new lands discovered
by Cartier. The commission granted to the latter in 1540 was revoked,
and Cartier sailed as Roberval's lieutenant. Cartier left St. Malo in
May, 1541, and Roberval did not follow until April, 1542. His ships
entered the harbour of St. John's, Newfoundland, June 8, and there he
met Cartier on his way home. Sailing on into the gulf, and up the St.
Lawrence, he reached Charlesbourg Royal, where Cartier had wintered, and
set his men to work erecting forts and other buildings. Here he
wintered; explored the river in the spring; and sailed back to France
with his colonists in the autumn of 1543. Despite the failure of his
colonizing venture, commissioned by the king in 1544 to rebuild the
fortifications of Senlis; and in 1548 made controller of all mines in
France. Lost sight of about the year 1560. One story has it that he was
murdered in the streets of Paris; and another that he died at sea; but
both lack confirmation. There is reason to believe that he died in 1560,
or early in 1561. Index: Ch Ravages of scurvy in his expedition, 23.
Bib.: Hakluyt, Principall Navigations; Harrisse, Notes sur la
Nouvelle France; Dawson, The St. Lawrence Basin; Dionne,
Jean-François de la Roche, Seigneur de Roberval (R. S. C., 1899).
Robie, Simon Bradstreet. H Member of Executive Council, Nova Scotia,
1838, 56-57.
Robineau de Becancour, Réné. E His seigniory of Portneuf made a barony,
181.
Robineau de Portneuf, Pierre. Son of Réné Robineau, Baron de Becancour,
a lieutenant in the regiment of Robineau de Menneval, 1690. Served in
Acadia, 1691. Index: Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.
Robinson, Major. T Makes survey for Intercolonial, 53.
Robinson, Colonel Beverley (1723-1792). Born in Thornbury, England.
Entered the army; took part as a major, under Wolfe, in the attack on
Quebec, 1759. Opposed the measures that led to the separation of the
American colonies from the motherland, but joined the Loyalists when
independence was declared; raised the Loyal American Regiment, of which
he was colonel, and on several occasions conducted matters on behalf of
the Loyalists. At the end of the war came to New Brunswick, and was a
member of the first Council of that colony. Index: Hd Of Royal Regiment
of New York, his negotiations with Ethan Allen of Vermont, 201-203. Dr
Commanded Loyal Americans, 202. W Commands Loyal American Regiment, 3.
Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Robinson, Frederick John. See Ripon.
Robinson, F. P. W Auditor of king's casual revenue, 34; resigns, 72.
Robinson, John. WM His impression of Wolfe's conversation on night
before battle, 179.
Robinson, Sir John Beverley (1791-1863). Educated at Dr. Strachan's
school, Kingston; studied law and became acting attorney-general in
1812, before he had been called to the bar. Played a distinguished part
as a volunteer during the War of 1812. One of the leading members of the
so-called Family Compact; represented York in the Assembly, 1821, and
for several years thereafter; appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada,
1829, and the following year nominated Speaker of the Executive Council;
upon the union of the provinces in 1841, retired from political life,
but retained his office as chief-justice; in 1850 created a baronet of
the United Kingdom. Index: Sy Opposes union of the provinces, 211; goes
to England in hope of defeating measure, 230. BL His character, 12;
pupil of Dr. Baldwin, 24; becomes chief-justice, 31; opposes union of
the Canadas, 61; his pamphlet, 62. B His part in movement towards
Confederation, 129. E Receives baronetcy, 105. R Member of Board of
Education, 58; his connection with university scheme, 153. Bk As acting
attorney-general gives opinion on Michigan question, 260; letter of,
describing battle of Queenston Heights, 298, 299, 302, 305, 306. Mc
Prosecutes Gourlay, 92; reports on union of provinces, 105; denies
existence of ministry, 274. Bib.: Canada and the Canada Bill. For
biog., see Robinson, Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson, Bart.;
Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Read, Lives of the Judges;
Edgar, Ten Years of Upper Canada.
Robinson, John Beverley (1820-1896). Second son of Sir John Beverley
Robinson; born in Toronto. Educated at Upper Canada College; appointed
aide-de-camp to Sir Francis Bond Head; saw active service during the
Rebellion of 1837. Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada,
1844. Served as alderman in Toronto for six years; elected mayor, 1857.
Elected to the Assembly for one of the divisions of Toronto, 1858;
president of the Council in the Macdonald-Cartier administration, 1862.
Elected to the House of Commons for Algoma, 1872, and for Toronto West,
1878. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1880-1887. Bib.: Read, The
Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Dent, Can. Por.; Rose, Cyc.
Can. Biog.
Robinson, W. B. BL Brother of Sir J. B. Robinson, appointed
inspector-general, 1844, 247; elected in elections of 1844, 252.
Roblin, Rodmond Palen (1853- ). Born in Sophiasburg, Ontario. Educated at
Albert College, Belleville. Removed to Manitoba and settled at Carman,
1880. Elected to the Manitoba Assembly for Dufferin, 1888; premier,
1900; also holds offices of minister of agriculture and railway
commissioner. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.
Rochemonteix, Camille. A member of the Society of Jesus. Index: F On the
Jesuit Relations, 30. Bib.; Les Jésuites et le Nouvelle France au
XVIIe Siècle.
Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquis of (1730-1782). Born in
Yorkshire, England. Educated at Westminster School and St. John's
College, Cambridge. In 1746 served as a volunteer against the Jacobites.
In 1765 premier of a coalition ministry opposed to royal grants and
general warrants; from 1768 to 1781 leader of the opposition in the
House of Lords, during which time supported the proposals to grant
independence to the American colonies. In 1782 again became prime
minister. Throughout his political career upheld the contentions of the
American colonists, and opposed to royal encroachments. Index: Dr Forms
Cabinet, 192. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Rocky Mountain Fur Company. Founded at St. Louis, in 1822, by William H.
Ashley. The field of its operations was the Upper Missouri country.
After an adventurous career of twelve years, in which Ashley, Andrew
Henry, M. G. Sublette, and other well-known western American traders
took a leading part, the company was disbanded at the annual rendezvous
in Green River Valley, in the summer of 1834. Index: D Made famous by
the enterprise of the trader Ashley, 134; re-establishes commercial
communication between United States and Oregon, 134. Bib.: Chittenden,
History of the American Fur Trade.
Rocky Mountain Portage. Leads across an elbow of the Peace River, in the
mountains, about long. 122°, to avoid a series of dangerous rapids.
First used by Alexander Mackenzie in 1793, on his expedition to the
Pacific. The North West Company had a trading post here for many years;
and one was afterwards maintained by the Hudson's Bay Company, but has
long since been abandoned. Index: D Simon Fraser's first post built in
1805, 97. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea.
Rocky Mountains. Commence in New Mexico, and extend north to the Arctic
coast, west of the Mackenzie River. The highest known peaks in the
Canadian Rockies are Mount Brown (16,000 feet) and Mount Hooker (15,690
feet). The general altitude of the range varies from 10,000 to 14,000
feet. The following are the principal passes in Canada: Boundary, 6030
feet above the sea; Kootenay, 5960 feet; Crow's Nest, 4845 feet;
Kananaski, 5985 feet; Vermillion, 4947 feet; Kicking Horse, 5420 feet;
Howse, 6347 feet; Athabaska, 7300 feet; Yellowhead, 3760 feet; Peace,
2000 feet. Index: WM Discovered by La Vérendrye, 19. D Crossed by
Mackenzie, 54; by David Thompson, 58; by Simon Fraser, 59; by Lewis and
Clarke, 67. Bib.: White, Atlas of Canada; Lovell, Gazetteer of
Canada.
Rodier, Édouard. C As an orator, 7; influence on Cartier, 7.
Rodney, George Brydges, Baron (1718-1792). Born in Walton-upon-Thames,
England. Educated at Harrow School. Entered the navy; promoted
lieutenant, 1739, and captain, 1742. In 1748 appointed governor and
commander-in-chief of the station of Newfoundland; in 1759 rear-admiral;
in 1761 commander-in-chief of Barbados and the Windward Islands, and
captured St. Pierre, Grenada, and St. Lucia; vice-admiral, 1762; made a
baronet, 1764; master of Greenwich Hospital, 1765; admiral, 1779. On
Jan. 16, 1780, won the battle of St. Vincent. Index: Hd His victory over
French and Spanish fleets, 189. Dr His great victory in West Indies,
195. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Roebuck, John Arthur (1801-1879). Born in Madras, India. Brought to
Canada at an early age, and educated here. Went to England in 1824 to
study law, and called to the bar in 1831. In 1832-1837 member of
Parliament for the city of Bath, and in 1835 agent in England for the
House of Assembly of Lower Canada. Again member for Bath, 1841-1847,
and in 1849-1868 member for Sheffield. In 1855 moved in the House of
Commons for a committee of inquiry into the conduct of the Crimean War,
and on the resignation of Lord Aberdeen's government, elected chairman
of the Sebastopol Committee appointed by Palmerston. In 1856 appointed
chairman of the Administrative Reform Association. In 1874 re-elected
member for Sheffield, which he represented until his death. Index: BL
Correspondence with Papineau and Mackenzie, 229; speech on affairs in
Canada, 231, 233; defends Rebellion Losses Bill, 325, 327. B Attacks
Metcalfe's policy, 23. W On responsible government, 110. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.
Rogers, Sir F. See Blachford.
Rogers, Robert (1727-1800). Born at Dunbarton, New Hampshire. In the War
of 1755-1760 with the French, commanded Rogers's Rangers and
distinguished himself in several engagements. Sent by Amherst in 1759 to
destroy the Indian village of St. Francis near the St. Lawrence River.
In 1760 took possession of Detroit and other western posts ceded by the
French after the fall of Quebec. In 1765 George III appointed him
governor of Mackinaw, Mich.; subsequently accused of intriguing with the
Spaniards and tried by court-martial in Montreal, but released. Became
colonel in the British army in North America, and commanded the Queen's
Rangers. In 1777 went to England. Proscribed by the provincial Congress
of New Hampshire, 1778. Bib.: Works: Concise Account of North America,
1765; Journals during the Late War, 1765. For biog., see Dict. Nat.
Biog.
Rohault, de. F Establishes college for boys at Quebec, 28.
Rolette, Lieutenant. Bk Captures schooner Cayahoga with stores and
baggage of General Hull, 218, 243; in command of brig Detroit captured
by Americans, 292.
Rollet, Marie. Ch Wife of Louis Hébert, 112, 146.
Rolph, John (1792-1870). Born in Thornbury, England. Emigrated to
Canada. Practised as a physician in Toronto, and in 1837 took part in
the Rebellion. Connected with Mackenzie in the attempt to capture
Toronto. After the collapse of the movement fled to the United States,
where he practised for some years. Pardoned and returned to Canada,
1843; settled in Toronto. Joined with Lesslie, Perry, and others in
forming the Clear Grit party; founded a medical school in Toronto;
commissioner of crown lands in the Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; resigned
from the government, 1854, and joined the opposition; retired from
public life, 1857. Index: Mc Defends Judge Willis, 133; moves address,
151; brings Gurnett to bar, 152; appointed executive councillor, 294;
resigns, 294; prepares answer to Governor Head, 298; exposes opposition
to Mackenzie's petition, 311; prevented from speaking in the House, 319;
speech ridiculing Governor Head's exculpation by House, 323; pens
"Declaration of Independence," 330; does not sign, 331; to be "sole
executive" of Rebellion movement, 350; changes day of rising, 361; meets
Mackenzie, 362; accompanies flag of truce, 368; advises Lount to
advance, 371; second flag of truce, 371; leaves for the United States,
375; on Navy Island, 413; declines treasurership, 416; amnestied, 474.
BL Fight for reform, 13; appointed to Executive Council by Head, 38-39;
joint organizer of Rebellion of 1837, with Mackenzie, 43; changes date
of rising, 43; sent by Head to the rebels, 44; tells Lount to pay no
attention to Head's message, 44-45; his exile and return, a leader of
the new Radicalism, 340-341. E One of the leaders of the movement that
ended in the Rebellion of 1837, 110; a conspicuous member of the Clear
Grit party, 110; invited by Hincks to a seat in Cabinet, 1851, 112;
becomes commissioner of crown lands, 113; president of Executive
Council, 1863, 126; votes against his colleagues, 136. B A leader of the
Clear Grits, 39; plays a leading part in movement for reform before the
Rebellion, 39. R Member for Middlesex in Upper Canada Assembly, 65-66.
Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion and Last Forty Years; Dict. Nat.
Biog. See also Rebellion of 1837, Upper Canada.
Roman Catholic Church. The first authentic landmark in the history of
the Roman Catholic Church in Canada is the arrival of several Jesuit
missionaries in Acadia in 1611. The Récollets first came to Quebec in
1615, and the Jesuits in 1625. In 1657 the Sulpicians arrived in
Montreal, and the following year Canada was made a Vicariate Apostolic.
The Jesuit missionaries explored the most distant parts of the
continent, in labouring among the Indians. Laval, the first
vicar-apostolic of New France, arrived in Quebec in 1659. In 1674 Quebec
was made a diocese, and Laval became the first bishop. After 1818 Canada
was divided into the dioceses of Nova Scotia, Upper Canada, New
Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton, and the North-West. In
1841 the chapter of Montreal was established, and in 1874 the diocese of
Quebec was subdivided into eight dioceses. The first cardinal of Canada
was Archbishop Taschereau. Index: Sy Its members excluded from certain
civil privileges, 63. Dr Attitude of British government towards, 21, 57,
58; full privileges conceded to, by Quebec Act, 64. S Free exercise of
religion guaranteed by Constitutional Act, 12. WM Important part played
by Roman Catholicism in Quebec, 16. Bk Faithful to British rule, 47. B
Relations with George Brown, x, 44-46; 48-49, 61, 121-128; position and
political sympathies in Upper Canada, 125. Bib.: O'Leary, Roman
Catholic Church in Quebec; Harris, Roman Catholic Church in Ontario;
Cameron, Catholic Church in Maritime Provinces in Canada: An Ency.,
vol. 2.
Rooseboom, Johannes. F Of Albany, carries goods to Lake Indians, 201.
Roquemaure. WM Montcalm's early childhood spent at, 3.
Roquemont, Claude de, Sieur de Brison. Ch Assists in forming Company of
New France, 168; comes out in command of ships, 172; encounters English
vessels under David Kirke in the St. Lawrence, 173; his conduct
criticized, 175.
Rose, Sir John (1820-1888). Born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Educated
there. In 1836 emigrated to Canada, and served during the Rebellion of
1837. Studied law; called to the bar, 1842, and practised in Montreal
for several years. A member of the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1861;
solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1857-1858; and commissioner of
public works, 1859-1861. Appointed a commissioner for the settlement of
claims under the Oregon Treaty, 1864. Minister of finance in first
Dominion government. In 1870 sent by the British government on a mission
to the United States, which led to the treaty of Washington. Made
K.C.M.G., 1870; created a baronet, 1872; privy councillor, 1886;
G.C.M.G., 1878. Index: C Goes to England with Cartier and Galt, in
connection with Confederation, 57; Montreal banquet to, 92. H Sir John
Macdonald asks Joseph Howe to discuss financial terms of Nova Scotia
with, 215; confers with Howe and A. W. McLellan at Portland, 223. E
Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. Md Succeeds Galt as finance minister,
136; resigns a year later, 136; letter to, from Macdonald, on Riel,
160-161; also on Washington Treaty, 184-185. T Goes to England with
Cartier and Galt, 63; succeeds Galt as minister of finance, 130. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last
Forty Years.
Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, Earl of (1847- ). Born in London.
Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1881-1883 under-secretary for the home
office; in 1885 lord privy seal; and later chief commissioner of works;
secretary for foreign affairs in Gladstone's administration, 1886 and
1892-1894. Became prime minister, 1894, on the retirement of Gladstone.
Index: Md Secretary of state for foreign affairs, 332; his speech at
unveiling of bust of Macdonald in St. Paul's Cathedral, 332-333. Bib.:
Who's Who.
Rosée, Jean. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170; agent of Company
of New France, 244.
Ross, Major. Hd Of the 34th Regiment, devastates large section of
country, 157; retakes Oswego, 157. S Leads Queen's Rangers in battle of
Monmouth, 29.
Ross, Alexander. Joined Astor's Pacific Fur Company in 1810, having
probably been previously engaged as a clerk in the service of the North
West Company. Sailed in the Tonquin to the mouth of the Columbia,
where Astoria was built in 1811. Left Pacific Fur Company and joined
North West Company, 1814; stationed at Fort George (Astoria) and Fort
Okanagan, 1811-1816; transferred to Kamloops, 1816. Wrote two valuable
narratives of the fur trade on the Columbia. Joined Hudson's Bay
Company, on the union of the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies in
1821. Returned east, and settled in Red River Colony; sheriff and member
of the Council of Assiniboia, 1835. Index: MS On the sequel to Seven
Oaks affair, 185. Bib.: Red River Settlement; Adventures on the
Columbia; Fur Hunters of the Far West.
Ross, Charles. D In charge of Fort Camosun (Victoria), 1843, 180; his
death, 1844, 181.
Ross, Dunbar. E Solicitor-general, last in Hincks-Morin government, 126;
holds same office in MacNab-Morin ministry, but without seat in Cabinet,
141.
Ross, James (1811-1886). Born in West River, Nova Scotia. For a time
headmaster of Westmoreland Grammar School, New Brunswick. Editor of the
Presbyterian Banner, 1842. Principal Dalhousie College, 1863.
Ross, John. MS Sent to Athabaska district by X Y Company, 14; relations
with Pond, 15; his death, 16.
Ross, John (1818-1871). Born in county Antrim, Ireland. Emigrated to
Canada; educated at the district school, Brockville. In 1839 called to
the bar, and built up a successful practice. Appointed to the
Legislative Council, 1848; and in 1851 solicitor-general. In 1852, as a
director of the Grand Trunk Railway, superintended the completion of the
contracts in England, and was president of the Company for ten years.
Appointed attorney-general in 1852; Speaker of the Legislative Council,
1854-1856; receiver-general, 1858; and the same year president of the
Executive Council in the Cartier administration. Called to the Dominion
Senate, 1867; speaker of that body, 1869. Index: E Solicitor-general for
Upper Canada in Hincks-Morin government, but without seat in Cabinet,
113; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1853, 126; becomes president of
Legislative Council in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141. Bib.: Morgan, Cel.
Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years.
Ross. D Name of Russian settlement at Bodega Bay, 45; purchased from
Russians for $30,000 by Sutter in 1841, 45.
Rosslyn, Alexander Wedderburn, Baron Loughborough, first Earl of
(1733-1805). Entered Parliament, 1761; solicitor-general, 1771, and
supported George III and Lord North in resisting the claims of the
American colonies. Index: Dr Solicitor-general, on Canadian claims in
matters of law, 62, 66. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Rothery, Henry Cadogan (1817-1888). B Registrar of the High Court of
Admiralty in England,—prepares Canadian case in fisheries arbitration,
225-226; suggests Reciprocity Treaty, as compensation for fisheries,
226. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Rottenburg, Baron de. Entered the army, and in 1795 promoted major of
Hussars; in 1797 lieutenant-colonel of the 60th Foot; and colonel in
1805. Served during the Rebellion in Ireland in 1798; present at the
capture of Surinam in 1799; promoted brigadier-general, 1808; took part
in the Walcheren expedition, 1809; in 1810 ordered to Canada, and
commanded the garrison at Quebec; promoted major-general. In command of
the Montreal district during the War of 1812; and in 1813
commander-in-chief of the forces in Upper Canada. Promoted
lieutenant-general in 1819, after his return to England. Died in 1832.
Index: Bk Appointed brigadier, 123; arrival of, at Quebec, 134. Bib.:
Morgan. Cel. Can.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.
Rottenburg, Baroness de. Bk Her great charm, 134, 137.
Roubaud, Pierre. Hd Ex-Jesuit, his erratic habits, 48, 49; a friend of
Du Calvet, 290.
Rouer de Villeray, Louis (1630?-1685). Born in France. Came to Canada in
1651. Through Laval's influence, appointed to the Sovereign Council in
1663, and retained his position in the reorganization of the Council in
1675. Always a strong supporter of Laval and the Jesuits; and reputed to
be the wealthiest man of his day in the colony. Index: F First
councillor, 106; Frontenac's opinion of, 110; his right to title of
"esquire" challenged by Frontenac, 139; waits on Frontenac, 255, 256. L
Describes system of apprenticeship adopted with new settlers, 78;
appointed to Sovereign Council, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec,
167. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Old Régime.
Rous, John. In command of a Boston privateer, did much damage to French
commerce. Made a successful raid on the French posts on the north coast
of Newfoundland, 1744. Took part in the capture of Louisbourg, 1745;
sent to England with the news; rewarded with rank of captain in the
navy. Engaged in coast defence of Nova Scotia, 1749; in command of the
squadron sent against Beauséjour, 1755; took part in the expedition
against Cape Breton under Lord Loudon, 1756. Commanded the Sutherland
at the capture of Louisbourg, 1758, and in 1759 was with Admiral
Saunders at the siege of Quebec. Settled at Halifax; a member of the
Council of Nova Scotia; died in 1760. Bib.: Murdoch, History of Nova
Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by
Akins.
Rouvier. Ch Clerk, goes to France, 121; returns with letters, 135.
Rowan, Sir William. Born in Ireland, 1789. Entered the army as ensign,
1783; saw service in various parts of the world, including Spain,
France, and North America; secretary to Lord Seaton in Canada,
1832-1839; major-general, 1846; Commander-in-chief of the forces in
British North America, 1849-1855; administrator of the government for a
short time during the absence of Lord Elgin. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.
Roy, Louis. S First printer in Upper Canada, 172; acts as king's
printer, 173; succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173.
Royal, Joseph (1837- ). Born at Repentigny, Quebec. Educated at St.
Mary's College, Montreal. Entered into newspaper work; established
L'Ordre, Le Nouveau Monde, and assisted in founding La Revue
Canadien. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. Removed to Manitoba,
1870; founded there Le Métis. Elected to the first Legislative
Assembly of Manitoba, 1870; held many offices in successive
administrations until 1879. Member of the House of Commons, 1879-1888;
lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 1888-1893. Member of
the Royal Society of Canada, 1893; editor of La Minerve, Montreal,
1894. Bib.: Begg, History of the North-West; Morgan, Can. Men.
Royal American Regiment. Hd Afterwards 60th Foot, Haldimand
lieutenant-colonel in, 1, 9, 11; recruiting for, 12; Washington suggests
change of uniform for, 16; Haldimand exchanges from 2nd to 4th battalion
of, 17; at Oswego, 29; at Montreal, 50; Haldimand made
colonel-commandant in, 83, 313; discipline in, 94. WM On British left,
189; one battalion of, guards communication with landing-place, 189.
Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. Founded by the Marquis of Lorne
(afterwards Duke of Argyll), in 1880, the first exhibition being held in
Ottawa the same year. The first president was L. R. O'Brien. In
furtherance of its objects the Academy established a national gallery in
Ottawa, to which it has contributed a number of paintings, and which has
also received some assistance from the Dominion government, though its
support is very inadequate. The Academy has held a number of exhibitions
in the different Canadian cities; and supports classes for drawing from
the living model. Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada.
Royal Highland Emigrants. Hd Regiment raised in Canada, 111, 112, 306;
disbanded and take up lands, 255, 262, 265. Dr Composition of corps, 93;
arrival of detachment of, at Quebec, 112.
Royal Military College, Kingston. Established by Act of Parliament in
1874; opened 1875. Bib.: Mayne, The Royal Military College in Canada:
An Ency., vol. 4.
Royal North-West Mounted Police. Organized in 1873 by the Dominion
government, for the preservation of law and order in the new settlements
west of Lake Superior. The force at first numbered only 190 men,
subsequently increased to nearly 1000. The police patrol the frontier,
and preserve the peace throughout the whole vast region from the
international boundary to the Arctic. They have posts on the shores of
Hudson Bay, in the Yukon, and on Herschell Island, off the mouth of the
Mackenzie. Bib.: Haydon, The Riders of the Plains.
Royal Regiment of New York. Dr Raised by Sir John Johnson, 151, 173.
Royal Roussillon Regiment. WM One battalion of, sent to Canada, 12;
deserters from, give information to Wolfe, 171, 184; in retreat from
Jacques Cartier, alone kept in good order, 217; in battle of Ste. Foy,
257; 262. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.
Royal Society of Canada. Founded by the Marquis of Lorne (afterward Duke
of Argyll) in 1881, during his governorship in Canada. The first meeting
was held in Ottawa, in May, 1882. The society is divided into four
sections: French literature, history, etc.; English literature, history,
etc.; mathematical, chemical, and physical sciences; and geological and
biological sciences. Each section is limited to twenty members. The
original members were nominated by the Marquis of Lorne. Subsequent
vacancies filled by election on the nomination of three members. The
first president was (Sir) J. W. Dawson, and the vice-president Pierre J.
O. Chauveau. The president of section 1 was (Sir) James M. Le Moine; of
section 2 (Sir) Daniel Wilson; of section 3 T. Sterry Hunt; and of
section 4 A. R. C. Selwyn. (Sir) J. G. Bourinot was the first secretary
of the society. An account of its organization, with the list of
original members, will be found in the first volume of Transactions,
1882-1883. Bib.: Proceedings and Transactions, 1st series, 1882-1894,
12 vols.; 2nd series, 1895-1906, 12 vols.; 3rd series, 1907, to date.
Royal William. Built at Quebec in the year 1830; launched in the spring
of 1831. On Aug. 5, 1833, she sailed from Quebec for London, stopping at
Pictou for coal. She arrived at Gravesend in twenty-five days from
Pictou—the first vessel to cross the Atlantic wholly under steam. She
had been named by Lady Aylmer, wife of the governor-general, after
William IV. A few days after her arrival in London, the vessel was
chartered as a troop-ship by the Portuguese government. In 1894, on the
occasion of the opening of the Colonial Conference at Ottawa, Lord
Aberdeen unveiled a tablet in the entrance to the Library of Parliament,
bearing this inscription: "In honour of the men by whose enterprise,
courage and skill the Royal William, the first vessel to cross the
Atlantic by steam power, was wholly constructed in Canada, and navigated
to England in 1833. The pioneer of those mighty fleets of ocean steamers
by which passengers and merchandise of all nations are now conveyed over
every sea throughout the world." Bib.: Fleming, Notes on Ocean Steam
Navigation (Can. Inst. Trans., 1891-1892); Christie, History of
Lower Canada.
Royal William, H. M. S. WM Conveys Wolfe's remains to England, 238.
Ruette d'Auteuil, Denis-Joseph. L Crown prosecutor, 167; temporarily
banished from Quebec, 168. F Attorney-general, 106; death of, 138.
Ruette d'Auteuil, François-Madeleine-Fortuné. F Son of Denis, succeeds
him, 138; makes trouble for Intendant Meulles, 174; waits on Frontenac,
255.
Rumigny. WM At Sillery, directs artillery fire on enemy on opposite
shore, 161.
Rupert's Land. The name applied to the territories of the Hudson's Bay
Company, particularly to that portion lying west of Hudson Bay and east
of the Rocky Mountains. The Company held these lands under royal charter
granted by Charles II in 1670. The first governor of the Company was
Prince Rupert, after whom the territories were named. The Company's
title was repeatedly challenged, but its validity was always upheld by
the law officers of the crown. In 1869 the territories were transferred
to Canada, for the sum of £300,000, the company retaining certain blocks
of land around their trading-posts and one-twentieth of the arable land
of the country. See also Hudson's Bay Company; North-West Territories.
Rupert, Prince (1619-1683). Third son of the elector palatine, Frederick
V, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England. Served in the army
during the Thirty Years' War; commanded the royal cavalry in the Civil
War in England. Returned to England at the Restoration. The first
governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Erskine,
A Royal Cavalier: the Romance of Rupert, Prince Palatine.
Russell, Alexander J. Ch His papers on Champlain's astrolabe, 76.
Russell, John, first Earl (1792-1878). Born in London. Entered
Parliament, 1813; home secretary, 1835, in Melbourne's ministry; in 1839
colonial secretary; and in 1846 premier. In 1852 foreign secretary in
Aberdeen's ministry; in 1854 president of the Council, and in 1855
secretary for the colonies. Prime minister, 1865, with Gladstone as
leader of the Commons. Index: Sy The leading member of the Melbourne
government, 55; Sydney Smith on, 55; becomes colonial secretary, 59; his
speech in House of Commons on reunion of Upper and Lower Canada,
117-122; asks for civil list, 120; not prepared to grant responsible
government in the full sense, 121; his resolutions, 122; withdraws
resolutions and submits bill, 123; his reply to Sir George Arthur on the
subject of responsible government, 127; his letter accompanying
Sydenham's instructions, 141-144; his despatch on responsible
government, 163-169; his despatch on tenure of executive office,
180-182; his views on emigration, 322; Sydenham's high testimony to,
343; as leader of opposition, defends Sir Charles Bagot, 351. B
Justifies Metcalfe's policy, 23; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's
pastoral, 45-46, 121; and the Clergy Reserves, 58-59. P Secures
authority for governor to expend moneys without authorization of Lower
Canada Assembly, 117-118; defends the measure, 118; condemned by
Bouchette, 151. E His colonial policy, 26, 227-228; supports Metcalfe,
37; wise choice of Elgin as governor, 40; supports Rebellion Losses
Bill, 78; his ministry forced to resign, 165; on the severance of the
colonies, 229, 231. BL Denies representative government to Lower Canada,
46; Sydenham's letter to, 60; his despatch to Sydenham, 65, 137; on
constitutional government, 231, 234; comes into power, 267; attitude
towards colonies, 269; not unreservedly favourable to colonial
self-government, 273; defends right of Canadians to legislate as they
please, 325. C Effect of his resolutions, 2. Mc Opposes elective
Legislative Council, 19; opposes Cabinet government, 19; instructions to
Sydenham, 20; seizes Lower Canada funds, 324; opposes responsible
government, 325; on Union Act, 405. W Suggests new charter for King's
College, Fredericton, 53, 54; on tenure of public offices, 57, 60, 61;
Roebuck's interview with, 110; Sydenham's despatch to, 114. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.
Russell, Peter (1755-1825). Born in England. In 1791 accompanied Simcoe
to Canada, and appointed inspector-general; later becoming a member of
the Assembly and of the Executive Council. Administered the government
of Upper Canada, 1796-1799. Index: S Recommended by Simcoe as collector
of customs, 46, 178; arrives in Canada, 49; member of Legislative
Council, 79; executive councillor, 79; sworn in as administrator, 217.
Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.
Russian-American Fur Company. Chartered in 1799, with a monopoly of the
fur trade of Russian America. It absorbed the various smaller
independent companies, and for a time was a powerful rival of the
Hudson's Bay Company. Its operations were directed by Baranof, as
governor of Russian America, and the headquarters of the company were
established at New Archangel (modern Sitka), in 1800. Index: D Claim
north-west coast of America, 45; dissolved, 1861, 45. Bib.: Dall,
Alaska; Bancroft, History of Alaska; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific.
Russian Convention, 1825. D Its provisions, 118-119.
Russian Explorations. D Stimulated by fur trade, 38; America reached by
way of Siberia, 38; Vitus Bering's expeditions, 39-40; explorations
between 1764 and 1769, 42; discoveries and colonies along the coast,
44-45; Baranof, Wrangell and Etoline, 44-46; explorations of
Krusenstern, Lisiansky, and others, 1787-1822, 46. Bib.: Muller,
Voyages from Asia to America; Coxe, Discoveries of the Russians
between Asia and America; Lauridsen, Vitus Bering, trans. by Olson;
Kotzebue, Voyages, trans. by Lloyd; Krusenstern, Voyage; Lutke,
Voyage; Bancroft, History of Alaska; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific.
Russian Fur Trade. D In Alaska, 4, 12, 17; grew out of Bering's voyages,
41; character of the traders, 41; expansion of the trade, 42; companies
formed, 42-43; Russian-American Company, 43-44. Bib.: See Russian
Explorations.
Ryerson, Egerton (1803-1882). R Born March 24, 1803, near village of
Vittoria, Upper Canada, 1; parentage, 1; his father a United Empire
Loyalist, 1; his mother's influence, 2; his early life on the farm, 3;
school days, 4; hard study brings on brain fever, 5; enters Methodist
ministry, 5, 15; moral development, 5-9; environment, 10-11; difficulty
with his father over joining Methodists, 12-13; his reading, 12; returns
home and reconciled to his father, 13; ministerial life, 16-20; mission
to the Indians, 20-25; appointed to Cobourg circuit, 25; controversial
writings, 26-27; becomes editor of Christian Guardian, 27; his
political principles, 44; seeks equal rights in religion and education,
45-46; controversial conflict with Strachan, 46, 67-72; replies to
Strachan's speech of 1828, 76-79; ordained an elder of Methodist Church,
1829, 81; Canadian Methodist Church established, 81-82; becomes editor
of Christian Guardian, 82-83; establishment of Methodist College,
84-86; his attitude towards union of Canadian and British Methodists,
94-96; his political views, 97; attacked by W. L. Mackenzie in the
Colonial Advocate, 98; schisms among the Methodists, 99-106; in
political life, 107-110; his letters to the London Times on "The
Affairs of the Canadas," 111; discusses Clergy Reserves and other
questions with Lord Glenelg and Mr. Stephen, 111-112; resumes editorship
of Guardian, 114; his platform, 115-117; sums up popular demands, 118;
his letters to the Marquis of Normanby, 120-121; president of Victoria
College, 126; defends Metcalfe, 126, 129-130; denounced by Reformers,
130-131; letters on Clergy Reserves, 132; letter of 1867, 132; writes on
education policy, 134-135; on the Upper Canada Academy, 137-143;
receives degree of D.D., 143; Dr. Ormiston's tribute to, 144-146;
defends university scheme, 150-154; supports Macdonald's University
Bill, 157; opposes Baldwin's University Bill of 1849, 159; outlines new
scheme, 159; his views on a provincial university, 161-162; appointed
superintendent of schools, 164; studies school systems in Europe and
United States, 1844-1846, 164; his reports, 167-168; his reforms,
168-170; Common School Act of 1846, 170; his governing principles,
172-173; establishes normal schools for training of teachers, 173; his
unerring instinct in choice of men, 173-174; elements of his system of
schools, 175-178; his personal influence, 179; meets opposition in
carrying out reforms, 180-182; School Act of 1850, 182-183; question of
text-books, 183-184; educational depository, 184; museum, 185; school
libraries, 185; free schools and compulsory education, 190-191; quality
and efficiency, 192-195; municipal relations, 196-199; his personal
influence as a factor in developing the school system, 201-203; the
School Acts, 203-208; criticisms, 209-211; creation of office of
minister of education, 211-213; the separate school question, 215-245;
the high school system, 247-268; his concluding years, 269; his
writings—Story of My Life, Canadian Methodism, Loyalists of
America, 270-279; later church work and closing days, 281-297; his
death, Feb. 19, 1882, 296. BL Referred to in Brown's speech, 224; in
political controversy, 1844, 238; appointed superintendent of education,
240-241; his defence of Metcalfe, 240; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; his
rejoinder, 245-246. E Defends Metcalfe, 36; his services to the cause of
popular education, 89-90; opposes Sydenham's measures on Clergy
Reserves, 157. B Denounces Baldwin and defends Metcalfe, 22-23; accepts
Separate School Bill, 144, 145; his environment, 260. T Member of King's
College Commission, 48. Mc His mission to England, 237; introduced to
colonial office, 238; quarrels with Mackenzie, 238. Bib.: Works: Report
on Popular Education; Affairs of the Canadas; Story of My Life;
Canadian Methodism; Loyalists of America. For biog., see Morgan,
Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty
Years; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.
Ryerson, George. R Joins Methodists, and sent as missionary to the
Indians, 18; appears before British parliamentary committee, 75, 136. Bk
Carries news of victory at Detroit to Talbot Settlement, 259.
Ryerson, John (1800-1878). Born in Norfolk, Ontario. Educated at the
public schools. In 1818 became a Wesleyan preacher, and active for many
years in the establishment of missionary and other institutions of the
Methodist-Episcopal Church. In 1854 sent by the Canadian Conference of
that church on a visit to the missions of the London Wesleyan Committee
in the North-West Territories. The result of his investigation was the
transfer of the missions to Canadian control. Index: R President of
Canada Conference Missionary Society, his views on proposed entry of
British Methodists into Upper Canada, 89-90; his essays on the
Methodists, 273; closely associated with Egerton Ryerson in Methodist
Conference, etc., 281. Bib.: Hudson's Bay, or, A Missionary Tour.
Ryerson, Colonel Joseph. R Father of Egerton Ryerson, a United Empire
Loyalist, serves as an officer in Prince of Wales Regiment of New
Jersey, in American Revolution, native of New Jersey, emigrates to New
Brunswick and marries there a Miss Stickney, follows elder brother to
Canada, 1; quarrels with his son Egerton, who has joined Methodists,
11-12; reconciliation, 13; dies, 1854, 18; his life, 274-275.
Ryerson, William. R His brother, Egerton, takes his place in the
Methodist ministry for a year, 15; describes Egerton's Indian school,
24-25; closely associated with Egerton in Methodist Conference, etc.,
281.
Ryland, Herman W. Bk Private secretary to Lieutenant-Governor Milnes,
47; unfriendly to French-Canadians and Roman Catholics, 48, 86; his
violent language, 92; his mission to London, 129; his recommendations
not adopted, 146; mission a failure, 147; John Henry's letters to, 186.
P Sir James Craig's secretary and adviser, poisons his mind against
French-Canadians, 28; his character, 41. Bib.: Christie, History of
Lower Canada.
Rymal, Jacob. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 390.
Rynd. S Simcoe's account of death of, 34.
Ryswick, Treaty of. Concluded in 1697; brought peace between Great
Britain and France. Provided for the mutual restoration of all places
taken by either party during the war; the appointment of commissioners
to determine their respective rights in Hudson Bay; formally recognized
William III as sovereign of Great Britain. Index: F Restores to England
her Hudson Bay posts, 349. L Concluded in 1697, 234; terms of, 234.
Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions; Dict. Eng. Hist.
Sable Island. Off the coast of Nova Scotia. It was known from about the
beginning of the sixteenth century as Santa Cruz, and so appears on
Reinel's map of 1505, and on the Cabot mappemonde of 1544. First
appears under its present name on a map of Joannes Freire, dated 1546.
Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed for the island in 1583, and lost one of his
ships among its treacherous shoals. He mentions that above thirty years
before, the Portuguese had placed neat cattle and swine upon it to
breed, and that these had multiplied exceedingly. In 1598 La Roche left
fifty convicts upon the island, while he explored the coast, but his
little ship was blown out to sea, and he returned to France without
them. Five years later a ship was sent out to rescue the survivors,
eleven in all. The earliest description of the island is in De Laet's
Novus Orbis, 1633. It is at present twenty miles long, by about a mile
wide, and is wasting away rapidly. At the end of the eighteenth century,
it was forty miles long by two and a half wide; and when white men first
visited the island, it must have been of quite a considerable size.
Records exist of something over 187 wrecks, and this does not begin to
represent the actual tribute in ships to this "Graveyard of the
Atlantic." Bib.: Patterson, Sable Island: Its History and Phenomena
(R. S. C., 1894); McDonald, Sable Island and Its Attendant Phenomena
(N. S. Inst. of Science Trans., vi.); Taché, Les Sablons; Paul de
Gazes, Ile de Sable (R. S. C., 1892).
Sackville, George Sackville Germain, first Viscount (1716-1785). Served
with distinction at Fontenoy, 1745; major-general, 1755;
lieutenant-general of the ordnance, 1757; second in command of St. Malo
expedition, 1758; dismissed from the service for gross incompetence at
Minden, 1760; secretary of state for colonies, 1775-1782. Index: Dr
Succeeds Dartmouth as secretary of state, 148; his character, 149; his
hostility to Carleton, 163, 170; criticizes Carleton's action, 164;
generally distrusted, 170; his plan of campaign, 171; created peer as
Viscount Sackville, 192. Hd Colonial secretary, 107; errors made by,
112; his disapproval of Carleton's methods, 113; ignorant of conditions
in Canada, 125; characterized, 132, 165; Haldimand's despatches to,
132-143, 153; Haldimand reproved by, 155-156; letters of Haldimand to,
164-166, 170, 176, 178, 294; Hamilton a correspondent of, 167; his
instructions in matter of Vermont, 199, 216; Haldimand's low opinion of
people of Vermont, 199-201; Haldimand reports progress of Vermont
negotiations to, 206, 208; his letter to Haldimand, 275. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.
Saco River. F Fort built at falls of, 329.
Sagard-Théodat, Gabriel. F Récollet, on bad examples shown by colonists
to Indians, 14. L Missionary labours of, 3. Ch Récollet friar, 139;
sails for France, 141; arrives and proceeds to Huron country, 149;
recalled to France, 149; his opinion of Guillaume de Caën, 182; his
remarks on surrender of Quebec, 193. Bib.: Works: Histoire du Canada;
Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons.
Saguenay River. One of the principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence.
Rises at the head waters of the Peribonka in lat. 52° N. and long. 71°
10' W., and joins the St. Lawrence after a course of 405 miles. It was
discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. Its original Indian name was
Chicoutimi, signifying "deep water." Champlain ascended the river to
Chicoutimi in 1603; and in 1679 Jolliet ascended the river to the height
of land, and descended to Ungava Bay. Index: Ch Explored by Champlain,
12. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.
St. Andre. L Brings out a number of colonists and ecclesiastics, 31.
St. Andrews. Seaport of New Brunswick, and the chief town of Charlotte
County. Founded by American Loyalists in 1783, and was for some time
only an outbay of St. John, but in 1822 became a separate and free port.
Index: W Grammar school at, 85. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.
St. Augustine. WM Retreating army halts at, 218; Lévis hears news of
surrender of Quebec at, 234. Hd Haldimand's headquarters for a time,
78-80.
St.-Castin, Jean de l'Abadie, Baron de (1650-1712). Native of Béarn;
came to Canada, 1665, with the Carignan-Salières Regiment, as an ensign
in the company of Chambly. Took part in the expedition of De Courcelles,
and when his regiment was disbanded in 1668, removed to Acadia,
established a trading house at Pentegoet (now Castine), and roamed far
and wide through the woods with the natives, over whom he gained an
extraordinary ascendency. The post at Pentegoet was raided by parties of
New Englanders in 1686 and 1687, who stripped the stores of everything
portable. In 1696, with a party of Indians, assisted Iberville in the
capture of Pemaquid. In 1702 drew up a plan for attacking Boston, which,
however, was never acted on. Index: F His life in New France, 329; leads
Indians against Fort Pemaquid, 331. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac;
Charlevoix, History of New France.
St.-Cirque. WM Killed at Laprairie, 232.
St. Clair, Arthur (1734-1818). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1757,
and came to America, serving under Amherst at Louisbourg, 1758, and
Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Settled in America, and on the breaking out of
the Revolution took the colonial side; given command of a Pennsylvania
regiment, and served with Sullivan in Canada. Promoted
brigadier-general, 1777. In command at Ticonderoga, 1777, and compelled
to retreat by Burgoyne. Court-martialled, but acquitted. Index: Dr Sent
as governor to the Indian territory, 233. S Expedition under, crushingly
defeated by Indians, 121. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
St. Domingo. Island in the West Indies. Bk Revolution in, 39-41.
St. Étienne. Ch Vessel in which Récollet missionaries came to Canada,
85.
St. Francis Xavier College. Located at Antigonish, Nova Scotia. Diocesan
institution, known as Arichat College, opened at Arichat, 1853.
Transferred to Antigonish and established as St. Francis Xavier College,
1855. University powers conferred by Act of the Legislature of Nova
Scotia, 1866.
St. George, Sir Thomas Bligh (1765-1837). Born in England. Entered the
army and rose to the rank of major-general, 1819. Came to Canada, 1809,
as inspecting field officer of militia in Upper Canada; commanded at
Amherstburg when it was attacked by Hull, 1812; commanded militia at the
capture of Detroit; and defeated Winchester at Raisin River, 1813.
Knighted, 1835. Index: Bk In command at Amherstburg, 214, 216, 236;
reports capture of Cayahoga, 218; in charge of 1st brigade, 247. Bib.:
Cyc. Am. Biog.; Morgan, Cel. Can.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.
St. Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of. Signed between France and Great Britain
on March 29, 1632. Restored Quebec, Nova Scotia, and the island of Cape
Breton to France. Index: Ch Treaty signed, 222. Bib.: Hertslet,
Treaties and Conventions.
St. Hubert, Father. Hd Recommended for vacancy in bishopric, 182.
St. Ignace, Mother. WM Describes scene at General Hospital, 223.
St. Ignace. Ch Jesuit mission in Huron country, 92.
St. Jean. Ch One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245.
St. Joachim. L Boarding school for children established at, 100; Laval's
gift to school at, 199.
St. John. City and seaport of New Brunswick, situated at the mouth of
the St. John River. It was incorporated as the city of St. John in 1785,
during the administration of Thomas Carleton, having previously been
known as Parrtown, so named after John Parr, governor of Nova Scotia.
Champlain was the first white man to stand upon its site, in 1604.
Index: W Presents address to Sir Charles Metcalfe, 74-75; grammar
schools in, 85. T Young Men's Debating Society, 7; preferred men to
measures, 25. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Lovell,
Gazetteer of Canada.
St. John Island. See Prince Edward Island.
St. John's. Capital of Newfoundland. Founded in 1582 by Sir Humphrey
Gilbert. It was captured by Iberville in 1696, and again during the
Seven Years' War, but finally reverted to Britain, with the rest of the
island, in 1763. Index: Hd Taken by the French, 44. F Captured by
Iberville, 347. Bib.: Ency. Brit.
St. John's. A city on the Richelieu River, Province of Quebec. It was a
military station during the American invasion; captured by Arnold in
1775; and relieved by Preston with troops from Montreal. Later in the
same year, the fort was besieged by Montgomery, and the little garrison
held out gallantly for twenty-four days, being forced to surrender in
the end through the capture of Chambly, which gave Montgomery fresh
ammunition and supplies. Index: Dr Fort at, abandoned by Americans, 146;
reoccupied by British, 161. Hd Fortifications of, 125, 130, 133; people
of, pay schoolmaster, 235. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.
St. John's River. L Récollet mission on, 111.
St. Joseph de Lévis. WM Skirmish at, 102, 103.
St. Julien. Ch Spanish vessel, commanded by Champlain, 3.
St. Laurent. Ch French vessel seized by the English, 222.
St. Laurent. Village on north bank of St. Lawrence. Index: WM Letter of
curé of, to British officers, 93.
St. Lawrence Channel. C Cartier favours deepening of, 45.
St. Lawrence Gulf. The first authenticated voyage to the gulf is that of
Jacques Cartier, in 1534. In his second voyage, of 1535-1536, Cartier
made further discoveries. On Aug. 10, 1535, he sailed into what is now
known as Pillage Bay, on the Labrador coast of the gulf. As this was the
feast of St. Lawrence, he named the bay Baye Sainct Laurens. Since
then the name has gradually spread until it embraces the whole gulf, and
the great river that empties its waters there. Bib.: Dawson, The St.
Lawrence Basin.
St. Lawrence Island. See Cape Breton.
St. Lawrence Rapids. Hd Amherst loses a large number of men in, 37.
St. Lawrence River. Rises at the source of the St. Louis River, west end
of Lake Superior, and falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. West of Lake
Ontario the river is known by different names, and the St. Lawrence
proper issues from that lake. The name was originally given by Jacques
Cartier to a bay on the Labrador coast of the gulf. Cartier explored the
river in 1535, as far as the island of Montreal. Index: Ch Early visits
of fishing vessels to, 59. Bib.: Dawson, The St. Lawrence Basin;
Johnson, Picturesque St. Lawrence.
St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway. E Chartered, 1845, to connect with
Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railway, 99; provincial guarantee, 1849, 99. C
Built in 1849,—gives Montreal access to the sea through Portland, 45.
See also Railways.
St. Leger, Colonel Barry. Hd Ordered to occupy Crown Point, 211; unjust
complaints against, by chaplain of regiment, 256; his application on
behalf of his son, 295; commandant of Quebec garrison, 309; in chief
command in Canada, 314. Dr Fails in attack on Fort Stanwix, 173; brave,
but lacking in capacity, 174; sent to Ticonderoga, 179.
St. Malo. Seaport of France. Index: Ch Merchants of, demand freedom of
commerce in the St. Lawrence, 123. L Jurisdiction of bishop of, over New
France, 6.
St. Martin, Captain. WM Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.
St. Maurice Forges. Were situated on the river St. Maurice, about nine
miles above Three Rivers, Quebec. Iron ore was discovered on the banks
of the St. Maurice in 1667, but the mines were not systematically worked
until 1733, when a company was formed and forges established. Since that
date and until 1883, under different ownership, they were in active
operation, being the oldest blast-furnace, on the continent of America.
Index: Dr Their output of iron manufacture, 60; Americans cast cannon
at, 141. Hd Use made of, by Haldimand, 46-48; under direction of
Nordberg, 48; Laterrière's report on, 48; Haldimand in charge of, 54;
leased by Murray, 62; Laterrière inspector of, 277-278; partners of,
345. L Development of mines by Talon, 82. Bib.: See General Index to
Royal Society of Canada Trans.
St. Maurice River. One of the tributaries of the St. Lawrence, rises in
the height of land near the head waters of the Nottaway, and falls into
the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, after a course of 325 miles. During
the seventeenth century it was much infested by Iroquois; and the French
were constantly at war with them in its neighbourhood. It was first seen
by Cartier in 1535, and named by him the Rivière du Fouez, or Rivière du
Foix. Index: Ch Named De Fouez by Jacques Cartier, and Three Rivers by
Champlain, and known to the Indians as the Metaberoutin, 52. Bib.:
Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.
St. Maws. S English constituency for which Simcoe sat, 15.
St. Nicholas. WM Troops disembark at, 165; re-embarkation, 172.
St. Ours, Charles Louis Roch de (1753-1834). Entered public life on the
establishment of civil government in Canada, and appointed a member of
the Legislative Council, where he voiced the views of the
French-Canadian majority. Appointed major of militia, 1774, and served
with Carleton, 1776, as his aide-de-camp. Travelled in Europe in 1785;
and on his return to Canada took an important part in public affairs.
Index: P Follows Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept mission
to England, to oppose union of Canadas, 45. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.;
Christie, History of Lower Canada.
St. Ours, François-Xavier de (1714-1759). Served in the campaigns of
1758 and 1759; severely wounded in the attack on Fort George; commended
by Montcalm for conspicuous bravery in the battle of Carillon; and
commanded the right wing of the French army on the Plains of Abraham,
where he was mortally wounded. Index: WM Commands Quebec and Three
Rivers militia, 105; wounded in battle of the Plains, 199. Bib.:
Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.
St. Pater's Port, Guernsey. Bk Home of the Brock family, 3-5.
St. Paul's Bay. On St. Lawrence River. Hd Contagious disease breaks out
at, 190.
St. Pierre. Ch One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245.
St. Pierre. An island on the southern coast of Newfoundland, which, with
the Miquelon Islands immediately north-west, constitute all that remains
of New France still under French government. From 1635 it was
alternately under British and French control until 1816, when it was
finally ceded to France. Index: Ch French captured by Kirke, landed on,
174.
St. Regis Indians. A band of Roman Catholic Iroquois from Caughnawaga,
Quebec, who settled about 1755 in the village of St. Regis, on the south
bank of the St. Lawrence, on what afterwards became the boundary line
between Canada and the United States. Index: Hd Compensation paid to,
for lands required for Loyalists, 258.
St. Rome, Chevalier de. WM Sent in charge of provisions to Quebec, 226;
delayed by bad roads, 229.
St. Sacrament Lake. See Lake George.
St. Simon. F His statements regarding Frontenac, 65.
St. Vallier, Jean Baptiste de la Croix Chevrières des (1653-1727). Born
at Grenoble. Came to Canada in 1685 as vicar-general under Laval.
Succeeded Laval as bishop of Quebec, 1688. Returning from France in
1704, on La Seine, taken prisoner by the English and detained in
England until 1709. Returned to France, spent four years there, and
finally arrived in Quebec in 1713. Remained in charge of his huge
diocese until his death. Index: L Recommended to succeed Laval, 199,
200; accepts position, 200; appointed provisionally grand-vicar, 201;
his liberality to Quebec Seminary, 202, 203; sails for Canada, 202;
makes visitations, 203; Laval's caution to, 206; disagrees with Laval on
certain questions, 208; his eulogy of Laval, 209; sails for France, 209;
consecration of, 219; returns to Canada, as bishop, 221; reverses
Laval's policy in regard to Seminary, 236; captured at sea by English
vessel, 243. F Chosen by Bishop Laval as his successor, 191; comes out
to Canada first as vicar-general, 191; his first impression of country
and its inhabitants, 192; his revised opinion, 193, 220; pays pastoral
visit to Acadia, 1686, 271; issues mandate concerning the theatre, 337;
pays Frontenac 1000 francs on condition Tartuffe shall not be
produced, 337. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France; St. Valier et
l'Hopital General de Quebec; Parkman, Old Régime.
St. Veran, Marquise de. WM Mother of Montcalm, 3; her fortitude, 8;
Montcalm's letter to, describing capture of Oswego, 34.
St. Vincent, John Jervis, Earl of (1735-1823). British admiral. Served
at Quebec in 1759; defeated Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 1797;
became admiral of the fleet, 1821. Index: Bk Gains victory off Cape St.
Vincent, 10. WM Wolfe's conversation with, on eve of battle, 175. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.
Ste. Anne. Ch French vessel seized by the English, 22.
Ste. Anne, Brotherhood of. L At Quebec, 101.
Ste. Croix Island. Near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy; explored by
Champlain and De Monts in 1604, who in that year erected buildings and
fortifications on the island. Scurvy breaking out among the French
colonists, they soon afterwards removed from the island to Port Royal.
The foundations of these buildings were dug up in 1797, settling a
boundary dispute between New Brunswick and Maine in favour of the
former. Index: Ch Occupied by the De Monts expedition, 21; settlement
there a failure, 24. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Ste. Croix River. Also known as Schoodiac and Passamaquoddy. Rises in
Grand Lake on the borders between Maine and New Brunswick, and flows
into Passamaquoddy Bay. It was discovered by Champlain in 1604. Index:
Ch Name changed to St. Charles, 148.
Ste. Foy. Above Quebec. Index: L Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74.
Ste. Foy, Battle of. Took place on April 28, 1760, when Murray, in
command of the British troops, made a sortie from the citadel of Quebec
upon the besieging French force under Lévis, and was defeated, being
driven back into his intrenchments. Index: WM Description of, 264;
horrors of battlefield, 265; news of, causes joy in Canadian parishes,
266; victory nullified by arrival of British fleet, 267. See also
Quebec, siege of, 1759; Quebec, siege of, 1760; Lévis; Murray. Bib.:
Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Bradley, The
Fight with France.
Ste. Suzanne. Ch Name given by Champlain to the Upper Rivière du Loup,
52.
Ste. Thérèse. On the Richelieu River. Index: L Fort erected at, 53.
Salaberry, Charles Michel d'Irumberry de (1778-1829). Born at Beauport,
near Quebec. Entered the British army; served for eleven years under
General Robert Prescott; and in 1794 took part in the capture of
Martinique. In 1809 served in Ireland; and in 1810 took part in the
Walcheren expedition. In 1811 major and aide-de-camp to General
Rottenburg in Canada. At the outbreak of the American War of 1812,
promoted lieutenant-colonel, and rendered good service as commander of
the Canadian Voltigeurs. On Oct. 26, 1813, defeated the American forces
under General Hampton at Chateauguay, the outcome of this action being
to compel the invaders to evacuate Lower Canada. For these services made
a C. B. In 1818 elected to the Legislative Assembly. Index: Bk Corps
raised and commanded by, 189, 191. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict.
Nat. Biog.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812. See also Chateauquay.
The Promised Land From the painting by Paul Wickson
Salaberry, Colonel de. BL Comes to Kingston to solicit office of
provincial aide-de-camp, 172; La Fontaine's opposition to appointment,
173.
Salaries, Civil. S In Upper Canada, 177.
Salmon Falls. L Hamlet, destruction of, 229. F Massacre of, 251.
Salmon River. L La Barre's expedition encamps at, 184.
Salt. S Production of, in Upper Canada, 115.
Samos. WM Battery at, captured, 182.
Sandwich. A town in Essex County, Ontario; first settled in 1750 by the
soldiers of a disbanded French regiment. It was subsequently named after
the town of Sandwich, in Kent, England. Index: Bk Military fort, 59;
occupied by United States general, Hull, 209, 213; evacuated by
Americans, 248. BL Early municipal government of, 298. Bib.: Lovell,
Gazetteer of Canada.
Sangster, Charles (1822-1893). Born in Kingston. For some time in public
service; engaged in newspaper work at Amherstburg and Kingston; for many
years prior to his death employed in the civil service at Ottawa. Bib.:
Works: The St. Lawrence and the Saguenay and other Poems; Hesperus and
other Poems and Lyrics. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.;
MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.
Sangster, J. H. R On staff of Ontario Normal School, 174.
San Juan Boundary. Dispute arose between the United States and Great
Britain out of a difference of opinion as to the meaning of the phrase
"middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver
Island" in the treaty of 1846, and by which the rightful possession of
San Juan and other islands in the vicinity for years remained unsettled.
A compromise was made in 1859, both governments jointly occupying San
Juan with troops. Finally, by the Washington Treaty of 1871, the
question was referred to the arbitration of the German emperor, who
decided in favour of the United States. Index: Md Brought up under
Washington Treaty, 166; dispute caused by vague terms of Oregon Treaty,
178-179; submitted to arbitration of German emperor, 179; Macdonald on,
179-180; decision in favour of United States, 180-181. Bib.: Hertslet,
Treaties and Conventions.
Sanstein. Ch Clerk, brings news of amalgamation of de Monts and de Caën
Companies, 138.
Saskatchewan. Organized as a provisional district in 1882. It then
extended from long. 111° 20' W. to the Manitoba boundary and Lake
Winnipeg, and from the northern boundary of the district of Assiniboia,
to the southern boundary of Athabaska. The province of Saskatchewan,
created in 1905, extends from long. 110° on the west to the Manitoba
boundary on the east, extended north to lat. 60°, which forms the
northern boundary of the new province. The capital of the province is
Regina, former capital of the North-West Territories. See also
North-West Territories. Bib.: Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.
Saskatchewan Rebellion. See Riel Rebellion, 1885.
Saskatchewan River. Ultimate source is at the head waters of the Bow
River, about lat. 51° 40', in the heart of the Rocky Mountains. After a
course of 1205 miles, it flows into Lake Winnipeg, finally discharging
its waters by the Nelson into Hudson Bay. The length of the South
Saskatchewan to its junction with the North Saskatchewan at the Forks is
865 miles; and of the North Saskatchewan, which rises in the watershed
range of the Rocky Mountains, near the source of the Athabaska, is 760
miles. La Vérendrye reached the river, then known as the Pasquia, or
Poskoyac, in 1748, and built Fort Bourbon on the shores of Cedar Lake.
He ascended the river to the Forks, a few miles below which he built
Fort Poskoyac. In 1751 a party of French explorers ascended one of the
branches to the mountains, where they built Fort La Jonquière. Anthony
Hendry reached the Saskatchewan from Hudson Bay in 1754, and descended
the river from the upper waters of the Red Deer, to the Pas. Many
trading posts were afterwards built at different points on the two
branches, both by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company.
Bib.: White, Atlas of Canada; Tyrrell, Report on Northern Alberta
(Geol. Survey, 1886); Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Hind,
Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions.
Saskatchewan, University of. Act passed establishing the university,
1907. Board of Governors decided to fix location of university at
Saskatoon, 1909.
Sault-au-Matelot. Dr Arnold's attack on barrier repulsed, 129.
Sault St. Louis. Ch Called after young man named Louis drowned there,
69; centre of fur trade for some years, 120. L Converted Iroquois
settled at, 9, 74.
Sault Ste. Marie. The county seat of Chippewa County, Michigan, on the
St. Mary's River. In 1641 the Jesuit fathers Raymbault and Jogues
founded a mission on its site, and in 1662 Marquette established the
first permanent settlement there. On the opposite side of the river is
its Canadian namesake, a port of entry of the Algoma district, Ontario.
Index: L Mission established at, 11.
Saumarez, Sir Thomas. Bk His letter to Brock from Halifax, 223.
Saunders, Sir Charles (1713-1775). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy in
1727, becoming lieutenant in 1734. In 1739-1740 served under Lord Anson.
Stationed in home waters in 1745, and on Oct. 14, 1747, took part in
Hawke's victory over the French. In 1750 elected member of Parliament
for Plymouth. In 1752 commodore and commander-in-chief on the
Newfoundland station; in 1755 comptroller of the navy; and in 1756, rear
admiral. In 1759 Pitt appointed him commander-in-chief of the fleet
which co-operated with Wolfe in the siege of Quebec, with the rank of
vice-admiral of the blue, and his operations in the St. Lawrence largely
contributed to the success of the British arms. In 1760
commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean; in 1761 created K.B.; in 1765 a
lord of the Admiralty; in 1766 first lord; and in 1770 reached the rank
of admiral. Index: WM Appointed to naval command of expedition against
Quebec, 75; sails for Louisbourg, and puts in at Halifax, 75; his fleet
detained at Louisbourg, 78; takes soundings of Traverse Channel, 90;
joins in attack on French left at Montmorency, 136; orders burning of
two stranded transports, 142; makes feint opposite Beauport, 164, 174;
Wolfe's bequest to, 175; advances vessels in front of Lower Town, 231.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, Logs of the
Conquest of Canada and The Fight for Canada; Bradley, The Fight with
France.
Saunders, John (1754-1834). Born in Virginia. Joined the royal forces
and served throughout the War of Independence. Went to England; studied
law and called to the bar. In 1790 appointed judge of the Supreme Court
of New Brunswick, and a member of the Council; from 1822 to 1834
chief-justice of the province. Index: W Chief justice, 74; dies, 1834,
74. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Saunders, John Simcoe (1795-1878). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick.
Went to England; educated at Oxford University. Called to the bar of
Nova Scotia, 1819, and to that of Lower Canada, 1820. Surveyor-general
of New Brunswick, 1840, and provincial secretary, 1845. Appointed to the
Legislative Council, of which he became Speaker, 1866; also senior
justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Index: W Advocate-general, New
Brunswick, 34; Partelow succeeds as provincial secretary, 116. Bib.:
The Law of Pleading and Evidence in Civil Actions. For biog., see
Morgan, Annual Register, 1878; Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Sauvage. WM Frigate in which Lévis embarked at Brest, 12.
Savage, Thomas (1608-1682). Went to Massachusetts in 1635 with Sir Harry
Vane, and the following year elected a freeman of Boston. In 1638 helped
to found the settlement of Rhode Island. Served in the Indian wars,
1675. Index: F Third in command in Phipps's expedition, 281. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.
Savignon. Ch Name given to young Algonquian taken as hostage for Nicolas
Marsolet, 63.
Scalping. WM Forbidden by Wolfe except in case of Indians, or Canadians
dressed as Indians, 102; declared by Vaudreuil to be necessary, 102,
108; by Indians on the side of French, 141; by Wolfe's rangers, 150.
Schank, John (1740-1823). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy, 1758.
Commanded the Canso in the St. Lawrence, 1766. Placed in charge of the
naval establishment at St. John's; succeeded in launching several small
war vessels on Lake Champlain. Subsequently had charge of the marine
depots at Quebec and at Detroit; and in 1777 employed under Burgoyne in
the construction of floating bridges. Index: Hd Superintends building of
gunboats, 125; his letter to Carleton, 159; marriage of, 236-237; his
evidence in Du Calvet matter, 288, 289; sails for England with
Haldimand, 209, 313. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Schenderatchta. Hd Seneca chief, serving under John Butler, 154.
Schenectady. The county seat of Schenectady County, New York. Settled in
1662 by Arendt Van Corlaer on the site of Schonowe, the capital of the
Five Nations. It was chartered as a borough in 1765, and as a city in
1798. Index: L Attack on, 229. F Massacre of, 245-248. Bib.: Parkman,
Old Régime.
Schultz, Sir John Christian (1840-1896). Born in Amherstburg, Ontario.
Educated at Oberlin College, Ohio; studied medicine at Queen's and
Victoria Universities; licensed to practise, 1860. Removed to Fort
Garry, 1860, and began practice of his profession there. Also engaged in
the fur trade. Owner and editor of the Nor'Wester, the pioneer
newspaper of the Canadian West. Played an important part in the Riel
Rebellion of 1869-1870. Imprisoned by the rebels, but made his escape,
and, after enduring many hardships, reached Toronto. Elected to the
House of Commons at the first election after the formation of the
province of Manitoba, and sat almost continuously until 1883, when he
was called to the Senate. Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1888-1895.
Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Morgan, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Begg, History of
the North-West. See also Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.
Schurz, Carl (1829-1906). Fled from Germany in 1849, after the collapse
of the revolutionary movement. Went to the United States, 1852. Minister
to Spain, 1860-1861; commanded a division in the war with the South;
engaged in journalism in Detroit and St. Louis; elected to the United
States Senate, 1869. Appointed secretary of the interior, 1877. Index: B
Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231. Bib.: Works:
Speeches; Life of Henry Clay; Reminiscences. For biog., see Cyc. Am.
Biog.
Schuyler, Major John. L Attack camp at Laprairie, 232. F His raid on
Laprairie, 281; comes to Quebec with news of peace, 354.
Schuyler, Peter (1657-1724). Born in Albany. Appointed lieutenant in the
militia, 1685, and served in the colonial and Indian wars. In 1709
second in command of the expedition against Montreal. Became president
of the Council, 1719; and acted as governor of New York until 1720.
Index: F Commands expedition from Albany, 311. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Schuyler, Philip John (1733-1804). Born in Albany. Served in the French
and Indian War, 1755, and took part in battle of Lake George. Resigned
from the army, 1757, and again served, 1758-1761. On the breaking out of
the Revolution, took the colonial side, and in 1775 appointed
major-general by Congress. Organized the invasion of Canada in 1775, and
was court-martialled for the evacuation of Ticonderoga in 1777, but
acquitted. Served in House of Representatives and afterwards in the
Senate. Index: Hd Watches movements of the Allens of Vermont, 205, 206;
Ethan Allen's letter to, 209; thanks Haldimand for kind treatment of
Loyalists, 250; threatens Six Nations, 257; François Cazeau's
correspondence with, 279. Dr Commands American force on Lake Champlain,
96. Bib.: Lossing, Life and Times of Philip Schuyler; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Scott. Hd Chaplain to 34th Regiment, forbidden to exercise clerical
functions, 256.
Scott, Sir Richard William (1825- ). Born in Prescott, Ontario. Educated
privately, and studied law; in 1848 called to the bar and practised with
success in Ottawa. Elected mayor of Bytown (now Ottawa) in 1852. Sat in
the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1863. A member of the first Legislature
of Ontario, 1867-1873; in 1871 elected Speaker; and in 1872 appointed
commissioner of crown lands. Called to the Senate in 1874. Secretary of
state and registrar-general of Canada in Mackenzie ministry, 1874-1878.
In 1878 introduced the Temperance Act, more commonly known as the Scott
Act, which constitutes his principal title to a place among Canadian
legislators. In 1896 secretary of state in Laurier government, which
position he held until 1908; knighted, 1909. Index: R His Separate
School Bills, 235-238. B Introduces separate school legislation, 144.
Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who; Dent, Last Forty
Years.
Scott, Thomas (1746-1824). Born in Scotland. Studied for the ministry
and became a probationer; employed for a time as private tutor. Studied
law and called to the English bar, 1793. While yet a student, in 1788
employed by Dorchester to investigate the estates of the Jesuits in
Quebec. Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada, 1801; chief-justice,
1804. President of the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada
during the War of 1812; president of a special tribunal created for the
trial of cases of treason during the war. Bib.: Dent, Lives of the
Judges.
Scott, Thomas. Md Murdered at Fort Garry by Riel's followers, 160, 194,
242. See also Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.
Scott, Winfield (1786-1866). Entered the United States army, and served
in the War of 1812. From 1832 to 1838 engaged in Indian warfare. In 1839
instrumental in allaying the excitement arising out of the dispute as to
the boundary between New Brunswick and Maine, and paving the way for its
settlement by the Ashburton Treaty. In 1841 commander-in-chief of the
United States army. Index: Bk At battle of Queenston Heights, 311. W
Sent to Maine to settle Aroostook War, 135. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Scott, Walter (1867- ). Born in Middlesex County, Ontario. Took up the
profession of journalism. Removed to the North-West Territories, and, in
1895, became proprietor and editor of the Leader, Regina. Sat in the
House of Commons for Assiniboia West, 1900-1905; first premier of
Saskatchewan, 1905. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.
Scott Act. The popular name given to the Temperance Act introduced by
(Sir) R. W. Scott and passed by the Dominion government in 1878. Its
principal provisions were that on a petition of one-fourth of the
electors of a city or county, a vote was to be taken, and if a majority
of the votes polled were in favour of the act, it came into force at the
close of the then current license year. Index: B A measure for
introducing prohibition by local option, 249. Bib.: Johnson, First
Things in Canada.
Scovil, W. H. T Confederation candidate in St. John County, New
Brunswick, 85.
Scrope, A. Poulett. BL Quoted on Baldwin, 64, 80; on Sydenham, 71. Bib.:
Memoir of Life of Sydenham.
Scurvy. Ch Ravages of, among colonists, 22; called by Champlain mal de
terre, 24; breaks out at Port Royal, 33; at Quebec, 46; deaths from,
209.
Sea-otter. D Trade, 21, 22; found by Russians, 40.
Seat of Government. Sy Question of, 280-282; Sydenham in favour of
Kingston, 281. Md Montreal ceases to be, after riots, 38-39; rivalry of
Kingston, Quebec, and Toronto for honour, 39; Quebec and Toronto divide
honour for sixteen years, 39; Ottawa finally selected in 1865, 39;
dissatisfaction over choice, 85. See also Ottawa; Quebec; Toronto;
Montreal.
Seaton, Sir John Colborne, first Baron (1778-1863). Served in Holland,
Egypt, and Italy. Commanded a brigade under Wellington, 1810-1814, and
led the 52d Light Infantry in their victorious movement at Waterloo.
Sent to Upper Canada as lieutenant-governor, 1829; appointed
commander-in-chief of the forces, 1835; suppressed the Rebellion in
Lower Canada, 1837-1838; acted as administrator, 1838, both before and
after Durham; and the same year appointed governor-general. Returned to
England, 1839, and created Baron Seaton same year. Promoted to
field-marshal, 1860. Index: Mc Governor of Upper Canada, 157;
Mackenzie's letters to, 164-167; suggests Mackenzie make reparation,
248; his view of Legislative Council, 268; his view of Executive
Council, 279. P Sends Colonel Gore against rebels at St. Denis, 134;
marches on St. Eustache, 135-137; succeeds Gosford as governor, 138;
crushes outbreak of 1838, 139; his severity, known as the "Old
Firebrand," 140-141. Sy A valuable adviser to Sydenham and Bagot, 111;
increases number of Special Council of Lower Canada, 192. Conflict with
the Assembly, 14-15; recommends Baldwin for seat in Legislative Council,
38; endows forty-four rectories, 42; crushes Rebellion in Lower Canada,
46, 48; succeeded by Sydenham, 59; appoints Special Council, 60. E
Endows forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, on eve of his departure for
England, 154; opinions for and against his action, 155-156. B
Establishes fifty-seven rectories, 53. Md Creates and endows forty-four
rectories in Upper Canada, 59. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dict. Nat.
Biog.; Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Christie, History
of Lower Canada.
Secret Societies Bill. BL Prepared and introduced by Baldwin, its
history, 185-188; its reservation by Metcalfe leads to resignation of
Cabinet, 200, 208, 209, 251. R Reservation of, brings on a crisis in
Upper Canada, 126-127.
Sedgewick, Major Robert. F Seizes Acadia by Cromwell's orders, 268.
Seely, Alexander McLaughlan (1812-1882). Born in St. John, New
Brunswick. Engaged in lumbering, shipbuilding, and in banking. Appointed
a member of the Legislative Council for New Brunswick, 1854, and held
his seat until his death.
Seignelay, Marquis de. F Succeeds his father, Colbert, in ministry of
marine, 72; marries Mlle. d'Allegre, 111. L Minister of marine and
colonies, receives La Salle favourably, 151; postpones Laval's return to
Canada, 211.
Seigniorial Tenure. The history of this feudal system of land tenure,
transplanted from Old to New France, dates back to the commission of the
Sieur de la Roche, 1598, in which he is empowered to make grants in the
form of fiefs, seigniories, etc., to persons of merit. Up to 1627, when
the Company of New France (or the Company of One Hundred Associates) was
chartered, only three seigniories had been granted, two to colonial
laymen and the third to the Jesuit Order. Thereafter a large number of
seigniorial grants were made—no less than sixty between 1632 and 1663,
when the Company surrendered its rights to the crown. Details as to the
later history of Seigniorial Tenure in Canada, how it was applied to the
land, and why it outlived the same system in Old France, will be found
in the works cited below. The system was abolished in Canada in 1854.
Index: F In New France, 56. L Beginning of, 119. Dr Described, 11; an
obstacle to the transfer of land, 256; notaries favourable to, 257. E
Failure of La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry to settle question, 101-102;
measure passed by Assembly, but defeated in Legislative Council,
119-120; settlement postponed by Hincks-Morin government in 1853, 126;
Cauchon offers amendment to address, expressing regret at failure to
settle question, 126-127; MacNab-Morin ministry pledged to settlement,
140; measure passed in 1854, 142; history of question, 171-188;
originates in old feudal system, 171-174; introduced into Canada by
Richelieu, 175; description of system, 175-184; movement for its
abolition, 185-186; judicial investigation by a commission, 186-187;
terms of settlement, 187-188. S Not satisfactory to English settlers, 1,
6. BL Commission appointed (1841) to consider question of abolishing it,
99; pressing for settlement, 339; weakens Reform party in Lower Canada,
349; history of, 349-351; court for adjustment of claims, presided over
by La Fontaine, 358. C John A. Macdonald votes against settlement of,
32; Cartier works for, 32-115; the system described, 35-37. Md A problem
in Quebec, 14; abolition of, demanded in Quebec, 62; dealt with by
MacNab-Morin ministry, 63; its abolition effected, 66-68. Bib.: Munro,
Seigniorial System in Canada and Documents Relating to Seigniorial
Tenure; Munro, Droit de Banalité; Pièces et Documents Relatifs à la
Tenure Seigneuriale; Lower Canada Reports; Seigniorial Questions;
Dent, Last Forty Years. On the history of individual seigniories,
see Lalande, Une Vielle Seignieurie: Boucherville; Mingan
Seigniory: Documents in Appeal to Privy Council; Roy, Seigneurie de
Lauzon; Sellar, History of Huntingdon; Jodoin et Vincent, Histoire
de Longueuil.
Seigniors, Canadian. Bk Remained faithful to British rule, 47. Dr
Murray's relations with, 10; comparatively small emigration of, to
France, 10; Carleton sends home a list of, 45, 47; pleads cause of, 46,
48; they ask for military service, 49; their satisfaction with the new
régime, 162; their objection to sale of land in freehold, 239; their
loss of influence, 255. WM Their relation to the censitaires, 23.
Bib.: Bradley, The Making of Canada.
Select Committee on Grievances. Mc Seventh report of, 26; Mackenzie
obtains committee, 263; matters referred to, 269; committee's report,
270-277; reply of Lord Glenelg, 280; Head's instructions, 280; subjects
dealt with, 281-286. BL On political situation in Upper Canada, 11;
report of, studied by Sir F.B. Head, 37. See also William Lyon
Mackenzie.
Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, Earl of (1771-1820). MS Influenced by
Mackenzie's Voyages, 7, 94; gains controlling interest in Hudson's Bay
Company, 7; organizes colony, 7, 8, 100; dies, 1820, 8; Canadian places
named after, 115; his lineage, 115, 116; birth, June, 1771, 116;
educated at University of Edinburgh, 117; influenced by French
Revolution, 117-118; becomes Baron Daer and Shortcleugh, 1797, on death
of his brother, and Earl of Selkirk, on death of his father, 1799,
118-119; philanthropic interest in the Highlands and emigration policy,
119-120; his scheme for national defence, 120-121; made Fellow of Royal
Society, 122; his Sketch of the British Fur Trade in 1806, 122;
earlier pamphlets on the North American Indians, attributed to him, 122;
his pamphlet on Parliamentary Reform, 123, 124; character sketch, 125;
his memorial of 1802, on the proposed colony in Rupert's Land, 127-128;
his Prince Edward Island colony, 129-132; visits United States and
Canada, 132-133; the Baldoon Settlement in Upper Canada, 133; the
Moulton Settlement, 134; visits Montreal, 1803, 137; entertained by the
partners of the North West Company, at the Beaver Club, 139-140; takes
advantage of his opportunities to obtain knowledge of the fur trade,
140; genesis of the Red River project, 141-142; obtains legal opinion on
the Hudson's Bay Company, 143-145; purchases controlling interest in the
Hudson's Bay Company, 145-146; buys Red River property from the Company,
146; opposition of Mackenzie, Inglis, and Ellice, 146; area of the
tract, 147; plans for the colony, 149; terms of settlement, 149-150;
sends for Miles Macdonell and puts him in charge of the colony, 150;
sends him out to Hudson Bay with colonists, 151; sends second party of
colonists, 159; sends third party of colonists, 1813, 162; sends Robert
Semple with a fourth party, 1815, 164; arrives in Montreal from Scotland
with his family, 1815, 185; makes representations to Lord Bathurst, and
Sir George Drummond, 186; brings the De Meurons, disbanded Swiss
soldiers, to Fort William, 189; winters at Point De Meuron, 190; reaches
Red River, June, 1817, 191; makes treaty with Indians, 192; returns to
Upper Canada, 193; faces trial at Sandwich, 198; and at York, 199;
brings charges against North West Company, 199; his letter to Duke of
Richmond, 200; returns to England, 201; the Bluebook of 1819, 201;
letter of Sir Walter Scott, 202-203; his health breaks down, 202; death,
April 8, 1820, at Pau, 204; sketch of his life in Gentleman's
Magazine, 204-206; his family, 206; compared with Alexander Mackenzie,
209. See also Red River Colony. Bib.: Works: Sketch of the British
Fur Trade in 1806; Observations on a Proposal for the Civilization and
Improvement of the North American Indians within the British Boundary;
Parliamentary Reform; Civilization of the Indian in North America;
On the Necessity of a More Efficient System of National Defence;
Observations on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, with a
View of the Causes and Probable Consequences of Emigration. For biog.,
see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bryce,
Manitoba, Hudson's Bay Company, and Romantic Settlement of Lord
Selkirk's Colonists; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West. See
also Red River Colony; Baldoon.
Selkirk Settlement. See Red River Colony.
Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil (1824-1902). In 1845 appointed assistant
geologist in the Geological Survey of Great Britain; and director of the
Geological Survey, Victoria, Australia, 1852-1869. Came to Canada in
1869, and filled the office of director of the Canadian Geological
Survey, 1869-1895. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Seminarists. L Aid in defence of Quebec, 12.
Semple, Robert (1766-1816). Born in Boston, Mass. Engaged in mercantile
pursuits, and travelled extensively. In 1802 visited Cape Colony, and
from 1805 to 1810 travelled through Spain, Portugal, the West Indies,
and Brazil. In 1813, while on a journey in the rear of the allied armies
from Hamburg to Gottenburg, arrested by Lord Cathcart as an American
spy. In 1815 appointed governor of the factories and territories of the
Hudson's Bay Company. In the course of his tour of inspection, reached
his headquarters at Douglas (now part of Winnipeg), early in 1816. For
some time there had been an active feud between the Hudson's Bay Company
and the North West Company, and in an attack at Seven Oaks by a party of
"Nor'-Wester's," under Cuthbert Grant, Semple was killed. Index: MS
Brings party of Highlanders to Red River, 1815, 164; succeeds Macdonell
as governor of Red River settlement, 164. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.;
Bryce, Manitoba. See also Red River Colony; Seven Oaks.
Senate. B Elective versus nominative system discussed at Quebec
Conference—latter decided upon, 164; George Brown approves of
nominative system, 165; distribution of members of, 173; Dorion objects
to nominative system, 175, 177; weakness of the system, 178; its
reorganization advocated by Canada First Association, 236.
Seneca Indians. One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. They
dwelt chiefly in the region of the Seneca and Canandaigua lakes, and
extended westwards to Genesee River. During the American Revolution they
espoused the British cause. There are now some hundreds living in Grand
River Reservation, Ontario. Index: F Show quarrelsome temper, 143;
attack Illinois, 144; enraged by murder of a chieftain on territory of
Ottawas, 145; accept terms of peace, 146; attack canoes of French
traders, 181; Denonville's expedition against, 207-214. Ch One of the
five tribes or nations, 50; murder four delegates sent to Five Nations,
164. See also Iroquois. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France;
Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.
Senezergues, De. WM Brigadier, commands battalion of La Sarre Regiment,
12; commands regular troops, 105; mortally wounded, 199; carried on
board British vessel, 222.
Separate Schools, Manitoba. C The question used as a test of provincial
power, 61-62; rights of Roman Catholics safeguarded, 1871, 71;
overthrown by Legislature, 72; judgment of provincial courts reversed by
Supreme Court, 72. Bib.: Ewart, Manitoba School Question; Wade,
Manitoba School Question; Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the
Liberal Party. For further references, see Lit. Am. Hist., pp.
438-439.
Separate Schools, New Brunswick. C Public opinion aroused in Quebec, 73;
Costigan and other Roman Catholic members from New Brunswick demand
disallowance of bill against, 73-74; Macdonald and Cartier oppose
disallowance, 74-76; question becomes an issue in Quebec elections, 76;
opinion of law officers in England obtained, 76; opinion adverse to
Roman Catholics, 77; Costigan again demands disallowance, 77; compromise
effected, 77-78; in Parliament, 131. Md Bill passed in 1871, 194; takes
away government support from separate schools, 194; Roman Catholics
petition for its disallowance, 194, 285; compromise effected, 194-195.
Separate Schools, North-West Territories. B Provision for, opposed by
George Brown—he warns the Senate that effect would be to fasten them on
the West forever, 249.
Separate Schools, Nova Scotia. Md Refused to Roman Catholics, 116.
Separate Schools, Upper Canada. B Opposed by George Brown, 121; a
compromise arranged, 122-123; bill introduced by R. W. Scott, 144;
Ryerson's support of bill, 144; adopted by government and becomes law,
144-145; attacked by Globe, but finally accepted by George Brown, 145.
Md Claimed by Roman Catholics and conceded after years of controversy,
82. Bib.: Hodgins, History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada.
Servants. S Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 182.
Seven Nations. Hd Their fighting force an uncertain quantity, 126.
Seven Oaks. MS Conflict between Hudson's Bay Company men and North West
Company men, June 19, 1816, 180; Governor Semple shot, 181; Alexander
Ross on, 184; Joseph Tassé on, 184; Sergeant Huerter on, 183; printed
evidence, 199. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and Romantic History of Lord
Selkirk's Colonists; Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West.
Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantel (1627-1696). F Her son-in-law a
candidate for governorship of Canada, 65; describes severities exercised
on peasants in revolt in France, 150.
Seward, William Henry (1801-1872). Governor of New York, 1838; appointed
secretary of state by Lincoln, 1860. Index: N Suggests Canadian agent at
Washington to confer on Reciprocity Treaty, 192; tells Galt that treaty
could not be renewed, 193. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Sewell, Jonathan (1766-1839). Born at Cambridge, Mass. Educated at
Bristol, England. In 1785 studied law in New Brunswick under Ward
Chipman; in 1789 called to the bar of Lower Canada and practised in
Quebec. Appointed solicitor-general, 1793, and attorney-general, 1795.
In 1808 chief-justice of Lower Canada, and held the position until 1838;
also president of the Executive Council from 1808 to 1829, and Speaker
of the Legislative Council from 1809 to 1838. The dispute as to
boundaries, between the Dominion government and the province of Ontario,
was afterwards settled on the basis of his decision of 1818. Introduced,
in 1809, into the procedure of the courts, certain rules of practice
which for some years met with strong opposition. In 1814 went to England
to meet the charges made against him in this regard, and his conduct
upheld. Received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Harvard. Index: P
Papineau describes him as "a vain creature," 55; fills dual positions of
president of Executive Council and chief-justice, 59. B Chief-justice,
his part in movement for Confederation, 129. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.;
Taylor, Brit. Am.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Seymour, Frederick. Succeeded Sir James Douglas as governor of British
Columbia, and arrived in the colony, April, 1864. Had previously been
governor of British Honduras. On the union of Vancouver Island and
British Columbia in 1866 became governor of the united colonies. In the
spring of 1869 visited several Indian tribes on the coast; taken ill,
and died at Bella Bella, June 10, 1869. Index: Md Governor of British
Columbia, death of, 149. Bib.: Begg, History of British Columbia.
Shaw, Major-General Æneas. Bk Stationed on frontier between Kingston and
Cornwall, 195. S Member of Legislative Council, 79, 98.
Shaw, Helen. Md Wife of Hugh Macdonald, and mother of Sir John A.
Macdonald, 1; her strong character, 2.
Shea, Sir Ambrose (1818-1905). Born at St. John's, Newfoundland. Entered
Newfoundland Assembly, 1850; Speaker, 1855-1861; member of government,
1864-1869; governor of the Bahamas, 1887-1895. Index: T Represents
Newfoundland at Quebec Conference, 77. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale (1763-1851). Born in Boston, Mass. Entered the
army, 1778; served in Ireland and Holland; stationed in Canada,
1802-1811, and 1812-1813. Commanded the British, forces at Queenston
Heights after the death of Brock. Administered the government of Upper
Canada, 1812-1813. Created a baronet, 1813; raised to the rank of
lieutenant-general, 1821; general, 1828. Index: Bk Present at battle of
Egmont-op-Zee, 19; his severe discipline causes mutiny, 61-63; profits
by experience, 74; appointed to staff, and sent to Upper Canada, 223;
commands at battle of Queenston Heights after death of Brock, 309-312;
his conduct at taking of York, 312. S Sent to protest against occupation
by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read,
Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.
Shelburne. A town on the south-west coast of the province of Nova
Scotia; founded by United Empire Loyalists in 1783; first known as Port
Roseway. For a few years after its foundation the town grew at an
astonishing pace, and at one time "had a population larger than that of
Quebec and Montreal combined," but the locality afforded none of the
elements of permanent prosperity, and the bulk of the population drifted
to other parts of the province. Index: Hd Town of, founded by Loyalists,
263. Bib.: Haliburton, History of Nova Scotia; Sabine, American
Loyalists; Bourinot, Builders of Nova Scotia; Lovell, Gazetteer of
Canada.
Sheppard, George. B Editorial writer on Colonist, joins staff of
Globe, 135; speech against Confederation, 1859, 135-136; Brown's
reply, 137.
Sherbrooke. A city in the Eastern Townships, Quebec, on the St. Francis
River, named after Sir John Coape Sherbrooke. Founded by David Moe and
other pioneers, about the year 1800.
Sherbrooke, Sir John Coape (1760-1830). Born in Nottinghamshire,
England. Entered the army; took part in the capture of Seringapatam,
1797; and served under Wellington in the Peninsular War, 1809. Appointed
lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1811; and governor of Canada,
1816-1818. Index: B Quiet rule of, 39. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict.
Nat. Biog.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Sherwood, Henry (1807-1855). Represented Toronto in Legislative
Assembly, 1841-1854; member of Executive Council and solicitor-general,
1842 and 1844-1846; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1847-1848. Index:
BL Called to the Cabinet, 118; becomes solicitor-general for Upper
Canada, 121; his appointment an obstacle to La Fontaine's acceptance of
office, 125; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 247; elected in 1844,
252; resigns, 266; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 276;
elected in 1848, 279. E Becomes head of ministry under Elgin, 43; defeat
of his Cabinet, 50; his opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 68;
proposes division of Clergy Reserves, in 1844, 159. Md Succeeds Draper
in leadership of party, 28. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Sherwood, Captain Justus. Hd Commissioner for exchange of prisoners with
Vermont, 202; confers with Ira Allen, 204; applies for lands in Eastern
Townships, 267.
Sherwood, Levins Peters (1777-1850). Born in St. John's, Lower Canada.
Removed to Upper Canada; studied law and called to the bar, 1803.
Elected to the Assembly for Leeds, 1821; Speaker of the Assembly, 1822;
Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1841. Appointed judge of the Court
of King's Bench, 1825. Index: Sy Retires with pension, 252. Mc Quarrels
with Judge Willis, 131-133. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.
Shirley, William (1693-1771). Born in Preston, England. Called to the
English bar; removed to Boston, where he practised his profession.
Governor of Massachusetts, 1741-1745; planned the successful expedition
against Louisbourg. Resided in England, 1745-1753. One of the
commissioners at Paris to settle the boundaries of Nova Scotia, 1750.
Again appointed governor of Massachusetts, 1753; commander-in-chief of
the British forces in North America. Lieutenant-general, 1759;
afterwards governor of the Bahama Islands. Returned to Massachusetts,
1770, and resided at Roxbury until his death. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.;
Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe.
Shore. W Resigns from New Brunswick government, 72, 116.
Short, Judge. E Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.
Short Administration. Md Formed by George Brown, 85; lasted less than
forty-eight hours, 85.
Short Hills Affair. Mc Mackenzie's connection with, 440.
Shortt, Adam (1859- ). Born at Kilworth, Ontario. Educated at Queen's
University, and at Edinburgh and Glasgow. Appointed assistant professor
of philosophy at Queen's University, 1885; lecturer in political
science, 1889; professor of political science, 1892. In 1908 became a
member of the Historical Manuscript Commission; and civil service
commissioner the same year. Index: BL On Baldwin's Municipal Corporation
Act, 1849, 296. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Sicotte, Louis Victor (1812-1889). Born in St. Famille, Boucherville,
Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1838.
Entered public life, 1852, as member for St. Hyacinthe. Elected Speaker
of the Assembly, 1854, and held the office until 1857; appointed to the
Executive Council as commissioner of crown lands, 1853; and held the
same office, 1857-1858; chief commissioner of public works, 1858;
attorney-general, 1862-1863. In the latter year appointed a judge of the
Superior Court, retiring 1887. Index: E Declines seat in Hincks-Morin
ministry, 126; proposes secularization of Clergy Reserves, 126-127;
elected Speaker, 1854, 135-136. C A follower of Cartier, 24; forms
Macdonald-Sicotte administration, 24. Md Leader of moderate Reformers,
forms ministry with Sandfield Macdonald, 89. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can.
Biog.; Dent, Last Forty Years.
Sifton, Arthur L. (1858- ). Educated at Victoria University; called to
the bar, 1883. Removed to the North-West Territories and elected to the
Legislature, 1891; held office as treasurer and commissioner of public
works; appointed chief-justice of the North-West Territories;
chief-justice of Alberta, 1905; premier of Alberta, 1910. Bib.:
Canadian Who's Who.
Sifton, Clifford (1861- ). Educated at Victoria University. Removed to
Manitoba and called to the bar of that province, 1882. Elected to the
Manitoba Assembly, 1888; attorney-general and minister of education,
1891; elected to the House of Commons for Brandon, 1896; minister of the
interior in the Laurier administration, 1896; resigned, 1905; agent of
British government before Alaska Boundary Commission, 1903; chairman of
Dominion Commission on the Conservation of Natural Resources, 1909.
Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Sillery. Village on the north side of the St. Lawrence, four miles above
Quebec. It was originally founded by Noel Brulart de Sillery in 1637 as
a settlement for Christian Indians. Index: WM Vaudreuil orders fifty
men to be posted at, 162; post at, captured, 183. L Settlement of
Christian Indians at, 74. Bib.: Charlevoix, History of New France;
Lovell, Gazetteer of Canada.
Simcoe. A lake situated between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay; named
after Governor Simcoe's father. It was discovered by Champlain in 1615,
and was within the field of the famous Huron Mission of the Jesuit
fathers. La Salle crossed the lake in 1680, on his way west to the
Mississippi; and the following year dated one of his letters from the
long portage between Toronto and Simcoe. Index: S Formerly Lac aux
Claies, 207; present name given by Simcoe, 207.
Simcoe, Frank. S Son of Governor Simcoe, killed in storming of Badajoz,
179, 222.
Simcoe, John (1714-1759). Entered the navy and promoted captain, 1743;
served on the court martial of Admiral Byng, 1756-1757. Commanded H. M.
S. Pembroke at Quebec, 1759, and killed in action. Index: S Father of
John Graves Simcoe, 15; sails with Admiral Saunders for Quebec, 16; his
death, 16; story of his previous imprisonment at Quebec not
authenticated, 16; his anticipation of the future greatness of Canada,
17; Lake Simcoe named after, 207. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.
Simcoe, John Graves (1752-1806). S Speaks in House of Commons on
Constitutional Act, 7, 8; birth and family, 15; death of his father, 16;
educated at Eton and Oxford, 17; obtains commission as ensign, 18;
ordered to America, 18; obtains command of Queen's Rangers, 19, 22;
proposes to enlist Boston Negroes, 19; sails with Howe for Halifax, 20;
promoted to captaincy, and sails for New York, 20; wounded in action,
22; major in command of Queen's Rangers, 22; his Military Journal, 23;
improves organization of his corps, 24; his intense devotion to British
cause, 25; promoted to be lieutenant-colonel in America, 25; with a few
men disperses considerable body of rebel militia, 26-29; wounded, 27;
goes into winter quarters at Oyster Bay, Long Island, 30; operations
with right column of army, 30; taken prisoner, 30; released, 31; makes
plan to carry off Washington, 32; attached to expedition to Virginia
under Benedict Arnold, 33; captures enemy's stores, 34; defeats superior
force of the enemy at Spencer's Ordinary, 35; health impaired, 36; after
surrender of Cornwallis, sails for England on parole, 37; promoted to be
lieutenant-colonel, 39; recruits his health at home in Devonshire, 40;
his marriage, 40; released from parole, 41; poetical gifts, 41-43;
elected to Parliament, 44; speech on impeachment of Warren Hastings, 44;
appointed to governorship of Upper Canada, 45; correspondence with
Grenville and Dundas upon Upper Canada matters, 45, 46; desires
appointment of a bishop, 46; sails for Canada in Triton, 47; brings
out various commissions, 47; delay in swearing in, 48; sworn in, 49, 79;
arrives in Upper Canada and proceeds to Niagara, 50; his eagerness to
welcome Loyalist emigrants, 56; favours aristocracy, 69, 70, 197; his
proclamation on the subject of persons entitled to special distinction
as Loyalists, 71; his estimate of the Indians, 75; issues proclamation
announcing county divisions, 80; opens first session of Legislature, 82;
his speech from the throne, 83; deals with marriage question in Upper
Canada, 86-88; strongly supports bill to prevent introduction of slaves
into Upper Canada, 90; his speech on closing of fifth session, 95; his
satisfactory relations with Legislature, 97; detects "republicanism" in
some members of the Legislative Council, 97; changes his opinion, 98;
goes to England on leave of absence, 99; his advice regarding Benedict
Arnold's application for a grant of land in Upper Canada, 104; receives
grant of 5000 acres of land as colonel of Queen's Rangers, 104;
endeavours to check abuses of fur trade, 106; desires to promote trade
between Upper Canada and the United States, 107; his endeavours to
assist the farming community, 110, 198; his scheme to provide currency
for the province, 111, 112; his apprehension of war with United States,
117-132, 144; sends his secretary to confer with British minister at
Philadelphia, 117; his estimate of Brant's motives, 125, 126; his
difficulties with the Indian department, 126-128; loved and respected by
Indians, 128; moves to York, 129; his relations with Lord Dorchester
strained, 130-132; correspondence with Dundas exhibits petulance, 130,
131; anticipating war, sends Major Littlehales to consult British
minister, 134, 144; receives proposition from Spanish governor of
Louisiana, 134, 136; despatch from Lord Dorchester leads him to fortify
post at rapids of Maine, 136, 210; returns to Niagara, 136; protests
against occupation by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137; his despatch to the
Duke of Portland explaining his proceedings, 143-144; his conviction of
loyalty of Upper Canada militia, 151; his opinion of Washington, 153;
believes in a church establishment for Upper Canada, 155; his influence
in the framing of the Constitutional Act, 156; a soldier, not a
statesman, 157; desires appointment of a bishop and offers portion of
his salary to meet the expense, 158; his scorn of dissent, 160; his
opposition to repeal of Marriage Act, 161; prefers Roman Catholics as
instructors for Indians, 166; his efforts in cause of education,
166-170; desires establishment of university, 168; and of grammar
schools, 169; his admonitions to the king's printer, 174; donations to
Agricultural Society of Upper Canada, 175; his social influence, 180;
entertains Prince Edward, 183, 184; also United States commissioners to
the Indians, 184-186, 203; entertains the Duke de la
Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, 187, 214; receives visit from Alexander
Mackenzie, the explorer, 188; changes name of Niagara to Newark, 195;
appoints lieutenants for the more populous counties, 197; defends
measure against criticism of secretary of state, 198; makes official
tour through western Canada, 198-201; visits Detroit and examines the
fort, 200; impressed by site of present city of London, and proposes to
make it the capital of the province, 200; begins a military road (Dundas
Street) from Burlington Bay to the Thames, 201; surveys Toronto harbour,
202; hears of declaration of war with France, 203; changes name of
Toronto to York, 203; decides to spend winter of 1793-1794 there, 204;
brings over his "canvas house" from Niagara, 204; his plans for the
defence of province, 204, 205; these not approved by Lord Dorchester,
206; goes north to Georgian Bay and examines harbour of Penetanguishene,
207; makes road north from York, and names it Yonge Street, 207; renames
Lac aux Claies, "Lake Simcoe," 207; his anticipation that road to the
west by Lake Simcoe would supersede that by the Ottawa, 208; spends
winter of 1794-1795 at Kingston, 211; spends summer of 1795 at Niagara,
214; moves government to York (1796), 215; plans new government
buildings, 215; applies for leave of absence on account of ill health,
216; leave granted with flattering terms of approval, 216; leaves York,
July, 1796, but does not sail from Quebec till November, 217; does not
return to Canada, 217; offered governorship of Lower Canada, 218; sent
to St. Domingo to quell insurrection, 219; retires on account of ill
health, 219; placed in command at Plymouth, 220; appointed
commander-in-chief in India, 220; sent instead to Portugal on important
diplomatic and military mission, 220, 221; ill health compels his return
to England, 221; his death, 222; monument to his memory erected by
county of Devon, 222; his great desire to establish the British
constitution in Canada, 223; hardships of his life, 224; his hostility
to the United States, 224, 225; his military genius, 225; the king's
opinion of his military service, 226; his ideas for Upper Canada, 227;
founder of the Upper Canada bureaucracy, 227; did not allow for forces
at work in a new country, 228; too little control of his temper in
controversy, 228; his courtesy and high-mindedness, 229, 230; Pitt's
appreciation of his integrity, 231; his lofty aims, 232. Dr Raises and
leads Queen's Rangers, 202; appointed first governor of Upper Canada,
258; appointment not agreeable to Dorchester, 259; arrival of, 270; his
character and opinions, 271; builds fort on Miami River, 284; relations
with Dorchester, 293; situation in Upper Canada, 294; his service in
Revolutionary War, 295; colonel of Queen's Rangers, 295; disposed to
overlook Dorchester, 296; sustained by home government, 297; his opinion
that towns might best grow about military posts, 302. B Favours close
relations of church and state, 52. E On the system of colonial
government in Upper Canada in 1792, 18. R His educational policy, 35;
favours an established church, 47; plans endowment of a university and
grammar schools, 51-53; the university question, 133. Bk Entertains
distinguished guests at Navy Hall, 57. BL On the new constitution, 7;
his phrase that the constitution of Upper Canada was "the very image and
transcript of that of Great Britain," 58; his plans for higher
education, 105-106, 191. Mc Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, his
views on the Constitutional Act, 54. Bib.: Journal of Operations of the
Queen's Rangers. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can.
Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read, Life of Simcoe.
Simcoe, Mrs. Wife of preceding. Index: S Centre of society at Niagara,
179; receives present of a horse, 181; spends winter of 1794-1795 at
Quebec, 213.
Simonds, Charles. W Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick
grievances, 24; member of Rump government, 101. T Elected for St. John
County, 10; elected Speaker, 18; protests against defection of Wilmot
and Gray, 24; re-elected Speaker, 41. Bib.: Hannay, History of New
Brunswick.
Simpson, Sir George (1792-1860). MS His influence, 8; sent to Athabaska,
1820, 215, 231-232; his character and appearance, 215; his account of
the Athabaska district, 216; his executive ability, 217-218; an
autocrat, 226; love of pomp and show, 232; his voyage from York Factory
to Fort Vancouver, 1828, 232; McDonald's narrative, 232; at Norway
House, 233-236; at Fort Chipewyan, 236; crosses the mountains by way of
Peace River, 237; in New Caledonia, 237-238; descends Fraser River, 238;
reaches Fort Vancouver, 239; his return, 239; headquarters at Lachine,
241; influence in Canadian affairs, 241; knighted, 1839, for his
services in furthering exploration, and his strong support of the
government in 1837, 243; influence of his opposition to Papineau, on Red
River affairs, 244-245; appoints Adam Thom as recorder of Red River,
245; his visits to Fort Garry, 247; relations to the local clergy,
247-248; his journey round the world, 249; his narrative, 249; its
authorship, 249; leaves London, March 3, 1841, 250; at Montreal, and
ascends the Ottawa, crosses Georgian Bay, and Lake Superior to Fort
William, 250-251; at Fort Garry, 251; crosses the plains to Edmonton
House, 252; at Fort Vancouver, 253; voyage to Sitka and return, 253;
visits California, the Sandwich Islands, and Sitka again, 255-256;
crosses Siberia, 257-259; reaches London, 260; his letters to James
Hargrave, 261; his marriage, 262; life at Red River, 263-266; opposition
to liquor traffic among the Indians, 267; dislike for John Tod, 268-269;
method of appointment of high officers, 269; gives evidence before
parliamentary committee, 272; his views on agriculture, 273-277; defends
Hudson's Bay Company, 272-278; his death, 1860, at Lachine, 279; John
McLean's opinion of, 279-280; his management of Hudson's Bay Company's
affairs, 280, D Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51;
visits New Caledonia in 1828, 109; received by James Douglas at Fort St.
James, 109; at Fort Vancouver, 110. Bib.: Narrative of a Journey Round
the World. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.; Bryce, Manitoba and
Hudson's Bay Company; McLeod, Peace River.
Simpson, John (1807-1878). Born in Helmsley, Yorkshire, England. Elected
to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1858, for the town of
Niagara, and sat for the same constituency until 1864. Member of the
Executive Council and provincial secretary, 1864; assistant
auditor-general, 1864-1878. Index: B Retires from ministry with Foley
and Buchanan, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, 159.
Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Simpson, Miss Mary. Hd Nelson's admiration for, 244.
Simpson, Thomas (1808-1840). Born in Dingwall, Scotland. Educated at
University of Aberdeen. In 1829 appointed secretary to his cousin, Sir
George Simpson, resident governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. With
Peter Warren Dease, commanded an expedition to connect the discoveries
on the Arctic coast of Sir John Ross and Sir George Back, and in July,
1837, arrived at Foggy Island Bay, the farthest point reached by Sir
John Franklin. Surveyed the Arctic coast of North America, from the
mouth of the Mackenzie to Point Barrow, and from the Coppermine River to
the Gulf of Bothnia, and solved the problem of the existence of a
passage by water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Index: MS His
explorations of Arctic coast, 225. Bib.: Narrative of the Discoveries
on the North Coast of America, 1826-1829. For biog., see Simpson,
Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson.
Simultaneous Polling. E Provided for by law in 1874, existed some years
previously in Nova Scotia, 133.
Sinclair, Colonel. Hd Lieutenant-governor at Michilimackinac, 158, 161,
163.
Sioux Indians. A western tribe, occupying the country between the west
end of Lake Superior and the head waters of the Mississippi when French
explorers and missionaries first went among them. Radisson and Chouart
wintered among them in 1661-1662; they were visited by Du Lhut about
1678; and constant references are made to the tribe in the Jesuit
Relations of the seventeenth century. Fierce and implacable by nature,
they were rightly known as the Iroquois of the West. They are described
in the narratives of Hennepin and other early writers. Index: Hd Offer
to attack Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawattamies, 148. Bib.: Jesuit
Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Carver, Travels through the Interior Part
of North America; Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes of the United States;
Catlin, North American Indians; Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.
Sitka. Capital of Alaska. Baranof built a fort there in 1799, which he
named Archangel Gabriel. It was captured by the natives in 1802, and
recaptured by the Russians two years later. The same year, another fort
was built near by, which was called Archangel Michael. The town which
grew up about it was known as New Archangel, or Sitka. The latter name
is of native origin, and the meaning is unknown. Bib.: McCormick,
Geographic Dictionary of Alaska.
Six Friends. F Flagship of Phipps, 281.
Six Nations. Dr Their grievances, 5. S Lands allotted to, on Grand
River, 74. Hd Too few in number to be important as allies, 126; their
raid on Wyoming, 151; deputation to Quebec shown English fleet, 152;
Molly Brant's influence with, 155; deputation of, wait on MacLean at
Niagara, 171; threatened by Schuyler, 257; settle on Grand River, 258;
party of, remain at Cataraqui, 265. Bib.: See Iroquois.
Skelton, Rev. Thomas. Dr Step-father of Carleton, 29.
Skinner, Charles N. T Candidate in St. John County. New Brunswick, 85,
109.
Slafter, E. F. Ch His estimate of Champlain, 277-279. Bib.: Memoir on
Champlain in Voyages of Champlain (Prince Society). Edited Voyages of
Northmen to America (Prince Society); Sir William Alexander and
American Colonization (Prince Society).
Slavery. Hd Census of, in Lower Canada, in 1784, 231; negroes advertised
in Quebec, 246. B George Brown's lifelong opposition to, xi, 1-2,
111-119; Anti-Slavery Society of Canada formed, 112, 113. S Prohibition
of, in Upper Canada, 89-91. See also Negroes. Bib.: Johnson, First
Things in Canada; Withrow, The Underground Railway (R. S. C., 1902);
Jack, Loyalists and Slavery in New Brunswick (R. S. C., 1898); Smith,
Slavery in Canada (N. S. Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. 10); L'Esclavage en
Canada (Soc. Hist, du Montreal, 1859); Garneau, History of Canada.
Small, James E. Mc Defeated by Baldwin, 159; opposes Mackenzie, 214.
Small, John E. S Clerk of Executive Council, 178; his duel with John
White, attorney-general, 181. BL Solicitor-general for Upper Canada,
134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, 167;
elected in 1844, 253. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Smallpox. Dr Breaks out in army before Quebec, 120, 123. Hd Discussion
on, in Quebec Gazette, 228-231. See also Vaccination.
Smith, Colonel. S Commands 5th Regiment, his residence at Niagara, 179.
Smith, Adam (1723-1790). Political economist. Filled successively the
chairs of logic and of moral philosophy at Glasgow. In 1766 published
his great work, The Wealth of Nations. Index: Sy His economic views
receive attention, 11. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Smith, Sir Albert James (1824-1883). Born in Shediac, New Brunswick.
Educated at the Westmoreland County Grammar School; studied law, and
called to the bar, 1847. Represented Westmoreland in the New Brunswick
Assembly, 1851-1867. A member of the government without portfolio, 1856.
Resigned with his colleagues, and on the return of his party to power
again resumed office. Attorney-general, 1862. A strong opponent of
Confederation. On the resignation of the Tilley government, called on to
form an administration; succeeded and held the office of president of
the Council. Went to England to oppose Confederation, 1865. Held the
attorney-generalship, 1865. His administration resigned office, 1866.
Returned for Westmoreland to the House of Commons, 1867. Held office as
minister of marine and fisheries in the Mackenzie government, 1873-1878.
Chief counsel of the Canadian government before the Halifax Fisheries
Commission, 1877. In recognition of his services, created K. C. M. G.,
1878. Index: T Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; resigns,
1862, 90; member of Mackenzie ministry, 90; a Liberal, 91; declines
chief-justiceship, 93, 94; resigns with his government, 103-104; opposes
Quebec scheme, 116-117, 118-119. H Leader of Anti-Confederate government
in New Brunswick, 179. B His ministry resigns, owing to action of
Lieutenant-Governor Gordon and the Legislative Council on Confederation
question, 188. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Hannay, History of New
Brunswick.
Smith, Goldwin (1823-1910). Born in Reading, England. Educated at Eton
and Oxford; elected a fellow of University College, London, 1846; regius
professor of modern history at Oxford, 1858-1866; honorary professor of
English and constitutional history at Cornell, 1868-1871. Came to
Canada, 1871; and thereafter made his home in Toronto. Elected a member
of the Senate of Toronto University; and was first president of the
Council of Public Instruction. Index: Mc His opinion of Mackenzie, 3; on
the Family Compact, 10; on revolution, 18; on Mackenzie, 27; view of
parliamentary government under Constitutional Act, 54, 55. B His
connection with Canada First movement, 235; elected president of
National Club, 237; attacked by the Globe, 237-238; his reply,
238-239. Md Supports Canada First party, 226; on Red River Rebellion,
240; his belief that "Annexation to United States was written in the
stars," 283; favours commercial union, 292, 293, 294. Bib.: Works:
Three English Statesmen; Lectures on the Study of History; Canada
and the Canadian Question; Cowper; Essays on Questions of the Day;
A Trip to England; Life of Jane Austen; The Moral Crusader;
Oxford and Her Colleges; Shakespeare the Man; Guesses at the Riddle
of Existence; Irish History and the Irish Question; The United
Kingdom; The United States; Labour and Capital. For biog., see
Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Denison, The Struggle for
Imperial Unity; and his Reminiscences, edited by T. Arnold Haultain.
Smith, Sir Henry (1812-1868). Born in London, England. Came to Canada
with his parents; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada,
1836. Entered Parliament, 1841, as member for Frontenac; appointed
solicitor-general, 1854, in MacNab-Morin ministry, and held same office
in succeeding governments till 1858. Elected Speaker, 1858. Knighted,
1860, on the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada.
Index: E Solicitor-general for Upper Canada in MacNab-Morin ministry,
141; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent,
Last Forty Years.
Smith, H. W. Index: H Delegate of Anti-Confederate party,—goes to
England with Howe to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204;
receives thanks of Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. Bib.: Campbell,
History of Nova Scotia.
Smith, James (1808-1868). Born in Montreal. Studied law, and called to
the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Elected to the Legislature for
Missisquoi, 1844. Appointed attorney-general the same year and held
office until 1847, when he was appointed to the Court of Queen's Bench,
Lower Canada; puisne judge of the Superior Court, 1849-1868. Index: BL
Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1844, 246. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.
Smith, Sydney (1771-1845). Sy On Conservative reaction in England, 11;
on Lord John Russell, 55. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Smith, William (1728-1793). Born in New York City. Graduated at Yale,
1745; called to the New York bar, and practised in that city. In 1763
appointed chief-justice of the colony; and sat in the Council,
1767-1782. In 1786 appointed chief-justice of Canada, holding the office
until his death. Index: Hd His influence over Lord Dorchester, 314; his
ultra-English sentiments, 315. Dr Chief-justice of Canada, 224; his
position on the civil law question, 225; favours union of all British
North American provinces, 261; made Speaker of new Legislative Council,
269. S His plan for a union of all British possessions in North America,
5. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Smith, William O. T Mayor of St. John, New Brunswick, 7.
Smuggling. S Prevalence of, between Upper Canada and the state of New
York, 106, 107. Bk Promoted between United States and Canada by United
States Embargo Act, 109. Dr From New England into Canada, 57.
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. S Assists the church of
England in Upper Canada, 158, 159.
Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, Comte de (1565-1612). At the urgent
solicitation of Champlain, who was in desperate need of a powerful
protector to shield the infant colony of New France from rival
intrigues, the Comte de Soissons was appointed by the king
lieutenant-general of the colony, with viceregal powers. Made Champlain
his lieutenant, with full control of the fur trade as well as of the
exploration and settlement of the colony. Unfortunately for Champlain,
his protector died shortly after the commission was issued. Succeeded as
viceroy by Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Condé. Index: Ch Assumes
direction of colony, and makes Champlain his lieutenant, 73. Bib.:
Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Soleil d'Afrique. L French vessel, 219. F French frigate, brings
supplies, 319
Somerset, Edward Adolphus Seymour, twelfth Duke of (1804-1885). Sat in
House of Commons, 1830-1855; first commissioner of works, 1851-1852;
first lord of Admiralty, 1859-1866. Index: B On committee on
Confederation of Canada and defence scheme, 186. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.
Somerville, Alexander (1811-1885). Born in Scotland. Served in the
regular army. Came to Canada, 1858. Took up newspaper work; for a time
editor of the Canadian Illustrated News. Present as a volunteer at the
battle of Ridgeway. Bib.: Works: Diligent Life; Narrative of the
Fenian Invasion of Canada. For biog., see Rattray, The Scot in
British North America.
Sorel. A city of Quebec, at the mouth of the Richelieu River. Named
after Pierre de Sorel. A fort was built here by Montmagny in 1642, of
which Senneterre was commandant in 1645. It was abandoned in 1647, and a
new fort built by Sorel in 1665. Haldimand fortified the place in 1778,
in view of another possible American invasion. Index: WM Two French
frigates load stores at, 243. Dr Name of, changed to William Henry, 240.
L Fort erected at, 53. Hd Situation of, 125; Haldimand at, 132, 259,
298; made depot for stores, 134, 183; inhabitants of, praised for their
courage and loyalty, 135; Haldimand's proposition for purchase of
seigniory of, 135, 183; lands allotted to Loyalists in district of, 255;
Protestant mission at, 256; hospital at, closed, 269; dispute over
wood-cutting at, 274; Riedesel stationed at, 296. Bib.: Lovell,
Gazetteer of Canada.
Souart, De. F Physician of the Seminary at Montreal, 91; presents bell
to Bonsecours Chapel, 177.
Souel, Father. L Dies a martyr, 62.
Sovereign Council. F Created, 1647, at Quebec, 37, 49; reorganized,
105-106; resembles a Parliament in French sense, 131; Frontenac claims
to be styled president of, 133-140; fixes prices of goods, 153. L
Creation of, 41; expresses preference for settlers from north of France,
78; makes decrees respecting sale of liquor, 113; members of, 158, 166;
deals with case of Perrot, 160; reconstituted and enlarged, 165;
question as to title of president, 166. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and
Old Régime.
Spain. Dr Her action in the Nootka matter, 250. Hd Her rule in
Louisiana, 64-81; war imminent with, 81; recovers Florida, 81;
Hamilton's opinion of, 167; Rodney's victory over, 189. D Lacked genius
for colonization, 4.
Special Council of Lower Canada. Sy Summoned to consider question of
union, 192; legislation by, 255, 256; summoned for last time, 272;
passes ordinance for establishment of municipal institutions, 273, 276;
passes bill for registry of titles, 278; established board of works,
with H. H. Killaly as president, 333. Bib.: Christie, History of Lower
Canada.
Speedy. Bk Government vessel, foundering of, in Lake Ontario, 69.
Spence, R. E Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin government, 140.
Spencer, John Charles, third Earl (1782-1845). Entered Parliament, 1804,
and sat almost continuously to 1834; chancellor of the exchequer and
leader of the House of Commons, 1830-1834. Index: Sy Chancellor of the
exchequer, 25; on his father's death becomes Earl Spencer, 45; declines
governorship of Canada, 58. W His death, 37. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Spragge, John Godfrey (1806-1884). Born in New Cross, Surrey, England.
Came to York with his father, 1820. Educated at the Central School,
York, under his father, who was headmaster, and at the Home District
School under John Strachan. Called to the bar, 1828; elected a bencher
of the Law Society of Upper Canada, 1835, and treasurer of that body,
1850. Appointed judge of the Surrogate Court of the Home District, 1836;
master in Chancery, 1837; registrar of the Court of Chancery, 1844;
vice-chancellor of Upper Canada, 1851; chancellor, 1869, and
chief-justice of Ontario, 1881. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges; Dent,
Can. Por.
Springer, Judge. R Graduate of Victoria College, 143.
Stadaconé. An Indian town, which stood near the mouth of the St. Charles
River, in what is now the city of Quebec. It was occupied by a tribe of
the Huron-Iroquois race, of which Donnacona was chief in 1535, when
Jacques Cartier brought his little fleet to anchor in the St. Charles.
Stairs, W. J. H President of Anti-Confederation League, Nova Scotia,
192; correspondence with Joseph Howe, 192-197.
Stamford, Katherine. S Maiden name of Simcoe's mother, 15.
Stamp Act. Dr Effect of, in Canada, 33, 57.
Stanley, Lord. See Derby.
Stanmore, Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, Baron (1829- ). Md
Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, at first opposes Confederation,
but later exerts all his influence in its favour, 121-122. B Son of Earl
of Aberdeen, opposed to Confederation, 187; reverses his attitude on
instructions from colonial office, 187-188. W Organizes first military
camp in New Brunswick, 136. T Hostile to Confederation, 97; son of Lord
Aberdeen, 97; strong advocate of maritime union, 97; under pressure from
England, favours Confederation, 98; relations with A. J. Smith, 103-104.
Bib.: Who's Who, 1910.
Star. Newspaper published at Cobourg; established 1828. Index: B
Estimate of George Brown, 72-73.
Star. Newspaper published at Toronto; established 1892. Index: Mc
Opinion of Mackenzie, 4; on rebellion, 13; on Mackenzie as a reformer,
522.
State Church. Sy Provision made for, by Clergy Reserves, 77. See also
Clergy Reserves.
Steadman, James. T Postmaster-general, 51.
Steamship Service. The first steam vessel in Canadian waters was the
Accommodation, which made her first trip between Montreal and Quebec
in 1809. She was followed by the Swift Sure in 1811. The General
Smyth made her first journey on the St. John River in 1816; and the
Frontenac was the pioneer steamer on Lake Ontario, 1817. The first
vessel to cross the Atlantic under steam was the Royal William, built
at Quebec, 1830-1831, and crossed the Atlantic, 1833. The Unicorn,
built by Samuel Cunard, sailed from Liverpool to Halifax in 1840. The
Britannia followed the same year. The Allan Line began its career in
1852, the Dominion Line in 1870, the Canadian Pacific Steamship Line in
1859, and the Canadian Northern in 1910. Index: H Ocean service
advocated by Joseph Howe, 232-234; established by Samuel Cunard, 234.
See also Allan; Cunard; Molson; Accommodation; Royal William.
Bib.: Johnson, First Things in Canada.
Steeves, William Henry (1814-1873). Born at Hillsborough, New Brunswick.
Represented Albert County in the Assembly, 1846-1851; member of
Legislative Council, 1851-1867; surveyor-general, 1854-1855;
commissioner of public works, 1855-1856, and 1857-1863; member of
Intercolonial Railway Council, 1862; delegate to Charlottetown
Conference, 1864; and Quebec Conference, 1864; called to the Senate,
1867. Index: T Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; delegate to
England, 56; New Brunswick delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73.
Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Steinhauer, Henry Bird (1804-1885). A full-blooded Chippewa Indian. Born
in the Ramah Indian settlement, Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Adopted in early
life by a Pennsylvania family whose name he took and by whom he was
educated. About 1840 went to the North-West with the Rev. James Evans.
Established himself at Norway House, where he remained for fifteen
years. Assisted Evans in his invention of the Cree syllabic characters.
Translated almost the whole of the Old Testament, and the greater part
of the New Testament, into Cree. About 1858 removed to Whitefish Lake
and established the Methodist mission there.
Steuben, Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand, Baron von
(1730-1794). Served through Seven Years' War. In 1777 offered his
services to the Continental Congress, and attached to main army under
Washington, who made him inspector-general. Promoted major-general at
Yorktown. Index: S Stores guarded by, captured by Queen's Rangers, 34.
Hd Sent as envoy to demand surrender of western forts, 259. Bib.: Cyc.
Am. Biog.
Stevens. WM Hostage, escapes from Quebec, 125.
Stevenson, Captain. S Accompanies Simcoe to Canada, 47.
Stewart, Alexander (1794-1868). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Engaged in
West India trade. Afterwards studied law and called to the bar of Nova
Scotia, 1822. Elected to the Assembly, 1826; member of the Legislative
Council, 1837; and of the Executive Council, 1840. In 1846 appointed
Master of the Rolls and judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court. Index: H His
independent attitude in Nova Scotia Assembly, 18, 35; standing in public
life of the province, 35; deserts popular party, 41; delegate of
Legislative Council to England to oppose representative government, 52,
56. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers
of Nova Scotia.
Stewart, Sir William (1774-1827). British general. Index: Bk In command
of marines in expedition to Baltic, 24, 29; organizes Rifle Brigade, 25.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Stikine River. Rises in northern British Columbia and flows into the
Pacific, through Alaskan territory, after a course of 335 miles. The
name is a corruption of the Thlinkit word sta-hane, meaning "the
river." The mouth of the river was visited by Captain Cleveland in 1799.
The Russians built Fort Dionysius there, in 1834, on the site of the
present town of Wrangell. Three years later, the post was acquired by
the Hudson's Bay Company, and renamed Fort Stikine. The upper waters of
the river were visited by J. McLeod, of the Hudson's Bay Company, in
1834. The river was explored in 1863 by Lieutenant Pereleshin, of the
Russian navy; and in 1866-1867 by the surveyors of the Western Union
Telegraph Company. Index: D Attempt to establish Hudson's Bay Company
fort there in 1834 frustrated by Russians, 119-120; Russians hand over
their fort at mouth of river to Hudson's Bay Company, 121. Bib.: Blake,
Geographical Notes upon Russian America and the Stickeen River;
Dawson, Report on Yukon District (Geol. Survey Report, 1887-1888).
Stills. S Taxes imposed upon, by Legislature of Upper Canada, 92.
Stirling, Sir William Alexander, Earl of (1567?-1640). King James gave
him a patent, September, 1621, to the territory now embracing the
provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and the Gaspé peninsula. To
further the colonization of his huge domain, Alexander instituted the
baronetcy of New Scotland, or Nova Scotia. In 1628 the first colonists
were landed at Port Royal. Index: Ch Equips vessel to operate against
French colonies, 176; grant to, of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc.,
223. See Baronets of Nova Scotia. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading
Companies of New France; Rogers, The Earl of Stirling's Register of
Royal Letters Relative to the Affairs of Scotland and Nova Scotia;
Alexander, An Encouragement to Colonies in Laing, Royal Letters
Relating to Colonization of New Scotland; Patterson, Sir William
Alexander (R.S.C., 1892); Kirke, The First English Conquest of
Canada.
Stisted, Sir Henry William. Educated at Sandhurst and entered the army
as ensign, 1835. Served through the Persian War and the Indian Mutiny.
Made major-general, 1864, and divisional commander of the troops in
Upper Canada, 1866. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of Ontario,
1867; held office until July 14, 1868. Returned to England; knighted,
1871. Died in England, 1875. Bib.: Read, Lieutenant-Governors of Upper
Canada.
Stobo, Robert. WM Former hostage with French, acts as guide to Carleton
above Quebec, 124; said to have pointed out Le Foulon to Wolfe, 168.
Stoney Creek, Battle of. Took place on June 5, 1813, when the American
troops, under Generals Chandler and Minder, were defeated by the British
forces under Colonel (afterwards General) Harvey. The defeat was
decisive, the two American generals being captured. It was a
turning-point in the Niagara campaign. Bib.: Lucas, Canadian War of
1812; Richardson, War of 1812; Brymner, Battle of Stoney Creek.
See also War of 1812.
Stopford, Major. Dr Commands force at Chambly, 93.
Strachan, John (1778-1867). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Graduated at
King's College, Aberdeen, 1796. Came to Canada, 1799, and opened a
school at Kingston. Ordained deacon, 1803, and priest, 1804. Became
rector of York, 1812; archdeacon, 1827; and bishop of Toronto, 1839.
Appointed to the Executive Council, 1815; and to the Legislative
Council, 1818; remained a member of the former until 1836, and of the
Legislative Council until 1841. Index: R Comes to Canada, 1799, to
inaugurate educational policy, 36; his character, 37; takes orders in
Church of England, and appointed rector of York, 37; called to Executive
Council, 37, 46; his ambitious plans, 38; becomes archdeacon of York,
1827, 46; his commanding influence, 46; asserts pretensions of Church of
England, 49; proposes sale of Clergy Reserves, 50; his sermon, 1826,
50-51, 63; his educational policy, 52; chairman of Board of Education,
58; asks legislative aid for theological students, 59; development of
his policy, and of opposition to it, 61-63; outlines his views in sermon
on death of bishop of Quebec, 67; visits England, 72; has bill
introduced in Imperial Parliament for sale of portion of Reserves, 72;
secures charter of King's College, 72-73; becomes first president, 73;
his letter to Horton on church establishment in Upper Canada, 72; his
ecclesiastical chart, 74; counter chart prepared by Dr. Lee, 75;
evidence laid before parliamentary committee, 75; his speech before
Legislative Council, 1828, 75-76; Ryerson's reply, 76-79; his fight for
denominational schools, 243. S His arrival in Canada, 170; becomes
bishop, 171. Sy Bishop of Toronto, his opposition to Sydenham's Clergy
Reserves Bill, 247. B Denounces bill for secularization of King's
College, 8; his environment, 260. BL Head of Home District Grammar
School, 25, 106; Robert Baldwin one of his pupils, 25; and King's
College, 192-193; leads opposition to Baldwin's University Bill, 195,
196; referred to by George Brown, 224; leads agitation against Baldwin's
University Bill, 295; raises funds for an Anglican ministry, 295-296. E
Secures charter for King's College, 93; deeply incensed at
secularization of King's College, 94; his mistaken policy, 94-95;
establishes Trinity College, 95; his uncompromising attitude in
settlement of Clergy Reserves, 150; induces Sir John Colborne to create
and endow forty-four rectories, 154; his report on this question, 156;
dominant influence in Legislative Council, 157; opposes division of the
Reserves, 159, 160; his final discomfiture, 169. Mc Proposes provincial
university, 95. Md First bishop of Toronto, opposes secularization of
King's College, 29-30; also opposes secularization of Clergy Reserves,
59. W His charter for King's College, Upper Canada, 51. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.; Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Bethune,
Memoir of Bishop Strachan; Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of
England in Canada and Newfoundland.
Strathcona and Mount Royal, Donald Alexander Smith, Baron (1820- ). Born
in Archieston, Morayshire, Scotland. Entered the service of the Hudson's
Bay Company, 1838, and spent thirteen years at various trading-posts on
the Labrador coast. Moved to the North-West, becoming chief factor,
1862; and afterwards resident governor and chief commissioner. Appointed
by the Dominion government, in 1869, special commissioner to investigate
the Riel Rebellion. Member of first Executive Council of the North-West
Territories, 1870; represented Winnipeg in Manitoba Legislature,
1871-1874; elected for Selkirk to Dominion House, 1871, 1872, 1874,
1878; and represented West Montreal, 1887-1896. Appointed high
commissioner for Canada in London, 1896. Knighted, 1886, and in 1897
raised to the peerage. Index: D Dugald McTavish succeeds, at Montreal,
1870, 265; drives last spike of Canadian Pacific Railway, Nov. 7, 1885,
326. MS Serves under Sir George Simpson in Hudson's Bay Company, 228;
chief factor (1861), 228; serves in Labrador, 228. Md Takes part in
debate on Pacific Scandal, 210; feels that the future of the West
depends on Macdonald's return to power, 236; public spirit shown by, in
building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 237. Bib.: Willson, Lord
Strathcona; Morgan, Can. Men; Who's Who. See also Riel Rebellion,
1869-1870.
Street, George F. W Solicitor-general of Brunswick, 34.
Street, John Ambrose. W Supports the governor of New Brunswick, 46. T
Attorney-general and leader of government, 19; introduces railway
resolutions, 26, 53. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Strickland, Samuel (1804-1867). Born at Reydon Hall, Suffolk; brother of
Agnes Strickland, Mrs. Traill, and Mrs. Moodie. Entered the army, and
reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Emigrated to Canada, 1826. Bib.:
Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West. For biog., see Morgan, Cel.
Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Strong, Sir Samuel Henry (1825-1909). Born in Dorsetshire, England. Came
to Canada studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849.
Member of the commission for consolidating the statutes, 1856. Appointed
vice-chancellor of Ontario, 1869; transferred to the Court of Error and
Appeal, 1874; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1875; and
chief-justice, 1892-1902. Knighted, 1893. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.;
Morgan, Can. Men.
Stuart, Andrew. Sy Member of Constitutional Association, 112. P Declares
the French Canadians to be "a race of gentlemen," 49; one of Papineau's
followers, 197.
Stuart, Archdeacon. Sy Conducts funeral service of Lord Sydenham, 344.
Stuart, George Okill (1807-1884). Born in York, Upper Canada. Grandson
of the Rev. John Stuart, q.v. Educated at Kingston and Quebec, and
called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Mayor of Quebec, 1846-1850;
elected to represent Quebec in the Assembly, 1852; defeated at the
general election, but again returned, 1857. Appointed by the Imperial
government judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court of Quebec, 1873.
Stuart, James. Ch Erects fort in Cape Breton, 200.
Stuart, Sir James (1780-1853). Born at Fort Hunter, New York. Educated
at King's College, Windsor, Nova Scotia. Appointed assistant secretary
to the government of Lower Canada in 1800; and solicitor-general, 1801.
Entered the House of Assembly, for Montreal, 1808; attorney-general for
Lower Canada, 1825; and in 1831 suspended from office by Lord Aylmer,
and suspension confirmed by colonial secretary; a few months later the
injustice of the decision admitted, and offered the chief-justiceship of
Newfoundland, but declined the position. Appointed chief-justice of
Lower Canada by Durham in 1838. Created a baronet, 1841. Index: Sy
Praised by Colonial Gazette, 140; consulted by Sydenham, 191;
accompanies him to Upper Canada, 195. E Chief-justice of the Court of
Appeal of Lower Canada, and succeeded in 1853, by Sir L. H. La Fontaine,
105. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Christie, History
of Lower Canada.
Stuart, John. MS Chief factor of Hudson's Bay Company in New Caledonia,
221; accompanies Simon Fraser down the Fraser, 222; his intellectual
tastes and correspondence, 222. D Accompanies Simon Fraser on voyage
down the Fraser, 60; succeeds Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 98; still
in command in 1821 when Companies amalgamated, 98; goes to Mackenzie
River, 1824, 99. Bib.: Fraser, Journal in Masson, Bourgeois de la
Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.
Stuart, Rev. John. S First Church of England clergyman to arrive in
Upper Canada, conducts school at Montreal, and then moves to Cataraqui
(Kingston), 158; opens first school in the province, 166. Hd
School-teacher at Montreal, 235; becomes rector at Cataraqui (Kingston),
236; supervises education of Indians, 265.
Sturgeon Lake. On the Saskatchewan. A notable place in the annals of the
Western fur trade. Here the traders from Montreal built a post about
1772; and in 1774 Samuel Hearne built a rival post for the Hudson's Bay
Company. The latter, Cumberland House, remained an important centre of
the fur trade for many years, and is still in operation. By way of this
lake, the fur traders' route lay north to Frog Portage and the Churchill
River. Index: MS Frobishers build trading-post there in 1772, 4; its
strategic importance, 4.
Subercase, Lieutenant. F In command at Lachine, on occasion of massacre,
225; sent to island of Orleans to watch Phipps, 303. L Anxious to attack
Indians at Lachine, 226. Bib.: Parkman, Old Régime.
Suete. WM A swamp, near Ste. Foy, 252.
Sullivan, John (1740-1795). Commanded northern army during Revolutionary
War in 1776; served in Canada; and took part in the battles of Trenton,
Brandywine, and Germantown. Index: Hd Lays waste Iroquois settlements,
151. Dr In command of American army at Sorel, 145. Bib.: Cyc. Am.
Biog.
Sullivan, Robert Baldwin (1802-1853). Born in Bandon, Ireland. Came to
Canada with his father, 1819, and settled at York. Studied law and
called to the bar, 1828. Practised for a time at Vittoria, in the county
of Norfolk. Elected mayor of Toronto, 1835. Appointed to the Executive
Council by Sir Francis Bond Head, 1836. Served in the militia during the
Rebellion of 1837. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1839; member of
the first Executive Council after the union of Upper and Lower Canada;
continued in office under the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration.
Resigned office with his colleagues, 1843; defended the course of the
ministry against Sir Charles Metcalfe in a series of letters in the
Examiner, under the nom de plume of "Legion." Again took office as
provincial secretary in the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration.
Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1848; judge of the Court
of Common Pleas, 1850. Index: BL Enters into law partnership with
Baldwin, 32; his character, 32, 77; president of the Council, 1841, 76;
Baldwin's attitude to, 80; member of Legislative Council, 83; defends
the government, 130-131; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin
government, 133, 134; defends La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, in Metcalfe
crisis, 214; speaks before Reform Association, Toronto, 223; in
political controversy, 238, 243-244; provincial secretary, 284. B Writes
series of letters, over signature of "Legion," on responsible
government, 211; provincial secretary in Baldwin-La Fontaine government,
211; his address on resources of North-West Territories, 211; urges
importance of British settlement of North-West, 211; and responsible
government, 261. Sy Introduces union resolutions in Legislative Council,
209, 228; president of Council under union, 283; duties and salary, 334.
R His connection with university scheme, 153. E Provincial secretary in
La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent,
Upper Canadian Rebellion and Last Forty Years; Read, Lives of the
Judges.
Sullivan, William Wilfrid (1843- ). Born at New London, Prince Edward
Island. Educated at Central Academy and St. Dunstan's College,
Charlottetown. Engaged for a time in journalism; studied law and called
to the bar, 1867. Elected to the Assembly; held office as
attorney-general; premier, 1879-1889; chief-justice of Prince Edward
Island, 1889. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duc de (1560-1641). Trusted counsellor of
Henry IV of France. Index: Ch False report of his death, 64. Bib.:
Memoires, 1634-1662.
Sulpicians. A Canadian order, founded by Jean Jacques Olier, in 1640, as
part of the threefold religious settlement of Ville Marie. Named after
Olier's parish of St. Sulpice, in Paris. After Maisonneuve had laid the
foundations of Montreal, the Sulpicians built their Seminary, and became
proprietors of the island, much of which still remains in their
possession. They encouraged settlement on their seigniory, and in 1666,
when Queylus was superior, granted a large tract of land at Lachine to
La Salle. Among the notable members of the order in its early days were
the Abbé Fénelon and Dollier de Casson, the latter the historian of the
order. Index: F Religious order, come to Montreal with Maisonneuve, 42;
work of colonization done by, 56; Frontenac friendly to, 74; seigniors
of the island of Montreal, 97; their missions, 166, 168. L Four priests
of the order come to Canada, 25; peculiarly devoted to the Virgin Mary,
85; build new chapter house, 90; acquire island of Montreal and
seigniory of St. Sulpice, 108, 135; large contributions of, to work of
evangelization, 136; parish of Montreal attached to, 175; send petition
to the king, 183; union with Foreign Missions of Paris, 221. Sy
Incorporation of Seminary of, 255. C Their quarrel with Bishop Bourget,
80. Bib.: Dollier de Casson, Histoire de Montreal; Faillon, Colonie
Française en Canada; Parkman, La Salle.
Sulte, Benjamin (1841- ). Born at Three Rivers. Served as a volunteer in
the Fenian Raids, 1865-1866; employed in the Department of Militia and
Defence, 1870-1903; president of Royal Society of Canada, 1904. Index:
Hd On Haldimand, 291-292. Bib.: Works: Les Laurentiennes; Chants
Nouveaux; Melanges d'Histoire; Histoire des Canadiens-Français;
Pages d'Histoire du Canada; Histoire de la Milice Canadienne;
Bataille de Châteauguay. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men;
Canadian Who's Who.
Sumner, Charles (1811-1874). American statesman, and leader in the
anti-slavery movement. Elected to Senate, 1851; chairman of committee on
foreign affairs, 1861. Index: B Very favourable to Reciprocity Treaty,
226. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Sunday. S Little observed in Simcoe's time, so far as transaction of
public business was concerned, 198.
Superior, Lake. Area 31,800 square miles. Discovered by Étienne Brulé,
in 1622. In the next quarter century the devoted Jesuit Fathers
penetrated to the shores of the lake. Jogues and Raymbault preached the
Faith at the outlet of the lake in 1641; Ménard attempted a mission on
the south shore in 1661; and a few years later Allouez explored most of
the same side. Radisson and Chouart penetrated to the western end of the
lake and beyond in 1661; and Du Lhut covered much the same ground in
1678-1681. From that time, the shores of the lake became familiar ground
to missionaries, explorers, and fur traders. Bib.: Kohl, Wanderings
round Lake Superior; Agassiz, Lake Superior; Butterfield, History of
Brulé's Discoveries.
Supreme Court of Canada. Created by Act of Parliament in 1875. Consists
of a chief-justice and five puisne judges, who, also constituted the
Exchequer Court until 1887, when the latter was separated. The first
chief-justice was Sir William Buell Richards, 1875-1879; succeeded by
Sir William Johnston Ritchie, 1879-1892; Sir Samuel Henry Strong,
1892-1902; Sir Henri Elzear Taschereau, 1902-1906; and Sir Charles
Fitzpatrick, since 1906. Index: Md Bill for establishment of, shaped,
1868-1870, but not passed until 1875, 151.
Surprise. Dr British frigate, arrival of, 137.
Sutherland. WM British frigate, with five other vessels, passes up the
river, 123; Wolfe on board of, opposite Cap Rouge, 166; his last
proclamation from, 172; Wolfe's conversation with Jervis on board of,
175; signal given from, for movement of the army, 179.
Sutherland, Thomas J. Mc Plans occupation of Navy Island, 412; his lack
of discretion, 412; starts for Michigan, 418; reaches Detroit, 427;
meets Handy, 427; lands on Bois Blanc Island, 428; taken by Loyalists,
431; found guilty, but released, 431. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian
Rebellion.
Sutton, H. T. Manners. See Canterbury.
Suze, Treaty of. Signed April 24, 1629. Under its terms peace was
declared between France and England; the former French possessions in
America to revert to France. The conditions were not fulfilled until
three years later. Index: Ch Signed by England and France, April 24,
1629, 183; ancient possessions of England in America given to France by,
213. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.
Sweatman, Arthur (1834-1909). Born in London, England. Educated at
Christ College, Cambridge. Headmaster of Hellmuth College, London,
Ontario, 1865-1872; rector of Grace Church, Brantford, 1872-1876;
archdeacon of Brant, 1876-1879. Succeeded Dr. Bethune as bishop of
Toronto, 1879; and in 1907 elected archbishop and metropolitan, and
primate of all Canada. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.;
Mockridge, The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and
Newfoundland.
Swiss. Hd Their bravery, 7, 8; take up lands in English colonies, 9;
scheme to form them into a regiment, 9.
Switzerland. Hd Dangerous situation of, 4.
Sydenham, Charles Edward Poulett Thomson, first Baron (1799-1841). Sy
Represented (as Charles Edward Poulett Thomson) city of Manchester in
House of Commons, 2; his liberal views, 3; birth, 4; enters office of
his father's firm at St. Petersburg, 5; introduced to best society
there, 5; returns to England, 6; foreign travel, 6; linguistic
acquirements, 6; returns to St. Petersburg, 7; visits central, southern,
and eastern Russia, 7; spends part of winter at Vienna, 8; his journals,
8; death of his mother, 8; yields to prevalent mania for speculation,
10, 14; adopts new economic views, 12; becomes associated with
philosophic Liberals, 13; candidate for representation of Dover in
Commons, 13; incurs heavy expenses, 14; elected, 15; votes for reduction
in duty on corn, 15; his view of politics, 16; his speech on the
Navigation Acts, 17; advocates ballot and repeal of usury laws, 18;
supports repeal of Test and Corporation Acts, 18; a believer in free
trade, 18; moderate in his views, 19; suffers from gout, 20; spends
winter in Paris and meets many able men, 20; speaks on parliamentary
reform, 21; on the national system of taxation, 22, 23; recommends
income tax, 24; made vice-president of Board of Trade, and treasurer of
navy, 25; tariff reform and vested interests, 27, 29; takes little part
in framing Reform Bill, 28; but devotes much attention to the public
accounts, 28; negotiates commercial treaty with France, 29; his
excessive labours, 30; elected both for Manchester and for Dover, 31;
elects to sit for Manchester, 31; an advocate of commercial freedom,
33-38; great dinner given to, at Manchester, 37; his views on banking,
38; on the corn duties, 39; on free trade, 41; president of Board of
Trade in reconstructed government, 43; Greville's description of, 43,
44; returns to office with Melbourne (1835), 46; re-elected (over
Gladstone) for Manchester, 48; a departmental worker rather than an
active politician, 49; description of, by Thomas Raikes, 49; makes
commercial treaty with Austria, 50; founds school of design and promotes
international copyright, 51; provides for regulation of railway
charters, 53; collects statistics, 54; Lord Melbourne's estimate of his
abilities, 56; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, in preference to
chancellorship of the exchecquer, 57-59; instructor for Canada in
principles of responsible government, 83; his tact in dealing with that
question, 104; makes important changes in draft bill for reunion of
provinces, 124; news of his appointment received in Canada, 129;
appointment not acceptable to all parties, 129-132; Reformers of Upper
Canada disposed to favour him, 133; article in Colonial Gazette on his
mission, 136-141; his views on question of French nationality, 137; on
parties in Upper Canada, 138; on responsible government, 139; his
instructions, 141; Lord John Russell's letter accompanying instructions
to, 141-144; large discretion intrusted to him, 144; sails in frigate
Pique from Portsmouth, 147; arrival at Quebec, 147; his reflections on
shipboard, 147, 148; sworn in, 149; his proclamation, 149, 150; address
of the Quebec Committee of Trade, 152; meets Sir George Arthur at
Montreal, 153; his task, to place Cabinet government in Canada on stable
basis, 179, 187; forced to exercise an unusual measure of political
control, 188; opposed by ultra-Tories and ultra-Radicals, 189; consults
with Chief-Justice Stuart of Lower Canada, 191; summons Special Council
of Lower Canada to consider question of union, 192; proceeds to Upper
Canada, 195; describes navigation of the St. Lawrence, 196; arrives at
Toronto and takes over government of province, 197; his significant
reply to address of Toronto corporation, 198; calls for a return of
revenue and expenditure of province, 198; describes condition of things
in Upper Canada, 200-203; speech on opening of Upper Canada Legislature,
203, 204; thought too sympathetic with French-Canadians, 205, 233;
carries union resolutions in Upper Canada Legislature, 203-210; his
personal influence very marked, 210, 211; acknowledges support given to
him by Reformers and moderate Conservatives, 213, 214; reports to the
colonial secretary on the state of Upper Canada, 215-226; unpopular with
French-Canadians, 233; decides to attempt settlement of Clergy Reserves
question, 238; his message on the subject to the Legislative Assembly,
245, 246; secures passing of bill, 248; is non-committal on subject of
responsible government, 249; his report on session to colonial
secretary, 250, 251; goes to Montreal to meet Special Council, 253;
describes situation in Lower Canada, 253-255; proceeds to Nova Scotia,
257; reports on situation there, 259-263; fails to anticipate full
action of responsible government in the colonies, 263, 264; visits New
Brunswick at request of Sir John Harvey, 264; returning to Canada,
visits Eastern Townships, 265; tour through Upper Canada, 265-268; well
received everywhere, 267; proposes to fix capital of united provinces at
Kingston, 268; not so popular in Lower Canada, 269; notified that royal
assent had been given to Union Act, 271; raised to peerage as Baron
Sydenham and Toronto, 272; his strong desire that Union Act should
provide a municipal system for Canada, 273-275; favours Kingston as seat
of government, 281; authorized to proclaim Union, 282; appoints 10th of
February, 1841, as date, 282; becomes from that date governor-in-chief
of united province, 282; issues proclamation to people, 282; issues writ
for general election, 282; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 284;
changes electoral limits of Montreal and Quebec by attaching suburbs to
adjoining counties, 285, 286; unable to give French-Canadians
representation in his Cabinet owing to their rooted opposition to union,
288; supported by moderate Reformers, 291; his difficulty with Baldwin,
294-296; much aggrieved by Baldwin's action, 299; his analysis of the
Legislature of 1841, 303, 304; his belief in theory of responsible
government, 312, 313; his efforts to improve financial conditions, 315,
320; promises in speech from throne Imperial loan in aid of public
works, 320; his views on emigration, 321; his satisfaction over passing
of Local Government Bill, 325; interest in public works, 326; his plan
for a bank of issue, 327; plan not suited to Canadian conditions at the
time, 329; partial adoption of, many years later, 330; reorganizes
public departments and Executive Council, 331-335; takes part in
extradition and boundary negotiations with the United States, 336;
serious illness, 337; sends resignation to take effect on close of
session, 338; his confidence in the solidity of his work, 338; his
absorption in his work, 339; receives Grand Cross of Bath, 340; meets
with fatal accident, 341; his fortitude in suffering, 342; his last
words to the Legislature, 342; his high opinion of Lord John Russell,
343; his death, 343; buried at Kingston, 344; eulogy of, by Dr. Ryerson,
346, 347; by Joseph Howe, 348, 349; general support given to his ideas
by home government, 350; his special qualifications for his work in
Canada, 352-355; gradually gains favour with French-Canadians, 355; his
administration marks transition from the old system to the new, 356. B
French-Canadians complain they are outraged by, 15-16. E His character,
2, 14; appointed governor-general to complete the union and establish
responsible government, 26-29; his qualities, 29; his death, 30; his
canal policy, 96-97; his proposed settlement of Clergy Reserves,
156-157. C Sent to Canada to carry out some of Durham's recommendations,
12; his character, 12; attitude towards Canadians, 12; secures approval
of union scheme, 12-13; persuades Upper Canada to modify conditions of
union, 14; wins the elections, 15; his constitutional battle with La
Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial responsibility, 97; asked to
disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99. R Comes to Canada, supported by
Ryerson, 122; his policy, 122; draws up resolutions on responsible
government, 123-126; his influence on political life, 131; interview
with Ryerson, 163; his death, 163. H Visits Nova Scotia, and discusses
political situation with Joseph Howe and other leaders, 68. P His views
as to political situation in Nova Scotia, 24; requests La Fontaine to
enter Draper ministry, 72; referred to by Papineau, 171; his aim in
bringing about union of the Canadas to crush the French-Canadians,
according to La Fontaine, 174-175. BL In period of reconstruction, 50;
sent to Canada as governor-general, 59; his previous career, 59; becomes
Baron Sydenham and Toronto, 59; takes over government, and lays his
plans before the Special Council, 59-60; his special project the union
of the Canadas, 60-61; visits Upper Canada, 61; appoints Baldwin
solicitor-general of Upper Canada, 63; his attitude towards responsible
government, 64-67; union project, 67-71; describes a journey in Canada
in 1839, 74-75; summons Legislature, 1841, 75; appoints Legislative and
Executive Councils, 75, 83; correspondence with Baldwin as to personnel
of Cabinet, 79-80, 81; succeeds in carrying on the government, 85; on
the luxurious surroundings of colonial legislators, 86; absent from
meeting of the Houses, 86; his speech from the throne, 89; his public
policy, 90; his views as to his constitutional position, 97-98, 137;
legislation as to municipal government, 100-105; the resolutions on
constitutional government, 109-111; his death, Sept. 19, 1841, 111;
Turcotte and McMullen on, 111-112; his character, 111-112; referred to
in La Fontaine's speech, 128; changes boundaries of constituencies of
Montreal and Quebec for political purposes, 146; this and other
legislation of his repealed in 1842, 146-147; on responsible government,
161, 162, 163; dissatisfaction with his selection of Kingston as
capital, 180; his instructions, 230; and Ryerson, 241; his application
of the constitutional system, 274; municipal legislation under, 299. Mc
On state of province, 406; would not have fought against rebels, 407;
praises Reformers, 407; opposition from Family Compact, 407; gives
responsible government, 409; surprised people had not rebelled sooner,
477. Md Advocate of responsible government, 17; his death, 17; secures
passage, by Assembly, of Act secularizing Clergy Reserves, 1840, but on
being sent to England, it is disallowed on technical grounds, 59-60. W
His despatch to Lord John Russell on the Executive Council, 113. Bib.:
Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Scrope,
Memoir of Life of Sydenham.
Sydney. An important seaport of Nova Scotia; formerly the capital of the
colony of Cape Breton. Founded in 1784, and the seat of the local
government until 1820, when the island was united to Nova Scotia.
Incorporated as a town in 1886, and received a city charter in 1904.
Bib.: Nelson's Ency.
Sydney, Thomas Townshend, first Viscount (1733-1800). Entered
Parliament, 1754; lord of the treasury, 1765; war secretary, 1872; and
home secretary, 1783. The office of home secretary then included the
colonies. Index: Dr Secretary of state, discusses with Carleton future
of Canada, 224; his correspondence with Carleton, 242; succeeded in
colonial office by Grenville, 248. Hd Du Calvet's petition to, 284-288;
Haldimand's intercourse with, 310, 315, 322, 326, 337; speech to, 327.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Syndics. F Local representatives without votes, provided for in first
council, 37.
Taché, Alexandre Antoninus (1823-1894). Born in Rivière du Loup, Quebec,
and educated at Quebec and Montreal. In 1845 volunteered as a missionary
to the Indians on the Great Lakes, and in the same year ordained to the
priesthood. Founded several missions, schools, colleges, and convents in
the North-West. In 1853 became bishop of St. Boniface, and in 1871 made
archbishop. Index: C His missions, 69; warns government of trouble with
half-breeds, 70; his visit to Rome, 70; recalled to placate half-breeds,
70. Md Warns Sir Georges Cartier of trouble in North-West, 157-158; on
causes of rebellion, 240. Bib.: Works: Sketch of the North-West of
America; Vingt Années de Missions dans la Nord-Ouest. For biog.,
see David, Vie de Taché; Benoit, Vie de Mgr. Taché, Archevêque de
St. Boniface; Dent, Can. Por.
Taché, Sir Étienne Pascal (1795-1865). Born in St. Thomas, Quebec.
Served during the War of 1812-1815. Studied medicine, practising until
1841. Entered Parliament, and in 1848 became commissioner of public
works. Held the position of receiver-general from 1849 to 1856.
Appointed to Legislative Council, 1856; subsequently elected Speaker;
shortly after became premier, with John A. Macdonald as attorney-general
and leader of the lower House. In 1858 visited England; knighted by
Queen Victoria; appointed to the honorary rank of colonel in the British
army, and made an aide-de-camp to the queen. For a few months in 1864
became premier in conjunction with Macdonald, but on the defeat of the
government retired from public life. Index: C Replaces Morin in
Liberal-Conservative administration, 33; with Cartier, induces Grand
Trunk to extend line from Quebec to Rivière du Loup, 49; intrusted by
Lord Monck with duty of forming a Cabinet, 68; alliance with Upper
Canadian Conservatives, 99. BL Chief commissioner of public works, in
second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 284; in Assembly for six years
(1841-1846), held office of deputy adjutant-general, given seat in
Legislative Council, 284-285. E Chief commissioner of public works in La
Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; his historic saying as to British
supremacy in America, 56; a Liberal leader in Lower Canada, 109;
receiver-general in Hincks-Morin government, 113; retains same office in
reconstructed ministry in 1853, 126. B Challenges Brown to publish
Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral in the Globe, 44; said to have advised
Roman Catholics to oppose secularization of Clergy Reserves, 48; forms
ministry, 1864, 149; leads coalition government, 159; presents case for
Confederation in Upper Chamber, 169; his death, July 30, 1865, 189; his
character, 189; his prejudice against the Rouges, 200. R Introduces
Separate School Bill, 230. Md Takes Morin's place in the Cabinet, 74;
forms administration with Macdonald, 1856, 80; failing health forces him
to resign, 83; induced to leave his retirement, and form another
administration with Macdonald, which lasts only a few weeks, 90-91;
chairman of Confederation Conference held at Quebec, 104; his death,
122. T His government weak, and defeated in 1864, 69; delegate to Quebec
Conference, 76; president of Conference, 77. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.;
Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit. Am.
Tadoussac. A town in Saguenay County, Quebec, situated at the confluence
of the Saguenay River with the St. Lawrence. Founded in 1599 by Chauvin,
and visited by Champlain in 1603 and 1609. In the days of the early
French colonists, a centre of the seal fisheries and the fur trade.
Index: Ch Champlain arrives at, May 24, 1603, 10; derivation of name,
10; early date at which fishing vessels resorted thither, 59; seat of
the fur trade, 119; Récollet mission at, 167.
Tait, Sir Melbourne McTaggart (1834- ). Born at Melbourne, Quebec.
Educated at St. Francis College, Richmond. Studied law in Montreal, and
graduated B. C. L. at McGill University, 1862; called to the bar, 1863;
practised at Melbourne and afterwards at Montreal. In 1882 created Q.
C.; in 1886 became a fellow-in-law in McGill University; in 1887
appointed judge of the Superior Court of Quebec; in 1894 acting
chief-justice; and in 1906 chief-justice. On the completion of the
sixtieth year of Queen Victoria's reign in 1897, knighted. Bib.: Morgan,
Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Talbot, Thomas (1771-1853). Rose to the rank of colonel in the British
army, and for a time attached to the staff of Governor Simcoe. Resigning
his commission, obtained in 1801 a grant of 5000 acres on the north
shore of Lake Erie for the purposes of a settlement, and devoted himself
to its development. Brought out a band of colonists from England, and
others followed. Port Talbot became the centre of an ever-widening
region of cultivated land, until before his death twenty-eight townships
had been settled as the result of his efforts. Index: S Aide-de-camp to
Simcoe, 177; returns to Ireland, later returns to Canada, and forms a
settlement in western Ontario, 178. Bib.: Six Years in the Canadas.
For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por.; Taylor, Brit.
Am. See also Coyne, The Talbot Papers (R. S. C., 1907).
Talbot Settlement. See Talbot, Thomas.
Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice, Prince de (1754-1838). French
statesman. Index: Bk Foreign secretary under Napoleon, 81. Bib.: For
biog., see works of Taine, Mignet, Bastive, Lamartine, and Guizot.
Tallon, Major. Bk In command of 3d Brigade, 247.
Talon, Jean-Baptiste (1625-1691). Born in Picardy, France. Held offices
in the intendancies of Bordeaux and Lyons, and intendant of Hainant from
1661 to 1663. In 1663 intendant of New France. During his administration
in Canada, was the first to build ships in the colony; opened up trade
between Canada and the West Indies; established the first brewery in
North America; and developed cod fisheries along the St. Lawrence. In
1668 left for France, but returned to Canada in 1670, and resumed the
intendancy. In 1672 returned to France, and for several years held high
positions in the king's household. Index: F Intendant, 51; character,
54; attitude to the clerical power, 55; labours for the prosperity of
the country, 55; recalled at his own request, 60; instructed to guard
against ecclesiastical encroachments, 69; secures permission for
Récollets to return to Canada, 72. L Appointed intendant, 51; arrival
of, 79; his zeal for settlement of the country, 79, 80; his high
character, 81; takes steps to develop St. Maurice mines, 82; sends
Perrot to visit western and northern tribes, 82; promotes explorations
of Jolliet and Marquette, 82; recommends de Queylus to Colbert, 107,
135; to counterbalance influence of Jesuits, brings out Récollet
Fathers, 109; obtains decree permitting sale of liquor to the Indians,
113; styled the "Canadian Colbert," 113; his exertions for the good of
the colony, 114-116; returns to France, 143; his reports prejudice mind
of Colbert against clergy, 170. E His seigniory of Des Islets made a
barony in 1671, 181. WM Montcalm marries his grand-niece, 5. Bib.:
Mémoire sur l'État Présent du Canada, attributé à M. Talon (Quebec
Lit. and Hist. Soc., Hist. Doc., 1st ser., 1840); Parkman,
Frontenac; Garneau, Histoire du Canada; Faillon, Histoire de la
Colonie Française; Bibaud, Histoire du Canada sous la Domination
Française; Ferland, Cours d'Histoire du Canada; Miles, Canada under
French Régime; Kingsford, History of Canada; Colby, Canadian Types
of the Old Régime; Roy, Intendants de la Nouvelle France (R. S. C.,
1903); Chapais, Jean Talon.
Tanguay, Cyprien (1819-1902). Born in the city of Quebec. Graduated at
Quebec Seminary in 1839, and ordained priest 1843. In 1860 removed to
St. Germain, and instrumental in building the cathedral for the diocese
of Rimouski, as also the college and convent in that diocese. Entered
the service of the Canadian government in 1865, and for some years
connected with the statistics branch of the Department of Agriculture.
In 1867 went to Paris to report on the French archives bearing on
Canadian history. In 1883 received the honorary degree of Litt.D. from
Laval University, and in 1886, being one of the original fellows of the
Royal Society of Canada, received the Confederation medal from the
Dominion government. In 1887 visited Europe and reported on the
historical archives. Subsequently created a Prélat Romain by the pope.
Bib.: Dictionnaire Genealogique des Familles Canadiennes. For biog.,
see Morgan, Can. Men.
Tanswell, J. Hd Schoolmaster at Quebec, 234.
Tarieu de Lanaudière, Charles. Member of an old French family,
originally of Guienne; settled in Canada about 1665. Commanded a part of
the Canadian militia at Carillon, in 1758; remained in Canada after the
conquest, and became aide-de-camp to Dorchester; served against the
Americans in 1775, and accompanied the governor to England. Afterwards
appointed a legislative councillor, and deputy postmaster-general for
Canada. Index: Dr In command of militia, 187; offered to settle his
seigniory with freeholders, 255. WM Canadian officer, sent to prevent
landing at St. Paul's Bay, 89.
Tariff. BL Increased in 1841, 99; and 1842, 147; on agricultural
products, and live stock, 189; Act of 1849, 292, 302.
Tarleton, Sir Bonastre (1754-1833). Born in Liverpool. Educated at
Oxford University; and joined the army in 1775. In 1776 came to America
as a volunteer with Cornwallis, and became major in Colonel Harcourt's
Regiment of Dragoons. Given command of the "British Legion" or
"Tarleton's Green Horse," and with this force was in constant action
against the enemy. In 1780 met and severely defeated Colonel Burford's
detachment at Waxhaw Creek; arrived at Camden in time to complete the
rout of General Gates's left wing; and overwhelmed the army of General
Sumter at Fishing Creek. Badly beaten by the American force under
General Daniel Morgan at Cowpens, 1781. In 1782 returned to England, and
promoted to colonel; from 1790 to 1812 a member of Parliament; in 1817
made lieutenant-general; and created a baronet in 1818. Index: Dr
Commands British Legion, 202. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Taschereau. Bk Arrested, 127; discharged, 128. C Claims liberty of the
press, 95; sent to jail, 95. P Name struck off militia list by Sir James
Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29.
Taschereau, Elzear Alexandre (1820-1898). Born at Ste. Marie de la
Beauce, Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec; subsequently
travelled throughout Europe; and in 1837 entered the Grand Seminary at
Quebec. In 1842 ordained to the priesthood in his native parish. In
1847, while attending the sick and dying immigrants at Grosse Island,
stricken with fever. In 1854 went to Rome, and in 1856 received the
degree of D.D. In 1860 elected superior of the Quebec Seminary, the
appointment including the rectorship of Laval University. In 1871
consecrated archbishop of Quebec, in succession to Archbishop
Baillargeon. In 1872 founded the Hôtel Dieu du Sacré-Cœur at Quebec,
and also instrumental in restoring the church at St. Anne de Beaupré. In
1886 created cardinal. Towards the end of 1894 retired from the
administration of his diocese. Index: C Disapproves of appeal of Le
Parti Catholique, 82-83. L Attributes establishment of first
brotherhood of Holy Family to Father Pijard, 86. Bib.: Morgan, Can.
Men; Dent, Can. Por.; Têtu, Le Cardinal Taschereau; Hamel,
Taschereau.
Taschereau, Sir Henri Elzear (1836- ). Born at Ste. Marie de la Beauce,
Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary; called to the bar, 1857, and
practised in Quebec. From 1861 to 1867 represented Beauce in the
Canadian Assembly. In 1867 appointed a Q. C.; and in 1868 clerk of the
peace for the district of Quebec. In 1871 judge of the Quebec Superior
Court; in 1878 judge of the Supreme Court of Canada; and in 1902
chief-justice; retired, 1906. In 1904 a member of the Imperial Privy
Council. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dent, Can. Por.
Tassé, Joseph (1848-1895). Born in Montreal. Educated at Bourget
College. Chose journalism as his profession; in 1867 became editor of
Le Canada; from 1869 to 1872 associate editor of La Minerve; and a
director of La Revue Canadienne. About the same period appointed
assistant French translator of the House of Commons. In 1878 elected to
the House of Commons for Ottawa, and re-elected 1882; member of the
Senate from the province of Quebec, 1891-1895. Index: MS On Seven Oaks
affair, 184. Bib.: Canadiens de L'Ouest.
Taylor, Brigadier-General. Hd In command at Pensacola, 65; his dispute
with Governor Johnstone, 69; at St. Augustine, 75.
Taylor, Sir Henry (1800-1886). Born in England. In 1824 appointed to the
permanent staff of the colonial office, with which he was connected
until 1872. In 1835 declined the offer of the governorship of Upper
Canada. Index: W His characterization of Lord Glenelg, 42. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.
Taylor, John Fennings (1817-1882). Born in London, England. Educated at
Radley, England, and came to Canada, 1836. Held various clerical offices
under the Assembly and Council of Canada, and after Confederation was
appointed deputy clerk of the Senate. Died in Old Point Comfort, Va.
Index: E On John Sandfield Macdonald's reproof to Lord Elgin, 129-130.
Bib.: Works: Portraits of British Americans; The Last Three Bishops
Appointed by the Crown for British North America; Life and Death of
the Hon. Thomas D'Arcy McGee; Are Legislatures Parliaments?—A Study
and Review.
Tecumseh (1768-1813). Born near the site of Springfield, Ohio. First
appeared as a brave in a battle with Kentucky soldiers about 1788. In
the campaign of 1794-1795 between American troops and Indians, came into
prominence as a daring warrior. In 1805 he and his brother Ellskwatawa,
the Prophet, formed the project of uniting all the western tribes of
Indians in a war against the Americans. With this object visited the
different tribes and induced many to join his ranks. In the campaigns of
1812-1813 joined the British against the Americans, and wounded at the
battle of Maguaga. In 1812 given the rank of brigadier-general. In 1813
killed at the battle of Moravian town, on the Thames, while leading his
Indian troops on the British side. Index: Bk Shawnee warrior, desirous
of uniting all the Indian tribes for their common defence, 150; proposes
alliance with United States, 150; his overtures being rejected, decides
on war, 151, 176; repulses Americans at Canard River, 237; disperses
force of the enemy on their own territory, 237; in fight at Maguaga,
241; his opinion of Brock, 246; appearance, dress, and character, 246,
247; leads Indians in attack on Detroit, 254; his commendation of Brock,
257. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Dent, Can. Por.; Drake, Life of
Tecumseh; Eggleston, Tecumseh and the Shawnee Prophet; Tupper, Life
and Correspondence of Brock; Tupper, Family Records; Lucas, Canadian
War of 1812.
Teganissorens (Decanisora). F Onondaga orator, 338.
Telegraph Companies. BL Incorporated in 1847, 277-278.
Temple, Richard Temple Grenville, Earl (1711-1779). Represented
Buckingham and Buckinghamshire in Parliament, 1734-1752; first lord of
the Admiralty, 1756-1757; lord privy seal, 1757-1761. Index: WM
Witnesses singular behaviour of Wolfe at house of Pitt, 65, 66. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.
Temple, Sir Thomas (1614-1674). Born in England. Given a grant of land
in Nova Scotia, in 1656; induced Cromwell to confirm it, and in 1657
appointed governor of Acadia. Sailed for America, and occupied the forts
of St. John and Pentagoet. On the restoration of Charles II, his claims
were again in jeopardy, but were eventually confirmed. In 1662 created
by Charles II a baronet of Nova Scotia, and again appointed governor. In
1667 Nova Scotia was ceded to France, and in 1670 forced to resign his
claims to the territory. Afterwards settled in Boston, finally returning
to England. Index: F English governor of Acadia, 1656, 268. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.; Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia.
Tessoüat. Ch Algonquian chief, 10, 75, 77.
Têtes de Boule. Hd Indian tribe trading at Three Rivers, 54.
Têtu. Hd On Haldimand. 291.
Theatre. F At Quebec, 336. Hd Allan Maclean's effort for, 306-307;
attempt to produce Molière's Les Fourberies de Scapin, 307.
Themines, Pons de Lauzière, Marquis de (1552-1627). Marshal of France.
Index: Ch Temporary viceroy of New France, 123.
Thierry-Desdames. Ch Company's clerk at Quebec, 121, 138; sent to St.
Barnabé Island, 173.
Thom, Adam. Born in Scotland. Educated at King's College, Aberdeen. Came
to Canada, and practised law in Montreal. Appointed recorder of Rupert's
Land, 1838, and arrived in the Red River Settlement the following year.
Also legal adviser to the governor of Assiniboia. His arbitrary conduct
made him extremely unpopular, especially among the French half-breeds,
and he was compelled to retire from the bench in 1849. The following
year reinstated, to try a complicated case of defamatory conspiracy, but
the verdict proved so unsatisfactory that Governor Caldwell procured his
permanent removal, and had him appointed clerk of the court. Resigned
this office in 1854, and returned to Scotland. Index: MS Governor
Simpson makes him recorder of Red River, 1839, 245; opposes Papineau in
Lower Canada, 245; his newspaper letters signed "Camillus," 245; on
Durham's staff, 245; returns with him to England, 245; his influence in
Red River affairs, 246; the "stormy petrel," of the Settlement, 247;
returns to England, 1854, 247; his connection with Simpson's narrative
of his journey round the world, 249. Bib.: Bryce, Manitoba and
Hudson's Bay Company; Ross, Red River Settlement; Begg, History of
the North-West. See also Red River Colony.
Thomas, John (1725-1776). Born in Marshfield, Mass. Surgeon in a
regiment sent to Annapolis Royal, 1746; and in 1747 surgeon, and
afterwards lieutenant, in Shirley's Regiment. In 1759 promoted colonel
of Provincials, and in 1760 commanded a regiment at the capture of
Montreal. On the outbreak of the Revolution joined the colonials; raised
a regiment of volunteers; and in 1775 became brigadier-general. In 1776
commanded a brigade at the siege of Boston, capturing Dorchester
Heights, and promoted major-general. Succeeded to the command of the
American army in Canada on the death of General James Montgomery,
arriving before Quebec on May 1, 1776. Died near Chambly, on the retreat
from Quebec. Index: Dr Replaces Wooster, recalled, 136; stampede of his
forces when attacked by Carleton, 138. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog. See also
Siege of Quebec, 1775-1776.
Thompson. T Elected in York, New Brunswick, 108.
Thompson, David (1770-1857). Born in the parish of St. John's,
Westminster, England. Educated at the Gray Coat School; and entered the
service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1784. The first of his voluminous
journals opens at Fort Churchill in that year. The last is dated 1850.
The journals fill forty-five volumes of manuscript, and cover a period
of sixty-six years. Remained in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company
until 1797, and in that period carried on explorations and surveys of
the Nelson, Churchill, and Saskatchewan Rivers, and the intervening
territory. In 1797 joined the North West Company, and in the years that
followed, explored the upper waters of the Assiniboine; made a journey
overland to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and another to the head
waters of the Mississippi; and surveyed portions of the upper waters of
the Saskatchewan, Athabaska, and Peace Rivers. From 1807 to 1811,
explored the entire system of the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers, from
source to mouth. Left the North-West in 1812, and from 1816 to 1826
engaged in surveying and defining the international boundary. Afterwards
carried out several minor surveys, in what is now eastern Canada. Died
at Longueuil, near Montreal. Index: MS Referred to in Mackenzie's
letters, 58; his explorations, 103; leaves Hudson's Bay Company, and
joins North West Company, 103; visits the Mandan Indians, 104; further
explorations, 105; sent to explore the Columbia, 106; crosses the Rocky
Mountains, 1806, and builds post on Columbia, 106; descends the Columbia
to its mouth, 106-107; builds other posts west of the mountains, 107;
leaves service of the North West Company, 107; prepares his great map,
107; Thompson River named after, 109. D Completes his western work,
1811, 58; returns to eastern Canada, 58; ends his days in poverty, 59;
astronomer of North West Company, 57; previously in service of Hudson's
Bay Company, 57-58; extent of his travels, 58; visits Mandan country,
58; enters Bow River Pass, 1805, 58; discovers Howse Pass, 58; builds
Fort Kootenay, 58; first to explore Kootenay district, 58; discoverer of
Athabaska Pass, 58; proclaims British sovereignty, at junction of
Spokane and Columbia, 58. Bib.: Tyrrell, Journeys of David Thompson;
Henry-Thompson Journals, ed. by Coues; Laut, Conquest of the Great
North-West; Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce, Hudson's Bay
Company.
Thompson, David (1796-1868). Born in Scotland. Served in the British
army and in the Canadian militia. Taught school in Niagara and acted as
a surveyor. In 1832 published History of the late War between Great
Britain and the United States of America.
Thompson, Edward. Mc Defeats Mackenzie, 308.
Thompson, James. Dr Engineer, his work on the fortifications of Quebec,
117.
Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David (1844-1894). Born in Halifax, Nova
Scotia. Educated at Free Church Academy, Halifax. In 1859 a reporter in
the House of Assembly. In 1865 called to the bar and practised in
Halifax. In 1877 member for Antigonish, in the Assembly; and in 1878
attorney-general in the Holmes-Thompson government. On the retirement of
Holmes in 1882, became premier, but being defeated in the House,
resigned two months later. In 1882 appointed a judge of the Supreme
Court. In 1885 minister of justice and attorney-general of Canada, in
Sir John A. Macdonald's government, being elected for Antigonish to the
House of Commons. Appointed legal adviser to the British
plenipotentiaries who arranged the Fishery Treaty with the United States
in 1888, and knighted for his services. In 1892 premier, on the
retirement of Sir John Abbott. In 1893 went to Paris as one of the
arbitrators upon the Bering Sea fisheries dispute. In 1894, while on a
visit to England, and soon after being sworn in as a member of the
Imperial Privy Council, died suddenly at Windsor Castle. Index: Md
Minister of justice, 254; his address when unveiling statue of John A.
Macdonald at Hamilton, 332. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Dict. Nat.
Biog.; Hopkins, Life of Sir John Thompson.
Thompson, Samuel. B His pen picture of George Brown, 4-5.
Thompson, S. R. T Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, New
Brunswick, 108, 109.
Thompson, William (1725-1781). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to
Pennsylvania, and commanded a troop of mounted militia in the French and
Indian campaigns. In 1776 appointed a brigadier-general by Congress, and
sent to Canada with reinforcements for General John Thomas. On June 6,
ordered by General Sullivan, who had succeeded Thomas, to attack the
enemy at Three Rivers, but badly defeated and taken prisoner; exchanged
two years later. Index: Dr Sent to attack Fraser at Three Rivers, 145;
repulsed with loss, 146. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Thomson, Andrew. Sy Elder brother and business partner of Sydenham, 9;
annoyed at losses and expenses incurred by his brother, 14.
Thomson, Edward William (1849- ). Canadian author and journalist. Index:
B His sketch of Gordon Brown, 245. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian
Who's Who.
Thomson, John. Sy Merchant, father of Sydenham, 4; adds "Poulett" to his
name, 4.
Thomson, Poulett. See Sydenham.
Thornton, Sir Edward. Born in London, England, 1817; son of Sir Edward
Thornton, minister to Portugal. Graduated at Cambridge in 1840. Entered
the diplomatic service, and in 1842 stationed at Turin. In 1845 attaché
in Mexico, and in 1851 secretary of legation. Appointed minister to the
Argentine Confederation in 1859; and in 1865 minister to Brazil; in 1867
minister to Washington; in 1871 a member of the Joint High Commission on
the Alabama claims; and in 1873 one of the arbitrators of the American
and Mexican Claims Commission. In 1878 served on the Ontario Boundary
Commission. In 1881 appointed ambassador to St. Petersburg; and to
Turkey in 1884; retired from the diplomatic service, 1887; made a G. C.
B., 1883. Index: B British minister at Washington, joint plenipotentiary
with George Brown for negotiation of a reciprocity treaty, 1874, 226. Md
Serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Thorpe, Robert. A member of the Irish bar. Judge of the Supreme Court of
Prince Edward Island, 1802; judge of the Court of King's Bench of Upper
Canada, 1805. Took part in the political quarrels of the time; elected a
member of the Upper Canadian Assembly, 1807; dismissed from his
judgeship by order of the secretary of state, on the representations of
the governor, Sir Francis Gore; sued Sir Francis Gore in England for
libel and recovered damages. Appointed chief-justice of Sierra Leone;
returned to England after two years on account of ill-health; brought
with him for delivery a petition to the home government from the people
of Sierra Leone, and on this account dismissed from office. Died in
England. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read, Lives of the Judges.
Three Rivers. City of Quebec, at the mouth of St. Maurice River. First
colonists settled there in 1633; the Jesuits arrived the following year;
and the same year a fort was built by Laviolette, who is regarded as the
founder of the town. Throughout the seventeenth century, it was the
scene of almost constant conflict with the Iroquois. In 1670 the Jesuits
were replaced by the Récollets; and in 1697 the Ursulines established a
convent. Index: L Récollet mission at, 111. WM French provision ships
retire to, 87. Dr Governorship of, abolished, 21; used as military dépôt
by Americans in invasion of Canada, 141; Carleton's troops rendezvous
at, 144. F Fort erected at, 24; population in 1666, 268. Ch Centre of
fur trade for some years, 120; conference with Indian tribes at, 162;
Jesuit mission founded at, 228. Hd Haldimand military governor of, 1;
Ralph Burton governor of, 41-42; Haldimand appointed to district on
Burton's departure, 42-51, 64, 65, 290, 293; early history of the
settlement, 42; fires in, 44; difficulty in obtaining recruits at, 56;
government divided between Quebec and Montreal, 60; Haldimand relieved
of command at, in 1765, 61-62; Indians protected at, 147; Haldimand
befriends Ursuline nuns at, 179; census taken, 190, 231; question of
inoculation for smallpox at, 229; schools of, 233, 235; banns of
marriage published at, 237; Loyalists sheltered near, 254; Du Calvet
arrested at, 280. Bib.: Sulte, Histoire des Trois-Rivières, 1534-1537
and Album d'Histoire des Trois-Rivières, 1634-1721.
Three Rivers. Ch Name given by Champlain to river St. Maurice, 52.
Thurlow, Edward, Baron (1731-1806). Born in Norfolk, England. Entered
Parliament for Tamworth, 1768. In 1770 appointed solicitor-general, and
in 1771 attorney-general. In 1774 supported on constitutional grounds
the ministerial scheme for the government of Quebec province. In 1778
lord chancellor and raised to the peerage. Presided at the trial of
Warren Hastings, 1788. Supported Pitt's foreign policy throughout, but
on other questions was not a loyal adherent of the prime minister. In
1792 Pitt and Grenville, with whom he then bitterly disagreed, induced
the king to part with the chancellor, who then resigned the great seal.
Throughout his career an ardent supporter of the king, and added all his
influence in favour of the policy which led to the revolt of the
American colonies. Index: Dr Attorney-general, on French-Canadian claims
in matters of law, 62, 66. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Thury, Abbé. F Missionary to Abenaquis, 250.
Ticonderoga. Known to the French as Carillon. Built by Lotbinière in
1755-1756, on a promontory at the southern end of Lake Champlain, where
it formed the advanced post of the French, and guarded the frontier from
British attack. Abercromby brought an army against it in 1758, and was
badly beaten by Montcalm. The following year Amherst captured the fort,
Bourlamaque retreating down the lake with his force. In 1775 it was
taken by the Americans, under Ethan Allen; and recaptured in 1777 by
Burgoyne, remaining in the possession of the British until the close of
the war. When the boundary was settled, it became the property of the
United States. Index: Ch Scene of fight with Iroquois, 54. Hd
Disastrous attack on, 18-21. See Carillon; Abercromby; Allen; Amherst.
Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Smith, Our Struggle for the
Fourteenth Colony.
Tilley, James. T Grandfather of Sir Leonard Tilley, grantee of Parrtown,
3; died in Sunbury County in 1851, 3.
Tilley, John. T Came over in the Mayflower in 1620, 2.
Tilley, Sir Leonard (1818-1896). W Grandson of William Peters, 3;
succeeds Wilmot as lieutenant-governor, 133. T Elected to New Brunswick
Assembly, 1850, 1; born in Gagetown, New Brunswick, May 8, 1818, his
descent, 1-2; his father, 3-4; early home, 4-5; education, 5; begins
commercial life, 7; espouses cause of total abstinence, 8; his business
career, 8-9; enters political life, 10; returned for St. John city, 10;
his colleagues, 11-15; supports Ritchie's amendment, 18; resigns his
seat, 24; out of Parliament, 25; his tariff views, 29-30; becomes
provincial secretary, 32; introduces prohibitory liquor bill, 34;
defeated in St. John, 41; elected in St. John, 43; provincial secretary,
43; his nomination speech, 52; delegate to England in railway matter,
54-55; attends Quebec Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; again in
England on same matter, 57; supports Confederation, 59; proposes uniform
tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70-71; attends Charlottetown Conference,
73; and Quebec Conference, 77, 79; candidate in St. John, 84; resigns,
90; his influence, 104; again provincial secretary, 105; elected for St.
John, 109; the Confederation movement, 112; his personal magnetism, 113;
his work for Confederation, 114; his defence of the union, 116-118;
delegate to England, 120; presented to the queen, 124; in first Dominion
ministry, 128-129; becomes minister of finance, 130; represents St. John
in Dominion Parliament, 131; receives honour of C. B., 132; his
parliamentary career, 133-134; appointed lieutenant-governor, 134; his
governorship, 135-136; returns to political life as minister of finance,
137; again lieutenant-governor, 138-139; his popularity, 140; his
religious life, 140-141; given a K. C. M. G., 141; visits the queen at
Osborne, 142; his marriage, 1843, 142; his second wife, 142; his family,
142-143; last illness and death, 1896, 144-145; funeral service, 146;
his character, 147-148. H His government defeated in New Brunswick on
Confederation issue, 179; returned to office, 187; welcomes Tupper on
his return from England, 207; urges Sir John Macdonald to visit Nova
Scotia and confer with leaders of Anti-Confederate party, 209. B Tours
Canada with other delegates after Quebec Conference, 166; defeated in
New Brunswick on Confederation issue, 182-183; in Peter Mitchell's
Pro-Confederation ministry, 188; relations with Macdonald, 202-203. Md
Delegate to Quebec Conference, 110; letters to, from Macdonald, on
Confederation, 117-118, 125-126; minister of customs, 134; supports
Intercolonial route running directly across New Brunswick, 153; supports
Macdonald and the national policy, 220; introduces a bill to give effect
to the national policy, 228-229; his co-operation with Macdonald,
270-271. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years; Taylor, Brit.
Am.; Hannay, Life and Times of Sir Leonard Tilley and History of New
Brunswick.
Tilley, Samuel. T Sir Leonard Tilley's great-grandfather, 1; a Loyalist
farmer on Long Island, 2; arrives at Parrtown (St. John), 1783, 3; dies
there, 1815, 3; his wife dies, 1835, 3.
Tilley, Thomas Morgan (1790-1870). T Father of Sir Leonard Tilley, born,
1790, 3; in lumber business, 4; dies, 1870, 4.
Tilsit, Treaty of. Bk Between Russia and Napoleon, 1807, 105; failure
of, 106.
Timber Trade. Sy Between Britain and colonies. Sydenham's views on, 130,
136. See also Trade.
Times. Newspaper published at London, England; established, 1785. Index:
BL On Rebellion Losses Bill, 320-321. B On Canadian independence, 143;
attitude towards United States during war with the South, 144; on
Canadian defence, 147. C Advocates independence of Canada and other
great colonies, 89-93; Cartier replies to, 92. Md Account in, of
memorial service held in Westminster Abbey in honour of Macdonald,
322-324.
Tippecanoe. Bk General Harrison's encounter with Indians at, 174-176.
Tipping, Captain. D Voyage to the North-West Coast for sea-otter skins,
22.
Tithes. Dr Attempts to create discontent on the subject of, 79. L
Collection of, by Quebec Seminary, sanctioned by the French king, 10;
fixed by Sovereign Council at one twenty-sixth, 10; Laval obtains
authority to collect one-thirteenth as, 50; rate reduced to one
twenty-sixth, 54; objected to by some of the colonists, 54; decree of
1679 respecting, 55; limitation of, 181.
Tobin, Michael. H Member of Uniacke government, Nova Scotia, 110;
resigns seat in government, as protest against Howe's attack on Irish
Roman Catholics, 164. H Member of Uniacke administration, 1848, 110;
resigns seat in government, 164. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova
Scotia.
Tod, John. Born in Water Leven, Dumbartonshire, Scotland. Joined the
Hudson's Bay Company, 1813, and employed for a time at York Factory as
superintendent of the fur shed. Sent by Governor Simpson to New
Caledonia, 1823; took an active part in the development of the Company's
operations west of the mountains. A man of strong personality, and a
notable correspondent; many of his letters to Hargrave, Ermatinger, and
other contemporaries among the fur traders have been preserved.
Stationed at Fort McLeod in 1824, and still there when Sir George
Simpson visited the post on his overland journey in 1828. Chief trader
in charge of Fort Kamloops, 1846. Bancroft describes some dramatic
incidents of his reign at Kamloops. Retired from Company's service,
1851; appointed same year a member of the council of government;
subsequently a member of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island.
Died at Oak Bay, near Victoria. Index: MS Governor Simpson's prejudice
against, 268. D At McLeod Lake, 99; character, 100; account of Fort
George massacre, 105-106. Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia;
Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Begg, History of British Columbia.
Todd, Alpheus (1821-1884). Born in London, England. Removed to Canada in
1833. In 1836 appointed assistant librarian of the House of Assembly of
Upper Canada, and upon the union of the two provinces of Canada,
assistant librarian to the Legislative Assembly. In 1854 appointed
principal librarian, and constitutional adviser to both Houses of the
Legislature. In 1856, a library grant of £10,000 having been made, sent
to Europe to expend it. Upon the Confederation of the provinces in 1867,
appointed librarian to the Dominion Parliament. In 1881 received the
honorary degree of LL.D. from Queen's University, Kingston. Bib.: Works:
Parliamentary Government in England; Parliamentary Government in the
British Colonies. For biog., see Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.
Tolmie, William Fraser (1812-1886). Born at Inverness, Scotland. Studied
medicine; joined the Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, arriving at Fort
Vancouver the following year. Filled the dual positions of medical
officer and trader in the Company's service for many years. Stationed at
Fort McLoughlin, 1833-1836; visited Scotland, 1841-1843; chief factor,
1856, and removed to Victoria, where appointed to the board of
management of the Company, 1859. Retired in 1860, and for five years sat
in the Legislative Assembly. Died in Victoria. Tolmie Channel was named
after him. Index: D Succeeds Anderson at Fort McLoughlin, 1834, 117;
establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, 117-118. Bib.:
Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Walbran, British Columbia
Coast Names.
Tonnancour, De. Dr Entertains Carleton at Three Rivers, 89; in command
of militia, 187. Hd Commander at Three Rivers, his application to
Haldimand, 243.
Tonquin. An American vessel, which brought out the Astorians from New
York to the Columbia in 1810. She was commanded by a domineering
officer, Captain Thorn. The following year, accompanied by Alexander
McKay, one of the partners of Astor's company, Thorn sailed north on a
trading expedition. At Nootka, while trading with the natives, he struck
one of the principal chiefs and turned him out of the ship. A few days
later a large party of Indians came on board, ostensibly to trade, but
carrying concealed weapons. At a preconcerted signal, they fell on the
officers and crew, killing all but five seamen, who escaped into the
hold. Four of these escaped the following day in a boat, but perished at
sea. The natives, believing the ship deserted, come on board in a crowd
to pillage her. Suddenly, while four or five hundred were huddled
together on the deck, the ship blew up with a frightful noise. The
sailor who had remained behind, probably wounded, is supposed to have
taken this terrible revenge. An Indian of Gray's Harbour, who had been
among the crew, managed to escape during the massacre, and brought the
news to Astoria. Index: D Attacked by natives at Clayoquot Sound, June,
1811, and entire crew massacred, 37; sent to the Columbia by Astor, 71;
murder of crew, 71. Bib.: Franchère, Voyage to the North-West Coast of
America; Irving, Astoria; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
Tonti, Chevalier Henri de (1650-1704). Born in Gaeta, Italy; son of a
well-known financier, and inventor of the Tontine form of life
insurance. Served in the Silician wars, where lost one of his hands.
Introduced to La Salle in Paris, and agreed to join him in his ambitious
schemes of western exploration. They crossed the Atlantic together in
1678, and the same year set forth for the west. At Cayuga Creek, above
Niagara Falls, Tonti built the Griffon, while La Salle went back to
Fort Frontenac for supplies. In the spring of 1679, they sailed together
to Michilimackinac; descended the Illinois, and built Fort Crèvecœur.
In 1682 accompanied La Salle down the Mississippi to the Gulf. Engaged
in the fur trade at Fort St. Louis, after the death of La Salle. Index:
L Left in charge of Fort Crèvecœur, 149; driven out by Iroquois, 194;
La Salle makes him his representative in Canada, 151. F La Salle's
lieutenant at Fort Crèvecœur, 144, 160; joins expedition against
Iroquois, 209; arrives from Illinois country with coureurs de bois,
325. Bib.: Parkman, La Salle; Margry, Relations et Mémoires Inédits.
See also La Salle.
Toronto. Capital of the province of Ontario. The name is of Huron origin
and means "place of meeting." Fort Rouillé was built on the site of the
city by the French in 1749; also known as Fort Toronto. In 1793,
Governor Simcoe moved the seat of government from Newark (Niagara), to
Toronto Bay, and named the new settlement York. In 1813 it was captured
and sacked by the Americans. In 1834 the city was incorporated, and
renamed Toronto. Index: E Becomes joint seat of government with Quebec,
78. B Represented by George Brown in Parliament, 99; Board of Trade of
advocates incorporation of North-West Territories with Canada, 216. BL
Attack on, planned in 1837, 43; banquet to Baldwin and others, 220-221;
aspires to honour of capital, 181; Orange mob burn Baldwin and Hincks in
effigy, 187; under Baldwin's Municipal Act, 300; becomes seat of
government, 338. S Name of, officially changed to York, 203; building
regulations in, 203. C City council asks Poulett Thomson to disfranchise
French of Lower Canada, 99. See also York. Bib.: Robinson, History of
Toronto; Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto; Adam, Toronto Old and
New; Scadding, Toronto of Old; Mulvany, Toronto Past and Present;
Taylor, Toronto Called Back.
Toronto Alliance Society. Mc Sympathizes with Lower Canada, 327.
Toronto University. Projected in 1797, and chartered, 1827, as King's
College, mainly through the efforts of Bishop Strachan. The charter was
amended in 1837, as the result of an agitation against its theological
bias. In 1850 the university was completely secularized; and in 1853 the
institution received its present name. In 1887 the charter was again
amended. Victoria, Knox, St. Michaels, and Wycliffe colleges were
affiliated with the university in that year; and Trinity in 1903.
Further changes were made in the government of the university in 1906.
Index: BL Baldwin's Bill and the university question, 190-197; its
definite foundation, 281; Act amending the charter, 292; history of
legislation affecting, 293; Bourinot and Loudon on Baldwin Bill, 293;
terms of the bill, 294-295. E Its history, 93-95. Md Formerly King's
College, 30; an institution for secular learning alone, 30, 44, 69.
Bib.: Loudon, History of the University of Toronto in Canada: An
Ency., vol. 4; Burwash, Founding and Development of University of
Toronto (R. S. C., 1905); The University of Toronto and its Colleges,
1827-1906.
Tourmente, Cap. Ch Champlain's establishment at, for raising cattle,
171; his establishment destroyed by fire, 177.
Townshend, Lord Charles. See Bayning.
Townshend, George, Marquis (1724-1807). Born in Norfolk, England.
Entered the army, and engaged in the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and
Culloden. In 1759 ordered to Canada; brigadier-general, and commanded
one of the divisions under Wolfe. On Wolfe's death succeeded to the
command, and received the capitulation of Quebec. Returning to England,
served in continental campaigns. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 1767 to
1772. In 1784 created Earl of Leicester, and in 1787 Marquis Townshend.
Index: WM Brigadier under Wolfe, 74; commands British right in battle of
Montmorency, 134, 140, 141, 142; moves up river with his command to join
fleet, 161; commands British right in battle of the Plains, 189; takes
command on death of Wolfe, 219; Montcalm's letter to, 219; fortifies
British position, 222; places guard on General Hospital, 223; accepts
capitulation of Quebec, 235; receives keys of the Château St. Louis,
235; returns to England, 235. Hd His lack of interest in Canada, 184;
Haldimand's letter to, 188. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Doughty, Siege of
Quebec; Wood, The Fight for Canada; Townshend, Life of Marquess
Townshend.
Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville, Marquis de (1603-1670). Served in the
French army, and in 1655 recaptured Cayenne from the Dutch. In 1663
appointed lieutenant-general of all the French dominions in America,
and, after spending a year in the West Indies, reached Quebec, June 30,
1665. With the newly arrived Carignan-Salières Regiment as his weapon,
at once initiated a vigorous policy against the Iroquois, and especially
the contumacious Mohawks. In 1666, with thirteen hundred men, marched
against the latter, burnt their villages, and drove them into the
woods. The following year deputies arrived at Quebec from all the
Iroquois tribes, suing for peace. Having secured to the colony a peace
which lasted for nearly twenty years, returned to France. Index: F
Appointed king's lieutenant-general for all his possessions in America,
50; arrives at Quebec, 51; marches against Iroquois (Mohawks), 53;
concludes peace, 53; removes Maisonneuve from governorship of Montreal,
54; recalled, 54. L Appointed viceroy, 51; erects three forts on
Richelieu River, 53; marches against Mohawks, 53; returns to France, 81;
high character of, testified to by Laval, 81; his devout practices, 81,
82; makes pilgrimage to Ste. Anne de Beaupré, 102. Bib.: Parkman, Old
Régime; Charlevoix, History of New France.
Trade. E Depression in Canada following Britain's adoption of free
trade, 38-39, 45; Elgin's views on, 57-58; stimulated by repeal of
Navigation Laws in 1849, 85-86. S Exports from Kingston in 1794, 108.
Trading Permits. F Issued by governor, 115; objected to by bishop as
involving carrying of liquor to the Indians, 116; prohibited by king,
116; permitted under limitations, 128. See also Liquor question;
Brandy question.
Trahan, Joseph. WM His account of Montcalm before the battle, 197.
Traill, Catherine Parr (1802-1899). Born in England; daughter of Thomas
Strickland of Reydon Hall, Suffolk, and sister of Agnes Strickland and
Susanna Moodie. Educated at home. Began to write at an early age, her
first volume of stories for children being published in 1818. In 1832
married Lieutenant Thomas Traill of the Royal Scotch Fusileers, and some
months later they removed to Canada. Most of her books were written in
Canada, and embody her experiences in the backwoods, and her intimate
studies of plant life. Bib.: Works: Plant Life in Canada; Canadian
Wild Flowers; Canadian Crusoes; Pearls and Pebbles, with biog.
sketch by Mary Agnes FitzGibbon. For biog., see Morgan, Cel. Can.;
MacMurchy, Canadian Literature.
Transcontinental Railway. B Members of British government in 1862
favourable to, except Gladstone, 143. See also Railways.
Transcript. Newspaper published at Montreal. Index: B Opposes annexation
of North-West Territories, 218. BL Denounces La Fontaine-Baldwin
government, 141.
Transportation. B Roads in Upper Canada in 1834, 54; improvement of,
advocated by George Brown, 61; Hincks and the Grand Trunk, 64. S
Difficulty and cost of, in early times, 109. BL Steamboat and stage
travel in 1839, 74-75; improvement of inland navigation provided for in
government programme in 1841, 89; interests advanced under second La
Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 282, 286, 287, 301-302; 337. E Vigorous
policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 96-101; and of Hincks-Morin
ministry, 114-116. See also Railways; Canals; Roads.
Trayes. S Baptist deacon, teaches school at Port Rowan, 167.
Traytorrens, Captain. Hd Correspondent of Haldimand's, 315.
Treaties. See Aix-la-Chapelle; Ashburton; Jay's; Paris; St.
Germain-en-Laye; Ryswick; Breda; Utrecht; Suze; Versailles; Oregon;
Washington.
Tregatin. Ch Indian, brings news of Kirke's arrival, 176.
Trent Affair. Took place in November, 1861, when Captain C. Wilkes of
the United States navy intercepted the British mail steamer Trent
sailing from Havana, and arrested two commissioners from the Confederate
States who were passengers, and who were accredited to France. They were
conveyed to the United States and imprisoned in Boston. The affair
caused great excitement; war between Great Britain and the United States
seemed imminent, and was averted only by the release of the two
commissioners on the demand of Great Britain in January, 1862. Index: C
Canada's connection with, leads to reorganization of militia, 87. T
Helped along Intercolonial Railway project, 55. Md Storm aroused by
seizure of the Trent, 97-98. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years; Harris,
The Trent Affair; King, Turning on the Light; Roberts, History of
Canada.
Trenton (New Jersey). Dr Surrender of Hessians at, 164.
Trinité. Ch French vessel, seized by the English, 222.
Trinity College. College with university powers, established at Toronto.
Now affiliated with the University of Toronto. Index: E Established
through the efforts of Bishop Strachan, 95-96. BL Founded by Bishop
Strachan, 1851, 295-296. Md Founded by Bishop Strachan, 30. Bib.: Clark,
The University of Trinity College in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4;
Bethune, Memoir of Bishop Strachan.
Troop, J. C. H Delegate of Nova Scotia Anti-Confederate party to
England, to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; receives
thanks of Legislature, 218. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Troop, J. V. T Ship-owner of St. John, New Brunswick, Anti-Confederate
candidate there, 84; defeated in St. John, 109.
Trouvé, Claude. L Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake Ontario, 105.
Troyes, Chevalier Pierre de. Born in France. Entered the army, and came
to Canada as an officer of the Carignan Regiment. In 1686 commanded an
expedition of one hundred men, against the forts of the Hudson's Bay
Company on the bay. With him went three members of the famous Le Moyne
family,—Iberville, St. Hélène, and Maricourt. They were successful in
surprising and capturing Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Took
part in Denonville's campaign of 1687; left at Niagara with a hundred
men to rebuild the fort erected by La Salle nine years before, and died
there of some malignant disease. Index: F Leads expedition to Hudson
Bay, 205; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; in charge of fort at
Niagara, 214. L Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204,
Bib.: Laut, Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce, Hudson's Bay
Company; Parkman, Old Régime.
Tryon, William (1725-1788). Born in Ireland. Served in the British army.
In 1764 sent to North Carolina, and on the death of Dobbs succeeded him
as lieutenant-governor in 1765. Held the position until 1771, when
appointed governor of New York. In 1772 made a colonel, and in 1777
major-general. During his administration of the colony suppressed
insurrections and political misdemeanours with great severity. In 1778
resigned the governorship. On his return to England promoted to
lieutenant-general, 1782. Index: Hd Governor of New York, 89; his house
burned, 91; returns to England, 91; Haldimand refuses to send troops to
aid of, 197. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Cyc. Am. Biog.
Trytorrens, Marie Madeleine. Hd Mother of Haldimand, 2.
Tucker, R. G. Sy Appointed provincial registrar, 332.
Tuffet, Jean. Ch Director of Company of New France, 170.
Tupper, Charles (1794-1881). Born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. At the age
of twenty-one entered the ministry of the Baptist Church. Held charges
at various places in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Settled at
Amherst, where he became principal of the Grammar School, 1834.
Appointed principal of the Baptist Seminary at Fredericton, New
Brunswick, 1838. Returned to Amherst, 1840. Settled at Aylesford, 1851,
where he remained until his death. Bib.: Hill, Forty Years with the
Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada.
Tupper, Sir Charles, Bart. (1821- ). Born at Amherst, Nova Scotia.
Educated at Acadia College, and at Edinburgh. In 1843 graduated M.D.,
and won the diploma of the Edinburgh Royal College of Surgeons. For some
years practised medicine at Amherst, Nova Scotia. In 1855 began his
political career, being elected to the Nova Scotia Legislature for
Cumberland County. In 1856, when the Johnstone Cabinet was formed,
became provincial secretary, serving until 1860. From 1864 to 1867 prime
minister of Nova Scotia. In 1867 elected member for Cumberland to the
first Dominion Parliament; president of the Privy Council, 1870;
minister of inland revenue, 1872-1873; minister of customs, 1873;
minister of public works, 1878; minister of railways and canals,
1879-1884. Held the position of high commissioner for Canada in England,
1884-1887; and was member of the Fisheries Conference, 1887. Returning
to Canada, was appointed minister of finance, 1887. Created a baronet,
1888. Again became high commissioner, 1888, holding the position until
1896. Returned to Canada, 1896; leader of the House of Commons in the
Bowell administration; four months later on the retirement of Sir M.
Bowell, prime minister of Canada, but was not upheld at the polls on
June 23, 1896. From 1896 to 1900 leader of the Opposition in the House
of Commons, but being defeated in the election of 1906, retired from
active political life. Index: E Leads movement for Imperial Zollverein,
59, 101. B Tours Canada with other delegates after Quebec Conference,
166. C Secures baronetcy for Cartier, 128; his letter to Duke of
Buckingham, 129. H Establishes free school system in Nova Scotia, 1864,
80; meets Joseph Howe on political platform in Cumberland County, 1852,
155-156; defeats him in 1855, 156-157; leads opposition in Legislature,
163; uses Howe's attack on Irish Roman Catholics as a handle to
overthrow the government, 163-164; becomes provincial secretary, 167;
his fight in Legislature to keep government in office, 168; his
retrenchment scheme, 1863, 171; elected by acclamation in Cumberland,
171-172; becomes leader of government, 172; quotes Howe against himself
in Confederation controversy, 173; his scheme for union of Maritime
Provinces, 175-180; advocates Confederation, 186-189; forms provincial
government, 1867, 198; offered but declines seat in first Dominion
Cabinet, 198; stumps the province against Howe, 199; sole advocate of
Confederation elected in Nova Scotia, 202; secures recruits from the
other side, 203; opposes Nova Scotia repealers in London, 204-205; his
interview with Howe, 205-206; letter to Macdonald, 207; urges Macdonald
to visit Nova Scotia, 209; contributes political articles to magazines,
258. Md Premier of Nova Scotia, arranges Conference at Charlottetown, to
discuss Confederation, 104; attends Conference at Quebec, 104-114;
passes through the House a law establishing compulsory education, 116;
Macdonald's first lieutenant, 139; opposes Howe's petition to home
government for repeal of British North America Act, 143-144; letter from
Macdonald, 184; supports Macdonald and national policy, 220; his
co-operation with Macdonald, 269-270; summoned from his post of high
commissioner to assist in election campaign of 1891, 315. T Favourable
to uniform tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70; delegate to Charlottetown
Conference, 73; to Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124;
given a C. B., 132. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty Years;
Taylor, Brit. Am.; Morgan, Can. Men; Thibault, Biography of Sir
Charles Tupper; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia; Campbell,
History of Nova Scotia.
Tupper, Sir Charles Hibbert (1855- ). Son of Sir Charles Tupper.
Educated at McGill University, and at the Harvard Law School. Called to
the bar of Nova Scotia, 1877. Sat in the House of Commons, 1882-1891 and
1896-1900; minister of marine and fisheries, 1888-1895; minister of
justice, 1895-1896. Agent for the British government at the Paris
arbitration, 1892. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Turcotte, J. G. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.
Turgiss, Father Charles. Ch Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234. L Dies of
plague, 62.
Turner, Philip. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company about
1779, and carried out important surveys for the Company. Stationed at
Cumberland House in 1789, and while there gave David Thompson
instruction in practical astronomy. Between 1790 and 1792 made a survey
of Lake Athabaska, and of the canoe route from Cumberland House to Great
Slave Lake. Dr. J. G. Kohl says that his manuscript journal of a
Journey from Cumberland-house towards the Athapiscow Country and back
to York Factory, 1790-1792, is preserved in the archives of the
Hudson's Bay Company at London. His map of this region, the original of
which is also in the Hudson's Bay Archives, is reproduced in Burpee's
Search for the Western Sea. His careful survey of Lake Athabaska was
important in that it corrected Peter Pond's crude map, which placed the
western end of the lake as far west as 131°, and so gave rise to the
impression that the lake was within easy reach of the Pacific Ocean.
Index: MS Sent west to explore by Hudson's Bay Company, 57; meets
Alexander Mackenzie, 57; winters at Chipewyan, 57; determines its
position, 57. Bib.: Burpee, Search for the Western Sea; Bryce,
Hudson's Bay Company.
Tuscarora Indians. A tribe of the Iroquois family, dwelling chiefly in
North Carolina. In 1722 they were adopted into the league of the
Iroquois in New York, forming the sixth nation. There are now a few
hundreds living on the Six Nations Reserve, Grand River, Ontario. Index:
Hd Incorporated in Indian confederacy, 148. Bib.: See Iroquois; Six
Nations.
Twelve Resolutions. Presented by Joseph Howe before the Assembly of Nova
Scotia in 1837. They embody those principles of constitutional
government for which he so long and strenuously contended. Index: H
Presented by Howe, 39; his speech, 39-40, 41; passed by the Assembly,
42; resented by Legislative Council, 42; rescinded on motion of Howe,
43-44; embodied in address to the crown, 44; bring about partial
concession of responsible government, 45-47; text of resolutions,
293-298. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia. See also Howe.
Twiss, Captain. Hd Of the Royal Engineers, superintends fortification
of, 183; takes over plans to England, 184; employed on St. Lawrence
canals, 184, 185, 186; visits Haldimand in London, 327.
Ulloa, Antonia de (1716-1795). Born in Seville, Spain. Studied at
Seville, and in 1733 entered the navy. Accompanied astronomical
expedition to Brazil, 1735; and also that of 1744 to observe the comet.
In 1745 taken prisoner at Louisbourg by the British. On the intercession
of the Royal Society of London, released, and elected an associate of
the society in 1746. In 1760 made rear-admiral, and in 1764 governor of
Louisiana. In 1770 appointed lieutenant-general of the Spanish naval
forces. The remainder of his life was chiefly occupied in establishing
schools of natural history and metallurgy, and in the promotion of naval
and astronomical objects. Index: Hd Spanish governor of Louisiana, 79.
Uniacke, James Boyle. Son of Richard John Uniacke. Practised law in Nova
Scotia. Entered the Legislature some time before 1837. Appointed to the
Executive Council, 1840, and in 1848 formed an administration in which
he took the office of attorney-general. Appointed commissioner of crown
lands, 1853. Died soon after. Index: H Virtual leader of Tory party in
Nova Scotia, in 1837, 35; resists Howe's plans for responsible
government, 49; leads government side in Legislature up to 1840, 57;
resigns from Council, 63; joins forces with Howe, 64; appointed to
Council by Lord Falkland, 69; unsuccessful candidate for speakership,
74; retires from government, 87; moves want of confidence in government,
97-99, 107; forms administration, 107, 110; becomes attorney-general,
111; legislation, 115; delegate to Portland Railway Convention, 121;
becomes commissioner of crown lands, 145. B Submits scheme of colonial
union to Imperial authorities in 1805, 129. Bib.: Campbell, History of
Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Uniacke, Richard John (1753-1830). Born at Castletown, County Cork,
Ireland. Emigrated to the West Indies, 1773; went from there to
Philadelphia the following year; and induced by Moses Delesdernier, who
was interested in the settlement of certain lands near Fort Cumberland,
to come to Nova Scotia. In 1776 arrested as a sympathizer with the
rebellious colonists; pardoned, and returned to Ireland, where he
studied law. Returned to Nova Scotia in 1781, and admitted to the bar
the same year; appointed solicitor-general, 1782. Entered House of
Assembly as member for Sackville, 1783, and from the beginning took an
active part in public affairs. Chosen Speaker, 1789. Appointed
attorney-general, 1797, and held the office until the time of his death.
Again Speaker, 1799. Appointed to the Council, 1808. Died at Mount
Uniacke. Bib.: Power, Richard John Uniacke (N. S. Hist. Soc. Coll.,
vol. 9); Murdoch, History of Nova Scotia.
Union of 1841. H Act did not concede full measure of responsible
government, 53. BL Planned by Sydenham, 60-61; bitterly opposed in Lower
Canada, 61; protested against by La Fontaine, 61, 70; attitude of Upper
Canada, 61-68; opposed by Chief-Justice Robinson, 61-62; Act of Union
enacted—its terms, 68-69; proclaimed Feb. 10, 1841, 69; seat of
government, 73; provision as to language of Legislature denounced by La
Fontaine, 128; boundaries of Quebec constituencies, 146; slight
influence on force of racial discussion, 282. P Union first proposed in
1822, bill introduced in British House of Commons that year, 43-44;
petition against, 44; Papineau and Neilson go to England to oppose bill,
44-53; bill suggested by Ellice of Beauharnois, 47; bill withdrawn, 53;
repeal of, demanded by Papineau, 167; accepted by La Fontaine, 170;
protest of French Canadians, 170; defended by La Fontaine, 173-176;
Papineau's criticism of, 181-182. C Recommended by Durham, 12; approved
by Special Council, 12; and by Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, 13;
terms demanded by Upper Canada, 13; Poulett Thomson secures
modifications of, 14; French Canadians protest against, 15; La Fontaine
protests against, 96; concedes ministerial responsibility, 97. E
Unsatisfactory working of, when Elgin came to Canada, 4-5; its terms,
22-23; described by La Fontaine as "an act of injustice and despotism,"
24; unsatisfactory to French Canadians, 25; Elgin proposes repeal of
clause restricting use of the French language, 55; restrictions removed,
1849, 61; increase of representation under, 117; clauses relating to
Legislative Council repealed, 120; amendment to representation, 122-123.
Sy Recommended in Lord Durham's Report, 94; advocated by Constitutional
Associations of Quebec and Montreal, 112; favoured by Legislative
Assembly of Canada on certain conditions, 113, 114; opposed by
Legislative Council, 113, 115; strongly opposed by French Canadians,
117; favoured by English element in Lower Canada, 117; Lord John
Russell's speech and resolutions with reference to, 117-122; diverse
views regarding, 191, 192; question submitted to Special Council of
Lower Canada, 192; their report on, 193; question discussed in press,
193, 194; submitted to Upper Canada Legislature, 203; carried in
Assembly, 207; Attorney-General Hagerman argues strongly against,
207-209; carried in Legislative Council, 209; supported by general body
of Reformers, 213; anti-union resolutions passed at Quebec, 233; in
favour of union, 235; royal assent given to Act, 271; as drafted by
Sydenham, provided for municipal institutions, 273; municipal clauses
struck out of bill, 275; object of, to insure a British future for the
country, 283. Md Embodies theory of responsible government, 17; provides
that proceedings of Legislature be printed in English only, 24. Mc Bill
introduced by Lord John Russell, 405; Poulett Thomson sent to secure
consent of Canada to, 405; bill introduced a second time, 405. Bib.:
Dent, Last Forty Years; McMullen, History of Canada; Bourinot,
Constitutional History of Canada; Egerton and Grant, Canadian
Constitutional Documents; Houston, Constitutional Documents;
Turcotte, Canada sous l'Union; Robinson, Canada and the Canada Bill;
Bonnycastle, Canada in 1841.
United States. Bk Purchase of Louisiana by, 42; consequent change of
attitude towards Great Britain, 43; growing hostility of, to England,
73; British armed vessels ordered to leave United States forts, 83; lays
embargo on its own vessels, 85; their vessels seized under Berlin
Decrees, 105; indemnity paid therefor, 122; occupation of West Florida,
139; growing hostility to Great Britain, 172; declares war, 193, 203,
208. Bib.: Rhodes, History of the United States.
Universities. See Acadia; Dalhousie; King's; Knox; Laval; McGill;
Ottawa; Queen's; Toronto; Trinity; Victoria; McMaster; Manitoba;
Saskatchewan; Alberta; Western; St. Francis Xavier; Mount Allison; New
Brunswick.
University, Provincial. Mc Mackenzie's views on, 95.
University Endowment. Md Scheme opposed by Strachan, 28-29.
Unrestricted Reciprocity. Md Adopted by Liberal party, 262; campaign in
favour of, 292; Goldwin Smith supports, 292; favoured by interprovincial
conference, 297; movement arouses suspicion, 300; Farrer's pamphlet,
312-314. See also Reciprocity; Commercial Union.
Upper Canada. The name originally applied by General Murray to the
Montreal district, in 1760. Under the terms of the Constitutional Act of
1791, the country was divided into two provinces, and the name Upper
Canada applied to the western province. The population at that time was
made up chiefly of United Empire Loyalists from the United States. In
1841 Upper and Lower Canada were reunited; and in 1867 Upper Canada
again became a separate province, under the name of Ontario (q.v.).
Index: B Federal union of all British North American provinces not
acceptable to, 155; feeling in favour of Confederation all but
unanimous, 166; parliamentary representation of, 172-173. E First
railroad in, 99; political parties organized in, 148. Bk Population of,
49; commerce, 50; lack of public buildings, 50. Sy Its political
condition described by Sydenham, 200-202; opening of Legislature, 203;
equality of representation with Lower Canada proposed for, 204; defects
in its administration, 221-223; Sydenham enthusiastic over its soil and
climate, 268; larger part of its revenue collected in Lower Canada, 316;
its public works burdensome, its revenue small, 317. S Condition of, in
1782, 51; division of, into counties, 80; population of, 115; population
of, largely composed of dissenters, 159; Simcoe presents books and
premium in money to Agricultural Society of, 175. BL Coming of the
Loyalists, 5; population in 1811, 8; political situation after 1815, 9,
16, 17; municipal history of, 297-298. Sy Defects in administration
described by Sydenham, 221-223; his endeavours to remedy by
reorganization of public departments, 331. R Religious life in pioneer
days, 10-11; character of the people, 35-36; movement for civil and
religious equality in, 42-43, 61-63; population, 51; growth of popular
government, 64-66, 120-132. Mc State of representation in Mackenzie's
committee on, 171; report on, 175, 176. See also Ontario.
Upper Canada Academy. R Established by Methodists, June, 1836, 135;
Ryerson on, 137-138; difficulty of raising funds, 138-139; Ryerson sent
to England to obtain funds and secure royal charter, 139-141; his
success, 142; Rev. Matthew Richey first principal, 142; financial
assistance from government, 142-143; becomes Victoria College, 1841,
143; continued as preparatory school for Victoria College, 155. BL
Incorporated by Methodists in 1836 at Cobourg, 193; power to grant
degrees conferred in 1841, 193; name changed to Victoria College, 194.
See also Victoria College.
Upper Canada College, Toronto. Originally established in 1807 as the
Home District Grammar School of York, the first principal of which was
Dr. G. O. Stuart, who was succeeded by Dr. Strachan in 1813. In 1816 a
new building was erected, popularly known as the "Old Blue School."
Upper Canada College proper dates from 1829, when provision was made by
the government for its establishment. In 1891 the college was moved to
the present building in Deer Park. Index: BL Land grant for, in 1831,
191-192. Bib.: Adam and Dickson, Upper Canada College; Canada: An
Ency., vol. 4.
Upper Canada Gazette. Mc Official organ of the house, 38, 109-110.
Upper Canada Gazette or American Oracle. S First paper published in
Upper Canada, 172, 173; removed to York, 174. Bk First published at
Newark (Niagara), 57.
Urfé, Abbé d'. F Haughtily treated by Frontenac, 110. L Sulpician,
arrival of, 105.
Ursulines. A religious order of women, in the Roman Catholic Church,
founded in 1535 at Brescia, by Angela Merici. The order was established
in France in 1584, and spread to Germany and other European countries.
In 1639 four members of the order, Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de
l'Incarnation, Marie de St. Bernard, and another not named, sailed from
Dieppe for Quebec, where they were lodged at first in wooden huts, in
what is now the Lower Town. Three years later, they took possession of
the massive stone convent still occupied by the order. Index: L
Establishment of convent, 8; Laval lodges with, for a time, 33; their
educational work, 125; its great influence for good, 155; convent
destroyed by fire, 210. F Foundation of convent, 28, 30; Marguerite
Bourgeoys urged to join, 39. WM Take refuge in general hospital, 115;
and render assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237. Bib.:
Les Ursulines de Québec.
Usury Laws. Sy Their repeal advocated by Sydenham, 18.
Utrecht, Treaty of. Between France and Great Britain, signed in 1713.
Provided for the restoration and full surrender of all claims to the
Hudson Bay Territory, to Acadia, and to Newfoundland by France; for
compensation to the Hudson's Bay Company; for certain rights to fishing
on the north-east coast of Newfoundland; and the possession of Cape
Breton by France. Index: Ch Determines boundaries of Acadia, 18. Bib.:
Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.
Vaccination. Hd Subject discussed in Quebec Gazette, 228-231. See
also Smallpox.
Vail, Edwin Arnold (1817-1885). Born in Sussex, New Brunswick. Studied
medicine at Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities. Elected to the New
Brunswick Assembly, 1857; Speaker, 1865, and again in 1870; a member of
the government, 1883. A strong opponent of Confederation.
Vaillant. F Jesuit father, sent as negotiator to Albany, 218.
Valdes, Cayetano. Accompanied Maurelle and Galiano to North-West Coast,
1792. Index: D Explores North-West Coast, 35; meets Vancouver, 35; his
journal published at Madrid, 1802, 36. Bib.: Bancroft, History of the
North-West Coast.
Valinière. Hd Sulpician priest, banished for disloyalty, 128.
Vallières de St. Réal, Joseph-Remi (1787-1847). Born in Markham, Upper
Canada. Called to the bar, 1812, and practised in Quebec. In 1813
elected member for the county of Chambly in the provincial Assembly, and
later chosen Speaker in the absence of Papineau in England. In 1828
appointed judge of the district of Three Rivers, and in 1842
chief-justice of Montreal. Index: P Opposes Papineau in Lower Canada
Assembly, 57; rivalry between the two, 57; attacked by Papineau, 169. E
Appointed chief-justice of Montreal by Sir Charles Bagot, 31. BL
Colborne's political antagonist, 115; elevated to the bench, 115. Bib.:
Morgan, Cel. Can.; Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Valrennes, De. L Commander of Fort Frontenac, 223; repels attack of
Schuyler, 232. F Commandant at Fort Frontenac, 233; tries to cut off
retreat of Peter Schuyler at Chambly, 313.
Van Buren, Martin (1782-1862). Eighth president of the United States.
Index: Mc Anxious to avoid war with Britain, 423; issues neutrality
proclamation, 444; annoyed at Mackenzie, 445; pardons Mackenzie, 458;
his political death-blow, 472. WT Sends Winfield Scott to settle
Aroostook War, 135. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Vancouver. D Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.
Vancouver, George (1758-1798). Entered British navy, 1771; sailed in the
Resolution with Captain Cook on his second voyage, 1772-1775, and in
the Discovery on his third voyage, 1776-1780. Lieutenant on the
Martin, 1780; and served in the West Indies with Rodney, taking part
in the battle of 1782. Appointed to the Europe, 1784; and to the
Courageux, 1790, and promoted commander. In 1791 sent out in command
of the Discovery, to survey the coast from lat. 30° N. to Cook's
River, and to carry out the terms of the Nootka Convention. Through
differences of opinion with the Spanish representative, Quadra, the
latter part of his instructions could not be carried out, but the survey
of the North-West Coast was carried out with such zeal and accuracy as
to make it a permanent and very important addition to geographical
knowledge. Returned to England in 1795, and spent the rest of his life
preparing his journals for publication. Index: D Outline of his voyages
to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and endurance, 19; search
for North-West Passage, 19; meets Quadra at Nootka, 33; makes thorough
exploration of entire Pacific coast from San Francisco to Bering Sea,
1792-1794, 34; finally leaves North-West Coast, Oct. 16, 1794, 15; meets
Galiano and Valdez at Point Gray, 35. MS Mackenzie hears of, from Coast
Indians, 85; his ships on the Pacific coast at time of Mackenzie's
journey, 86. Bib.: Works: Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific
Ocean, 1790-1795. See also Bancroft, History of North-West Coast;
Begg, History of British Columbia; Laut, Vikings of the Pacific;
Meany, Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound; Dict. Nat. Biog.
Vancouver Island. The largest island on the west coast of North America.
Named after Captain George Vancouver, who explored this coast in the
years 1792-1794. The island was first named Quadra and Vancouver in
honour of the two naval officers who met at Nootka in 1792 to carry out
the provisions of the Nootka Convention. The first authentic landing on
the coast of the island is that of Captain James Cook in 1787. Captain
James Hanna landed at Nootka in 1785; and Captain John Meares in 1788.
From this time trading and exploring expeditions spent more or less time
at Nootka. In 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company made their first
establishment on the island, Fort Victoria, at first known as Camosun.
The island remained under the control of the Company until 1849, when it
became a crown colony. Representative government was introduced, 1856;
and in 1866 the island and mainland were united under one government.
Index: D Organic existence since 1849, 1; first named Quadra and
Vancouver Island by Vancouver, 35; only nominal possession at end of
eighteenth century, 62; handed over to Hudson's Bay Company, Jan. 13,
1849, 194; terms of grant, 194; colonization and the Company, 194-195;
first settler, 196; other arrivals, 197; population in 1853, 198;
quarrels between Company and settlers, 198-199; recommendation of
committee on Hudson's Bay Company, 1857, 201-202; history of early
settlement, 203; first governor, Richard Blanshard, 1849, 203; relations
with Company, 203-204; succeeded by James Douglas, 205; Hudson's Bay
Company secures renewal of grant, 1854, 207; establishment of
representative government, 1856, 208-210; meeting of first Legislature,
210-211; governor's inaugural speech, 211-215; Company's rights acquired
by crown, 229; road-building, 249; early legislation, 271; Clergy
Reserves, 273-274; history of legislation, 274; railway built, 327.
Bib.: Begg, History of British Columbia; Bancroft, History of British
Columbia; Macdonald, British Columbia and Vancouver's Island; MacFie,
Vancouver Island and British Columbia. See also British Columbia.
Van Egmond, Anthony. Commander of the Upper Canadian rebels in 1837; a
native of Holland; had been a colonel in Napoleon's army, and had seen
much active service. In 1819 emigrated with his family to America,
settling first in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, where he had a farm and
a store. In 1827 moved to Upper Canada, and rented a farm near Waterloo;
in 1832 possessed a mill at Egmondville, near Seaforth, and a farm
within five miles. Invited by William Lyon Mackenzie to command the
forces of the insurgents. In this capacity took part in the fight on
Dec. 7, 1837, with the Loyalist troops, near Montgomery's tavern, on
Yonge Street, Toronto, when the rebels were badly defeated. Later
captured, and placed in jail; afterwards removed to the hospital, but
died early in 1838 from disease and exposure. Index: Mc
Commander-in-chief of the rebels, 1837, 360; arrives late, 376; indorses
Mackenzie's plans, 376; in charge at Montgomery's farm, 379; captured,
382; dies in prison, 382. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion; Read,
Rebellion of 1837.
Vanelly. Ch Merchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized, 221.
Vanfelson, Judge. E Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.
Van Horne, Major. American officer. Index: Bk Force of, dispersed by
Tecumseh's Indians, 237.
Van Horne, Sir William Cornelius (1843- ). Born in Will County,
Illinois. Educated at the common schools. In 1857 entered the railway
service as telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railway. After
serving in various capacities on railways in the United States, and
rising rapidly through all the grades, appointed in 1881 general manager
of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and since that date the vast extension
and financial success of the railway has been due largely to his energy
and resourcefulness. Became vice-president, 1884; president, 1888;
chairman of the board of directors, 1899-1910. In 1894 created K.C.M.G.
Index: Md Made president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1888, 238.
Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Vankoughnet, Philip Michael Scott (1823-1869). Born in Cornwall,
Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar, 1843; practised in Toronto;
appointed Q.C., 1850. In May, 1856, president of the Executive Council,
and minister of agriculture, in the Taché administration, and in
November, 1856, first member of the Legislative Council for Rideau. From
1858 to 1862 chief commissioner of crown lands in the Cartier-Macdonald
government; amongst some of his important measures was the system of
selling townships en bloc, and the opening up and improvement of
roads. In 1862 appointed chancellor of Upper Canada. Index: T Delegate
to England on Intercolonial matter, 55. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.; Read,
Lives of the Judges; Dent, Last Forty Years.
Van Rensselaer, Rensselaer (1802-1850). Son of General S. Van Rensselaer
of Albany, New York; for some time employed as a clerk in the post
office, Albany. In November, 1837, while on a trip through the west for
the Albany Daily Advertiser, came in contact with the Canadian
revolutionists and was offered and accepted the position of
commander-in-chief of the rebel forces. After a few months' desultory
fighting, arrested on Feb. 28, 1838, at Syracuse, by the American
authorities, for violating the neutrality laws. Tried on Oct. 18, 1839,
and convicted; sentenced to six months' imprisonment and fined $250.
After serving the six months, the fine was remitted. Index: Mc Fights
under Bolivar, 412; given command at Navy Island, 413; arrives there,
415; his habits, 417; evacuates island, 424; plans attack on Kingston,
429; failure of, 429; blames Mackenzie, 430; exonerates Mackenzie, 430.
Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dent, Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Van Rensselaer, Solomon (1774-1852). Born in Rensselaer County, New
York. Entered the army in 1792 as a cornet of cavalry, later becoming
captain. In 1794, while commanding a company of volunteers, severely
wounded at the battle of Maumee Rapids. In 1812 adjutant-general of New
York militia, and arranged the armistice which enabled the Americans to
make use of Lake Ontario as a highway for the transportation of troops
and stores. In 1812 commanded an attacking party at Queenston Heights
and seriously wounded. Member of Congress, 1819-1822; and postmaster at
Albany, 1822-1839. Index: Bk Aide-de-camp to General Van Rensselaer,
284; wounded in crossing river at Queenston, 300. Bib.: Cyc. Am.
Biog.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.
Van Rensselaer, Stephen (1764-1839). Born in New York. Graduated at
Harvard, 1782. In 1786 major of militia, and in 1788 colonel. In 1789
elected to the Assembly as a member of the Federal party, of which he
soon afterwards became leader; state Senator in 1790-1795;
lieutenant-governor in 1795, and returned to the Assembly in 1798 and
1808-1810. In 1801 promoted major-general. In 1812, on the outbreak of
war with Great Britain, commanded the United States forces on the
Niagara frontier. Resigned his command, Oct. 24, 1812, and left the
service. In 1816 elected to the Assembly, and from 1823 to 1829 served
in Congress. Index: Bk In command on Niagara frontier, 284;
correspondence with Brock, 285; force under his command, 287. Bib.:
Cyc. Am. Biog.; Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.
Varin, J. B. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.
Vauban, De. F French engineer, prepares plans for defence of Quebec,
326.
Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de (1698-1778). Born at
Quebec, son of Philippe de Vaudreuil (q.v.). Entered the army at an
early age, becoming ensign, 1708; lieutenant, 1712; and major, 1729. The
following year gained the coveted honour of chevalier of the Order of
St. Louis. Appointed governor of Three Rivers, 1733; and of Louisiana,
1742; governor of Canada, 1755. Continually at odds with Montcalm, and
hampered him in his defence of Quebec. After the battle of the Plains
retired with the army to Jacques Cartier, and took no part in the
subsequent operations before Quebec. On his return to France arrested
and thrown into the Bastile on charges connected with his government of
Canada, but released after trial before the Châtelet de Paris. Index: WM
Governor, his first interview with Montcalm, 28; considered the sending
out of Montcalm unnecessary, 28; birth and personal qualities, 29; his
inveterate hatred for Montcalm, 62; popular with Canadians, 63; his
military views, 80, 81; activity of, 127; congratulates Lévis on victory
of Montmorency, 144; prefers his advice to that of Montcalm, 145;
thought Le Foulon (Wolfe's Cove) insufficiently guarded, 160; writes
Bougainville that safety of colony is in his hands, 161; gives orders
for disposition of troops along the heights, 162; his uneasiness about
Le Foulon, 162; would not risk engagement between French and British
fleets, 167; learns of landing of Wolfe's army, 189; begs Montcalm not
to precipitate an engagement, 193; takes no part in battle, 201;
prepared, according to Chevalier Johnstone, for immediate capitulation,
208; holds council of war, 211; decides on retreat to Jacques Cartier,
212; his letter to Lévis on loss of battle, 212; letter to Montcalm,
214; gives instructions respecting capitulation of Quebec, 214; his lack
of energy, 215; promises assistance to Ramezay, 226; Quebec having
fallen, he marches with Lévis to retake it, 241-242; maintains spies in
Quebec, 243; congratulates Lévis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267. P Extent
of his responsibility for defeat of Montcalm at Quebec, 143. BL His
capitulation at Montreal in 1760, 1. Hd Last French governor of Canada,
36; Amherst's letter to, 38, 39. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood,
The Fight for Canada; Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley, The
Fight with France.
Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de. Came to Canada, 1687, in
command of eight hundred troops, and, leaving his men behind, pushed on
alone to join Denonville in his expedition against the Iroquois. In 1696
commanded a division of Frontenac's army against the Iroquois, and led a
detachment to destroy the Oneida town. Appointed governor of Montreal,
1698; administrator of the colony, 1703; and governor, 1705-1725. Index:
L Acting governor of Montreal, 223; succeeds Callières as governor, 235.
F Acts as chief of staff to Governor Denonville, 209; acting governor of
Montreal, 225; surprises and destroys band of Indians at Repentigny,
308. Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac and Half Century of Conflict.
Vauquelin, Jean (1726-1763). Born in Caen, France. Entered the navy, and
in 1745 successfully engaged a British frigate off Martinique. In 1754
did good service in reconnoitring the English ports, and subsequently
given command of the Arethuse. In 1758 despatched to Louisbourg with
reinforcements and stores for the French troops and got into the
harbour, although many of his crew were killed and wounded. In 1759,
with three frigates, sailed to the relief of Quebec. After the
capitulation endeavoured to escape with his ships, but they were
destroyed or captured by the British, and Vauquelin taken prisoner. On
his release returned to France, and was arrested. Index: WM Hero of
Louisbourg, 81; in charge of frigates Atalante and Pomone, 243.
Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.
Vaux, Mme. de. WM Grandmother of Montcalm, 4.
Vendremur, Corneille de. Ch Clerk, returns to France, 209.
Ventadour, Henri de Lévy, Duc de (1595-1651). Viceroy of Canada,
1625-1627. Served for a time in the army, and is said to have taken holy
orders. In any event took a deep interest in the spiritual welfare of
Canada, and after acquiring the viceroyalty instrumental in sending out
the first Jesuit missionaries in 1625. In 1627, on the formation of the
Company of New France by Richelieu, purchased the viceroyalty from De
Ventadour. Pointe Lévy, or Lévis, opposite Quebec, was named after him.
Index: F Lieutenant-general of New France, 17. Ch Appointed viceroy of
New France, 151; resigns, 168. Bib.: Parkman, Pioneers of France.
Verchères, Marie-Madeleine Jarret. Born in 1678 in the fort on her
father's seigniory on the St. Lawrence River, twenty miles below
Montreal. In 1692 she heroically defended this fort, with the assistance
of her two young brothers, two soldiers, and an old man of eighty. When
the settlers were working in the fields, a band of Iroquois suddenly
appeared and began their work of slaughter. Madeleine had barely time to
reach the fort. She found everyone, including the two soldiers,
demoralized, and, taking command, she ordered the little band to keep up
constant firing. The Iroquois beseiged the fort for two days, but
finally retired discomfited; and relief came from Montreal in another
week. In 1706 she married Thomas Tarien de la Naudière; and in 1722 De
la Perrade. In her later years she received a pension for life. The date
of her death is not known. Index: F Defends fort against Iroquois, 319.
Bib.: Parkman, Frontenac; Richard, Supplement to Report on Canadian
Archives, 1899.
Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count de (1717-1787). Born in Dijon.
Educated there at the Jesuit College. In 1740 entered the diplomatic
service, being sent to Lisbon. In 1741 took part in the negotiations
that resulted in the election to the empire of the elector of Bavaria,
Charles VII. In 1752 attended the Congress of Hanover. From 1754 to 1768
ambassador at Constantinople. In 1771-1774, when minister at the court
of Sweden, supported the revolution in favour of Gustavus III. In 1774
appointed by the king of France, secretary of foreign affairs. Secretly
aided the American Revolution with funds, arms, and stores, and arranged
the treaty of alliance between the United States and France, 1778.
Index: Dr His letter in regard to Asgill, 199. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Vergor, Duchambon de. In command of Fort Beauséjour, 1745. A confederate
of the intendant Bigot; used his opportunities to plunder both the
people and the government. Betrayed by Thomas Pichon and compelled to
surrender the fort to Monckton. Returned to Quebec and censured for his
actions. In command at Le Foulon, near Quebec, at the siege by Wolfe,
1759; surprised, and his command cut to pieces. Index: WM Placed by
Bougainville in charge of Le Foulon, 178, 184; previously censured for
giving up Fort Beauséjour, 178; roused from sleep by Wolfe's soldiers,
181; wounded, 181. Bib.: Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe; Murdoch,
History of Nova Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova
Scotia, ed. by Akins; Doughty, Siege of Quebec. See also Siege of
Quebec, 1759.
Vermont. Dr People of, anxious for canal communication with St.
Lawrence, 230; their aversion to entering American union, 244, 245;
annoy British outposts, 285; anxious to bring about war for commercial
reasons, 299; Hd Inhabitants of, claim separation from New York,
197-199; efforts to bring them back to their allegiance to Great
Britain, 199-216; Washington's alleged threat, 205; exchange of
prisoners with, 206; intention of inhabitants to join British in event
of their success, 208; duplicity of their policy, 210; trade carried on
with Canada, 216; received into Union as fourteenth state, 217;
emissaries of, reappear as Loyalists, 266.
Verrazano, Giovanni du. Born near Florence, Italy, in 1470. Entered
French marine service, 1495. Credited with visiting the coast of
America, 1508. In 1523 sent by Francis I to explore to the westward. The
following year arrived with La Dauphine off the coast of North America,
and explored from Florida to Newfoundland, taking possession of the
latter island in the name of the king of France. Landed at a point near
Cape Fear, and discovered the bays of Narragansett and New York. Nothing
is known of his latter years, beyond the fact that he was in Paris, at
least as late as Dec. 24, 1527, fitting out an expedition of five ships
to sail the following March. Verrazano's claim to the discovery of the
mouth of the Hudson, questioned by Murphy, has been re-established by
the discovery in Rome of a hitherto unknown version of the explorer's
report of his voyage. See Bacchiani's article, with facsimile, in the
Bollettiano of the Italian Geographical Society, November, 1909.
Index: Ch His discovery of the coast of North America, 211. Bib.:
Murphy, Voyage of Verrazano; De Costa, Verrazano, the Explorer.
Verreau, Hospice-Anthelme Jean Baptiste (1828-1901). Born at L'Islet,
Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary, and a teacher there in 1847-1848.
In 1848-1856 principal of Ste. Thérèse College. In 1851 ordained priest.
In 1857 first principal of the Jacques Cartier Normal School in
Montreal. Sent by the Quebec provincial government in 1873 to Europe to
make investigations respecting Canadian history, the results of which
were published in 1875. In 1887 appointed to the chair of Canadian
history in Laval University. A fellow of the Royal Society of Canada; a
member of the Société des Antiquaires de Normandie; and a member of the
Société des Arcadem of Rome. Index: L On educational work of Marguerite
Bourgeoys, 127. F On attempt to civilize the Indians, 168; on character
of Frontenac, 360. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Versailles, Treaty of. Signed between Great Britain and the rebellious
thirteen colonies, 1783. Acknowledged the independence of the thirteen
colonies; settled the boundaries between the latter and British North
America; dealt with the fisheries question; and provided for amnesty to
Loyalists and the restoration of their property. The colonies
repudiating the last obligation, provision was made by the British
government for compensation to the Loyalists, many of whom were given
grants of land in Upper Canada, New Brunswick, and the Eastern
Townships. Index: WM Concluded in 1783, 269; assured the independence of
the thirteen colonies, 269. S Its provisions for protection of
Loyalists, 52-54; not carried out in its integrity by the united
colonies, 118. Bib.: Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions.
Vesey, Colonel. Bk Question of land grant for, 138; letters to Brock,
153, 154, 157.
Vicaille. Ch Vessel of David Kirke, 178.
Victoria (1819-1901). Granddaughter of George III, and only child of
George III's fourth son, Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, by Mary Louisa
Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfield; born at
Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819. Succeeded to the throne on the death of
her uncle, William IV, 1837. Married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Cobourg
1840. Index: Sy Accession of, 48. Md Selects Ottawa (Bytown) as seat of
government, 85; jubilee address to, 283. Bib.: Works: Leaves from a
Journal of our Life in the Highlands; Letters of Queen Victoria;
Royal Correspondence. For biog., see Fawcett, Life of Queen
Victoria; Gurney, Childhood of Queen Victoria; Holmes, Queen
Victoria Lee, Queen Victoria: a Biography; Oliphant, Queen Victoria:
a Personal Sketch.
Victoria. Capital of British Columbia, and formerly capital of the
colony of Vancouver Island. Founded in 1843 as Fort Camosun, afterwards
Fort Victoria, the latter name in honour of the queen. The city was
incorporated in 1862, and the old fort finally demolished, 1864. Index:
D Founded by James Douglas in 1843, 146; built on site of Indian
village, known as Camosun, 175; McNeill's exploration, 1837, 176; Sir
George Simpson's approval of the site, 176; Douglas examines locality,
1842, and reports favourably, 176; establishment of fort at Camosun
approved, 176; advantages of the site, 177; Douglas sails, March 1,
1843, from Fort Vancouver with an expedition to establish the post, 177;
lands at Clover Point, 177; site selected and building operations begun,
178; fort and stockade completed, 179; Charles Ross in command with
Roderick Finlayson as assistant, 180; natives attack the fort, 182;
early shipping, 183; name of port changed to Fort Victoria, 183; visit
of frigate America, 183; American whalers touch at, for supplies, 184;
H.M.S. Constance arrives at Esquimalt, 184; visit of frigate
Fisguard, 184; surveying ships Herald and Pandora, 184; trade
gravitating from Fort Vancouver to Victoria, 184; farming operations,
185; dairying, 185; supplying Russian ports, 186; momentous events of
1849, final removal of chief emporium of company from Fort Vancouver to
Victoria, 188; Helmcken, afterwards Douglas's son-in-law, arrives, 189;
effect of gold discoveries, 189-190; coal mining, 190-191; the Hudson's
Bay Company and colonization, 192-195; early settlers of, 196-197; town
laid out in streets, 1852, 198; population in 1853, 198; during the gold
fever, 224-225; gold-miners boom the town, 225; population rises and
falls with the fortunes of the gold-fields, 271; proposed waterworks,
building of wagon roads, education, first newspaper, British Colonist,
1858, 271. Bib.: Walbran, British Columbia Coast Names; Begg, History
of British Columbia.
Victoria Bridge. At Montreal, over the St. Lawrence. Built by Robert
Stephenson, for the Grand Trunk Railway, 1854-1859, at a total cost of
$6,300,000. Opened by the Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward VII),
May 25, 1860. It was enlarged and remodelled in 1897. Index: E Built by
Grand Trunk Railway, 115. Md Opened in 1860 by Prince of Wales, 87.
Bib.: Ency. Brit.
Victoria University. In affiliation with the University of Toronto.
Formerly located at Cobourg, but later moved to Toronto. Founded in
1830; opened 1836. Index: BL Refuses to come into the provincial
university, under terms of Baldwin's bill, 295. R Founded, 86; Ryerson
president of, 126-127, 143; eminent graduates, 143-144; its curriculum,
144; legislative grant, 148. E Proposal to make it part of a provincial
university, 94. Bib.: Burwash, Historical Sketch of Victoria
University in Canada: An Ency., vol. 4.
Vidal, Alexander (1819-1906). Born at Brocknell, Berkshire, England.
Educated at Christ's Hospital, London, and in 1834 came to Canada with
his parents. Served in the militia during the Rebellion of 1837; and
afterwards lieutenant-colonel of the Lambton Reserve militia; member of
the Legislative Council for the St. Clair division, 1863-1867; in 1873
appointed to the Senate. President of the Dominion Alliance for the
Suppression of the Liquor Traffic. Index: B His resolution in favour of
prohibition, 249. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Viel, Father Nicolas. Ch Récollet, 139; arrives and proceeds to Huron
country, 149; drowned, 209. L Missionary labours of, 3.
Vieux-Pont, Father. Ch Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; wrecked at
Canseau Island, 200; in charge of Cape Breton, 237.
Viger, Denis Benjamin (1774-1861). Born in Montreal. Educated for the
legal profession. Practised in Montreal for some years; and in 1808
elected to the Legislative Assembly. Took an active part in the
discussion of the grievances of the French Canadians, and in 1828 and
1831 sent as a delegate to London to represent their views to the
Imperial authorities. In 1837, when the Rebellion broke out, arrested
and charged with sedition, but soon afterwards released. In 1843, on the
resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government, premier for a short
period. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1848. Index: BL Member for
Richelieu, relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; opposes
municipal government, 102; attacks government, 130; deserts La
Fontaine-Baldwin party, 215; in provisional government, 216, 235; his
pamphlet, 236; president of the Council, 247; defeated by Wolfred
Nelson, 252; Draper to throw him over, 259, 260, 261. C In Draper
government, 17; opposed in election by Cartier, 17; defeated in St.
Hyacinthe, 18. P Delegate to England to present grievances of French
Canadians, 63; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88;
ridiculed by the Mercury, 123; at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125. Md
Represents Lower Canada in Metcalfe's government, 19. Bib.: Bibaud,
Pan. Can.; Dent, Last Forty Years; Christie, History of Lower
Canada.
Viger, Louis Michel. E Called to Cabinet by Metcalfe, 35, 66;
receiver-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a leader of the
Parti Rouge, 108. BL Receiver-general in second La Fontaine-Baldwin
ministry, 284. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Vignal. L Sulpician, comes out in St. André, 31; ministers to those
suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91.
Ville Marie. L Name given by Sulpicians to Montreal, 85; inhabitants of,
all aspired to martyrdom, 90. Bk Former name of Montreal, 99. See also
Montreal.
Villebon, Chevalier de. Arrived at Port Royal, June 14, 1690, being
commissioned to inquire into the condition of the colony. In June, 1691,
received from the French king a commission as governor of Acadia, with
promises of assistance in supplies, funds, and men. Sailed to Quebec,
and from thence to Port Royal, capturing on the way an English vessel,
with the newly appointed English governor of Acadia. Met with no
opposition on arriving at Port Royal, and, in the name of the French
king took formal possession of Acadia. In 1692, while in command of a
fort on the river St. John, the English sent an abortive expedition to
capture him. In 1695-1696 stationed at Nachouac Fort, engaged in
organizing French stations. Several encounters between French and
English vessels took place with varying success. On Sept. 3, 1696,
captured by an English ship on the river St. John, but released soon
afterwards. Died July 5, 1700. Index: F Governor of Acadia, mentions
burning of prisoners, 328. Bib.: Hannay, History of Acadia; Parkman,
Frontenac.
Villieu, De. F Leads Abenaquis in attack on English settlements, 330.
Vimont, Barthelemy. Born in France. Came to Canada in 1639 as superior
of the missions. With him were the Jesuits, Chaumonot and Poncet, and
the Ursulines, Madame de la Peltrie and Marie de l'Incarnation. When
Maisonneuve came in 1642 to establish a religious colony at Montreal,
accompanied him from Quebec and gave his blessing to the project. His
prophecy is not without interest: "You are a grain of mustard-seed," he
said to the little group of enthusiasts, "that shall rise and grow till
its branches overshadow the earth. You are few, but your work is the
work of God. His smile is on you, and your children shall fill the
land." Index: C Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; in charge of Cape
Breton mission, 237. F Jesuit father, celebrates first mass at Montreal,
34. Bib.: Jesuit Relations, 1640-1645; Parkman, Jesuits in North
America.
Vincennes. Hd Haldimand's difficulties with settlers near, 92, 93;
occupied by governor of Detroit, 167; French inhabitants of, won over by
Congress, 167; Hamilton takes peaceable possession of, 168; but is later
betrayed by Clark, 168, 314.
Vincent, John (1765-1848). Born in England. In 1781 entered the army as
ensign, and promoted lieutenant the same year. In 1786 captain; in 1795
major; in 1800 lieutenant-colonel; and in 1810 colonel. Served with
distinction during the War of 1812-1814 in Canada, and in 1813 promoted
major-general. Took part in the capture of St. Domingo in the West
Indies, and in the expedition to Copenhagen under Sir Hyde Parker. In
1841 reached the grade of general. Index: Bk Of the 49th, his military
service, 124; ordered to Fort George, 229. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.;
Lucas, Canadian War of 1812.
Vincent de Paul, Saint (1576-1660). Born in Pouay. Studied for the
priesthood and ordained, 1600. In 1617 founded the Congregation of
Priests of the Mission, which was established in the Priory of St.
Lazare in Paris, 1632. Index: L Olier a pupil of, 24.
Vindicator. Newspaper published at Montreal. Index: P Edited by Dr.
O'Callaghan, Papineau's lieutenant, 86; supports cause of the
Patriotes, 122; the office sacked by members of the Doric Club, 127.
Bib.: Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Virginia. Ch Grant of, to Sir Thomas Gates, 223.
Vitelleschi, Father. Ch General of Jesuits, accepts donation of Marquis
de Gamache, for a college at Quebec, 228.
Vitré Charles Denis de. F Member of Sovereign Council, 106. L Appointed
to Sovereign Council, 166.
Vitré, Jean Denis de. WM Pilot, taken prisoner, guides Durell's fleet,
78.
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de (1694-1778). French writer. Index: WM
Speaks of Canada as "a few acres of snow," 11. L On men and empires,
123. Bib.: For biog. and bib. of his works, see Larousse, Dict.
Univ.
Voltigeurs. Bk Corps raised and commanded by Colonel de Salaberry, 189,
191.
Volunteer. Mc Newspaper, Mackenzie publishes, 467.
Volunteers at Quebec. Dr On conclusion of siege, dismissed and thanked,
144.
Von Shoultz. A Polish gentleman, settled in the United States. During
the Rebellion of 1837-1838, led a party of American sympathizers over
the border. They seized a windmill near Prescott, and held it for eight
days, but were finally dislodged and captured. Von Schoultz and ten
others were tried by court martial and hanged. Index: Mc Plans attack on
Prescott, 442; officers oppose plans, 442; lands at Prescott, 443;
engagement at Windmill Point, 443; surrender, 444; execution, 444. Md
With rebel Americans in encounter near Prescott, 8; Macdonald counsel
for, in court martial, 8-9; executed, 9. Bib.: Dent, Upper Canadian
Rebellion; Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Vorhees. S Rebel captain, killed by Rangers, 32.
Voyageurs. D Character of, 52. Bk Of the Hudson's Bay Company, assist in
capture of Michilimackinac, 210.
Voyer, Colonel. Dr Commands French militia in siege of Quebec, 115.
Vrooman's Point. Bk On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 300.
Wadsworth, William (1732-1833). Born in Durham, Connecticut. In the War
of 1812, brigadier-general in the New York militia. Took part in the
battle of Queenston Heights on Oct. 13, 1812, and when the Americans
were defeated, surrendered to Sir Roger Sheaffe. Index: Bk Commanding
United States troops on Niagara River, 213; surrenders with nine hundred
men at Queenston Heights, 312. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Lucas, Canadian
War of 1812.
Wages. S Rate of, 113.
Wake, Sir Isaac (1580-1632). Born at Hartwell, Northamptonshire,
England. Educated at Oxford. Entered the diplomatic service, and in 1609
secretary to the British minister at Venice; British representative at
the court of Savoy, 1615-1630. During these years sent on several
diplomatic missions: in 1617 to arrange an alliance between Savoy and
the Swiss states; in 1626 to Berne and Zurich on behalf of the Grisons;
and in 1627 to mediate between the king of Denmark and the duke of
Savoy. Ambassador to the French court, 1630-1632. Index: Ch English
ambassador at Paris, 215, 220; commissioner to settle dispute between
Kirke and De Caën, 218. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon (1796-1862). Born in London, England. Educated
at Westminster and at Edinburgh. One of the founders of the National
Colonization Society in 1830. In 1838 accompanied Lord Durham (q.v.)
to Canada as unofficial adviser. Assisted Durham in drawing up the
Report on the Affairs of British North America. In 1843 elected to the
Canadian Parliament; at the same time secret adviser to Sir Charles
Metcalfe. Founded the Colonial Reform Society, 1850. In 1853 removed to
New Zealand and became adviser to the acting governor, Colonel Robert
Wynyard. Index: BL Private adviser to Sir Charles Bagot, 150; attacked
by Tory press, 150; elected for Beauharnois, 177; his views on
colonization, 177; in Canada with Durham, 177-178; his share in the
Report, 178; his land scheme, 178; relations to Bagot and Metcalfe, 178;
attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin party, and defends Metcalfe, 218-220. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.; Garnett, Edward Gibbon Wakefield; Dent, Last
Forty Years.
Walcheren Expedition. Bk Failure of, 119.
Walker, Sir Hovenden (1660-1726). Born in Somersetshire, England.
Entered the navy; in 1691-1692 captain of the Vulture fireship; in
1695 in command of the Foresight, and in 1696, when in charge of
convoy, had a successful action with two French frigates when off the
Lizard; in 1710 rear-admiral, and in 1711 knighted. In command of the
fleet which, in August, 1711, sailed up the St. Lawrence River for the
conquest of Canada. Stormy weather and fog combined to wreck the greater
part of the fleet, and the ships returned to England without meeting the
French. In 1715, either on account of the failure of the Canadian
expedition or on suspicion of being a Jacobite, dismissed from the
British navy. In 1720 published a pamphlet in defence of the abortive
expedition to Canada. Index: WM Loss of his fleet at Seven Islands, 83.
Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Walker, Thomas. Dr Magistrate, strong anti-military feeling of, 18;
assault upon, 20; inquiry made into affair without result, 21; certain
persons accused of participation in, 36; complaint carried by Walker to
England, 37; secretary of state's despatch on the subject, 37; accused
parties brought to trial and acquitted, 38; insolent conduct of, in
court, 38. Dr Agitates against Quebec Act, 79; treasonable
correspondence of, with Arnold, 86; entertains Franklin and Carrol,
American commissioners, 136; Franklin's opinion of, 136. Bib.: Bradley,
The Making of Canada.
Wallace, Hugh. Hd Haldimand's New York agent, 61, 74, 77; sends
Haldimand news of Bunker Hill and other events, 108.
Wallace, Nathaniel Clarke (1844-1901). Born at Woodbridge, Ontario.
Educated at the public schools and Weston Grammar School; taught school
for some years. Subsequently engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the
House of Commons for West York, 1878; continued as representative of
that constituency until his death. Voted for the disallowance of the
Jesuits' Estates Act, 1888; appointed controller of customs in the
ministry of Sir John Thompson, 1892; resigned, 1895, owing to a
disagreement with his colleagues in regard to the Manitoba school
question. Grand master of the Orange Order in British America for over
twenty years. Bib.: Dent, Can. Men.
Walley, John (1644-1712). Born in London, England. Commanded expedition
against the French and their Indian allies in Canada, 1689. In 1690
sailed under Sir William Phipps to Quebec, but the siege was a failure.
Published an account of the expedition on his return to Boston. In 1687,
being one of the chief founders of the town of Bristol, elected a member
of the Council. Also captain of the Ancient and Honourable Artillery
Company of Boston. Index: F Second in command to Phipps, 281; lands with
troops on Beauport flats, 292; his forces suffer severely, 298; draws
off his men, leaving artillery behind, 300; his explanation of defeat of
expedition, 300. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Walpole, Horace. See Orford.
Walrond, Theodore. E On British ignorance of Canada, and Elgin's work
there, 215. Bib.: Life of Elgin.
Walsingham, William de Grey, first Baron (1719-1781). Dr
Solicitor-general of England, his views on Canadian laws, 62. Bib.:
Dict. Nat. Biog.
War of 1812. Declared by the United States against Great Britain in
June, 1812. The president in his message to Congress specified the
grounds for war as follows: Non-revocation of the orders-in-council;
interference with American trade; practical blockade of American ports;
impressment of American seamen, and the instigation of Indian
hostilities against the United States. The original intention of the
American government was the conquest of the British provinces on the
northern border, and several of the most important engagements were
fought on Canadian soil. After severe fighting with varying success, a
treaty of peace was signed at Ghent on Dec. 24, 1814. By this treaty all
territory taken by either country (except some islands on the Bay of
Passamaquoddy) was to be restored. All the American claims that led to
the war were left unsettled by the treaty. Index: R Loyalty of
Methodists in, 41; its aftermath, 41. P Services rendered by Papineau,
5. BL Stills for the time the internal conflict of races, 8-9. See
also Stoney Creek; Queenston Heights; Châteauguay; Chrystler's Farm;
Beaver Dam; Brock; FitzGibbon; Sheaffe; Van Rensselaer; Hull. Bib.:
Lucas, Canadian War of 1812; Richardson, War of 1812; Cruikshank,
Documentary History of the Campaign and Record of the Services of
Canadian Regiments in the War of 1812; Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812;
Auchinleck, War between Great Britain and the United States; Coffin,
1812: the War and its Moral; Lossing, Pictorial Field Book of the War
of 1812; Irving, Officers of the British Forces in Canada during the
War of 1812-14; Mahan, Naval War of 1812; Hannay, War of 1812-14.
See also other references in Lit. Am. Hist.
Wark, David (1804-1905). Born near Londonderry, Ireland. Came to New
Brunswick, 1825; engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the Legislative
Assembly, 1843; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1851; member of
the ministry, at first without portfolio and afterwards as
receiver-general, 1858-1862; called to the Senate, 1867. Attended the
session of the Senate in his hundredth year. Index: W Moves resolutions
in New Brunswick Assembly on foreign commercial relations, 118. T Member
of Fisher government, 43. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men; Hannay, History of
New Brunswick.
Warner, Seth (1743-1784). Born in Roxbury, Connecticut. At the outbreak
of the American Revolution, joined the ranks of the patriots, and as
second in command took part in the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown
Point. In 1775 ordered to Canada to serve under General Montgomery.
Present at the siege of St. John's, and repulsed the British troops
under Sir Guy Carleton, who attempted its relief. Served in the American
army until 1782, when he retired. Index: Dr Attacks Ticonderoga, 179.
Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Washington, George (1732-1799). First president of the United States.
Index: Dr Recognizes Arnold's abilities, 105; ordered by Congress to
appoint commission for exchange of prisoners, 207; opposed to
resurrection of French power in North America, 281; his moderate views,
286. Hd Compared with Haldimand in appearance, 15; suggests change in
uniform of troops, 16; occupies New York, 104; occupies Boston, 110;
objects to his French allies invading Canada, 123; his small army, 126,
253; his dread of re-establishment of French rule in Canada, 129;
Haldimand's demand on, for Hamilton's release, 169; his alleged threat
against Vermont, 205; Schuyler's letter to, 206; his caution to
Chittenden, 212-213; anxious to keep up exchange of prisoners through
Vermont, 215; provoked at carrying on of trade between Vermont and
Canada, 225; letter to Gage as to treatment of prisoners, 249; severity
towards Loyalists, 249, 250; compared with Haldimand in character, 250;
Pillon's treasonable correspondence with, 278; Riedesel's opinion of
methods of, 298. Bib.: See Cyc. Am. Biog. for sketch, and list of
lives.
Washington Treaty, 1871. Dealt with the Alabama claims; arbitration of
the San Juan boundary; North Atlantic fisheries; navigation of certain
rivers and canals and of Lake Michigan; system of bonded transit;
exemption from duty of United States logs floated down the St. John
River. An attempt was made by Sir John A. Macdonald, who represented
Canadian interests in the negotiation of the treaty, to revive the
provisions of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, but without success. The
other British commissioners were Earl de Grey, Sir Edward Thornton, Sir
Stafford Northcote, and Professor Montague Bernard. The United States
representatives were Hamilton Fish, General Schenck, Judge Nelson, Judge
Hoar, and Senator Williams. The treaty was duly ratified, and brought
into operation by proclamation, July 4, 1871. It was terminated, at the
instance of the United States, July, 1885. Index: Md History of,
165-192; questions arising out of American War of Secession, 165;
questions of special interest to Canada—San Juan boundary, Fenian Raid
claims, inshore fisheries, reciprocity, 166-167; Joint High Commission,
168-169; personnel of commission, 169; Macdonald a member, 169;
difficulty of his position, 172; outcome of negotiations, 174-178; San
Juan boundary referred to arbitration, 178-180; settlement of fisheries
question, 181-183; Macdonald signs treaty in interests of empire,
184-185; meets storm of opposition in Canada, 185-186; defends treaty in
Parliament, 186-190; Halifax Commission and award, 190. B Brown's
mission of 1874, and abortive Reciprocity Treaty of same year, a direct
result of, 225. Bib.: Pope, Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald; Houston,
Constitutional Documents; Hertslet, Treaties and Conventions;
Messages, Despatches, and Minutes of the Privy Council Relative to the
Treaty of Washington, Ottawa, 1872; Cushing, The Treaty of
Washington; Adams, Before and after the Treaty of Washington.
Waterways. B Improved as a result of British preference, 31; navigable
rivers in North-West, 214-215; joint commission for improvement of,
provided for in Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 227. See also Canals;
Rivers.
Watkin, Sir Edwin William, Bart. (1819-1901). Born in Manchester,
England. Educated there. In 1845 secretary of the Trent Valley Railway,
and at various times connected with the London and North-Western
Railway, the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln Railway, Great Western
Railway, and South-Eastern Railway. In 1857 elected member of Parliament
for Yarmouth. From 1862 to 1868 president of the Grand Trunk Railway.
Index: C President of Grand Trunk Railway, 125; friend of Cartier's,
125; declines distinction of C. B., 125; Cartier's letter to, 125-128.
Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Watson, Samuel James (1837-1881). Born in Ireland. Educated at Belfast
Academy. Came to Canada and engaged in newspaper work, 1857. Appointed
librarian of the Ontario Assembly, 1871. Died in Toronto. Bib.: Works:
The Constitutional History of Canada; The Powers of Canadian
Parliaments; The Peace-Killer or The Massacre of Lachine; The Legend
of Roses; Ravlan: a Drama.
Watters, Charles. T Defeated in St. John County, New Brunswick, 11;
becomes solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 43; defeated in St. John, 84.
Waverley Abbey. Sy In Surrey, birthplace of Sydenham, 5.
Wayne, Anthony (1745-1796). Born in Pennsylvania. Sent in 1765, on the
recommendation of Benjamin Franklin, to Nova Scotia, as financial agent
and land surveyor. One of the provincial deputies chosen in 1774 to
consider the relations between the American colonies and Great Britain.
In 1775 raised a regiment of troops, and in 1776 made colonel; defeated
and wounded at Three Rivers in an attack on the British. Promoted
brigadier-general, 1777; major-general, 1783; and general-in-chief,
1792. Index: Dr Defeats Indians at Fort Recovery, and demands evacuation
of British fort on the Miami, 286. S Army under, threatens Detroit, 133;
defeats Indians at Fort Recovery and on the Miami, 139; demands
evacuation of Fort Miami, 139; his instructions to avoid anything that
might lead to war with Great Britain, 142. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Weatherbe, Sir Robert Linton (1836- ). Born in Prince Edward Island.
Educated at Prince of Wales's College, Charlottetown, and Acadia
College, Wolfville. Edited the Acadian Recorder. Called to the bar,
1863; judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1878; chief-justice,
1905-1907; knighted, 1906. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Webb, Samuel Blatchley (1753-1807). Born in Connecticut. Took part in
the civil and military movements that preceded the Revolution in 1775.
Commanded a company of Light Infantry in the battle of Bunker Hill. In
1776 appointed private secretary and aide-de-camp to Washington. In 1777
took part in the American expedition to Long Island, and captured with
his troops by the British fleet; released in 1780. Afterwards
brigadier-general. Index: WM Sent to America with reinforcements, 33;
retreats on learning of fall of Oswego, 36; in command at Fort Edward,
45; his despatch to Colonel Monro intercepted, 46. Bib.: Cyc. Am.
Biog.
Webb's Regiment. WM Formed part of reserve in battle of the Plains, 189.
Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec.
Wedderburn, Lord. See Rosslyn.
Weir, Lieutenant George. Came to Canada with the 32nd Regiment; served
in the Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada; sent with despatches to the
officer in command at Sorel; captured by Wolfred Nelson and sent
prisoner to St. Charles; attempted to escape at St. Denis, and was
killed by his rebel guards. Bib.: Kingsford, History of Canada;
Christie, History of Lower Canada.
Weldon, John Wesley (1804-1885). For many years a member of the
Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and 1843-1851 Speaker of the
House. In 1865 appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick,
and held the position until his death, 1885. Index: W Elected Speaker of
New Brunswick Assembly, 65, 66; action brought against in Doak and Hill
case, 75; his amendment on question of money votes, 94. T Appointed to
New Brunswick Bench, 94. Bib.: Hannay, History of New Brunswick.
Welland Canal. Projected as a result of the War of 1812. A commission
was appointed in 1816 to report on a canal between Lakes Erie and
Ontario. The matter dragged along for several years, until at last,
through the energy and enthusiasm of William Hamilton Merritt, a company
was incorporated, and work actually commenced, in 1824. Five years
later, the first vessels passed through from Ontario to Erie. In 1841
work was commenced on the enlargement of the canal, and completed in
1850. Between 1873 and 1883, the canal was deepened to 12 feet; and in
1887 to 14 feet. In the meantime, the work had been taken over by the
government, and become part of the system of Dominion canals. Index: Mc
Mackenzie's committee to inquire into, 264; Mackenzie a director of,
265; Francis Hincks on, 265; transactions of officials, 266, 267; report
of committee, 268. BL Bought by government from private company, 1841,
98; completion of improvements, 337. See also Canals. Bib.: Kingsford,
Early Canals; Merritt, Biography of W. H. Merritt; Matheson,
Welland Canal (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. Trans., vol. 2).
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769-1852). Entered the army in
1787, and after serving in the Netherlands went to India in 1797, where
he filled various military and civil offices until 1805. Two years later
commanded the Copenhagen expedition and defeated the Danes at Kioge.
Took command of the army in the Peninsula in 1808, and between then and
1814 defeated the French under Soult, Victor, Massena, and King Joseph.
On his return to England in 1814 created Duke of Wellington. The
following year, with the co-operation of Blücher, defeated Napoleon at
Waterloo. Premier in 1828, and resigned in 1830; foreign secretary in
Peel's ministry, 1834. Index: Bk His successes in the Peninsula, 119;
retreats into Portugal, 123. Sy Resigns from Cabinet, 16; returns to
office as prime minister, 16; resigns, 52; on dismissal of Melbourne,
summoned to form a ministry, 46; his government defeated, 46; persuaded
by Chief Justice Robinson to oppose Union Bill in House of Lords, 231. B
Disapproves of Bagot's policy, 16, 17. Mc His connection with Catholic
Emancipation Bill, 16-17. Bib.: Despatches, 1799-1832; Speeches. For
biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.
Wentworth, Sir John (1737-1820). Born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
Educated at Harvard. In 1765 went to England as agent of the province of
New Hampshire, and in 1767 appointed governor of the province; in the
same year made surveyor-general of the king's woods in North America.
While governor of New Hampshire opposed the imposition of the taxes by
Great Britain, but still supported British connection; compelled in 1775
to take refuge on board a British ship on which he sailed for England.
Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1792. Index: Dr
Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 290. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
West. W Of Halifax, establishes first Madras school in St. John, New
Brunswick, in 1818, 87.
West India Company. Established by royal edict in 1664, under the usual
conditions, that it should further the cause of colonization and
religion in New France, and in return should possess a monopoly of the
fur trade. The charter was revoked in 1674. In 1721, a similar charter
was granted to a new West India Company. Index: F Creation of, 49;
failure of, 149. Bib.: Biggar, Early Trading Companies of New France.
Western Forts. S Held by Great Britain pending settlement of Loyalist
affairs, 55, 119; handed over to United States, 142. Bk Transfer of, to
United States, 53. Hd Necessity for strengthening, 137; Haldimand
declines to surrender till instructed by his government, 260; surrender
of, 262. Dr Retained by Great Britain as security for concessions to
Loyalists, 231; handed over to United States, 291, 303. See also
Michilimackinac; Detroit, etc.
Westminster Conference, 1866. To settle finally the plan on which the
Confederation of the provinces was to be carried out, the delegates from
Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia met in the Westminster Palace
Hotel, London. The Conference lasted from the 4th to the 24th of
December, and passed a series of sixty-nine resolutions based on those
of the Quebec Conference. The Conference resumed again in January, 1867,
with the result that the British North America Act was framed, and
passed by the Imperial Parliament. Index: Mc Conference meets in London,
125-127. Bib.: See also British North America Act; Confederation.
Wetherall, Sir George Augustus (1788-1868). Born in Hampshire, England.
Educated at Winchester and the Military College, Farnham. In 1803 joined
the regiment of Nova Scotia Fencibles formed by his father, General Sir
Fred A. Wetherall. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Canada in
command of the troops at Montreal, defeating the rebels at St. Charles
and Point Oliver. In 1838 promoted brevet-colonel; from 1843 to 1850
deputy-adjutant-general in Canada; adjutant-general, 1854;
lieutenant-general, 1857, and in 1860 commanded the northern district in
Great Britain. In 1865 appointed governor of the Royal Military College
at Sandhurst. Index: C At St. Charles, 7. P Attacks rebels at St.
Charles, 129. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Wetmore, A. B. T Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John, New Brunswick,
84; his character, 84-85; breaks away from government, 101; elected as
Confederate candidate in St. John, 109.
Wheat. B Lord Stanley introduces measure giving preference to Canadian
wheat, 1843, 15; preference wiped out by the corn laws, 15, 31; Globe
on effect of corn laws, 31-32; Elgin on, 32; trade in, under Reciprocity
Treaty of 1854, 229, 230. MS Red River settlers raise first crop of,
1813, 160, See also Agriculture.
Whelan, Edward (1824-1867). Born in County Mayo, Ireland. Emigrated to
Nova Scotia, and employed in the office of the Nova Scotian, under
Joseph Howe. Moved to Prince Edward Island, 1842, and immediately threw
himself into the struggle for popular rights; elected to the Assembly; a
member of the Council, 1864, when he represented his province at the
Quebec Conference. Died at Charlottetown. Index: T Delegate to Quebec
Conference from Prince Edward Island, 77. Bib.: Davin, The Irishman in
Canada.
White, John. S First attorney-general of Upper Canada, 81, 178; his duel
with John Small, clerk of council, 181.
White, Philip. Dr Loyalist, murder of, 198.
White, Thomas (1830-1888). Born in Montreal. Educated at the high school
there. Joined the editorial staff of the Quebec Gazette; and in 1853
founded the Peterborough Review, which he edited for seven years. In
1860 went to Cobourg to study law, and in 1864 with his brother founded
the Hamilton Spectator. Elected to the Dominion Parliament for
Cardwell, 1878, and again in 1882 and 1887. A member of Sir John A.
Macdonald's Cabinet in 1885 as minister of the interior, and carried out
the political organization of the North-West Territories. Index: E On
the coalition of 1854, 139; minister of the interior in the Macdonald
ministry, 1885-1888, 139. Md Takes part in political picnic campaign,
220. Bib.: Rose, Cyc. Can. Biog.
Whitney, Sir James Pliny (1843- ). Born at Williamsburg, Ontario.
Educated at the Cornwall Grammar School. Served for some years in the
militia, and on active service during the Fenian raid, 1866. In 1876
called to the bar and practised at Morrisburg, Ontario. Elected for
Dundas to the Ontario Assembly, 1888. In 1896 leader of the Conservative
party in Ontario; and in 1905 premier, on the defeat of the Liberal
government. Knighted, 1908. Bib.: Canadian Who's Who.
Wilcox, Absalom. Mc Aids Mackenzie's escape, 383.
Wilcox, Allan. Mc Accompanies Mackenzie in his flight, 384-386.
Wilkins, Lewis Morris (1801-1885). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, son of
Lewis Morris Wilkins, judge of the Supreme Court. Educated at King's
College, Windsor, graduating in 1819. Called to the bar and practised at
Windsor from 1823 to 1856. In 1856 appointed judge of the Supreme Court
of Nova Scotia, resigning in 1876. For several years a member of the
Nova Scotia Legislature, and provincial secretary in the Young ministry,
1854-1856. Index: H Delegate to England to represent views of
Legislative Council of Nova Scotia on responsible government, 52, 56;
supports Howe, 145; becomes provincial secretary, 146; signs Foreign
Enlistment Proclamation, 152; appointed judge of Supreme Court, 157.
Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Wilkinson. B Edits a Bowmanville newspaper, charges Senator Simpson with
bribery in 1872, publishes letter from George Brown to Simpson, 249;
sued for libel, 249; applies to have Brown committed for contempt of
court, 252.
Wilkinson. Dr Aide-de-camp to Benedict Arnold, describes Arnold's rapid
retreat, 147.
William III (1650-1702). King of England; son of William II, Prince of
Orange, and Mary, daughter of Charles I of England. In 1677 married
Mary, daughter of James II of England. In 1688 on the invitation of a
number of leading British statesmen and nobles, headed an expedition to
England. On his arrival in England, James II fled, and on Feb. 13, 1689,
William and Mary were proclaimed king and queen. Index: Hd Forms
regiment of Swiss Guards, 7. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
William IV (1765-1837). King of England; third son of George III and
Queen Charlotte; born in Buckingham Palace. On June 26, 1830, succeeded
George IV. Index: Sy Accession of, 25; dismisses Lord Melbourne, 45;
death of, 48. Dr Arrival of, in Canada, as Prince William Henry, 238,
240; his popularity, 240. W Opposed to alienation of crown lands, 22;
dismisses his advisors, 37; his death, 1837, 47. Bib.: Dict. Nat.
Biog.
William Henry. Dr Name of Sorel changed to, 240.
Williams, Sir William Fenwick (1800-1883). Born in Annapolis Royal, Nova
Scotia. Graduated at Woolwich, England, in 1821; entered the army, 1825;
and served with distinction in the Crimean War, 1854-1855. On his return
to England created a baronet, received the Order of the Bath, and
granted a pension of £1000 a year. Nova Scotia presented him with a
sword of honour. In 1860-1866 commander of the forces in Canada; during
the absence of the governor-general, Sir Edmund Head, administrator of
Canada, from Oct. 12, 1860, to Jan. 22, 1861; and in 1865 governor of
Nova Scotia. In 1868 full general; and in 1870 governor-general of
Gibraltar. In 1877 retired from the army; and in 1881 appointed
constable of the Tower. Index: Md Co-operates with Tupper in
Confederation movement, 122. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can.
Por.; Taylor, Brit. Am.; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Willis, John Walpole (1792-1877). Born in England. A voluminous writer
on legal subjects. In 1827 appointed a puisne judge of the King's Bench
in Upper Canada. A capable judge, but in constant conflict with Sir
Peregrine Maitland, the lieutenant-governor of the province. On the
ground that he had refused to conduct the business of the court alone,
in the absence of the two other judges, the governor dismissed him from
the bench in June, 1828. Subsequently judge in Demerara and judge of the
Supreme Court of New South Wales; dismissed from the latter appointment,
1743. Index: Mc Appointed, 1827, 130; quarrels with brother judges, 131;
his contention, 131, 132, 133; removed, 133; large petition in favour
of, refused, 133. BL Dismissed from office, 28; his cause taken up by
Reform party, 28; petition of protest, 29. Bib.: Morgan, Cel. Can.;
Read, Lives of the Judges.
Willis, Michael (1799-1879). Born in Greenock, Scotland. Educated at the
University of Glasgow. A minister in Glasgow for a number of years, and
professor of divinity for the secession branch of the Presbyterian
Church. In 1843, at the disruption, joined the Free Church, and
afterwards invited to Canada in connection with the colonial board of
that religious body. In 1845 appointed professor of theology in Knox
College, and later principal of that institution, resigning in 1870. B
President of Anti-Slavery Society of Canada, 112; principal of Knox
College, 112.
Willison, John Stephen (1856- ). Born at Hill's Green, Ontario. Began
his journalistic career with the London Advertiser, 1882; joined the
staff of the Toronto Globe, 1883. Represented the Globe in Ottawa
for some years; editor-in-chief of the Globe, 1890; subsequently
editor of the Toronto News. Index: Mc His opinion of Mackenzie, 14. Md
Quoted on Parti Rouge, 45. Bib.: Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal
Party. For biog., see Morgan, Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who.
Williston, Edward. T Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 105.
Williston, John T. T Deserts Liberal party in New Brunswick, 18; elected
for Northumberland, 107.
Willson, John. Representative for Wentworth. Index: R Speaker of
Legislative Assembly, Upper Canada, 64, 65.
Wilmot, Benjamin (1589-1669). W Born in England, one of early settlers
of New Haven, 3; ancestor of L. A. Wilmot, 3.
Wilmot, Ezekiel. W Born, 1708, son of Thomas Wilmot, 3.
Wilmot, Lemuel. W A Loyalist of Poughkeepsie, New York, 3; a captain in
Loyal American Regiment, came to New Brunswick after the war, 3.
Wilmot, Lemuel Allan (1809-1878). W His work for responsible government,
2; born in Sunbury County, New Brunswick, 1809, 2; his ancestry, 3;
attorney-general, 1848, 7; a Baptist, 9; his mother, 10; education,
10-11; studies law, 11; interest in militia, 12; his success as a
lawyer, 31; enters public life as member for York County, 1834, 31;
re-elected, 1835, 32; his eminence as a stump orator, 32, 33; takes
leading part in debates, 35; his interest in crown lands question, 35;
and question of salaries of customs officials, 38-39; sent to England as
delegate, 41-42, 45; again goes to England on behalf of Assembly, re
Civil List Bill, 46; elected for York, 47; obtains new charter for
King's College, 49-56; on provincial salaries, 61-63; nominated for
Speaker, but declines to run, 66; advocates reform of Legislative
Council, 68-69; enters the government, 72-73; opposes address to
Metcalfe, 74; attacked by Loyalist, 75; resigns over Reade
appointment, 77; his letter to the governor on same, 77-79; views on
education, 83, 88-91; advocates initiation of money grants by executive,
91-93; 94-97; opposes bill requiring executive councillors, etc., to be
re-elected, 99-100; re-elected for York, 102; declines seat in
government, 102-103; enters government as attorney-general, 116-117;
speaks at Portland Railway Convention, 119-126; views on railway
question, 126-127; consolidation of criminal law and other legislation,
127-128; on reduction of judges, 129; appointed to bench, 130, 173;
Fenety's characterization, 131; appointed lieutenant-governor, 132-133;
a many-sided man, his religious life, 133-134; his family life, 135; in
the militia, 135; his home, 136; his marriage, 1832, 137; second
marriage, 137; character and achievements, 137-139; his death, May 20,
1878, 137. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.; Hannay, History
of New Brunswick; Bourinot, Canada during Victorian Era (R. S. C.,
1897); Roberts, History of Canada.
Wilmot, Montagu. Lieutenant-colonel in the army, 1755; commanded an
expedition against Fort Cumberland, 1756. Appointed lieutenant-governor
of Nova Scotia, 1763; governor, 1764. Died, 1766. Bib.: Selections from
the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Wilmot, Robert Duncan (1809-1891). Born at Fredericton, New Brunswick.
Member of the provincial Parliament, 1846-1861 and in 1865-1867; and
surveyor-general, 1851-1854. Provincial secretary in the Wilmot-Gray
ministry, and in 1867 called to the Senate, of which he was a member for
thirteen years. In 1878-1891 a member of the Privy Council; in 1878-1880
a member of the Cabinet without portfolio, and Speaker of the Senate;
lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1880-1885. Index: T Elected for
St. John County, 10; elected as a Liberal, but sides with Conservatives,
13-14; joins administration, 18, 23, 24; re-elected for St. John, 24,
30; provincial secretary, 41; his government resigns, 42-43; re-elected
for St. John County, as Anti-Confederate, 85-86; enters Smith
government, 91; his character, 93; dissatisfied with government, 94;
resigns, 94; forms new government with Peter Mitchell, 105; elected for
St. John County, 109; goes to England as delegate, 120. Bib.: Dent,
Can. Por.; Hannay, History of New Brunswick; Parliamentary
Companion, 1885.
Wilmot, Thomas. W Born, 1679, son of William Wilmot, 3.
Wilmot, William, W Father of L. A. Wilmot, 2; lumberman, 3; son of
Lemuel Wilmot, 3; his family, 3-4; a Baptist, 9; moves to Fredericton,
10; a local preacher, 10; in politics, 10. T In partnership with William
Peters, 4.
Wilson, Sir Adam (1814-1891). Born in Edinburgh. Educated in that city.
In 1830 came to Canada; studied law under Robert Baldwin Sullivan, and
in 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada. In 1840 partner of Robert
Baldwin, the Reform leader, and built up a successful practice. Elected
to the Assembly for the north riding of York; in 1862-1863
solicitor-general in John Sandfield Macdonald's government; resigned on
being appointed a judge of the Queen's Bench. Chief-justice of the Court
of Common Pleas, 1878; and of Queen's Bench, 1884. Knighted, 1888.
Index: B Comments on George Brown's letter to Senator Simpson, 249-250;
had been supported by Globe in election contests, 250;
solicitor-general in Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 250; attacked by
Globe, 250-252; takes no part in Brown's trial for contempt of court,
252, 254. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can. Por. and Last Forty
Years.
Wilson, Sir Daniel (1816-1892). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at
Edinburgh University. In 1845 appointed honorary secretary of the
Scottish Society of Antiquaries. In 1853 came to Canada as professor of
history and English literature in Toronto University, becoming president
of the university in 1881. Elected president of the Royal Society of
Canada, 1885. Knighted, 1888. Bib.: Works: Prehistoric Man; The
Missing Link; Archæology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland;
Chatterton: A Biographical Study; The Lost Atlantis, and other
Ethnographic Studies. For biog., see Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent, Can.
Por.; Kingsford, Sir Daniel Wilson (R. S. C., 1893); MacMurchy,
Canadian Literature.
Wilson, John. T Runs against Tilley in St. John, New Brunswick, and
defeated, 131.
Wilson, John (1809-1869). Born in Paisley, Scotland. Came to Canada,
1823; for some years worked on a farm near Perth. Studied law and called
to the bar of Upper Canada, 1835. Practised his profession at London.
Served as a volunteer during the Rebellion of 1837. Represented London
in the Assembly, 1847-1851; defeated, 1851, but again elected, 1854;
elected to the Legislative Council, 1863; appointed judge of the Court
of Common Pleas, 1863. Bib.: Read, Lives of the Judges.
Wiman, Erastus (1834-1904). Born at Churchville, Ontario. Educated in
Toronto; early became engaged in newspaper work; joined the staff of the
Toronto Globe, 1856; edited Montreal Trade Renew, 1864-1865; entered
the service of R. G. Dun & Co., 1865; removed to the United States,
1866, and connected with many large commercial enterprises. A strong
advocate of reciprocity between Canada and the United States. Index: Md
Favours commercial union, 293. Bib.: Morgan, Can. Men.
Windmill Point. Situated in Grenville County, Ontario, and the scene of
an engagement between filibusters from the United States under Colonel
Von Schoultz (q.v.), and Canadian troops, in November, 1838, when the
former were defeated. Index: Mc Engagement of, 441-444. Md Americans
under Von Schoultz capture windmill near Prescott, 8; party finally
overcome and leaders court-martialled, 8-9.
Winnipeg. Capital of the province of Manitoba. Founded about 1862. In
the summer of that year "the first attempt was made to establish a place
of business on the highway at the spot where the Assiniboine and Red
River tracks meet close to the boundary of the Hudson's Bay Company's
land reserve" (Hargrave's Red River). Incorporated in 1873. Its early
growth was very slow and the city suffered for years from the effects
of an ill-timed boom. The first decade of the twentieth century,
however, brought rapid and substantial growth, Index: D Becomes centre
of western department of Hudson's Bay Company. 265. Bib.: Hargrave, Red
River; Bryce, Manitoba; Ency. Brit.; Ency. Amer.
Winnipeg, Lake. Area, 9460 square miles. The lake was known both to the
English on Hudson Bay and to the French in Canada, long before its
actual discovery, and is represented on a number of early maps, though
sometimes very far from its actual position. The lake was actually
discovered by La Vérendrye in 1732. The name is derived from the Cree
word Wi-nipi, turbid water. The name has had a host of variants, from
Ouinipigon and Ouinipique to Winnipeck and Winipic, not to mention the
name given in Coats's Hudson Bay, Winnipeg-gon-e-sepe.
Winslow, John (1702-1774). Born in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Entered the
army. In 1740 captain of a company that served in the expedition to
Cuba; in 1752 sent to Fort St. George, Maine, as a commissioner to
settle land disputes with the Indians. In 1755 when major-general of
militia, and captain in the British army, ordered to Nova Scotia to
remove the Acadians from that province. This duty he performed under the
instructions of Governor Lawrence. In 1756 as major-general served
against the French, and also in 1758-1759. In 1762 chief justice of the
Court of Common Pleas in Plymouth County. The town of Winslow in Maine
is named after him. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.; Campbell, History of Nova
Scotia.
Winter, P. E Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure Act, 187.
Winthrop, Fitz-John (1639-1707). Born in Boston, Massachusetts. Educated
at Harvard. Going to England, served in the parliamentary army there and
in Scotland. Took part in the march of General Monk's army to London. In
1663 returned to New England and employed in both military and civil
capacities. In 1690 major-general in command of the army which
unsuccessfully invaded Canada. Agent for Connecticut in London,
1693-1697; and governor of the colony, 1698-1707. Index: F Commands
expedition against Montreal, 279; arrives at Albany, and pushes on to
Wood Creek, 280; returns to Albany, and to Hartford, Conn., 281. L
Commands expedition against Montreal, 229; his army disorganized and
scattered, 231. Bib.: Cyc. Am. Biog.
Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen (1802-1865). Born at Seville, Spain.
Educated at St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, near Durham, and the English
College in Rome. Took a leading part in the Oxford movement. Created
arch-archbishop of Westminster, and cardinal, 1850. Index: B His
pastoral letter defending the papal bull dividing England into Roman
Catholic sees, and George Brown's reply, 44-45. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
Wolfe, James (1727-1759). WM Intrusted by William Pitt with command of
expedition against Quebec, 65, 73; singular anecdote of, 65; birth and
personal characteristics, 66, 67; at Dettingen and Culloden, 68; in
Paris, 69; attached to the Louisbourg expedition, 70; falls in love, 70,
72; returns to England, 71; his criticism of the Louisbourg campaign,
72; made brigadier and intrusted with expedition against Quebec, 73;
bids farewell to father and mother, 74; has under him three brigadiers,
74; hears of his father's death, 76; his plan for the attack, 76-78;
proceeds to upper end of island of Orleans, 93; perceives all the
difficulty of the situation, 96; his proclamation to the Canadians, 101;
advances to Pointe Lévis, 108; decides on bombardment of Quebec, 110;
seizes left bank of Montmorency River, 112; his hesitancy, 119; courtesy
to prisoners taken by Carleton, 125; tries to bridge Montmorency, 127;
attempts passage of Montmorency by a ford, 128; protests against use of
fire-rafts, 130; his poor opinion of Canadian militia, 132, 173; his
plan to bring on general engagement, 134; unsuccessfully attacks French
position at Montmorency, 139-143; greatly appreciates kindness shown to
Ochterlony, 145; after defeat at Montmorency, bombards city with
increased severity, 145; burns country on both sides of the St.
Lawrence, 149; ill of fever at Ange Gardien, 154; his great activity and
energy, 154; hands command over to his brigadiers, 154; his three plans
for attack, 154; accepts plans of brigadiers, 155; convalescent, 156;
letter to his mother, 156; his extreme despondency, 157; abandons
position at Montmorency, 158; resolves to attack above Quebec, 159;
gives general order to be ready for early landing, 163; goes to
Pointe-aux-Trembles to reconnoitre, 164; his great discouragement
expressed in letter to Lord Holdernesse, 166; goes down opposite Le
Foulon and makes careful examination of it, 168; his propositions to
council of war, as narrated by French author, 169; visits each ship in
the fleet above Quebec, 170; his last proclamation from H.M.S.
Sutherland, 172; bequests in his will, 175; intrusts portrait of Miss
Lowther to Captain Jervis, 175; his boat takes the lead in moving down
the river, 179; his conversation in the boat, 179; recites Gray's
Elegy, 180; climbs up cliff and arranges troops in line of battle,
182; advances towards Quebec, 186; marches to battle at head of his
troops, 197; death of, 200; his remains conveyed to England on Royal
William, 238; grief of his mother, 239; monument to, in Westminster
Abbey, 239. Dr His friendship for Carleton, 30; secures his appointment
to Quebec expedition, 31. P Causes of his victory at Quebec, 143. BL
Sydenham ranked with, 112. Hd Besieges Quebec, 25; preparations made in
event of his failure, 28; his success and death, 34; compared with
Amherst, 35; Gugy comes with, to Quebec, 62; glories won by, on Plains
of Abraham, 121. Bib.: Doughty, Siege of Quebec; Wood, Fight for
Canada; Willson, Life and Letters of James Wolfe; Salmon, Life of
Wolfe; Bradley, Life of Wolfe and The Fight with France.
Wolford Lodge. S In Devon, family estate of Simcoe, 40, 220, 222.
Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, Viscount (1833- ). Born in Golden Bridge House,
Dublin county, Ireland. In 1852 entered the army as ensign; served in
the Burmese War, 1852-1853; in the Crimean War, 1854-1856; and in India,
1857; in 1861 sent to Canada in connection with the Trent incident; in
1867 deputy-quartermaster-general of Canada; and in 1869-1870 commanded
the Red River Expedition during the Riel Rebellion; commanded the
British army in the Ashantee War of 1873-1874; and in Egypt, 1882, and
1884-1885; field-marshal in 1894; and commander-in-chief of the army,
1895-1900. Index: C His expedition to North-West, 69-70; his article in
Blackwood's Magazine, 70-71; his quarrel with Cartier, 130. Md Leads
expedition against Riel, 161; gains a bloodless victory, 162. Bib.:
Story of a Soldier's Life. For biog., see Who's Who.
Wood, Edmund Burke (1820-1882). Born near Fort Erie, Ontario. Educated
at Overton College, Ohio. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1848, and
appointed clerk of the County Court of Brant, 1853. Represented West
Brant in the Canadian Assembly, 1863-1867. After Confederation returned
for both the Ontario Assembly and the Dominion House of Commons, but
resigned the latter seat, 1872. Held office as provincial treasurer in
the Sandfield-Macdonald ministry, 1867-1871. Elected to the House of
Commons for West Durham, 1873. Appointed chief-justice of Manitoba,
1874. Died in Winnipeg. Bib.: Dent, Can. Por.
Wood, Enoch. W Methodist clergyman in Fredericton, 133; his influence
over L. A. Wilmot, 133.
Wood Creek. F Expedition against Montreal encamps at, 280.
Wool, Captain. Bk Succeeds in landing United States troops above
Queenston, 303.
Wooster, David (1710-1777). Born in Stratford, Connecticut. Graduated at
Yale University. Took part in the expedition against Louisbourg, 1745;
in 1776 served as brigadier-general of the American forces in Canada.
Index: Dr Montgomery leaves him in charge at Montreal, 116; on death of
Montgomery, succeeds to command at Quebec, 132; his army reinforced,
134; criticized in Franklin's report, 136; recalled, 136. Bib.: Cyc.
Am. Biog.
Work, or Wark, John (1792-1861). Born in Ireland. Entered service of
Hudson's Bay Company, 1814; employed east of the mountains until 1822,
when transferred to the Columbia; in charge of Fort Simpson, 1835-1849;
appointed chief factor, 1846; removed to Victoria, 1849, as one of the
managers of the Company's affairs on the Pacific slope. In 1857 a member
of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island. Died at Victoria. Index:
D Leads expedition into wilds of Oregon and the Upper Missouri in 1834,
132; member of Victoria board of management, 265; his death, 265. Bib.:
Bancroft, History of British Columbia; Walbran, British Columbia
Coast Names.
Workman, T. Md Liberal, elected for Montreal in by-election in 1876,
224.
Wrangell, Ferdinand Petrovitch, Baron von (1796-1870). Born in Pleskau,
Esthonia. Educated in the school for cadets in St. Petersburg. Entered
the Russian navy in 1812; in 1817 took part in a scientific expedition
to Siberia and Kamtchatka; and in 1820 commanded an expedition to
explore the Russian polar seas, which reached 72° 2' north latitude. In
1827 appointed governor of Russian America (Alaska), and during his
administration made surveys of the country, opened roads, built bridges,
and instituted various other reforms and improvements. In 1834 recalled
to Russia; in 1837 rear-admiral; in 1847 vice-admiral. Strongly opposed
to the cession of Alaska to the United States. Index: D Succeeds
Baranoff in Russian America, 45.
Wright, Justice. S Barrack-master, 47.
Wright, Philemon (1760-1839). Born in Woburn, Massachusetts. In 1800
emigrated to Canada, and ascended the river Ottawa sixty miles beyond
any previous known settler, with the object of selecting a suitable
tract of land for a settlement. Eventually chose the site of the present
town of Hull, Quebec, and received a grant from the government. Imported
several of the best breeds of cattle from Great Britain, and,
introducing other improvements, the agricultural settlement grew into an
important and thriving township.
Wyoming District. Hd Laid waste, 151.
X Y Company. Founded at Montreal in 1795 by several partners of the
North West Company, who had become dissatisfied with the administration
of the old company, and particularly resented the autocratic ways of its
chief, Simon McTavish, popularly known among the fur traders, because of
his domineering manner, as "Le Premier," and "Le Marquis." The backbone
of the new concern was the powerful Montreal firm of Forsyth, Richardson
& Co. Alexander Mackenzie was almost persuaded to join the new company
in 1795, but did not actually do so until 1801. Meanwhile the X Y
Company had built a post at Grand Portage in 1797, and followed their
rivals to the Assiniboine, the Saskatchewan, the Athabaska, and even
into the remote Peace River country. On the death of McTavish, in 1804,
the two companies were united as the North West Company. Index: MS
Organized by malcontents from North West Company, 6, 92; builds rival
post at Grand Portage, 93; Mackenzie becomes the head of, 98; absorbed
by North-West Company, 1804, 99. Bib.: Masson, Bourgeois de la
Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company.
Yale, James Murray. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company
about 1815, when still a boy, and after some years' service east of the
mountains, transferred to New Caledonia. Eventually promoted to the rank
of chief factor; and retired from the service about 1870, settling near
Victoria, where he died. Fort Yale on the Fraser River was named after
him. Index: D At Stewart Lake, 99; in command at Fort George, 1823, 105.
Bib.: Bancroft, History of British Columbia.
Yamaska River. Rises in Brome Lake. After a course of about ninety miles
falls into the St. Lawrence at the head of Lake St. Peter. Index: Ch
Named by Champlain, De Gênes, 52.
Yellowhead Pass. Through the Rocky Mountains. Elevation, 3733 feet above
sea level. The summit of the pass is eighteen miles in a straight line
from the Athabaska River. Yellowhead Lake, a little west of the summit,
discharges its waters into the Fraser River. Because of its easy
gradients, this pass was favoured by (Sir) Sandford Fleming as the route
for the Canadian Pacific Railway, but political considerations forced
the selection of the much more difficult Kicking Horse Pass.
Yonge Street, Toronto. Originally an Indian trail leading to Lake
Simcoe. Built as a bush road by Simcoe in 1794. Named after Sir George
Yonge, then secretary for war. Index: BL Named in honour of the then
secretary for war, 8. Bib.: Robertson, Landmarks of Toronto.
York. S Name Toronto officially changed to, 203; name York previously in
use, 203. Bk Fortifications begun at, 182. BL Becomes seat of
government, 8; incorporated as city of Toronto, 16; origin of Spadina
Avenue, 26; Baldwin elected for, 31; Parliament house; 33; municipal
government in, 298. See also Toronto.
York and Albany, Frederick Augustus, Duke of (1763-1827). Second son of
George III. Commanded British army in Flanders, 1793-1795.
Commander-in-chief, 1798-1809. Index: Bk Takes command of expedition to
Holland, 15, 21. Bib.: Dict. Nat. Biog.
York Factory. One of the principal establishments of the Hudson's Bay
Company, near the mouth of Hayes River, north bank. The first trading
post here, or near here, was Fort Nelson, built in 1669. Throughout the
eighteenth century, this was the principal post of the Company, in
charge of a governor, with a considerable staff. It was the
starting-point of the explorations of Henry Kellsey in 1692, of Anthony
Hendry in 1754, and of Matthew Cocking in 1772, and was the gateway to
the vast interior country, the recognized route being the Hayes River.
Index: MS Red River settlers winter near, 153-155. See also Port
Nelson. Bib.: Bryce, Hudson's Bay Company; Laut, Conquest of the
Great North-West.
Yorke, Charles (1722-1770). Dr Attorney-general of England, his views on
Canadian laws, 62.
Yorke, Sir Joseph Sydney (1768-1831). Entered the navy in 1780; in 1781
joined the Duke and later the Formidable, both under Sir Charles
Douglas. In 1785 served on the flagship of Commodore John Elliot on the
Newfoundland station, and afterwards on the Adamant under Sir Richard
Hughes at Halifax. In 1789 lieutenant; in 1790 commander; in 1793
captain; in 1810 a lord of the Admiralty. Sent to Lisbon in 1811 with
reinforcements, the arrival of which compelled the French under Massena
to retreat from Torres Vedras. In 1814 vice-admiral; and admiral, 1830.
Index: Hd Recommends Haldimand and Bouquet for command in America, 9-10;
Haldimand's description of, 327; Haldimand visits, 337. Bib.: Dict.
Nat. Biog.
Young, George Paxton (1819-1889). Born at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Educated
at the University of Edinburgh; came to Canada, 1847; minister of Knox
Church, Hamilton, 1850-1853. Joined the faculty of Knox College the
latter year, where he filled various chairs in succession until 1864.
Employed by Dr. Ryerson for several years in reorganizing the grammar
schools of Ontario. In 1871 succeeded Dr. Beaven as professor of logic,
metaphysics, and ethics in Toronto University, holding the position up
to the time of his death. Index: R Appointed inspector of grammar
schools, 1863, 255; reports on defects in the system, 255-257; examines
results of Grammar School Act of 1865, 260. Bib.: Duncan, George Paxton
Young in Univ. of Tor. Monthly; Dent, Can. Por.
Young, George Renny (1800?-1847). Born in Scotland; a brother of Sir
William Young (q.v.). Founded the Nova Scotian newspaper in 1824,
and edited it until 1828. For several years a member of the Legislative
Assembly of Nova Scotia; and also of the Executive Council. Index: H Son
of John Young, author of Letters of Agricola, 8; Speaker of Nova
Scotia Legislature, 99-100; associated with organization of Company to
build Intercolonial, 99-100; attacked by Lord Falkland, 100; offered
seat in Council by Sir John Harvey, 103; declines office, 104; elected
for Halifax, 106; member of the Uniacke administration, 110; resigns
from government, 132. Bib.: Campbell, History of Nova Scotia.
Young, James. B On George Brown's attitude in the Legislature at Quebec,
65; describes Brown's personal appearance, 73.
Young, John (1773-1837). Born in Falkirk, Scotland. Educated at Glasgow
University; emigrated to Canada, 1814. In 1818 published a series of
letters under the nom-de-plume of "Agricola," in the Halifax Recorder.
These letters drew attention to the backward state of agriculture in
Nova Scotia and led to the establishment of a Board of Agriculture, of
which he was appointed secretary. In 1822 the letters were published in
book form with the title Letters of Agricola on the Principles of
Vegetation and Tillage. From 1825 to 1837 represented Sydney in the
Nova Scotia Assembly. Took an active part in the formation of
agricultural societies. Index: H Author of Letters of Agricola, 6;
member of Nova Scotia Assembly, 1837, 35; proposes conciliatory
resolutions as to the Legislative Council, 38-39. Bib.: Campbell,
History of Nova Scotia.
Young, John (1811-1878). Born at Ayr, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1826. In
1837 raised a regiment of volunteers and served during the Rebellion. In
1841 partner of the firm of Stephens, Young & Company of Montreal;
connected with the construction in 1845 of the railway line to Portland,
Maine, through which Montreal secured a winter port. It was largely by
his efforts that the railway from Montreal to Kingston was built; and
the Victoria Bridge, the deepening of Lake St. Peter, and the
enlargement of the Welland, St. Lawrence, and Lachine canals were also
due to a considerable extent to his broad policy. In 1851 commissioner
of public works in the Hincks-Morin Cabinet. During his brief
administration organized the Canadian exhibit at London, 1851; and
subsidized steamships between Montreal and Liverpool. Index: E
Commissioner of public works in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; resigns and
replaced by J. Chabot, 126. Bib.: Dent, Last Forty Years.
Young, Sir John. See Lisgar.
Young, Sir William (1799-1887). Born at Falkirk, Scotland. Educated at
Glasgow University. Came to Nova Scotia; studied law, and called to the
bar of that province, 1826. In 1832 elected to the Assembly for Cape
Breton. In 1835 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island. In 1838-1839
took part in the negotiations that followed the Rebellion in Lower
Canada, and his report on the alleged grievances was included in that of
Lord Durham. In 1842 appointed a member of the Executive Council, and
Speaker of the Assembly, 1843-1854; premier of the province, 1854-1857;
and again in 1860. In 1860 appointed chief-justice of Nova Scotia,
retiring after twenty-one years' service. Knighted, 1868. Index: H
Political leader in Nova Scotia, and afterwards chief-justice of the
province, 6; sent as delegate to England to urge granting of
representative government to Nova Scotia, 51, 56; appointed to Executive
Council, 1843, 75; elected Speaker the same year, 75; reelected Speaker,
1848, 107; attorney-general and leader of government, 146; his
government sustained, 157; non-committal attitude of, on Irish Roman
Catholic question, 163; chief justice of Nova Scotia, 169. Bib.:
Campbell, History of Nova Scotia; Saunders, Three Premiers of Nova
Scotia.
Young, Sir William A. G. (1827-1885). Secretary to the North American
Boundary Commission, 1856; colonial secretary and auditor of British
Columbia, 1859; colonial secretary of Vancouver Island, 1864;
administrator of the government there, 1866. Subsequently appointed
governor of the Gold Coast.
Yukon River. Rises at the headwaters of the Nisutlin, and empties into
Bering Sea, after a course of 1765 miles. The lower waters of the river
were explored by Glazunof in 1836 or 1837; and a Russian post was built
at Nulato, about four hundred miles above the mouth, in 1838. In 1843,
Zagoskin carried the exploration up to the mouth of the Nowikakat. In
1846, John Bell, of the Hudson's Bay Company, reached the Yukon by way
of the Porcupine; and in 1847 Alexander H. Murray, of the same Company,
built Fort Yukon, at the mouth of the Porcupine. Robert Campbell
explored the Pelly and Yukon, down to the mouth of the Porcupine, in
1840-1850. Index: MS Mackenzie establishes existence and course of, 50;
makes inquiries concerning, 55. D Operations of Hudson's Bay Company on,
123; explored by Robert Campbell, 125. Bib.: Dall, Alaska; Bancroft,
History of Alaska; Campbell, Discovery of the Youcon; Whymper,
Travel and Adventure in Alaska; Murray, Journal of the Yukon
(Archives, Pub. 4); Dawson, Report on the Yukon (Geol. Survey Report,
1887-1888).
Yverdun. Hd Home of the Haldimand family, 2, 3; visited by Haldimand,
113, 116; his death there, June 5, 1791, 340; its institutions
remembered in his will, 342.
Zollverein. Md Proposed by Butterworth in United States Congress, as a
method of fiscal union with Canada, 295. See also Commercial Union.
Bib.: Willison, Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.
Illustrated Chart of Canadian History
