(For Additions see pages
245-335.)
1.
Rope pulley anchor—a car which grips by sinking its wheels in
the soil; employed for ploughing tackle.
2.
Anchor plate—buried in the ground below a mass of masonry—for
attaching guys, tie rods, &c. Sometimes a frame, or plate, laid on
the ground and ballasted, is the method used.
3.
Screw mooring, screwed into the ground.
4.
Heavy stone sunk in the ground and having a ring attached; or a
mass of concrete, similarly placed, used for guy ropes, tie rods, and
foundation bolt attachments.
5.
Grapnel.
6.
Mushroom anchor.
7.
Double fluke anchor.
8.
Martin’s patent anchor, with swivelling flukes. Several other
patent anchors are modifications of this.
Stakes, with or without flanges, vertical or horizontal, are sometimes
employed, the flanges taking the cross strain of the ties, &c. Fencing
posts, gate posts, tree stakes, and tennis poles are of this class.
For adjustment by Screws, see Section 78, and by Wedges, see Section 36,
These are the commonest appliances employed. For Cams also, see
Section 9. For adjusting Pedestal Brasses, see Section 46.
For adjustments by keys, cotters, &c., see Section 37.
See also Nos. 251,
269, and 297.
9.
Split cone sleeves and set screw adjustment for a revolving
standard, or similar detail, where there is much wear or great
accuracy is required in the revolving bearing.
10.
Centre-line adjustment for lathe headstocks, &c.
11.
Variable curve adjustment; used in compass planes, instruments
for drawing arcs of circles, &c.
12.
Vertical shaft footstep adjustment; employed on millstones,
horizontal grinding mills, &c., to regulate the space between the
grinding surfaces. See No. 261.
13.
Side screw adjustment for injectors, jet pumps, &c.
14.
Levelling adjustment; can be used with either 3 or 4 screws: for
telescope and level stands, theodolites, &c.
15.
Horizontal central adjustment for footsteps, &c.
16.
Slotted link and lock nut for adjusting angle of a lever.
17.
Disc and ring with partial angular adjustment by a screw and nut;
used for screwing dies, self-centering chucks, &c. The nut and
bearing of the screw have allowance for swivelling.
18.
Pin and hole adjustment for a lever or similar detail.
19.
Wedge bearing for locomotive horn plate guides, slide bars, and
similar parts subject to wear.
20.
Right and left-hand screw and wedge adjustment for roller
bearings, &c.
21.
Adjustment for wear used on engine crossheads to take up the wear
of the working faces.
Adjustable Crane Balance Weights, Section 18.
Adjustable V-guides,
Nos. 700 and 704.
Materials employed are:—Leather, cotton, guttapercha, indiarubber, canvas, camel-hair,
catgut, flat wire or hemp rope, steel bands, flat chains, &c.
22.
Ordinary belt pulley, “crowned” on face to retain the belt on the
centre of the pulley.
23.
Double-flanged pulley, flat on face, sometimes “crowned,” as No. 22.
24.
Single-flanged pulley for horizontal driving.
25.
Open belt gear; runs best as shown, with the slack half of the belt
at top.
26.
Crossed belt to reverse motion on the driven shaft. Also to obtain
more grip for the belt than with open belts.
27.
Mode of driving when the shafts are at right angles to one another.
28.
Mode of driving with shafts at an obtuse angle, sometimes used
instead of bevel wheels.
29.
Arrangement adopted when the pulleys cannot be got in
line with one another, or the shafts are too close together to drive
well direct. Short belts seldom work well.
Belts are frequently arranged to pass under and over several pulleys so
as to drive several shafts by one belt.
For reversing by belt gear, see Section 74. Gut bands (round) are worked
over V-grooved pulleys; see Rope Gearing, Section 66. Belts may be
kept tight by tightening pulleys, see No. 1207. For round belts, see Rope
Gearing, Section 66. V-belts are occasionally used, formed of thicknesses
of leather riveted together, cut to a V-section, and worked over V-grooved
pulleys.
30.
Universal hinge. The arm can be fixed in any required position
by tightening the gland. Useful for stands for articles to be
exhibited in any position, telescopes, &c.
31.
Pipe joint, with similar capabilities.
32.
Same as No. 16, but with screwed gland. If used without the arm, it
forms the ordinary ball castor.
33
& 34. Dr. Hooke’s universal joint.
See application, No. 292.
See also Nos. 1359 and 732.
Gas pendants are suspended with a joint similar to No. 31, but the ball,
having only a restricted angular motion, is cut down to a segment only.
To retard or arrest motion (revolving or rectilinear).
35.
Strap and lever brake. The strap is usually faced with wood or
leather, but sometimes is used without either. Wood is liable to
become noisy. Leather gives the best grip. Iron upon iron, or
wood upon iron is not safe if liable to become oily or wet.
36.
Block and lever brake. Wood or cast-iron blocks are used.
37.
Compound block and lever brake; avoids putting cross strain
on the shaft—used on winding engines, &c.
38.
Internal toggle brake, employed for friction clutches. See
Section 15. The inner ring is turned to fit loosely inside the outer
ring and split, the toggles being arranged as shown to expand the
ring till it is locked to the outer ring.
39
& 40. Double block and lever brake on wheel rim grips the wheel
rim between the lever stocks or jaws. The strains are self-contained.
41.
Disc brake; considerable end pressure is required with this form,
and must be arranged for in the bearings of the shaft.
42.
Compound disc brake. Several discs may be employed, sliding on
feathers on the shaft.
43.
Fan brake; may be run openly in air, or enclosed in a drum with
water, oil, or other liquid. (See Allen’s patent Governor, &c.)
44.
Spring brake, acting on a small grooved pulley; for light purposes.
45.
Rope brake or grip, with toggle motion, and screw for relieving.
46.
Rope brake: grips by the angular distance between the jaw centres
becoming less as the lever end falls.
47.
Rope brake; with cam lever gripping motion.
48.
Eccentric action lever and block brake. The eccentric is fixed
to the brake lever. This plan also avoids cross strain on the shaft.
49.
Strap and screw brake.
50,
51, & 52.
Three forms of car brakes. See also the common “skid”
or cart brake.
53.
Combined strap and lever brake. (Fielden’s.)
54.
Shaft grip, or brake.
55.
Centrifugal brake, or clutch. The weight segments are driven
into contact with the ring by centrifugal force. Springs may be
used to return them out of action.
56.
Three-segment compound brake: grips the wheel all round.
57.
Compound bar brake, with right and left hand screw grip levers,
used for heavy gun compressors.
58.
Compound ring brake, on similar principle to No. 57. See remarks
to No. 41.
59.
Wedge and split ring, used for internal brake ring or clutch, in a
similar way to No. 38.
60.
Hollow drums, with radial pockets, half filled with loose
material, or water, mercury, &c., which retard the motion of the
drum by the weight and friction of the loose material.
An hydraulic cylinder and piston is frequently used as a brake or retarding
device for reciprocating motion, the water passing from one side of the piston
to the other, through an adjustable valve. Friction brakes are employed as
dynamometers to indicate the power given off or absorbed by any piece of
machinery. Automatic brakes (see Sections 15 and 69) are used for
hoisting machinery, &c.
Brushes, formed of stiff bristles or wire, are used as a retarding device
for circular or rectilinear motion.
Vessels or containers of every conceivable shape have been used as boilers.
Many of the older types are now obsolete, but the following are
these most commonly used:—
61.
Ordinary centre flue boiler. Sometimes the centre flue is surrounded
with tubes, as No. 65.
62.
Vertical multitubular.
63.
Vertical boiler, with diagonal tubes and smoke boxes.
64.
Vertical return-flue.
65.
“Pot” boiler.
66.
“Field” boiler; with suspended tubes and internal circulating tubes.
67.
Vertical egg-end boiler; with spiral flue. Large vertical boilers
sometimes have cross flues, or large tubes.
68.
Portable “loco-type” multitubular.
69.
Fixed return-tube.
70.
Fixed “loco-type” multitubular; a favorite and useful form, giving
good results, and easily cleaned.
71.
Fixed “loco-type,” with underneath fire-box; sometimes used to
economise space, is self-contained, and usually stands on cast-iron
feet.
72.
Multitubular-horizontal; self contained; on cast-iron feet.
73.
Egg-end boiler; not much used except where the coal burnt per h.p.
per hour is not an important consideration.
74.
“Cornish”; one flue, with enlarged fire-box tube. This type is often
made with a parallel flue with cross tubes fixed at intervals throughout
its length.
75.
“Lancashire”; two flues; sometimes has enlarged fire-box tubes,
as No. 74.
76.
Oval flue boiler, with “Galloway” tubes. The Lancashire type is
frequently combined with this form by arranging the two circular
flues to open into one oval one.
77 & 78.
“Elephant” boilers; employed in connection with coke ovens
and other sources of waste heat.
79.
Ordinary box form, with internal fire-box and return flue.
80.
Same type, but with two fire-boxes and multitubular return tubes.
81.
Underneath fire-boxes and multitubular return tubes above the
fire-boxes, sometimes duplicated, as No. 82.
83.
Has two central fire-boxes and side return-tubes.
The foregoing box patterns are rapidly going out of use, as unsuitable for
the higher pressures prevailing with compound engines.
84.
Cylindrical boiler, with three fire tubes and three sets of return
tubes. This form is much used, the surfaces requiring stays being
very limited. It is made with double fire-boxes as shown, or with
single fire-box, as No. 81.
85.
Cylindrical single flue and return-tube.
86.
Cylindrical single flue and multitubular.
87.
Cylindrical double flue and multitubular, longitudinal section
similar to No. 86.
88.
Cylindrical saddle boiler, multitubular, used for shallow vessels,
launches; &c.
89.
Kitchen “ell” boiler.
90.
Kitchen or back boiler, for ordinary grates.
91.
“Saddle” boiler. The varieties of this type are legion. Every conceivable
cross-bridge, water-way, tube, and flue has been added to it by various
makers. See Messrs. Graham and Fleming, and other makers’ Lists.
92.
Annular cylindrical greenhouse boiler.
93.
Annular conoidal greenhouse boiler.
94.
Vertical cylindrical, closed top greenhouse boiler.
The last four are types of the greenhouse boilers most in use.
They are usually of wrought iron, and all seams welded.
95.
Back boiler for ordinary register grate.
96.
“Boot” boiler.
97.
Scullery, or wash-house boiler.
98.
Scullery, or wash-house boiler, heated by steam. In public
laundries these are usually rectangular in plan.
99.
Coil boiler, used for small greenhouses, &c.
100.
Sectional, or “Tubulous” boiler. Root’s, and others, are on
this principle. They are constructed of simple pipes and T or
L pieces, usually bolted together.
Some of the mechanical blowers are too well known to need illustration
here; such are the ordinary Beam Blowing Engine, as in use for
blast furnaces, Vertical Blowing Engine, and Horizontal Blowing
Engine. In all these a cylinder and piston form the blowing
device. Nearly every form of rotary engine (see Section 75) may,
by reversal, be converted into a blowing machine. See Root’s
patent, No. 1307; Baker’s, 1325, and others in common use.
Fans, centrifugal, (see No. 1337) are still the commonest blowing
machines, and are especially suited for light pressures and large
volumes of air; but for pressures of from 1⁄2 lb. per square inch
and upwards, the rotary or cylinder types are best. The following
are devices not so well known, but sometimes useful:—
101.
The “Trompe,” or water-jet blower. Water under pressure is
discharged through a rose into a funnel-shaped inlet, carrying with
it a quantity of air (see Section 45); the water runs off at an
overflow, and the air is led away by a pipe.
102.
Steam-jet blower. (See Section 45.)
103.
Organ bellows. The lower “feeders” pump alternately into
the double-tier upper “reservoir,” which has the upper set of ribs
inverted, as shown, to equalise the pressure throughout its rise.
The reservoir is loaded with weights to the required pressure.
104.
Smiths’ bellows, either circular or hinged at one side.
The valves used for bellows are plain flap valves faced with
leather similar to No. 1619.
105.
Bell, or gasometer blower, for light pressures and large volumes.
106.
Regulator, or reservoir, for blowing engines to steady the blast.
The weighted piston serves the same purpose as an air vessel to
the ordinary pump.
107.
Disc blower, with elastic diaphragm piston.
108.
One-crank three-throw blower, for organs, &c., to give a continuous
blast. The three feeders deliver into the central triangular
box.
The skeleton framing of a machine for any purpose should be rigid, as
light as is consistent with strength and stability (in some cases
weight is necessary to minimise vibration), and the ribs, or
members of the frame, should be so disposed as to afford the
requisite support for all bearings, centres, &c., without redundance;
and lastly, symmetry, and a certain degree of elegance and proportion,
are desirable. The illustrations are necessarily typical
only, and suggestive.
109.
Girder section bedplate for horizontal distributed bearing, as in
a horizontal engine. It may be used double, and the two parts
connected by cross pieces and bolts, as No. 112.
110.
Open box bedplate.
111.
Closed box bedplate.
112.
Double box bedplate with cross tie pieces.
Square or rectangular bedplates are usually of similar sections,
stiffened with ribs underneath, and generally cast in one piece.
113.
Side frame and distance rod construction, suitable for light
machines.
114.
Side frames and cross bars on a base plate. This forms a more
rigid construction than No. 113.
115.
Table and legs.
116.
Rectangular openwork box framing. Useful for machines with
several cross shafts.
117.
Hollow standard for hammers, vertical engines, and any machine
raised above the floor.
118.
Soleplate and standard for pedestal bracket, &c. Admits of
being detached without disturbing the foundation.
119.
Wall box for shaft bearings, &c.
120.
Arched crosshead for double bearing, bevil gear, &c.
121.
Wrought-iron sideplate and distance rod construction.
122.
Wall bracket, with wall flange, or tongue, to take the vertical strain.
123.
Wrought-iron rectangular bedplate.
124.
Base plate for column, &c., with concrete foundation. The bolts
are usually T headed (see No. 1404), in open recesses, so as to be
easily removed without disturbing the base plate.
125.
Dovetail and key fixing for brackets, bearings, or any separate
detail of framing.
126.
Foundation for box bedplates.
127.
Vertical columnar, or distance rod construction, used for marine
engines, vertical engines, presses, &c.
128.
Plinth, column, entablature, and cross bracing, used for
beam engines and machinery of a straggling kind with many
detached parts.
129.
Flat bar side framing, strong, light, and cheap, but not very rigid.
130.
Wrought-iron L and flat bar rectangular frame, suitable
where great rigidity is not needed, but where cast-iron is not safe
or desirable.
Wrought-iron is becoming much more largely employed for the framing
of general machinery than heretofore, and it is customary in many cases to
supplement a cast iron base or frame with wrought iron or steel bars.
For producing, from plain circular, or reciprocating motion, variable speed
or motion, also intermittent and every kind of irregular motion.
Cams are either open or covered. Nos. 131, 132, and 133 are open
cams; Nos. 137 and 138, covered cams.
131,
132, & 133.
Three forms of the “heart” cam, for giving a regular
or intermittent vertical motion to a lever end.
134.
Crown cam for vertical shaft.
135
& 136. Jumping cams.
137.
Covered heart cam.
138.
Covered crown cam.
139.
Wiper and lever motion.
140.
Twisted bar with sliding bush, which travels from end to end of
the bar, and being prevented from turning, causes the bar to turn on
its axis to the amount of its twist.
141.
Crank pin and slotted lever; gives a variable speed with quick
return.
142.
Spiral radius bar for opening valve. The valve is lifted off its
seat by the radial motion of the lever against the inclined radius
bar.
143.
Crank pin and slotted lever motion, with slot arranged for
irregular or intermittent motion.
144.
Eccentric and slotted arm. The pin at the top of the arm has
both a vertical and horizontal motion, causing it to trace an
ellipse, the pin upon which the slot runs being fixed.
145.
Wiper and lever motion, with rubbing plate; used for Cornish
valves, &c.
146.
Stamp mill.
147.
Scroll cam.
148.
Crank and lever, intermittent or continuous motion.
149.
Piston, or valve rod and lever motion.
150.
Similar movement, but with anti-friction roller on end of lever.
151.
Rod and lever reciprocating motion, with anti-friction roller.
152.
Similar movement, with a socket forged in the rod and the end
of lever rounded to allow for angular motion.
153.
Diagonal disc cam, or “swash plate.”
154.
Motion for belt shifting with dead travel at half stroke. This
allows the lever to move a certain distance on each side of the
centre without moving the belt shifting bar.
155
& 156. Sectors and bent lever, used on Cornish engine valve gear.
157.
T lever valve motion, used in rock drills, some forms of steam
engines, &c.
158.
Four-bolt camplate, used for screwing dies, locks for fireproof
safes, &c.
159.
Slot, cam, and lever motion.
160.
Barrel motion for musical instruments, looms, &c., in which the
barrel is provided with pins or staples to lift the respective levers.
161.
Drum with spiral vanes of long pitch, operated by a revolving
arm on a shaft at right angles to the cam shaft, used for intermittent
circular motion.
162.
Volute and lever.
163.
Double screw, for converting circular into reciprocating motion;
has a right and left hand screw thread, and a shuttle attached to
the lever end shaped to fit the thread, and capable of swivelling
to turn the angle for reversing.
164.
Eccentric ring and roller motion, for converting circular into
reciprocating motion.
165.
Triangular cam. Gives three reciprocations to the sliding bar in
one revolution of the cam.
166.
Fan for giving motion to several rods or arms at one time, used for
organ composition pedal movement, &c.
167.
Crossed lever motion with inclined contact surfaces, the levers
being at right angles to one another.
168.
Bent crank of round section; retains the fibre and strength of the
metal.
169.
Square forged crank. The crank arm is usually forged solid and
the slot cut out by machine.
170.
Built-up crank. There are other methods of building them. See
Mechanical World, December 1885. See also No. 182.
171.
Single crank, usually of wrought iron, but often made with cast-iron
arm.
172.
Disc crank. This form is generally adopted when cast iron is
employed, and the counterbalance weight cast upon it, to balance
the connecting rod, &c.
173.
Counterbalanced single or double crank.
174 &
175. Two forms of crank pin eccentrics; sometimes used to
drive the slide valve instead of the ordinary sheave and strap, as
No. 183.
176.
Crank pin set in a boss formed on the driving wheel.
177.
Double rod crank.
178,
179, & 181. Hand cranks. These should always be fitted with a
loose ferrule of wood for the hand if possible, as much power is
lost by the slipping of the hand to change its grip as the crank
revolves.
180.
Solid three-throw crank shaft, turned out of a solid forging.
182.
Built crank. Several modifications of this are in use for large
marine shafts.
183.
Solid sheave eccentric.
184
& 185. Split sheave eccentrics.
Large eccentrics cause great loss from friction, unless provided
with friction rollers in the sheave; but are sometimes used to
avoid an additional crank in shaft.
186.
Eccentric motion for multiplying travel of eccentric by leverage.
187.
Crank motion to turn an angle instead of bevil gear and shaft,
the cranks being of the form of Nos. 174 or 175.
188.
Shifting or variable throw eccentric. The sheave is slotted
to fit the shaft, and its throw is governed by a disc having a spiral
slot and locking bolt.
189.
Another form of shifting eccentric. The sliding block is
arranged to lock in any part of the slot in the sheave.
190.
Another form of shifting eccentric, in which the sheave is
loose on an eccentric boss cast with the worm wheel, and is
revolved by the worm, the bearings of which are fixed to the
sheave.
See also Nos. 606, 712, 720,
728, 729.
See also Sections 40 and 79.
For Hooks, Swivels, &c., see Section 43.
191.
Ordinary long or short link chain. It is sometimes made to
exact pitch to fit a snug or sprocket wheel. See Nos. 1250 & 1251.
192.
Stud link chain.
193.
Flat chain for use on flat rim double-flanged pulley.
194.
Square link pitched chain for sprocket wheel.
195.
Stamped link pitched chain and special sprocket wheel.
196.
Ordinary pitched link chain. Links drilled to templet.
197
& 198. Pitched chains to drive wheels with ordinary and special
teeth.
199.
Another form of square link chain.
200.
Stamped link chain, for light purposes.
201
& 202. Long link flat suspension chains.
203.
Gib and cotter attachment for long link flat suspension chains.
204
& 205. Drive chains. See Ewart’s patent, No. 2752-76, and
others. These chains are replacing belts for many purposes, as
they give a positive drive, do not stretch so much, and last longer,
besides which they are easily detached at any point, and a
damaged link can be readily replaced.
206
& 207. Thrust chains, with friction rollers at each junction, used in
hydraulic multiplying cylinder gear in some cases.
208.
Ewart and Dodge’s patent chain, with renewable seatings
between the links.
The design and details of these must always be suited to circumstances.
We only propose here to indicate the various types of under-framing
and wheels in use, and to give sketch sections of bodies or
cars for different purposes.
209.
Two-wheel suspension car for single rail or wire rope, used
commonly on some kinds of cranes. See Section 18.
210,
211, 212,
& 213. Three-wheel cars. See also the various types of
tricycles in use.
214,
215, 216, &
217. Various forms of four-wheel under-frames,
with and without swivelling bogies.
A car with four wheels arranged as No. 217, but with the leading
and trailing wheels slightly raised off the ground, is used as a
goods car or hand truck, and is very readily swivelled about,
running, of course, actually on three wheels only.
218.
Five-wheel under-frame, with and without swivelling bogies.
219 &
223. Plans of six-wheel cars, with swivelling gear for curves;
the centre pair having end play, swivel the leading and trailing
axles by means of the jointed stays.
220.
Plan of four-wheel car, with swivelling gear for curves.
221, 222,
& 224. Six-wheel cars, the latter with leading and trailing
swivelling bogies.
225.
Eight-wheel double-bogie under-frame. This is the plan
usually employed in long cars; each bogie is free to swivel
independently, and is centrally loaded.
226.
Ten-wheel double-bogie under frame, the centre pair to have
end play or broad flat tyres.
227.
Twelve wheels and three bogies. The centre bogie must have
end play, either as in Nos. 222 or 226, or with transverse rollers
between the bogie and frame.
Note that in Nos. 221, 223,
& 224 the centre pairs, if running
on rails, must have either end play in the bearings or flat broad
tyres.
228.
Open passenger car, either with transverse or longitudinal seats.
229.
Covered passenger car, with either longitudinal or transverse
seats.
230.
Passenger car, with outside and central longitudinal seats.
231.
Passenger car, with upper and lower longitudinal seats.
232.
Passenger car, as No. 231, but with seats reversed.
233.
Passenger car, for one-rail railway.
234.
Passenger car, similar to No. 230, but with seats reversed.
235.
American plan of passenger car, with transverse seats and
central gangway.
236.
Goods cars, low sided.
237.
Covered or box wagon.
238.
Hopper wagon for discharging below.
239.
Side discharge hopper wagon.
240.
Side tip (or end tip) three-centre wagon.
241.
Tip cart.
242.
Tip wagon.
243.
Furniture wagon.
244.
Grafton’s patent side tip wagon.
245.
Long truck for boilers, &c.
246.
Incline car for passengers.
247.
Segmental swivelling bearings, used instead of a swivelling
bogie and centrepin.
248.
Hudson’s patent tip wagons, with three centres.
249.
Hopper wagon, with central discharge.
250.
Stamp mill, generally arranged in a battery of 4 or 6, for gold and
other ores.
251.
Stone-breaker, with chilled iron jaw faces and toggle or knapping
motion. See Blake’s, H. R. Marsden’s, and other modifications
in common use.
252.
Double edge-runners. Sometimes driven below. In some
designs the rollers revolve, and in others the pan revolves and the
roller shaft is stationary.
253.
Lucop’s patent centrifugal pulveriser.
254.
Carr’s patent disintegrator. In this machine, each ring of bars
is driven at a high speed in opposite directions inside a casing,
the material being broken by the rapidity and intensity of the
blows it receives.
255.
Horizontal centrifugal roller mill. The material is crushed
between the rollers and the shrouding of the pan by the centrifugal
force of the rollers, which are suspended from a crosshead.
256.
Cone roller mill, with vertical spindle.
257.
Cone roller mill, with horizontal spindle and conical pan.
258.
Enclosed cone roller mill, with horizontal spindle and spirally
grooved roller and casing.
259.
Toothed sector mill.
260.
Conical edge runner and pan.
261.
Ordinary flour mill. The material is fed in the centre, passes
between the stones, and falls out into the outer casing.
262.
Rattle barrel, for cleaning and burnishing articles by mutual
attrition; sand or emery is sometimes used to assist the process.
263.
Ball and pan mill, for crushing ores, &c. The balls are carried
round by a cross arm fixed to the central spindle.
264.
Inclined ball and pan mill.
265.
Oscillating mill.
266.
Drum and roller revolving mill.
267.
Cradle and roller mill.
268.
Cone disc mill; the cones being inclined axially to one another,
the material is crushed at the lower side of the cones.
269.
Another form of stone breaker with toggle motion.
270.
Horizontal cone plate mill.
271.
Revolving stamp and pan mill for ores.
272.
Vertical cone mill.
273.
Revolving pan and ball mill.
274.
Planishing discs for accurately rounding iron bars. See the
patent rolled shafting in use, manufactured by the Kirkstall Forge
Co. and others.
275.
Vertical cone grinding and crushing mill. The vertical
shaft has an eccentric motion at the footstep, giving a swaying
rotatory motion to the grinding cone.
276.
Crushing rollers with spring bearing.
277.
Centrifugal drill. The cross bar A is alternately pressed down
and allowed to rise, the strings winding on the spindle alternately
in opposite directions by the momentum of the fly-wheel.
| a. |
Fly-wheel. Use: to receive and store redundant motive power,
and give it off again when the motive power falls below the
average. |
| b. |
Centrifugal hammer. One or more hammers are loosely jointed
to a revolving boss, and strike rapid blows on an anvil fixed in the
path of their circumference. See No. 1915. |
| c. |
Pulverising machines. See Nos. 253,
254, 255. |
| d. |
Speed governors. See Section 41. |
| e. |
Cream skimmers have a pan revolving horizontally in which the
new milk is poured. The cream travels to the outer edge and
runs over into a receiving trough. |
| f. |
Centrifugal dryers.
Manlove and Alliott’s, also Robinson’s continuous
feed ditto, are examples. |
| g. |
Some forms of turbine. On the principle of Hero’s Eolipile,
No. 1696. |
| h. |
Swings. Roundabouts. Various toys. The Gyroscope and tops
constructed on its principle. |
| i. |
Juggling and other tricks performed with pivoted plates and
other common articles. |
| j. |
Rattle barrel, or revolving drum, for polishing small castings,
&c., by centrifugal motion and mutual friction, similar to No. 262. |
| k. |
Various machines for grading wheat, grain, and seeds.
See No. 475. |
| l. |
Centrifugal filter for sugar; a modification of the centrifugal
drying machine. |
| m. |
Centrifugal pumps
are forms of fans or turbines (see Section 90);
Gwynne’s, Schiele’s, Andrews’, and others are examples. |
278.
Common jaw clutch sliding on a feather key, the loose half
being cast on the boss of a wheel.
279. Two forms of jaws for ditto.
280.
Cone clutch. Screw gear should be used to operate this, as it is
liable to “seize,” and there is considerable end pressure on the
shaft to be allowed for.
281.
Face (friction clutch) with V grooves. See remarks to No. 280.
282.
Friction clutch with three or more segments. See also Nos. 38
and 59.
283.
Pin and hole clutch. The pin and holes can of course be made
parallel to the shaft instead of radial.
284.
Cam clutch, used for dexter treadles, also for reciprocating motions
driving one way and running loose the opposite way. See also
Section 62, Nos. 1135, 1178, &c.
285.
Crank pin and arm driver.
286.
Pickering’s self-sustaining clutch for hoists. The box A only
is keyed to the shaft, and drives the chain wheel and sleeve B by
jamming it with the flange of the ratchet-wheel sleeve C by the
sliding action of the toothed faces formed at D on the disc and
flange of the sleeve B, these teeth being of the ratchet form.
Several other forms of this clutch are in use. Edwards’, Stevens
and Major’s, and others may be consulted.
287.
Disc friction clutch, with intermediate leather discs and screw
clamping appliance, only the central disc is keyed to the shaft,
the others run loose. Mather and Platt’s and Addyman’s patent
friction clutches are examples.
Numerous forms of friction clutches are in use, modifications chiefly of
Nos. 38, 59, and 282. See also Section 5.
288.
Ordinary flanged coupling, usually made so that the end of the
shaft forms a spigot joint with the opposite half of clutch.
289,
290, 291.
Sleeve couplings. See also No. 1430 and Section 57.
Butler’s patent frictional coupling, Kirkstall Forge Co., Leeds,
Seller’s double-cone vice coupling, and others, are sleeve couplings.
| |
| 292.
Angle coupling on Dr. Hooke’s principle. |
|
- |
See also Nos. 33, 34, and 732. |
| |
| 293.
Flexible angle coupling for light work. |
294.
Flanged coupling, with cross feather or key. This plan gives
great torsional strength, especially if the coupling flanges are
forged solid with the shafts.
295.
Turned and finished link without any adjustments; ends may be
solid, or forked as No. 297.
296.
Flat link of similar description, with raised bosses for facing and
wear.
297.
Adjustable link, with right and left hand screw coupling. Lock
nuts may be added to prevent the coupling working back.
298.
Strap link, fitted with brasses, gibs and cotters, and distance bar.
In this link the wear of brasses is all taken up one way by the gib
and cotter; therefore, if great accuracy in the distance apart of
centres is necessary, gibs and cutters should be fitted at both sides
of one pair of brasses, or No. 299 adopted.
299.
Turned link with adjustable end brasses. The forked end should
be used where there is the greatest amount of wear.
300.
Wood connecting- or pump-rod with wrought-iron strap ends,
fitted with brasses, gibs, and cotters. Much used on mining
pumps.
The shafts or rods are sometimes of cast iron of cross or T section, but
are usually of a circular or flat section and swelled in the middle, similar
to No. 299. See Struts and Ties, Section 102.
301.
The most usual form of shifting link for link-reversing gear,
generally got up bright all over.
302.
Similar link, but having the point of suspension on a side pin,
fixed by screws to the link, and raised from it sufficiently to allow
the sliding block and pin to pass under it.
303.
Reversed curve link.
304.
Solid bar link, sometimes adopted for cheapness and simplicity,
the valve rod and eccentric rods having of course forked ends.
305.
Double bar link. This is also a simple and cheap construction;
the bars are plain, the rod ends single, and the block turned large
enough to have a recess on each side to fit the links.
306.
Strap head connecting rod end, with square brasses, double
gibs and cotter.
307.
Strap head connecting rod end, but with rounded end and set
screw fastening for cotter.
308.
Similar to the last, but with screw cotter adjusting device for the
brasses.
309.
Solid end rod. The brasses take out sideways.
310.
Forked end rod.
311.
Strap end for heavy rods, having cotter for tightening the strap
to the V’s in the rod end. The oil cup is often forged and turned
solid on the strap, as shown.
312.
Rod end with side strap. The brasses take out transversely by
taking off the side strap.
313.
Solid end and double set screw fastening for cotter.
314 &
315. Solid ends for small rods. The brasses are usually
secured by a set screw.
316.
Solid end, split with screw bolt tightening device; may be hinged
as shown by dotted line.
317.
Covered solid end for crank pins, with screw adjustments for
brasses.
318.
Common forked rod end, with cap.
319.
Hook bolt attachment for gudgeon; sometimes useful where
there is thrust only on the gudgeon.
320.
Double connecting rod, in which the rods form also distance
rods and bolts for the heads, which are in halves and fitted with
brasses of the ordinary type.
321.
Marine type of rod end, having solid end, square brasses and cap.
322.
Marine head, in which the brasses are extended to form the
central block in halves, the rod end being of T shape and bolted
through the brasses and cap.
323 &
324. Plain links.
There are innumerable varieties of the illustrated types of heads in use,
every engineer having his own design.
Our object here is to indicate or suggest general design or arrangement
only, from which a selection can be made to suit requirements.
325.
Is the common type of wharf crane with fixed post, the base
plate being well bolted down to a solid mass of masonry.
326.
Is also a common type of wharf crane, but with the post
revolving in a footstep and base plate; this gives a better base
than No. 325.
327.
Has no post, but a revolving frame and base plate with front and
back friction rollers, and a centre pin.
328.
Post and jib in one piece, usually of wrought iron. A balance
weight is fixed at A to balance the overhanging jib.
329.
Swing derrick crane, generally of wood. The jib turns three-fourths
of a circle, and the two guys are fixed at an angle of 90°
apart, and well secured by anchoring or loading, often made with
very long jib for builder’s work.
330.
Wharf crane, with centre tension bolt instead of crane post. In
this arrangement there is a vertical tension on the centre bolt and
thrust on the foot of jib.
331.
Warehouse wall crane.
332.
Warehouse wall crane, with high jib-head.
333.
Whip crane, chiefly used in goods sheds. The barrel is sometimes
worked by an endless handrope as shown, and sometimes by a
second rope and drum with a hand crank as No. 1209.
334.
Portable hand crane, with balance weight. The balance weight
can be shifted in or out to balance the load.
335.
Foundry crane, sometimes with travelling carriage on the jib, as
No. 336.
336.
Swing bracket crane and traveller, usually formed of flat bars
on edge; used only for light loads, for smiths’ shops, &c.
337.
Wharf derrick, to turn an entire circle, similar to No. 329, but
employed for heavy loads.
338.
Floating derrick.
339.
Light balance crane.
340.
Trussed jib crane, with centre tension bolt.
341.
Simple derrick and winch, with two guy ropes; for temporary
purposes only, and may be easily shifted about.
342.
Sheers and winch.
343.
Tripod and winch.
344.
Sheers with screw adjustment to back leg. This design is
adopted for very heavy lifts, such as loading heavy machinery,
shipping masts, boilers, &c.
345.
Four-guy derrick and winch, used for fixing columns, bases,
masonry, &c.
346.
Fixed post steam crane, for wharfs, piers, jetties, harbour
works, &c.
347.
Portable steam crane, very largely used on wharfs, piers, &c.,
and sometimes fitted with travelling gear in addition to hoisting
and slewing motions.
348.
Wharf crane, with fixed engine, centre bolt, and trussed arched jib.
This is a very good type, as the ground is kept clear for goods,
&c., and of course all motions, hoisting, lowering, and slewing are
controlled from the crane above ground by hand levers.
349.
Hydraulic wharf crane, with fixed post. The common type
universally used in docks, &c., with the ordinary form of multiplying
hydraulic cylinder and chain gear; the valve for controlling
its movements is operated by hand levers extending up through
slots in the floor; the slewing is performed by a separate cylinder
and chain gear, with a distinct controlling lever. See Sections 42
and 83.
350.
Hydraulic short lift ram, centre crane, and traveller,
employed chiefly to raise the ingots out of the casting pits of
Bessemer steel works. The ram is of course subject to severe
cross strains, and many designs provide an overhead guide or
support for the ramhead.
351.
Automatic balance crane, portable or fixed; the position of the
fulcrum varies with the load.
352.
Steam multiplying cylinder crane, in which the ram is forced
out by steam pressure, acting either directly or by an intervening
body of water.
353.
Breakwater swing crane.
354.
Overhanging travelling crane, for use on breakwaters, &c.
355.
Overhead hydraulic travelling goliath, to span a railway; has
slewing motion and a balanced jib.
356.
Single rail crane with top guide rail.
357.
Overhead traveller on gantry.
358.
Goliath.
359.
Steam overhead crane, with carriage to span a railway. Largely
used on dock wharves, &c., as they give a high lift and do not
encumber or encroach on valuable quay space.
360.
Hydraulic cylinder post crane; sometimes adopted instead of
the type No. 349.
361.
Heavy hydraulic crane, with suspended cylinder; employed for
work of the very heaviest class.
362.
Ship’s Davit.
363.
Balanced jib post crane, no tie rod. The weight must be
sufficiently heavy to balance the jib and load.
364.
Hydraulic strut jib crane. The load is raised by raising the jib.
365.
Overside dock crane, for discharging from ships into barges. The
overhang being very great in this design, it must be provided with
a heavy frame or balance weight.
366.
Wagon tip crane, for loading vessels.
367.
Double sheave 4 to 1 purchase for crane jib. See also Section 69.
Messages can be conveyed by—
Speaking tube; for distances up to say 300 feet, 3⁄4″ to 1″
bore tubes.
By signals—(a) Wire or cord and bell; (b) sight signals,
such as the semaphore, lamps, heliograph, flags, and other
devices; (c) by sound, such as a bell, trumpet, siren, whistle,
&c. See Section 105.
By pneumatic despatch: that is, by forcing a piston
carriage containing the message or small parcel through a
tube by compressed air.
1. Speaking tube; for distances up to say 300 feet, 3⁄4″ to 1″
bore tubes.
2. Telephone; any distance.
3. Telegraph; any distance.
4. By signals—(a) Wire or cord and bell; (b) sight signals,
such as the semaphore, lamps, heliograph, flags, and other
devices; (c) by sound, such as a bell, trumpet, siren, whistle,
&c. See Section 105.
5. By pneumatic despatch: that is, by forcing a piston
carriage containing the message or small parcel through a
tube by compressed air.
6. Carrier pigeons.
368.
Signalling dials and bevel gearing.
It is of the utmost importance that every revolving or reciprocating
part of any machine should be as nearly as possible balanced, to obtain
smooth running with the least amount of wear.
The following are types of the most important devices and their
applications:—
369.
Balanced lever, having a sliding cheese or ball weight fixed with
a set screw.
370.
Balanced cage of hoist. It is usual to over-balance the cage to
divide the work between the up and down journeys in hand-power
lifts to assist the load; but in power and hydraulic lifts the cage
is under-balanced so as to descend when empty.
371.
Hydraulic balance lift, in which the dead or constant load of
cage and ram are nearly balanced by a loaded piston in a supplementary
cylinder; to raise the loaded cage the pressure water is
admitted to the upper side of this piston. Many varieties of this
type are in use; see Ellington’s, Johnson’s, Stevens and Major’s,
Waygood’s, and other patent lifts.
372.
Variable volute compensating balance for revolving shutters,
blinds, curtains, &c., to maintain an even balance in all positions,
The weight chain is as thick as the coiling shutter on blind, so
that the acting radii of the shutter and weight are always proportional.
373.
Variable compensating balance for hydraulic lift rams, to
compensate for loss of immersion of the ram as it ascends
(Berly’s patent). See also Stevens & Major’s patent, where bell-crank
levers and weights are employed instead of loaded chains.
See No. 383.
374.
Balanced fly-wheel. For balanced cranks, see Nos. 172
& 173.
375.
Increasing balance by sections, lifted at intervals as the chain
rises.
376.
Balanced riveting machine. See Tweddell’s patents.
377.
Variable lever balance. For balanced cranes, see Section 18.
378.
In deep lifts, to balance the weight of chain or rope, it is made
endless.
379.
Another method. The loose chain hung from cage is of the same
weight per foot as the lifting chain.
380.
Balance weight on a screw arm for adjustment, employed on
weighing machines.
381 &
382. Worthington’s compensating air cylinders, employed
on direct-acting horizontal pumps, working expansively, in lieu of
fly-wheel. The oscillating or vertical cylinders are air or spring
pistons, absorbing power the first part of stroke and giving it out
during the latter part.
383.
Variable balance weight by bent lever.
384.
Variable balance weight by double links and sliding joints.
385.
Dawson’s compensating governor. See Mechanical World,
August 25th, 1888.
386.
Balanced doors, hinged vertically.
387.
Balanced sashes, or vertical sliding doors.
388.
Method of balancing a bloom in charging or withdrawing from
a furnace, or any similar use.
389.
Balance for link motion.
390.
Weight to keep a cord or rope in tension.
391.
Mode of balancing two sliding doors so that they rise and fall
at proportionate speeds.
Hoisting and winding engines (see Nos.
1222, 1223) are balanced by
having an ascending and descending cage, and two ropes, one winding on
as the other winds off the drums.
Double cage hoists similarly balance themselves. Heavy slide valves,
and other reciprocating parts of steam engines, are balanced by small
steam pistons. See Nos. 1651-1654.
Foot treadles, when required to always stop at a point off the dead
centre, have a balance weight fixed to fly-wheel, at right angles to the dead
centre.
A water tank is often used to serve as a counterpoise, or balance, and
may be made variable by varying the quantity of water by a siphon or other
device.
For Balanced Valves, see Section 89.
392.
The ordinary type of piston-rod and crank motion as
universally used.
393.
Watt’s substitute for the above, or “sun-and-planet” gear.
Note that the crank shaft revolves twice for each double stroke
or revolution of the engine. The crank being a loose link only,
the planet wheel does not revolve.
394.
Epicycloidal parallel motion and crank. The pinion is one-half
the diameter of the wheel on pitch line, and the connecting
pin is fixed on the pitch line of pinion.
395.
Bernay’s patent crank motion; radius of crank = stroke × ·25.
396.
Slot and crank motion. The pin usually runs in a sliding block.
397.
Segment pinion and double rack motion.
398.
Rack and pinion. The pinion is sometimes made so as to be
driven on one stroke and run loose on the other, by a clutch or
ratchet motion, such as Nos. 1135, 1178, or their equivalents. See
Section 62.
399.
Hydraulic multiplying gear. See also Section 42.
400.
Slotted crosshead and disc crank. The pin runs in a sliding
block in a groove in the covered crosshead.
401.
Stannah’s patent, works vertically; the fly-wheel centre A
oscillates on the end of a link B, allowing the crank pin to
run in a straight line.
402.
Screw and fly nut. May be made to produce continuous rotary
motion by fitting the nut with a clutch motion similar to 1135 or
1178, so as to grip the wheel only on one stroke.
403.
Friction gear; the pinion is driven by the reciprocating rod and
runs loose on the out stroke, the weighted lever with roller giving
frictional grip on the in stroke.
404.
Lever and roller crank pin.
405.
Treadle motion, with cord and spring. For continuous rotary
motion the pinion must be fitted as described with No. 402.
406.
Ball and socket crank motion. The crank pin is always
horizontal.
407.
Segment lever, with cord and pulley.
408.
Double geared cranks, used for driving rotary blowers, &c.
409.
J. Warwick’s patent; circular motion converted into reciprocating
by a diagonal sheave grooved as shown; the crank arm
centre is in line with the centre of the sheave, as shown in dotted
lines.
410.
Rolling sectors, with thrust motion to crank pin. Used in
Outridge’s box engine with double pistons; this gives a constant
rectilinear thrust to the crank pin at all points in the stroke, and
no part is in tension.
411.
Weight and multiplying pulleys, used for clock motions,
driving any light machines, &c.
412.
Oscillating clutch arm and ring, silent feed motion.
413.
Slot and roller motion for crank. The crank pin has a friction
roller, which runs in a covered slot in the crosshead.
414.
Trammel gear; one revolution of the wheel to two double strokes
of piston.
415.
Segmental vanes (in a semicircular case), driven by a disc crank
and pin, running on the upper centre, giving motion by links to
two arms fixed to the two vanes, which have independent motion.
Used as a pumping or blowing machine.
416.
Circular into reciprocating motion by revolving arm A
carrying the two pinions, the point at end of arm B describes a
vertical line four times the length of arm B, the large wheel C is
fixed, and motion is given to the arm B. May be used as a piston
rod and crank motion.
417.
Trammel gear; the slotted cross moves in a right line.
418.
Slot link and treadle, driving the pinion on both strokes by
friction on the inside of link alternately at the upper and under
sides.
419.
Chain and roller treadle motion.
420.
Reciprocating wheel and crank motion.
421.
Velocipede pattern foot treadle.
422.
Double crossheads, separated by distance rods so arranged as to
allow the crank and connecting rod to work between them. See
No. 681.
423.
Mangle rack and pinion reciprocating gear. The rack
moves in a right line, the pinion working round it by moving up
and down the slot at each end of the travel of the rack.
424.
Mode of connecting an oscillating lever by a sliding joint to
any reciprocating part, such as a steam hammer head, engine
crosshead, &c. See Nos. 893, 894.
425.
Suspended treadle motion.
426.
Eccentric and sliding bush motion for a double piston engine.
427.
Rocking lever motion by gearing and a tied crank pin. The
upper pinion drives the crank disc on the middle centre at each
revolution, of which the lever with the gearing attached oscillates
from side to side as shown.
428.
Crank pin and slotted lever for giving a variable speed to the
connecting rod. See No. 1195.
429.
Side gudgeon crank motion.
430.
Bell crank and disc crank motion, the bell crank centre
having horizontal as well as vertical movement.
431.
Worm wheel and screw reciprocating motion by means of
a tied crank pin. Useful for slow speeds.
432.
Treadle, cord and pulley crank motion.
433.
Circular into reciprocating motion, or vice versâ.
434.
Another form of sun-and-planet gear. The ring is stationary,
and the bush on which the planet wheel revolves is slotted to fit
the ring; the planet wheel is fixed to the connecting rod end.
435.
Bent shaft and arm motion.
436.
Reciprocating motion by a return thread screw and lever.
See also Sections 62,
31, and 74.
Multiplication of power by great reduction of speed is accomplished by the
following devices, and various obvious modifications of them.
Ordinary methods comprise—Gearing (see Section 84), the screw
or compound screws (see Section 78), and the wedge and lever
(see Section 53). By differential screws, Nos. 1379,
1380.
437.
Compound lever.
438.
Double toothed-cam and lever combination.
439.
Double lever and link motion, with increasing pressure. The
strains are self-contained, and this plan is very suitable where an
increasing pressure is required.
440.
Lever and toggle motion (see Section 63). Many variations are
in use for stone breakers, &c. See Section 13.
Knapping toggle motion. See Nos. 269, 251.
Motion may be conveyed to such parts of a machine as require to be
movable, or to distinct machinery which has no fixed location, by
the following means:—
441.
Is an endless rope or other round section belt, kept tight in
any position in the plane of the driving pulley by a weighted
pulley. In this plan the machine can be moved to any position in
the plane of the driving pulley, the weighted pulley taking up the
slack of the belt.
442.
Flexible shaft for light driving. It admits of considerable
flexure, and is useful for drilling and similar incidental driving
purposes in difficult positions.
443.
Radiating arm and belt. The movable machine can be driven
at any point in circumference of the circle described by the arm
head.
444.
Similar plan, but driven by bevil gear instead of belt.
445.
Bevil gear and feather shaft. The movable machine having a
travel in a straight line the length of the shaft as well as a
radiating motion.
446.
Screw and worm wheel gear, for the same purpose as 445.
447.
The driven wheel A has a limited travel up and down the slot,
the idle wheel B being kept in gear by the link suspension.
448.
Idle wheel and slot. A common device for changing direction or
speed in driving gear by connecting or disconnecting it with intermediate
gearing between a fixed driving and a driven shaft.
449.
Parallel motion radiating driving device, with a limited
vertical travel and a radial motion.
450.
Motion by belt is conveyed to a driven shaft having a radial motion
in a vertical plane. Used for light drilling, emery wheels, &c.
451.
Steam or hydraulic radiating arm and cylinder device.
452.
Central cylinder and radiating lever motion.
453.
Jointed radiating arms, with belt gear for conveying motion
from a central spindle to one having a travel covering any point
within a circle of the extreme radius of the jointed arms.
See also Nos. 348, 349.
Endless rubber or wire coil belts are used to give motion to
machines having some amount of freedom of movement as regards
the fixed position of the driving pulley.
Besides the ordinary cutting tools in use in the workshop, such as the
chisel, gouge, plane, saw, drawknife, scissors, shears, scythe, and
others, and which do not properly belong to machine devices,
there are others, some of them mere modifications of the ordinary
tools that are sometimes needed in the design of machines, and are
illustrated here.
Other appliances are—Shears: see the ordinary shearing machines, bookbinder’s
shears, No. 462, and other modifications. In some the
shears are hinged at one end, in others the movable blade moves
either with equal or unequal motion at either end by cam or
crank motion (see 462.)
454.
Pipe cutter, with V-edged cutting roller. Sometimes 3 cutting
rollers are used. See No. 466.
455.
Cutting discs, used for paper, sheet metal, &c.
456.
Slitting discs, for cutting sheets into strips.
457.
Revolving cutter head, for moulding, tenoning, and numerous
wood working uses.
458.
Hollow revolving cutter head, for rounding wood rods, broom
handles, &c. See also No. 488.
459.
Reaping machine cutters. A series of scissor-shaped knives,
one set fixed and the other reciprocating.
460.
Wire cutter discs, one fixed, the other attached to the hand lever,
and having corresponding holes of various sizes in both discs.
461.
Chaff machine, with revolving shear blades.
462.
Guillotine shears.
463.
Milling cutters.
464.
Tubular machine cutter for wood working; easily sharpened,
and can be revolved to present fresh cutting edges to the work.
465.
Fret saw or jigger.
466.
Three-cutter tube shears, with worm gear motion.
Their uses generally are to condense steam, to cool heated gases, air, or
articles of food requiring a low temperature; distilling, and other
purposes. For cooling purposes, compressed air machines are in
most demand. The air is compressed in a cylinder, then cooled to
ordinary temperature again in a surface condenser, such as No.
468, and then expanded into the cooling chamber, through a
cylinder and piston, the expansion reducing its temperature usually
to 10° or 20° below zero. Other cooling appliances are ammonia
machines, fans, and blowers of all kinds, punkahs, or waving fans,
freezing mixtures, &c.
467.
Gravity condenser. The pipe should be 34 feet high or more,
in which case no air pump is required, as the condensed steam and
air are discharged below. In place of the pipe an air pump and
foot valve are required, and are commonly used, as it is seldom
convenient to have a vertical pipe 34 feet long with a water supply
at the top.
468.
Surface condenser, multitubular. The steam may be led into
the tubes, and the water around them, or vice versâ.
469.
Worm, or coil condenser, chiefly used for distilling.
470.
Still condenser for essences, spirits, &c.
471.
Condensing chambers for gases, &c. Horizontal or vertical.
472.
Wimshurst’s condenser, requires no air pump. The exhaust
comes down the vertical pipe, meeting the injection water from
the side nozzle, causing sudden condensation and vacuum. The
condensed water, &c., are blown out through the foot valves at
each stroke.
473.
Another form of ejector condenser in which the steam and
water form a vacuum in the nozzle, and the water, &c., are discharged
through a foot valve (not shown).
474.
Tray cooler, or condenser; a series of water trays supplied from
a tank above.
See Morton’s ejector condenser, which requires no air pump; Hayward’s
exhaust condenser, which employs the water in suction pipe of a
pumping engine to condense the steam. See Messrs. Tangye’s list.
Water tube cooling coils are used for tuyeres and other hot surfaces.
Air-compressing and gas engine cylinders are water jacketed to
carry off the heat of the compressed air or gas. Cooling by
exposing a large surface to air is sometimes employed for exhaust
steam on tram car engines &c., the apparatus consisting generally
of numerous wrought-iron tubes or coils.
Sifting, riddling, and screening are treated of under Section 72. For
concentrating ores many methods are in use, of which the water
processes are the most important.
475.
Circular revolving concentrating table. The lightest particles
are discharged over the edge, and the heaviest remain in the centre.
The ordinary magneting machine, for separating particles of iron or steel
from mixed borings, &c., consists of a series of magnets drawn through the
material, and then through fixed brushes, which brush off the iron particles
adhering to the magnets.
476.
Separating dust from grain, &c., by a current of air driven
through the stream of material as it falls from hopper to hopper.
See also Nos. 1268, 1270.
477.
Ore concentrator; consists of an endless rubber belt with flanges
(see No. 1082), having a slow longitudinal motion, and a rapid
shaking motion, either sideways, as in the “Frue Vanner,” or
endwise, as in the “Embrey” concentrator; a stream of water
runs over the ore, the heavy particles settle on the belt, and the
mud is washed off.
478.
Jig for separating ores by motion of a piston in water, the heavy
parts settle to the bottom and the light parts are removed at the top.
Filtration through various substances—as sand, charcoal, calcined
ores, &c., is employed to separate suspended matter from liquids.
Separation by subsidence in a tank, similar to No. 1571, is
employed for lime, &c.
Chemical deposition and evaporation are necessary in many cases.
479.
Has a disc cutter with radial knives and slots; used for roots, &c.
480.
Disc cutter, with small knives wedged in separate holes, through
which the cuttings escape in shreds.
481.
Revolving cutter rollers.
482.
Hand mincing compound knife.
483.
Spiral tapered revolving cutter, in a conical case, having projecting
knives on its interior. The type of the common mincing machine.
484.
Two or more rectangular cutters, with vertical reciprocating
motion in a revolving pan for mincing.
485.
Single roller revolving cutter machine.
486.
Revolving spiral cutters, as used in the common lawn mower, in
conjunction with a fixed straight knife or shear blade.
487.
Apple slicer and corer (cutter for). The apple is passed
down through the cutter and divided into sectors and central
cylindrical core.
See also Section 24.
Common devices for gripping articles comprise the ordinary vice, tongs,
pincers, pliers, joiners’ handscrew, cramp bench screw, parallel
vice, instantaneous grip vice, &c.
488.
Hollow chuck, with radial knives, for rounding wood rods. See
also No. 458.
489.
Barber’s patent grip for shanks of drills, brace bits, &c., having
square taper shanks.
490.
Collar grip and bolt, or set screw.
491.
Cone and screw lever grip, with two or more jaws; with two jaws
only it serves as a small vice.
492.
Taper grip for vices.
493.
Tool box, for lathes, planing machines, &c., with central revolving
tool post and set screw.
494.
Tool box, with two tool stocks and set screws sliding in T grooves
in the slide rest.
495.
Tool box, with clamping screw and plate, which can be revolved to
any angle.
496.
A modification of 495, the tool being secured by set screws in
the clamping plate.
497.
Rail grip for holding a crane, car, &c., down to its railway.
498.
Cam-lever rail grip for safety gear on inclines; this is usually
thrown into action by a spring released by the breakage of the
hauling rope.
499.
Cone centering grips for machine tools.
500.
Hinged clamp, with screw and nut.
501.
Fitter’s clamp or cramp.
502.
V grip vice for round rods and tubes. This is frequently made
with multiple V’s to hold cylindrical articles such as drills, &c.,
and is a common device for drill chucks.
503.
Lathe carrier, for round rods, spindles, &c.
504.
Bench cramp; employed to hold down to the bench work operated
upon; the bench has a series of holes bored in it to receive the
vertical leg of the cramp.
505.
Grip tongs, used for draw benches, &c., the bite of the jaws
increasing with the strain on the chain.
506.
Split cone expanding chuck for rods, &c.; the centre cone is
split into three or four parts, and the screwed ring or collet
contracts the split cone upon any cylindrical article inserted in the
central aperture.
507.
Le Count’s patent expanding mandril, with cone and three
sliding feathers which are fitted into dovetail grooves in the
conical mandril. The travel of the feathers being limited, they
are provided with steps to take various sizes of holes.
508.
Bell chuck and set screws for lathes.
509.
Three jaw grip, or stay bearing, used as a steady for long shafts
or spindles.
510.
Pipe tongs, self gripping; there are several modifications in use.
511.
Paper grip, used for holding sheets of paper; released by striking a
stop A at any point in the travel of the machine.
512.
Split bar grip, or tool holder.
513.
Eye-bolt tool holder.
514.
Hand pad for holding small tools.
515.
Self-adjusting jaws for round articles.
516.
Adjustable gripping tongs for lifting heavy stones, boxes, &c.
See also No. 761.
517.
Revolving tool post, or head, to carry a variety of tools, each
being required in use in a certain order, as in special repetition
turning work.
518.
Double screw gripping tongs.
See also No. 944, 912, 918,
917, 919, 923.
The ordinary three or four-jaw chucks, wood chucks with centre
screw or fork, and numerous varieties of self-centering chucks,
are well known. See tool makers’ lists.
Spindle grips, Nos. 917,
918, 919.
There are numerous forms of three and four-jaw chucks, both with
universal or centering motions, and with independent jaws. See
Horton’s, Cushman’s, the Sweetland, Pratt and Whitney’s, Westcott’s
and others, chiefly American.
These are various combinations of the scroll (No. 1384) and screw
jaws, as in the ordinary dog chuck. See also Nos. 1378 and
1381.
For checking the impact of a blow, or more generally the momentum of a
heavy moving part of a machine. The devices in use comprise (a)
springs, see Section 80; (b) air cylinder, see No. 1480; (c) pistons
driven by elastic fluids, such as steam and air, can be cushioned by
imprisoning a portion of the fluid at each end of the cylinder;
(d) brakes of various kinds, see Section 5.
519.
Hydraulic cushion. The descending ram, by its tapered end,
closes gradually the discharge outlet for the water.
Hydraulic buffer stops are constructed on this principle.
520.
Cushioning device, at the upper end of a steam-hammer cylinder.
Should the piston pass the exhaust holes, the steam above is
imprisoned, and checks the piston without shock.
Besides the ordinary tools in use, as gimlets, bradawls, pin and brace bits,
augers, &c., which do not need description, the following are
noteworthy:—
521. Is
the ordinary V drill for metal work.
522.
Flat point, or “bottoming” drill.
523 &
524. Countersinking drills for metal.
525.
Centre bit for wood.
526.
Twist bit for wood; clears its own borings. There is a variety
with rounded cutter edges.
527,
528, & 529. Rock drills,
or “jumpers.”
530.
Earth borer, or mooring screw.
531.
Twist drill for metal.
532 &
533. Countersinking drills for wood.
534.
Diamond drill for rock; bores an annular hole, the core of which
breaks out at intervals.
535 to
545.
Well boring tools for different kinds of strata; tools for
raising broken rods, &c.
546.
Hollow boring cutter for cutting a shoulder on a central core;
dowelling bit.
Devices to utilise the difference of velocity, or power, between two distinct
moving parts.
547.
Equational box. Two drivers A, A′, equally speeded in opposite
directions, will drive the bevil gear at same velocity without
revolving the spur wheel C′ which is loose on the shaft; but any
alteration in the relative speeds of A and A′, causes the bevil
pinion to travel round, carrying the spur wheel C′ at a speed equal
to half the difference of the two velocities. This gear is used on
traction engines to drive the swivelling wheels round curves, where
the proportionate velocities of the wheels will vary with the radius
of the curve. In this application of the gear B is the driving
shaft, and A and A′ the swivelling wheels.
548.
Is a modification of 547. The pinion A may be controlled in
speed by any hand or automatic device, to vary the speed of the
driven pinion B. The belt pulley C carries round the bevil
wheel D, driving B at a speed
varying with the motion given to A.
549.
Two wheels (one of which has a different number of teeth to the
other) gearing into one pinion; used for counters and slow motions
of all kinds.
550.
Is an application of No. 549 by internal or epicycloidal gear to
pulley blocks. Moore’s patent (No. 1545) and Pickering’s patent
are examples. The arm shown is not required where two internal
loose wheels are used with different numbers of teeth, and one
pinion as in No. 1545, but if used is fixed to the pinion so that it
is prevented from revolving, but retains its circular swaying motion;
in this case, one internal wheel is movable and the other fixed, the
speed being equal to the difference in number of teeth of the loose
wheel and pinion at each revolution of the eccentric shaft.
551.
Weston’s differential pulley block, consisting of a two-grooved
pitched chain-sheave having different numbers of teeth, in combination
with a return block and endless chain.
552.
Differential screws. These may be both of the same hand, or
one right and one left-handed, and any fractional speed secured by
proportioning the pitches.
553.
Two-speed gear, operated by a double clutch, which throws either
pair into gear as required.
554.
Stewarts’ differential gear. Two cranks, one fixed to a sleeve
and the other to a centre shaft, are driven round at varying
velocities by a slotted crosshead revolving with the driving shaft.
The two shafts are not in the same line.
555.
Differential hydraulic accumulator. The effective area of the
ram is the annular shoulder, or the difference between the areas of
the top and the bottom rams.
556.
Differential governing device. The motive power drives A
which winds up the large weight; the small weight tending to run
down, drives the fan regulator, and the two weights are so adjusted
that when the proper speed is attained, both weights are stationary;
any change of speed causes them to run up or down, so actuating
the regulation by the bell crank lever and rod.
557.
Varying differential regulator. The upper rod A is connected
to the regulator valve or other device, and it is capable of receiving
motion from either the piston, which acts against a spring, or
from the rod B attached to some positive reciprocating part, so
that the nett movement of A is due to the difference of motion
of B and the piston C.
Differential Worm Gear, No. 1559.
The following sketches are type drawings of the most important forms of
Steam Engines in use, and are intended to afford a choice of
outline arrangements from which in any scheme under consideration
a selection may be made as a basis, without reference to details.
558.
Overhead cylinder engine.
559.
Overhead crank engine,
560.
Overhead crank engine, cylinder oscillating.
561.
Overhead cylinder engine, with oscillating cylinder.
| |
| 562.
Overhead tandem compound engine. |
|
- |
These can, of course, be reversed and the crank fixed overhead. |
| |
| 563.
Overhead double compound engine. |
564.
Overhead one-crank compound oscillating engine, cylinders
at right angles and receiver between.
565.
Overhead double-crank compound oscillating engine, with
receiver.
566.
Overhead crank compound tandem oscillating engine.
567.
Vertical engine, with top guides, double connecting rods, and
underneath crank shaft.
568.
Vertical trunk engine.
Note that the trunk plan is applicable to any of the preceding
arrangements, and is employed where a very short engine is
required.
569.
Vertical triple compound engine, single acting cylinders.
The high pressure steam acts first on the under side of the small
piston, is then expanded into the annular under side of large piston,
and finally expanded into the upper side of large piston.
570.
Vertical compound engine, with annular cylinder. The central
cylinder is the high pressure, and the annular cylinder the low
pressure.
571.
Vertical annular cylinder engine, with crank below.
572.
Vertical slotted crosshead engine.
573.
Standard vertical engine; a type largely used and possessing
many good points.
574.
Double cylinder engine, with T connecting rod. (Bernay’s
patent.)
| |
| 575.
Box bed engine, high pressure. |
|
- |
These can, of course, be duplicated side by side. |
| |
| 576. Double box bed engine,
coupled end to end. |
| |
| 577. Oscillating cylinder
engine, with crosshead guides. |
| |
| 578. Trunk engine. |
| |
| 579. Return crank engine. |
580.
Diagonal engine. See also No. 564.
581.
Horizontal tandem compound engine.
582.
Galloway’s oblique compound engine.
583.
Double cylinder compound engine, with receiver, cranks at
right angles.
584.
Trunk bed engine.
585.
Double piston engine. The pistons are sometimes coupled to
two crank pins at right angles.
Condensers (see Section 25)
may be driven (a) from horizontal engines
either direct by continuation of the piston rod, or (b) may be worked
horizontally below by a vertical rocking beam coupled to the main crosshead,
or (c) worked vertically below by a bell crank coupled to the main
crosshead, or (d) by a separate small steam cylinder working independently,
or (e) by a connecting rod or gearing from the crank shaft.
For Jet Condensers see Section 25.
586.
Ordinary pillar and overhead beam engine.
587.
Has extended beam and double cylinders, either as a compound
engine or one cylinder may form a pump or blast cylinder. In
some designs the high and low pressure cylinders are placed side
by side and coupled to the same end of the beam by a modified
parallel motion.
588.
Side lever engine.
589.
Plan of beam engine, with compound cylinders.
590.
Walking beam engine.
591.
Diagonal engine.
592.
Three or four cylinder high-speed engine, with single-acting
cylinders.
593.
Vertical high-speed single-acting engine, with one or more
cylinders.
594.
In this engine the boiler forms the standard for support
of engine parts, but it is better to fix these on a vertical bed-plate
bolted to the boiler, or as No. 595.
595.
Any type of vertical engine and any type of vertical
boiler can be combined on this plan.
596.
Vertical boiler (any type) and horizontal engine (any type).
597.
Any type of vertical boiler, with short horizontal engine on
crown.
598.
Vertical boiler, with cylinder sunk in the centre of crown.
599.
Overhead crank engine and boiler, the latter forming the base
to which the engine parts are fixed.
600.
Loco.-type semi-fixed horizontal engine.
601.
Loco.-type semi-fixed horizontal engine, with engine on top.
When placed on wheels this type constitutes the well-known
“Portable.”
602.
Horizontal semi-fixed boiler, with circular shell and engine on
top. (See No. 72.)
603.
Horizontal semi-fixed boiler, with underneath fire-box. (See
No. 71.)
604.
Ellipsograph; by gearing; the bevil wheel A is fixed, the other three
revolving with the whole machine on the fixed central standard,
the distance A′ should equal the difference between the major and
minor axes of the ellipse.
605.
Performs the same operation in a similar way; A is fixed; B
is same diameter as A; and C =
1⁄2 diameter of A and B.
606.
Common trammel or ellipsograph.
There are other forms of apparatus for drawing ellipses merely
(see Knight’s Dictionary of Mechanics). See Trammel Gear,
Sec. 40.
607 &
608. Two forms of ellipsographs or elliptical cranks.
See also No. 144.
Wheels with rubber tyres are the common form. Wheels with a loose
flat tyre outside a fixed tyre and with various forms of springs
inserted between the tyres. (See Springs, Section 80.)
609.
Huxley’s wheel, with spring tyre and jointed spokes.
610.
Wheel with double tyres and intermediate springs.
611.
Two plans of bent spoke, spring formation.
612.
Two plans of bent spoke, spring formation.
613.
Has an outer elastic tyre and an inner rigid ring, to which the
tension or compression springs are fixed.
614 &
615. Sections of rubber tyres.
Wheels are also made with rubber rings applied between the boss and
shaft so as to allow a limited amount of elasticity between the wheel and
axle.
Common expedients for these purposes are—jointed folding rods, as a carpenter’s
rule; the telescope tube; net work; diagonally crossed
and jointed bars; lattice work; springs (see Section 80); lazy
tongs (No. 623).
616.
Telescopic ram hydraulic lift. (See also No. 1217.) Consisting
of two or more rams sliding within each other.
617.
Parallel bar expanding grille, or gate.
618.
Parallel bar expanding grille, with lazy tongs motion, each
alternate bar has slotted holes as shown.
619.
Modification of 618. The number of horizontal bars can be
multiplied indefinitely.
620.
Venetian blind; this method is used also for movable doors or
partitions, sliding horizontally.
621.
Venetian blind, but without revolving motion to the laths or slats.
622.
Perforated bar and hooked rod suspender.
623.
Lazy tongs expanding connecting rod.
624.
Four-guide expanding link device, for varying motion.
625.
Thorburn’s tube expander, operated by a central cone and
ring of conical rollers.
626.
Gasometer.
627.
Timms’ expanding boring tool. Operated by a central cone
and three or more diagonal feathers, sliding in dovetail grooves in
the central cone.
Expanding Mandrel, No. 507.
Expanding Chucks, Nos. 489,
491, & 506.
628.
Expanding basket, with chain corner suspenders.
629.
Expanding socket, with sliding ring grip.
630.
Expanding grating, formed of bent steel laths on edge.
631.
Bridge or flap between cars, having buffers.
632.
Expanding core barrel, in three parts, expanded by a wedge.
633.
Expanding mandril or chuck. See also Section 28.
Expansion Joint, Nos. 1076, 1077.
Expanding Pipes, No. 1079.
Besides the ordinary plan of shrinking them on while hot, the following
are the chief devices in use:—
634.
Square shaft and single key.
635.
Square shaft and two keys at right angles; two keys should
always be used for a square shaft, unless it has been machined to
fit to the hole.
636.
Round shaft and hollow key.
637.
Round shaft and flat key.
638.
Round shaft and sunk key.
639.
Staked fastening, four keys, usually on flats cut on shaft, but
better if slightly sunk into shaft.
640.
Set screw. Cannot be depended on for any but light strains.
641.
Taper pin.
642.
Split pin; always used where a pin, bolt, or centre is liable to work
loose.
643.
Cotter and slot.
644.
Screwed pin through shaft and boss of wheel.
645.
Octagonal shaft of cast iron, with four keys, or the four keys
may be cast on shaft.
646.
Cotter or pin through side of shaft.
647.
Large wheels are sometimes wedged with iron and wood wedges
all round on a square or octagonal shaft having feathers cast on it.
648.
Set screw, tapped half into shaft and half into wheel.
649.
Screwed shaft, nut and clamping plates; used for emery
wheels, grindstones, circular saws, and milling cutters.
650.
Screwed end and nut, the hole in wheel being square, or round
and fitted with key.
651.
Gib head taper key.
652.
Plain taper key.
653.
Taper round pin.
654,
655. Split pins (round).
656.
Cotter and split pin.
657.
Cotter and nut.
658.
Dovetail taper key, or fixing for projection, cutter or bracket.
659.
Self-locking pin; cannot work out.
660.
Split collar and ring fastening, sometimes used instead of a
nut and screwed end; the inner ring is in halves.
661.
Piston rod fastening.
662.
Locking feather and wedge fastening, for rollers, &c., prevents
end motion.
663.
Railway chair key.
Various forms of friction gearing are much used, the chief objection to
this kind of gear being the excess of pressure on the bearings
required to give sufficient grip to drive the gear.
664.
The common form of flat-faced friction gear for hoisting
purposes, &c. See No. 1211. The required pressure is given by
a weighted lever.
665.
Friction bevils, plain faces, for governor driving, &c.
666.
Friction bevils, the pinion being usually of hard leather; the
pressure may be applied in the direction of either of the arrows.
667.
Multiple V gear. A common mistake is to run these too deep in
gear; the narrower the surfaces in contact, short of the seizing or
crushing point, the less the power wasted in friction.
668.
A very small pinion of leather, wood, or rubber is frequently
driven by a large driving wheel for obtaining high speed with
steadiness, for driving dynamos, fans, &c.
669.
Disc wheel and rubber pinion, arranged to reverse motion or
vary speed. See No. 1595. The motion is reversed by throwing
either wheel into gear with the pinion, and the speed varied at will
by raising or lowering the pinion, used for screw presses.
670.
Wedge friction gear.
671.
Coupled bearings for friction gear, to allow of any required
pressure or “bite,” the strains being self-contained.
See also No. 737, 738,
1294.
672.
Two bars and crosshead; these must be far enough apart to
allow for the angle of the connecting rod.
673.
Four bars, crosshead, and slide blocks; the connecting rod
working between the two pairs of guides. The bottom guides are
often cast solid with the bedplate.
674.
Bar and slipper.
675.
Adjustable slipper; there are other adjustments for wear by wedge
pieces, similar to No. 19. See also No. 21.
A plain guide bush is sometimes used as No. 682, and a forked
connecting rod with long fork coupled to the gudgeon or crosshead.
676.
Section of No. 673 and alternative crosshead for two
round bar guides.
677.
Slide bed and slipper.
678.
Section of trunk guide, cast with engine bed and bored out.
679.
Oscillating cylinder piston head guides.
680.
Oscillating fulcrum in lieu of guides.
681.
Diagonal crosshead and guide bars, to allow the crank and
connecting rod end to pass the guide bars.
682, 683,
684, & 685.
686 &
687. Guide rollers for ropes, &c.
688 &
689. Guide rollers for bars of various sections.
690.
Cage guided by four corner posts.
691 &
692. Cage runs on two vertical rails, and is steadied by a
third guide. For large cages. Small cages only require guides on
one side, as 692.
693.
Iron wire or rod guides, strained tight, are sometimes used,
especially in mines, as guides for the cage; two are used to guide
the cage and two for the balance weight.
694.
Planished round iron guides, with half round fixing brackets
and runners attached to cage; these guides are equal to planed
bars and much less costly; two are usually sufficient for any cage.
695. T
L or ⊔ iron guides, for goods lifts.
696.
Wire rope guides, with separate pair of wood guides for balance
weight.
697.
Intermediate guides for double cage lifts; for large cages extra
guides at each side should be used.
698.
Sloping carriage guides.
699.
Vertical bracket cage guides.
700. Double
V bed, with set screw adjustments.
701.
Guide bed for planing machine, or any machine where the bed is
not liable to lift in working.
702.
Round bar and flat guide bed.
703. Deep
V guide; much used for crossheads, tool boxes, &c., requiring
accurate movement.
704.
Lathe bed with square guides and adjustments for wear.
705.
Planing machine, double V bed.
706.
Crosshead for two single bar guides, with renewable wearing strips
and square guide surfaces.
707.
Radial slide for tool box, usually of same section as No. 700.
708, 709,
& 710; in 709
the rope can be threaded without passing the end
through.
711.
Conical rotatory gear. Applied to reaping machines. See also
Pan Screen, No. 1264.
712.
Triangular eccentric, used to obtain a pause of one-third revolution
at each end of the stroke.
713.
Face plate worm gear.
714.
Double rack and pinion gear.
715.
Double gear wheels.
716.
Eccentric gearing; the wheel A being fixed on a crank pin in the
driving wheel B, drives the dotted gear at a speed proportionate
to the diameters of the wheels A and the driven wheel.
717 &
718. Forms of epicyclic or planet gear. Several modes of
driving these may be employed by fixing one or other of the
three wheels, the other two revolving. See Differential Gear,
Section 31.
719.
Multiple trammel gear. The pinion is half the diameter of the
wheel, and makes two revolutions to one of the wheel.
720.
Trammel crank gear; the crank revolves once to two double
strokes of the rod.
721.
Knight’s noiseless gearing, for two shafts running in opposite
directions. Each shaft has two equal cranks at right angles, which
are coupled by links to rocking arms, which are also coupled in pairs.
722.
Eccentric variable speed toothed gear.
723.
Scroll bevil gear.
724.
Segment reversing gear, to obtain two speeds in portions of one
revolution, and in opposite directions. See Reversing Gear,
Section 74.
725.
Snail wheel, or scroll ratchet.
726.
Combined spur and bevil wheel.
727.
Double screw gear, for steering gear, &c.
728.
Angular ball-jointed crank motion.
729.
Crank gearing between two shafts running in the same direction.
See No. 187. The cranks should be similar to Nos. 174 or 175.
730.
Snail worm gear.
731.
Diagonal engine or pump, with bevil gear revolving motion and
three or more cylinders.
732.
Angle coupling on Dr. Hooke’s principle. See No. 292.
733.
Worm and crown gear. Used in chaff machines; useful to obtain
a slow feed on two shafts in opposite directions.
734.
Ball wheel, with limited angular traverse gearing into one or two
pinions.
735.
Scroll and rack.
736.
Variable speed gear, from an elliptical or other irregular-shaped
driving wheel, combined with a tied idle intermediate wheel.
737.
Spring friction grip wheels.
738.
Intermittent reversible feed motion. The pinion is of leather,
and drives the segment till it runs out of gear; when the machine is reversed it
travels an equal distance the opposite way.
739.
Is a device for varying the opening of a main valve
(connected to rod A) by the pressure on the small piston, which moves it against
the tension of a spring.
740, 741,
742, & 743. Types of centrifugal governors, of which
numerous varieties are in use.
Pumping engines may be governed by allowing the pressure of water in the rising main
to accumulate in a stand pipe or equivalent device until it stops the engine by excess of
pressure. To prevent such an engine running away a catch is used, kept open by the
pressure of water; when the pressure falls below a certain point the catch is released and
closes the throttle valve.
Steam engines may also be safeguarded in the same way by a catch which is released
and closes the throttle valve when the governor becomes fully expanded.
744.
Screw and nut device, to control the travel of any machine,
such as a lift, by reversing the belt or throwing out a catch after any specified
number of revolutions, the travel being adjusted by the stop nuts.
745.
The cataract is one of the oldest governing devices. It consists
essentially of a vessel which is filled with water by one stroke of the engine, and
empties itself through an adjustable orifice during the return stroke, the valve
motion being prevented from reversing till the water is all discharged.
746.
Gas engine governor. Rod A has a reciprocating motion from
the engine, and the spur on lever B strikes the end of the gas valve slide when
brought in line with it by the motion of the governor, thus supplying gas only
when the governor falls to a certain point.
Differential Governor. See Nos. 556 and 557.
747.
Is the ordinary “chain and sheave” multiplying gear,
unequally geared, thus—
| Ram end. |
Cylinder end. |
|
| With |
1 |
sheave |
1 |
sheave |
it is geared |
3 |
to |
1. |
&c. |
| „ |
2 |
„ |
2 |
„ |
„ |
5 |
to |
1. |
| „ |
3 |
„ |
3 |
„ |
„ |
7 |
to |
1; |
748.
Is the same plan, but equally geared—
| Ram end. |
Cylinder end. |
|
| With |
1 |
sheave |
No sheaves |
it is geared |
2 |
to |
1. |
&c. |
| „ |
2 |
„ |
1 |
sheave |
„ |
4 |
to |
1. |
| „ |
3 |
„ |
2 |
„ |
„ |
6 |
to |
1; |
749.
An arrangement of the sheaves suitable for vertical working,
geared 8 to 1.
750.
An arrangement of the sheaves suitable for vertical working,
but geared 6 to 1.
751.
An arrangement of the sheaves suitable for vertical working,
but geared 4 to 1.
752.
Stevens and Major’s patent for horizontal working. The
angle of the chain helps to support the weight of the ram.
753.
Modification of 752, sometimes used, and suitable for both
horizontal and vertical positions, with any required multiplication
of speed.
754.
Rack gear; short stroke piston cylinder plan.
755.
Double rope vertical ram gear.
756.
Arrangement with the sheaves all at head of cylinder.
For Telescopic Hydraulic Lift, see Nos. 1217 &
616.
Hydraulic Balance gear, Nos. 371, 373.
For Chains and Links, see Section 11.
757.
Double or match hook.
758.
Split link. See also the common Key Ring.
759.
Self-locking hook, with inclined shoulder and pin.
760.
The common “Lewis.”
761.
Self-gripping claw grab. See also 516, 505.
762.
Grab bucket, on same principle.
763,
764, & 765. Double
S links.
766.
Hook with rope grip.
767.
Snap hook.
768.
Snap link.
769.
Slip hook for a monkey or pile engine; a rope is attached to the
eye in end of lever which pulls the loop link away from the bottom
link to which the “monkey” is suspended, allowing it to fall.
770.
Automatic slip hook; slips the T end of the “monkey” by the
curved arms striking the sides of a fixed stop hole.
771.
Draw bar hook, self-locking.
772.
Fixed bar hook, with snap.
773.
Slip hook.
774.
Hook, with mousing ring; slip hook.
775.
Crane hook, with swivel.
776.
Double swivel links, inserted in a chain to take out the twist.
777.
Triangular link, to attach two chains to one.
778.
Safety link. Has a flat on link to slip in notch of hook.
779. S link.
780.
Split link.
781.
Bolt shackle.
782.
Double link and bolt connection for ordinary chain.
783.
Pin shackle.
784
& 785. Hand (portable) indicator, to indicate speed of revolution
of a shaft, &c., by simple wheel work and dial plate.
786.
Governor gauge, indicates the speed by the angle of the balls
moving a finger on a vertical scale.
787.
Steam engine indicator, of which there are many varieties.
Macnaught’s, Richards’, Darke’s, Kraft’s, Casartelli’s, &c., are
examples, in which a small steam piston operates a marking point
by the varying pressure of steam acting against a spring; the
paper is usually coiled on a cylinder having a reciprocating
motion by a string from the engine.
788.
Morin’s dynamometer. Consists of two belt pulleys connected
by a spring; one receives the strain of driving belt, and the other
transmits it, the spring indicating the tension on the belts.
789.
Regnier’s dynamometer indicates the tension on the connections
by contraction of the spring operating a dial plate.
790.
Bourdon tube pressure indicator. The tube is of flat section,
and its curved portion expands with the pressure, operating a finger
on the dial by rackwork.
791.
Worm gear and dial to register the number of revolutions. See
No. 1559.
Other forms of pressure gauges are—1st. The mercurial gauge, in
which the pressure is indicated by the height of a column of
mercury in a glass tube. 2nd. The water gauge, in which a
column of water replaces the mercury. 3rd. The spring balance
(see No. 1729). See also Nos. 1730, 1728.
792 &
793. Winding engines are provided with indicators on the principle
of No. 744. The travelling nut has a pointer whose position
on a vertical graduated scale shows the position of the cage in the
pit.
Vertical scale indicators are also employed to show the level of
water in tanks, reservoirs, &c. See No. 1730.
Water tube indicators are employed to show the level of water in
boilers, &c., as also gauge cocks fixed at various heights in the
boiler.
794.
Straight jet, for long distances.
795.
Short jet.
796.
Rose jet, for spreading.
797.
Fan jet, or spreader.
798.
Blast tuyere.
799.
Smith’s tuyere and water bosh.
800.
Jet aspirator, for inducing a mixed current of air and water or
steam.
801.
Steam jet pump; the steam enters by the central jet and causes a
vacuum, into which the water rises by the branch pipe.
802.
Insufflator for steam and air blast; used also as a petroleum
injector, &c.
803 &
805. Spray jets; the liquid rises by gravity at the small vertical
nozzles, and is driven in a spray or mist by a cross blast of air
from the horizontal jets.
804.
Injector. The varieties of this contrivance are too numerous to
specify. See Graham’s, Gifford’s, Hall’s, Hancock’s, and others in
common use.
806.
Plain or spreading jet. The eight vanes can be pushed into the
jet of water to cut it up by moving the sliding ring.
807.
Ventilating jet or aspirator, with several lateral openings for
inducing a current.
Jet condensers. See Section 25.
See also Section 70.
808.
Plain or solid pedestal.
809.
Half bearing, sometimes used without a cotter.
810.
Half bushed bearing, having a half brass on the lower side only.
811.
Chambered long bearing.
812.
The ordinary double brassed pedestal or plummer block;
sometimes made with the cap and joint of brasses at an angle of
45° when the shaft is subject to horizontal thrust. Numerous
modifications of this bearing exist.
813.
Slot bearing for rising and falling spindle.
814 &
815. End thrust bearings.
816.
Sliding bearing, with vertical or horizontal traverse.
817. Double V
bearing to accommodate different sizes of shafts.
818.
Vertical shaft footstep.
819.
Vertical pivot.
820.
Horizontal pivot and set screw; the screw should have a lock nut
to prevent it being worked back by the motion of the spindle.
821.
Conical neck, usually with steel bush.
822.
Spherical footstep, to allow the shaft to sway out of the perpendicular.
823.
Horizontal bearing, allowing the shaft to run out of line.
824.
Balanced bearing, to bear the weight of a light shaft, and placed
between the fixed bearings.
825.
Self-adjusting bearing for line shafts, with ball and socket
movement.
826.
Ball and socket bearing for vertical spindle, allowing considerable
variation from a right line.
827.
Horizontal thrust bearing, with multiple flanges and double
brasses, each capable of separate adjustment; used for screw shafts
in steam-ships.
828.
A form of pedestal, with the cap provided with end joggles to
prevent looseness.
829.
Trunnion bearing, for oscillating cylinders, &c. The steam is
conveyed through the bearing, which has a stuffing box and gland
to prevent leakage.
830 &
832. Swinging support for a shaft, having a sliding bevil gear
or other motion upon it which has to pass the swinging support;
used for lathe sliding gear, overhead travellers, &c.
831.
Ball and socket centre for car bogies, &c.
833.
Pedestal with side adjustment for the brasses by taper keys
and screw adjustments.
Bearings running under water are generally lined with strips of
lignum vitæ and require no lubricant.
So-called self-lubricator bearings are in use, lined with strips of
patent composition metal.
834.
Centre bearing, with annular grip, for a heavy centre piece or car
bogie.
835.
Centre bearing, with allowance for some amount of oscillation.
Coupled bearings. No. 671.
836.
Single riveted lap joint.
837.
Double riveted lap joint.
838.
Single riveted butt joint.
839.
Double butt joint.
840.
T-iron butt joint.
841,
842, 843, &
844. Angle or edge seams.
845.
Transverse tubular seam.
846, 847,
& 848. Reducing ring seams.
849, 850,
851, & 852.
Bottom seams round water spaces, fire-boxes, &c.
853.
Expansion hoop joint in boiler flues, &c.
854 &
855. Fire-box stays.
856.
Gusset stay for flat ends.
Flat bar, tube, and round iron stays are also much used to stay flat
surfaces in boilers and tanks.
In household boilers it is usual to weld all the seams, thus avoiding
L iron and other riveted work. See Nos. 89 to 96.
Flue tubes in boilers are stayed also by cross tubes inserted at
intervals, such as Galloway’s patent conical cross tubes.
857 &
858. Cover plates to carry tensile strains over joints in plates,
L irons, &c.
859, 860,
861, 862, & 863.
Various forms of joints employed in plate
iron structures, boxes, tanks, &c., not subject to much strain.
863 is a dovetailed joint.
864. T
or L iron strut end joint.
865.
Junction of flat bar and diagonal T or L iron.
866.
Gusset plate joint for diagonal ties and struts.
867.
Mode of jointing boiler plate corners by tapering the corners of
the plates.
868.
Another form of angle joint.
Levers are of three orders (see Section 53). The fulcrum or rocking
centre may be at either end or at some intermediate point. In
practice the fulcra are usually shafts or pins (see Sections 76
and 77), and the following are the typical forms in use.
869, 870,
871, & 872. Elevation and plans of plain levers, with
end bosses for rod attachments.
873.
Plan of plain lever, with forked end.
874 &
875. Bell crank levers, with plain or forked ends.
876. T
or double cranked lever.
877.
Forked end, off-set.
878.
Fish bellied lever of the 2nd order.
879.
Balance weight lever.
880.
Hand lever, with round handle.
881.
Hand lever, with flat handle.
882.
Another form of round handle sometimes used.
883.
Crank handle.
884.
Starting lever, with spring catch.
885.
Another pattern of ditto.
886.
Similar lever, with side or crank handles.
887.
Foot lever.
888.
Foot treadle frame.
889. Wrist plate or
T lever.
890.
Hand lever, adjustable as to length by means of a slot and locking
bolt. For this purpose a plain round rod passed through a central
socket and fixed at any radial length by a set screw, is often used;
or the hand rod may be cranked as No. 1784.
891.
Double hand lever.
892.
Lever, formed of two wrought iron or steel plates and distance
pieces.
893 &
894. Rocking levers, with sliding swivel joints.
895.
Forked lever, to span a central bearing.
896.
Hand lever, simple pattern; wrench or spanner.
897.
Headed lever, for valve rod and other movements. See Nos. 149
to 152.
See also Section 97.
898.
Common sliding bolt.
899.
Common latch.
900.
Cam locking bolt; locks the bolt when either in or out, so that it
can only be moved by the cam spindle.
901.
Crank movement locking bolt, similar to the last.
902.
Bolt of common lock.
903.
Disc and pin.
904.
Side pawl.
905.
Locking pawl.
For Pawl and Ratchet Gear see Section 62.
906.
Spring catch, with round end which slips past the socket if sufficient
force is applied, used for swing doors, &c.
907.
Another form, bevilled on one side.
908.
Hook latch.
909 &
910. Hasp and staple.
911.
Crossbar and hooks.
912.
Hand set screw.
913.
Drop catch for turntable, &c.
914.
Turning or twisting bolt.
915.
Rope or rod stopper, with cam lever grip. See No. 47.
916.
Chain stop.
917 &
918. Spindle grips, to lock a sliding or revolving spindle in a
bearing or bush.
919.
Clamp and screw.
920.
Sliding shaft locking pin; used for lathe headstock back-gear
shafts, &c.
921.
Lever locking hook; the lever is hinged so that it can be slipped
over the hook.
922.
Bow catch for ladles, skips, &c.
923.
Segment-slot and bolt fixing for swivelling base.
924.
Pin lock for turntable or disc.
925. T catch.
926.
Roller and incline slot for locking a rod or rope.
927.
Revolving bush lock for catch rod; the catch rod can only slip
through the bush when the latter is in one position (see plan view).
928.
Wire fencing notches in L or ⊔ iron.
929.
Trap door automatic catch.
930.
Screw and bridle suspension, for blast pipes, &c.
931.
Drop loop fastening for a door.
932.
Spring stud lock.
933.
Disc and radial slot; the rod can be slipped out sideways when
the disc is turned so as to bring the slots together.
934.
Radial hinged lever and crown ratchet.
935.
Locking bar to fix a lever in any position.
936.
Pawl for locking sliding shaft, used for winches, &c., having
double and single purchase gear or shifting clutches.
937.
Fastening eye bolt for a hinged cover; the bolt is also hinged,
and can be turned down out of the way. See also No. 1930.
938.
Crank arm device, to lock a valve or lever in two positions. See
also No. 16.
939.
Gun, breech-loading, sliding cylindrical block locked by turning
the arm into a notch.
940.
Door fastening staple and cotter.
941.
Common cotter.
942.
Half nut locking and unlocking device, used for lathe
leading screws; the half nuts are moved simultaneously in opposite
directions by cams on the lever spindle.
943.
Swinging catch to secure end of a drop bar.
944.
Tool post, to swivel and lock in any position. See also No. 493.
945.
Locking screw, to lock the hand wheel and spur pinion to the
shaft when required to be driven by it.
See also Lock Nuts. The common varieties of lever locks with
stepped key-wards.
See No. 1723.
946.
The common double-leaf hinge.
947.
Rising hinge, to cause the door to lift slightly as it opens, it will
then close of itself without a spring.
948.
Cup and ball hinge.
949 &
950. Pintle hinges.
951 &
952. Parchment or leather hinging for wood movements.
953.
Dovetail joint, used on iron bedsteads, &c.; the circular dovetail
is slightly tapered and fitted tight.
954.
Hinge for a door, required to lay flat against the wall at either
side when open.
955.
Hinge pin for rocking levers on a knife edge.
956.
Door spring hinge, to return the door always to its central
position; the cams press against a roller attached to the springs.
957.
Another method, with tension springs.
958.
Rocking bearing or knife edge, used for weighing machines, &c.
959.
Knuckle joint, halved together; the bolt secures the two parts
together.
960.
Door spring hinge with open springs and toggle movement.
961.
Gate hinges, with double pintle at bottom to cause the gate to
return to the central position without springs.
962.
Link hinge, for a grid or trap door, to allow it to lie flat when
opened.
963.
Bayonet joint. A common device.
964.
Double scarfed and joggled joint, for pump, rods, &c., with
ferrules and keys to tighten up.
965.
Universal joint. See Dr. Hooke’s Joint, Nos. 33 and 34.
966.
Knuckle jointed levers.
967.
The common male and female or nipple and socket rod
joint.
968.
Multiple hinges, with one centre bolt, for long or heavy doors.
969.
Scarfed rod or bar joint.
970.
Another form of hinge, to effect the same object as No. 954.
See also Swivel Joints, Nos. 893 and
894. Sections 49, 4, and 48.
I do not propose to attempt to illustrate the vast tribe of “greasers” of
all kinds. They would easily fill a moderate volume, but scarcely
repay the reader for perusal. I shall content myself here as elsewhere
by indicating the types of most interest and importance to
the machine draughtsman.
Besides the simple cup or enlarged oil hole, oil box, and grease cup, the
following are the most commonly employed:—
971.
Oil pan for gearing, worms, wheels, &c.
972.
Revolving wire lubricator; carries a drop of oil on to the shaft
at each revolution.
973.
Roller and pan lubricator. Can be employed also for gum,
paste, paint, &c.
974.
Screw ram lubricator, to force lubricant into a cylinder or pipe
against pressure, with non-return valve.
975.
Telescopic tube lubricating device, for reciprocating or
revolving joints, such as crank pins.
976.
Another tubular device for crank pins; a hollow cup on end of
a tube stands opposite the centre of the shaft, and can be fed with
oil while revolving, the oil running down the tube during the lower
half revolution.
977.
Stauffer’s lubricator for thick oil, which is forced in by screwing
down the cap.
978.
Shaft bearing lubricator by the capillary action of pieces of
cane, the lower ends of which dip into the oil cistern.
979.
Endless string lubricator.
980.
Single cock lubricator, with screwed cap for filling.
981.
Double cock lubricator.
982.
Hollow plug cock.
The last three are used to feed oil against steam pressure.
983.
Lieuvain’s needle lubricator. A loose wire (one end of which
touches the revolving shaft and the other is in the oil); keeps the
oil flowing as long as the shaft is running.
984.
The pressure of steam enters the cup above the oil,
which is fed through an adjustable small valve at bottom.
985.
Plunger or ram and cylinder lubricator, with ratchet feed
worked from some reciprocating part of engine.
Lubricating or inking rollers to evenly cover a flat surface are
placed at an angle of about 10° to the direction of motion of the
surface to be lubricated or inked.
Large engines are fitted with an oil reservoir, and pipes are led to
all joints, bearings, &c., with small cocks for regulation.
The common spirit level and plumbline are ordinarily employed, as also
the surveyor’s telescope and spirit level or “Dumpy.”
986.
Gravitation level.
987.
Plumbline and square.
988.
Water tube level; the tube may be carried a long distance and
round corners, &c., in any direction below the water level.
989.
Spirit level plumbing square.
| |
| 990.
Lever of the 1st order |
|
- |
See Applications, Section 48. |
| |
| 991. Lever of the 2nd order |
| |
| 992. Lever of the 3rd order |
993.
Wheel and axle; power gained and speed reduced in proportion
to the diameters of the two sheaves.
994.
Return block; power multiplied 2 to 1.
995.
Two double sheave blocks; power multiplied 4 to 1.
996.
Four single blocks; power same as No. 995.
997.
Three return blocks; power multiplied 8 to 1.
See Applications, Section 42.
The inclined plane is simply a modification of the force of gravity,
which acts vertically.
The wedge. See Section 37.
The screw is simply a circular inclined plane.
See Section 78.
See also Gearing, Sections 40 and 84.
998.
Kneading mill, with spiral vanes.
999.
Pug mill, with radial spiral paddles revolving inside a conical case.
1000.
Pug mill, with spiral paddles.
1001.
Pan mixer. A cylindrical case or pan with a set of arms revolving
with the central shaft.
1002.
Egg beater or mixing machine. Two sets of open radial
frames revolve in opposite directions, the frames being shaped to
pass through each other, and are driven by mitre gear driving a
shaft and sleeve.
1003.
Diagonal mixing barrel, with revolving and fixed vanes.
1004.
Conical mixing barrel of similar construction.
1005.
Diagonal mixing pan, used for confectionery, &c.
1006.
Mixer, with two pairs of arms running in opposite directions.
See Cross section.
1007.
A modification of the last; the centres of the arms being above
one another so that the arms pass each other in revolving.
1008.
Horizontal table mixing machine. The stuff works its way
from the centre to the edge of the table by centrifugal force.
See also No. 60. Anderson’s patent employs this plan to continuously
distribute purifying material through water with
which the revolving drum is charged.
See Section 13. Crushing, grinding, &c.
Purpose: to maintain rectilinear motion of a rod or equivalent detail
coupled to a lever without employing guide bars.
1009.
Watt’s parallel motion for a beam engine.
1010.
Rack and segment motion.
1011.
Epicycloidal parallel motion. The pinion is one-half the
diameter of the wheel at the pitch lines, and the gudgeon is fixed
upon the pitch line of the pinion.
1012.
Peaucellier’s parallel motion. A is a fixed centre; B (for
parallel motion) must be one-half way to C; power is applied to
C; D parallel centre gudgeon.
1013.
Beam, with rocking fulcrum. A A
are equal, as also B B.
1014.
Single radius bar and link; the radius bar to be same length
as the half beam and the link hinged on its centre.
1015.
All the radius bars to be of same length as the half beam.
1016.
Two equal radius bars connected by a link, the main gudgeon
in its centre.
1017.
Beam of the 2nd order with rocking fulcrum, A and A being
equal.
1018.
Sector and rack motion.
See also No. 714.
Some of the most primitive methods are still in use, and may possibly still
be found of service in particular cases.
1019.
Scoop wheel.
1020.
Dipping trough.
1021.
Endless chain of buckets.
1022.
Archimedean screw; a spiral pipe serves the same purpose as
the worm revolving in a cylindrical case.
1023.
Chain pump, frequently used still. The lower length of pipe
should be bored to fit the buckets on chain; the rest of the pipe
may be a little larger in diameter and not bored.
1024.
Lifting wheel for raising water.
The following four examples are machines for raising water to any height by
employing a fall of water of comparative low pressure:—
1025.
Hydraulic ram. A stream of water runs down the incline pipe
and flows away at the ball valve; when its speed reaches a certain
point it suddenly closes the ball valve, and the shock opens
the delivery valve, water flows into the air vessel till the power
of the stream is checked, when the delivery valve closes, the
ball drops, and the action is repeated.
1026.
The Robinet. Direct-action water pressure self-acting pump;
performs the same work as the hydraulic ram, that is by using a
low fall and large quantity of water it raises a smaller quantity
to a greater height, the low-pressure water acting on the large
double-acting piston. The valve is reversed by the motion of the
engine.
1027.
Hydraulic pumping engine. A modification of the Robinet.
A is the driving cylinder, B the pump. The main slide valve is
worked by two pistons, and the pressure water distributed by an
auxiliary four-way cock or small slide valve, connected to a stop
rod from the main crosshead. See also No. 1741. See Sec. 93.
1028.
Water wheel and pump.
1029.
Single-acting bucket or suction pump.
1030.
Single-acting ram force pump. Sometimes an open top
cylinder and piston are used instead of a ram, as No. 1029.
1031.
Double-acting ram and piston pump. Forces on both
strokes; sucks only on the up stroke.
1032.
Double-acting plunger or ram pump, externally packed; a
favourite arrangement.
1033.
Double-acting piston pump, four valves. This is of course a
type of a very great variety of pumps.
1034.
Double-action piston pump, without valves. The piston has
an oscillating or radial motion (see plan), as well as an up and
down motion, so that the two ports are alternately open to the
upper and under side of piston by the small passages A A. The
required motion can be obtained from No. 406, crank motion.
1035.
Rope pump. A simple endless soft or porous rope absorbs water
at its lower part (immersed), which water is pressed out of it
between the rollers at top.
1036.
Apparatus to supply air to air vessels. The main pump at
every stroke draws a small quantity of water from the small air
vessel A, and on the return stroke forces an equal quantity of air
from the smaller to the larger vessel B. C is a double air valve.
1037.
Combined bucket and plunger pump draws on the up stroke
only, but delivers on both strokes.
1038.
Air pump, with foot and head valves.
1039.
Hand or power pump. Can be thrown into action from the
crank shaft by fastening the set screw, or may be worked
independently by the hand lever.
1040.
“Worthington” pattern of plunger pump, double acting.
1041.
Double barrel pump, with bucket pistons. The water passes
both pistons, which are fitted with valves opening opposite ways.
1042.
Oscillating sector or quadrant pump, with one vane or piston.
1043.
Double quadrant pump. The two vanes are worked by links
from a single crank.
1044.
Oscillating pump, with two radial vanes keyed to a central
rocking shaft.
1045.
Hollow plug; oil or water feeder.
1046.
Double ram pump.
Rising mains in mines and wells have been used as the main
pump rods in some instances.
In pumping up to a tank or reservoir from which a down service
pipe is taken, the pump can be arranged to deliver into this
pipe at its nearest convenient point, instead of having a second
pipe from the pump to the tank.
1047.
Schmid’s trunk cyl. hydraulic pumping engine utilises a
low-pressure supply to force from the annular side of the piston a
high-pressure service.
See also rotary engines and pumps, Section 75.
Pumping engines, Section 61.
Plain tubing may be either of iron, brass, zinc, lead, tin plate, sheet iron,
papier mâché, indiarubber, guttapercha, leather, cotton, or canvas.
Flexible sorts of the last five materials named are strengthened when
required by spiral wire, either inside or outside or imbedded in
the material; also, in the case of rubber, by canvas insertion; or
by being payed with yarn or wire, either wound or plaited round
the exterior.
1048 to 1053.
Show sections and elevations of forms of flanges
employed. 1053 has a small
V space, in which is inserted a
ring of guttapercha cord or soft lead. Used for heavy pressures.
1054.
Socket and spigot pipes.
The ordinary earthenware socket drain pipes, flue pipes, &c.,
are examples.
1055.
Socket and spigot pipes, with tapered, bored, and turned joint.
1056.
Cup and ball joint for uneven ground, &c.
1057.
Wrought iron pipes, with cast iron flanges.
1058.
Diagonal universal joint. See No. 1078.
1059.
Swivelling joint. Coupling quickly opened or closed, faced with
rubber or leather.
1060.
Bayonet joint, for hydrants, &c. See No. 963.
1061.
Sheet iron flue pipes.
1062.
Wrought iron pipe and screwed couplings.
1063.
Wrought iron flange coupling.
1064.
Reducing socket or coupling.
1065
& 1066. Elbows.
1067.
Bend.
1068.
Internal coupling for handrailing, &c.
1069.
Patent lap-folded pipe.
1070.
Long screw, coupling and back nut, for making the last
joint in a series of pipes when the last piece cannot be screwed
into both joints.
1071 to
1073. Screwed unions.
The nut may be as No. 1072 or 1073.
See also Section 78.
1074 &
1075. Unions with right and left-hand threads.
1076.
Expansion joint plain.
1077.
Expansion joint with gland and safety bolt to prevent the joint
blowing out.
A bent U-shaped
tube of copper is sometimes used as an expansion
piece in a line of hot piping.
1078.
Royle’s patent diagonal universal joint, by swivelling the
diagonal joint the pipes can be set at any angle from 0° to 90° to
each other.
1079.
Expanding pipes with stuffing boxes at each joint, used for conveying
water, steam, or air to a movable engine or machine.
1080 &
1081. Wood troughs sometimes lined with metal.
For conveying materials other than liquids, such as sand, coal, grain, &c.,
the following contrivances are used:—
Endless bands of canvas, rubber, leather, &c., sometimes with
flanges like 1082.
Sloping wooden tubes or shoots.
1082.
Sectional conveyor, endless, carried round pulleys like
No. 1083.
1083.
Creeper, an endless chain of boards or buckets sliding along a
fixed wood trough. See Ewart’s patent detachable drive chain,
which is fitted with special links for attachment of boards or
buckets.
1084.
Worm and trough, similar in principle to an archimedean screw.
See No. 1022.
Elevators for vertical or sloping conveyance usually consist of
an endless band of some flexible material or chain with a
number of tin or metal buckets attached at regular intervals
(as No. 1086) like a creeper, No. 1083, but working in an
enclosed tube.
Pneumatic tubes. See Section 19.
Valves for do., No. 1638.
1085.
Is an improved form of worm having no centre shaft.
“Patent Anti-Friction Conveyor.”
1086.
Elevator, or band and buckets, may be run in any position.
1087 &
1088. Endless web and roller devices for conveying sheets
of paper, for printing or folding.
See also Raising and Lowering, Section 69.
1089.
Piston with junk ring; the packing is sometimes cast iron,
steel, brass, or phosphor bronze rings, or even hemp or asbestos.
1090.
Small pistons have generally two rings of steel or brass sprung
into the grooves.
1091.
Double-acting hydraulic piston for cold water; if single
acting, one leather only is required; for hot water, rings are generally
employed.
1092.
Indiarubber rolling ring packing, used on Kennedy’s patent
piston water meters.
1093.
Piston, with junk ring for fibrous packing.
Numerous patents are in use for springs of various kinds applied
to piston rings. See Section 80.
1094,
1095, 1096, &
1097. Sections and plans of gland stuffing
boxes.
1098.
Leather packing ring or collar, used generally for higher
pressures up to 3 or 4 tons per square inch.
1099.
Stuffing box for hydraulic rams, up to pressures of about
1000 lbs. per square inch, with special hard packing.
1100 &
1101. When the wear on an hydraulic leather is considerable
a guard-ring should be added, as shown here.
1102.
Stannah’s patent stuffing box; the packing is tightened by a
set screw.
1103 &
1104. Ram leathers, with gland to facilitate renewing.
1105.
Grooved steam packing. It is said that the steam will not
readily pass a series of grooves round a piston rod.
1106.
Useful form of gland for a screwed spindle, the thread being cut
in the outer cap.
1107.
V-ring piston packing rings. The inner spring ring presses
the outer rings out against the cylinder.
1108.
“Bottle” gland to cover a reciprocating rod end.
1109.
Gland with oil space to keep the rod lubricated.
1110.
Water lute or seal for gas holders, &c.
1111.
Grooved joint for packing round covers, &c.
1112.
Indiarubber sheet joint for the tubes of condensers, the rubber
being pressed around the tube joints by a plate with projecting
rings. See Plate, page 139.
1113.
V-ring metallic gland packing. See Plate, page 139.
Joints of plane surfaces are usually made with red-lead for steam
and water; asbestos, millboard, and sometimes rubber insertion,
tape, paper, or wire gauze for steam, water, air, &c.
(See also Sections 60, and 12.)
On land, vehicles, &c., may be propelled by:
Any engine having contained in itself its source of power; such as
a steam engine, compressed-air engine, electric motor, &c.
Any fixed source of power, the moving vehicle being connected
to it by: 1, a rope or chain; 2, a tube; 3, an electric wire
or other electric connection.
By gravitation down an inclined or vertical road. See Section 69.
By wind power, using sails or windmill. See Section 95.
a. Any engine having contained in itself its source of power; such as
a steam engine, compressed-air engine, electric motor, &c.
b. Any fixed source of power, the moving vehicle being connected
to it by: 1, a rope or chain; 2, a tube; 3, an electric wire
or other electric connection.
c. By gravitation down an inclined or vertical road. See Section 69.
d. By wind power, using sails or windmill. See Section 95.
e. Animal power.
On water, vessels are propelled by:
Steam or other heat engine.
a. Wind.
b. Steam or other heat engine.
c. Wave motion.
d. Natural currents, tides.
e. Animal power.
In air, balloons have been propelled by:
Some kind of engine power.
a. Wind.
b. Some kind of engine power.
c. Hand power.
But the two latter sources must be at present considered almost
impracticable.
On land:
Steam or other engine and boiler on the moving vehicle.
A reservoir of compressed air or gas, driving an engine on the
vehicle.
An electric battery or accumulator, driving an engine on the
vehicle.
Rope railway: the rope may be driven by any kind of engine.
Ice vessels, or yachts, propelled by wind and sails, windmills, &c.
See Section 95.
Velocipedes of all kinds, hand power lifts and hoists. See Section 69.
a. Steam or other engine and boiler on the moving vehicle.
b. A reservoir of compressed air or gas, driving an engine on the
vehicle.
c. An electric battery or accumulator, driving an engine on the
vehicle.
d. Rope railway: the rope may be driven by any kind of engine.
e. Endless rope transmission. See Section 66.
f. Inclined or vertical hoists. See Section 69.
g. Ice vessels, or yachts, propelled by wind and sails, windmills, &c.
See Section 95.
h. Velocipedes of all kinds, hand power lifts and hoists. See Section 69.
On water, vessels are propelled by:
Steamships, by screw, paddle-wheel, stern wheel, water jet, and
steam jet.
Barges and rafts usually employ tidal motion only.
Rowing boats, &c., hand power paddle and screw boats, horse
towage.
a. Sails.
b. Steamships, by screw, paddle-wheel, stern wheel, water jet, and
steam jet.
c. Wave engine.
d. Barges and rafts usually employ tidal motion only.
e. Rowing boats, &c., hand power paddle and screw boats, horse
towage.
In air, balloons are propelled by:
Wind, acting on the inflated balloon, or on an umbrella-shaped or
other sail; also on the under side of inclined planes of large area.
Balloons of elongated form have been propelled by an engine placed
in the car, driving either a large screw propeller or wings.
Various attempts have been made to work flying machines (generally
having some form of wings) by the power of a man’s hands and
feet, with very little success.
a. Wind, acting on the inflated balloon, or on an umbrella-shaped or
other sail; also on the under side of inclined planes of large area.
b. Balloons of elongated form have been propelled by an engine placed
in the car, driving either a large screw propeller or wings.
c. Various attempts have been made to work flying machines (generally
having some form of wings) by the power of a man’s hands and
feet, with very little success.
It is assumed that all physical energy is derived more or less directly from
the sun, whose rays combine: 1, heat; 2, light; 3, actinic or
chemical power.
Heat may be obtained:
By direct use of the sun’s rays.
From any combustible material.
a. By direct use of the sun’s rays.
b. From any combustible material.
c. From chemical reaction.
Light does not separately develop power.
Chemical reactions are employed to develop heat, combustion, contraction,
or expansion, as means of developing power.
From the foregoing elementary physical sources the following are the
practical sources of our power for mechanical purposes.
- Electrical power.
- Magnetic power.
- Tidal motion.
- Falling water.
- Descending weights.
- Wave motion.
- Wind.
- Expansion of air or other gases.
- Steam.
- Explosives.
- Fuels, hydrocarbons, &c.
These are employed in producing power by the following apparatus or
motors:—
Electric motors driven from a dynamo, battery, or accumulator.
Magnetic power cannot be employed continuously as a motor,
as it gives out only as much as it receives.
Tidal motion can be utilised to drive any kind of wheel, see Water
Wheels, Section 90. It can also be stored in a reservoir, driving
a water engine as it flows in and out on the flood and ebb; or a
floating vessel may, by its rise and fall, communicate motion to
machines.
Falling water; for machines employed to utilise, see Water
Wheels, Section 90; Turbines, Water-pressure Engines, &c.,
Section 93.
Descending weights must first of course be raised, absorbing
as much power in raising as they give out in falling, neglecting
friction. Clockwork; water; or compression of a spring (see
Section 80); multiplying pulleys (see Section 42), are the
apparatus employed to utilise this form of energy.
Wave motion is too uncertain and erratic to be a practicable
source of power. Rocking air-compressing chambers, rocking
pumps, &c., have obtained some small measure of success.
Wind, windmills. See Section 95.
Expansion of air and gases. Ascending currents of hot air
from a fire are used to drive a light screw motor, fan, &c. Hot-air
engines, see Ryder’s patent and numerous others, which
depend upon alternate expansion and contraction of air by
heating and cooling. Air compressed in an accumulator or
reservoir is employed to give motion to multiplying pulleys or
an air engine.
Expansion of liquids, other than water (by heat), into the
gaseous form. Engines in which the fuel is burnt under pressure
and the total products of combustion employed (with or without
steam) to drive a motor.
Steam is in reality one of the last-mentioned sources of power;
it is employed by direct pressure on a piston or ram (see Section
32); or to produce direct rotary motion (see Section 75); also in
the jet pump, No. 801; or injector (see Section 45); or by
direct pressure on a body of water contained in a closed vessel,
as in the pulsometer, steam accumulator, &c.
Explosives are substances which, by application of flame, heat,
percussion, &c., suddenly assume the gaseous form, thus increasing
their bulk many hundred times, usually in a small
fraction of a second of time. A second class comprise explosive
mixtures of gases, such as hydrogen, and oxygen, carburetted
hydrogen, and air. Some attempts have been made to employ
explosive substances to drive engines in various ways, but with
no permanent success. The second class of explosive mixtures
of gases are largely employed in the gas engine, petroleum
engine, and their varieties.
Fuels, hydrocarbons, &c., are employed to evaporate water
into steam; to expand air or other gases, or convert liquids into
gases; and also by vaporisation to supply gas for use in some
forms of gas engine.
1114.
Vertical direct-acting, with either ram pump, ram and piston
pump, or piston only. See Section 56.
1115.
Slot and crank motion, a variety of the last named. Of course
any other kind of crank driving can be employed. See Section 10.
The frame standards are frequently used as air vessels or valve
chests.
1116.
Direct-acting ram pump, with fly-wheel worked off crosshead
pin.
1117.
Direct-acting, with yoke crosshead; much used in the northern
counties. The standards form air vessels and valve boxes, and
they are made both of the piston and ram types.
1118.
Three-cylinder, with yoke crosshead. Either the centre cylinder
or the two side ones can be used as the steam motor cylinders, or
the pumps.
1119.
The ordinary direct-acting engine, with either steam-moved
or tappet valves, see Tangye’s “Special,” the “Coalbrookdale,”
and others, in which the slide valve is operated by pistons
controlled by auxiliary tappet valves on the same principle as
No. 1506.
1120.
Direct-acting, with crosshead and guide bars between the cylinders.
1121.
Two modifications of No. 1120.
1123.
Direct-acting, with rocking lever valve motion; see the “Worthington”
and other “Duplex” pumps, in which two engines are
combined so that one works the valve of the other.
1122, 1124,
& 1125. Other forms of direct-acting engines.
1126.
Horizontal compound direct-acting. The high-pressure
cylinder, low-pressure ditto, and receiver are side by side, and
the air pump and main pump in line with the steam cylinders.
1127.
Horizontal pumping engine, with yoked crossheads and crank
in centre.
1128 &
1129. Horizontal compound lever engines.
1130.
Davey’s patent vertical compound beam mining pump.
The Cornish beam pumping engine is too well known to need
illustration.
In mining pumps the pump rod has occasionally been made of
iron pipe and employed as the rising main.
1131.
Geared pumping engine, with steam cylinder and pump side
by side; the speed of the steam piston is reduced on the pump by
spur gearing.
1132.
The common ratchet-wheel and pawl, or detent.
1133.
Ditto, with compound pawls to check angular motion less than the
pitch of the teeth.
1134.
Locking pawl.
1135.
Strut-action pawl.
1136.
Indiarubber ball pawl; sometimes a solid roller is substituted
for the indiarubber ball.
1137.
Reverse ratchets, for continuous feed from an oscillating arm.
1138.
Ball and socket ratchet, will work at an angle.
1139.
Pawl, used with ordinary spur teeth, and sometimes made reversible
(see dotted lines), to drive the opposite way.
1140.
Ratchet bosses.
1141.
Silent pawl; the pawl is lifted out of gear while reversing by
the motion of the toggle joint and lever.
1142.
Crown ratchet and pawl.
1143.
Application of No. 1136 as a silent feed motion.
1144.
Click and detent continuous feed motion.
1145.
Hare’s foot ratchet motion with detent.
1146.
Silent feed. The jaw grips the rim of wheel when moving in
one direction and runs loose the other way.
1147.
Reciprocating into intermittent rotary motion.
1148.
Reciprocating circular motion into intermittent circular ditto,
Kaiser’s patent.
1149.
Continuous circular motion into intermittent ditto, Kaiser’s
patent. The wheel A is locked by the ring C
while the finger B
is out of gear, the ring then passing between the teeth of A.
1150.
Cam-ring intermittent feed motion.
1151.
Modification of the last named; in both the wheel is locked
during the dead movement of the cam by the flange passing
between the teeth.
1152.
Slot wheel and pin gear.
1153.
Segment-wheel intermittent feed motion; locked during the
dead movement of driving wheel.
1154.
The pawl is lifted out of gear at each revolution of the pin
wheel A and the ratchet moved one or more teeth.
1155.
Double pawls and links for continuous feed motion.
1156.
The cam A is eccentric to the wheel B, and slips out of gear at
any required point while the driving wheel makes a partial
revolution.
1157.
Spring-pawl feed motion; the large wheel with pawl attached
drives the ratchet wheel.
1158.
Rocking lever and double pawls for raising a rack.
1159.
Internal pawls, dropping into gear by gravitation.
1160.
The pawl is lifted out of gear by the act of putting the handle
on the square end of shaft, the handle having a boss shaped so as
to lift the pawl.
1161.
Star wheel and fixed pawl for conveying intermittent motion
to screw on revolving disc; used for boring-bars, slide rests, &c.
1162.
Pendulum and ratchet escapement.
1163.
Cylinder escapement.
1164.
Pendulum and double ratchet wheel escapement.
1165.
Enlarged plan of cylinder escapement.
1166.
Lever escapement.
1167.
Double pawl and pin wheel escapement.
1168.
Three-leg pendulum escapement.
1169.
Self-sustaining ratchet motion. Pulling the cord A throws the
pawl out of gear by the straightening of the cord forcing back the
bent pawl lever.
1170.
Verge escapement.
1171.
Intermittent circular motion by revolving pawl and detent.
1172.
Spanner ratchet; a simple spanner having a pin near one end of
one of the jaws which slips into the teeth of the ratchet wheel.
1173.
V pawl; operates by wedging itself between the V flanges.
1174.
Gravity pawls and ratchet wheel.
1175.
Ratchet wheel, used to govern the striking gear of a clock.
1176.
The pawl is hinged to the jointed end of the lever, and is
pulled out of gear by the return movement of the rod—silent feed.
1177.
Pawl and rack.
1178.
Roller and inclined segmental recess for silent feed motion.
1179.
Gripping pawls and ring for silent feed motion.
Snail ratchet, No. 725.
The ordinary Screw press and Hydraulic press are well-known machines.
1180.
Rack and screw press.
1181.
Power press or stamp, with double crank movement worked
from below.
1182.
Dick’s anti-friction press, with rolling contacts throughout.
1183.
Hydraulic press, with dies for lead pipe making; a similar press
is used for making earthenware drain and flue pipes, the material
being forced out of an annular orifice.
1184.
Wedge press.
1185.
Ster-hydraulic press; a strand or rope is wound upon a barrel
inside the cylinder, thus displacing the water and raising the ram.
1186.
Screw fly press.
1187.
Combined screw and hydraulic press. The screw is worked
down by hand until the pressure becomes too great for hand power,
when the pressing is finished by the hydraulic ram.
1188.
Revolving dies.
1189.
The “Boomer” double-screw toggle press, with increasing
pressure as the press follower descends.
1190.
Revolving toggle press, with similar capabilities but more
restricted movement.
1191.
Sector and link press for increasing pressure.
1192.
Press dies, with sliding plate for discharging.
1193.
Screw and toggle press; a modification of No. 1189.
1194.
Double ram hydraulic press for two pressures; the small ram
is employed to give the first pressure, the large ram then finishes
the pressing.
See also Section 13.
(See Mechanical Powers, Section 53.)
Employed for machines having a slow movement one way, and a quicker
return movement.
1195.
Slot lever and crank motion; gives a varying speed, quickest
when the crank pin is at the bottom centre, and slowest when at
the top, with a slight pause at each end of stroke.
1196.
Whitworth’s motion. The pin A in the wheel B travels eccentrically
in the crank disc, which is eccentric to the fixed boss on
which the driving wheel B runs, so that the radius of the driving
motion of the pin varies as it revolves and it travels up and
down the slot in the disc.
1197.
By two belts, one open and one crossed, and driving drums of
different diameters.
1198.
By two belts, one open and one crossed, but driven by the same
drum. The middle pulley is loose, the left hand pulley is fast to
the spur wheel, and the right hand pulley to the spur pinion.
Segment gear, gearing alternately with the internal ring and the
central pinion. See No. 724.
See Section 74.
1199.
V-grooved pulley rim for round rope.
1200.
Multiple pulley rim, used for rope driving in mills, &c.
1201.
Single V-grooved pulley for hand ropes.
1202.
Pulley for wire rope transmission, with wood bedding in the
groove.
1203,
1204, & 1205.
Clip pulleys, which grip the rope by its own
tension.
Ordinary round grooved pulley.
See Section 71, No. 1241.
Rope grip pulley, with snugs to wedge the rope and prevent
slipping. See Section 71, No. 1242.
Pit head sheave. Used for quick running wire ropes. The
boss is usually split to allow of expansion in cooling, and the
arms are of wrought iron. See Section 71, No. 1243.
1206.
Rope driving.
1207.
Rope driving, with tightening pulley and weight.
1208.
Rope grip pulleys, for driving a vertical rope, the large pulley
has a V groove into which the rope is pressed by the small pulley.
1209.
Jigger hoisting rope gear, used for whip cranes, &c., instead of
spur gearing.
Wire rope transmission. Endless wire ropes of small diameter
are used running over large pulleys and driven at a high speed
(usually 3000 to 4000 feet per minute). This kind of power
may be carried considerable distances and over uneven ground,
but it is not desirable to have horizontal angles in the direction
of the rope.
The fly-wheel or its equivalent.
Air or gas compressed into a reservoir; air vessel, bellows.
See Section 7.
Water raised into an elevated reservoir or tank, or pumped
into a loaded accumulator. Variable Pressure Accumulator,
No. 1586.
Electricity stored in accumulators.
Pendulum. Sometimes used to accumulate power to be given out
suddenly, as in punching.
a. The fly-wheel or its equivalent.
b. Springs. See Section 80.
c. Weights.
d. Air or gas compressed into a reservoir; air vessel, bellows.
See Section 7.
e. Water raised into an elevated reservoir or tank, or pumped
into a loaded accumulator. Variable Pressure Accumulator,
No. 1586.
f. Electricity stored in accumulators.
g. Explosives.
h. Pendulum. Sometimes used to accumulate power to be given out
suddenly, as in punching.
(See Circular and Reciprocating Motion, Section 21).
(See Pawl and Ratchet Motions, Section 62).
The ordinary winch and crank handle.
Winch, worked by an endless hand rope and wheel, similar to
Nos. 1210, 1220.
a. The ordinary winch and crank handle.
b. Winch, worked by an endless hand rope and wheel, similar to
Nos. 1210, 1220.
1210.
Hand rope and barrel hoist. In this machine gearing may
be interposed between the hand rope wheel and rope drum to
increase the power and reduce speed.
Differential blocks of various patterns (see Weston’s, Pickering’s,
Moore’s, &c.). See Section 31.
By screw gear, as in the ordinary screw jack. Sec. 78.
c. Differential blocks of various patterns (see Weston’s, Pickering’s,
Moore’s, &c.). See Section 31.
d. By screw gear, as in the ordinary screw jack. Sec. 78.
e. Rack and pinion gear. See No. 754.
f. Worm and wheel gear. See Section 84.
Note as to brake wheels: these should always be upon the load
shaft so that the braking is not transmitted to the load through
toothed gearing. Worm gear usually will not sustain a load
without a brake wheel, unless there is an excess of friction
which should not exist.
This may be applied to any of the above as follows:—
a or b. To the ordinary winch by either gearing (see Section 84), belts
(see Section 3), or friction gear (see Section 38).
By gripping the endless rope between grip wheels (see 1208) the
small wheel can be thrown into gear to grip the rope by a lever,
cam or screw.
Differential gear may be driven from a shaft by belts or gearing.
See Sections 84 and 3.
Worm and wheel gear. Ditto.
Friction gear is usually driven as No. 1211.
b. By gripping the endless rope between grip wheels (see 1208) the
small wheel can be thrown into gear to grip the rope by a lever,
cam or screw.
c. Differential gear may be driven from a shaft by belts or gearing.
See Sections 84 and 3.
d. Screw gear. Ditto.
e. Rack gear. Ditto.
f. Worm and wheel gear. Ditto.
g. Friction gear is usually driven as No. 1211.
1211.
Where the barrel shaft has a slight horizontal movement,
so that, by the lever, it can be forced into gear with the
friction pinion to raise the load, or into the brake block to sustain
the load or lower it.
Grooved friction V gearing is also sometimes used.
See No. 667.
The direct-acting plan is simply a ram and cylinder, as in the
hydraulic press, the ram being as long as the height of travel of the cage.
For multiplying cylinder hydraulic gear, see Section 42.
Balancing the dead load of cage, &c. This is usually done
by weights attached to the end of ropes running over overhead pulleys and
fastened to the cage, as in No. 370, or by an auxiliary cylinder and ram of
short stroke loaded to the required weight, and communicating with the lift
cylinder by a pipe. See Section 20.
An hydraulic cylinder and piston may be used, to which the
cage is directly attached either above or below, the cage or platform being
overbalanced by a counterbalance weight and rope (running over a pulley
as No. 370), which is sufficient to raise it empty. The speed is controlled by
a pass valve which allows the water to pass from one side of the piston to the
other. See Section 5.
An ordinary V wheel and brake wheel may be used, the
cage being overbalanced as last described; the motion is controlled solely by
the brake. Or, an hydraulic brake cylinder may be used in connection with
a rope or chain attached to the cage. See note to Section 5.
a. An hydraulic cylinder and piston may be used, to which the
cage is directly attached either above or below, the cage or platform being
overbalanced by a counterbalance weight and rope (running over a pulley
as No. 370), which is sufficient to raise it empty. The speed is controlled by
a pass valve which allows the water to pass from one side of the piston to the
other. See Section 5.
b. An ordinary V wheel and brake wheel may be used, the
cage being overbalanced as last described; the motion is controlled solely by
the brake. Or, an hydraulic brake cylinder may be used in connection with
a rope or chain attached to the cage. See note to Section 5.
Other hoisting devices are:
Direct-acting steam or air cylinders, the piston rods being
coupled direct to the cage.
Air vessels, on the principle of the gasometer, but of a height
equal to the travel, and diameter proportional to the pressure of air
employed.
1212.
Internal screw elevator. The vertical shaft has a feather groove,
and carries a double crosshead with a wheel at each end, which run on the
spiral guides and raise the cage.
1213.
Screw elevator, for ice, &c. Vertical creeper.
1214.
Travelling hoist, with in and out motion and rope.
1215.
Steam digger and hoist.
1216.
Hauling capstan. The rope, which is payed on and off the
barrel, “fleets” itself as it travels along the barrel owing to its conical
shaped flanges.
1217.
Richmond’s patent differential telescopic hydraulic lift.
The water under each piston is forced into the next cylinder above, so that
the rams all travel upwards at proportional speeds, so as to reach the top
of their stroke at the same time.
1218.
Self-sustaining gear. The revolution of the pinion tends to
lift the barrel and its brake wheel out of the brake; lowering is performed
by relieving the brake wheel by a lever which raises it from the brake.
Cherry’s patent.
1219.
Belt hoist. Worked by a loose vertical belt, which is tightened
by the lever and pulley when required to hoist, and in lowering a load the
belt friction acts as a brake.
1220.
Travelling hand hoist, with endless rope.
1221.
Travelling cathead hoist. The cathead can be run back with
its load; the winch is sometimes fixed to the travelling beam and moves in
and out with it.
1222.
Winding engine, usual type for direct acting.
1223.
Geared winding engine.
1224.
Steam winch, horizontal arrangement.
1225.
Steam winch, diagonal arrangement.
1226.
Steam winch, horizontal worm-gear plan.
1227.
Continuous lift, for parcels, &c. Has a number of small cages,
boxes, or platforms suspended from horizontal pivots in two
endless chains; the cages are guided so as always to hang vertical.
1228.
Continuous lift, for passengers. Sometimes the cages are suspended
from two endless chains at their tops, as last described;
or sometimes from two endless chains, but with attachments to the
cages at corners diagonally opposite each other; and sometimes
from a single endless chain at the back, provided with guides, &c.
1229.
Continuous barrel hoist.
See also Cranes, Section 18.
1230.
The pivots of two rollers or shafts bear against the inside of a
stiff ring producing rolling contact, but the rollers or shafts must
run in the same direction. Used for roller mills, &c.
1231.
The same device, but for three rollers or shafts.
1232.
The shaft is guided vertically and its weight is borne by a
large roller with small pivots.
1233.
The shaft runs in the V between two rollers as last
described.
1234.
Roller or ball bearing. The friction is least when the rollers
have end pivots to run in loose rings so that the rollers are kept
apart and do not rub each other in revolving.
1235.
Hydraulic bearing, the shaft being sustained by water (or preferably
oil) pressure.
1236.
Vertical shaft, with cone rollers.
1237.
Vertical shaft, with ball bearing.
1238.
Vertical shaft, flanged and coned for cone rollers.
1239.
Ordinary swivelling castor.
1240.
Ball castor.
(See also Section 66.)
1241.
Pulley for round rope without any grip.
1242.
Round grooved pulley for round rope with gripping snugs.
1243. V
pulley for round rope; pithead pulley.
Pulley for wire rope transmission, high speed with wood
bedding. See Section 66, No. 1202.
Multiple rope gripping pulley
for rope driving. See Section 66,
No. 1200.
1244.
Belt pulley, flat fare.
1245.
Belt pulley, crown face. The rounding tends to keep the belt
from running off.
1246.
Flanged belt pulley.
1247.
Speed cone for belt.
1248.
Round grooved chain pulley.
1249.
Double grooved chain pulley; prevents the chain twisting.
1250.
Pitched chain snug pulley or sprocket pulley. The pitch
of snugs should be slightly longer than the chain, to allow for wear
and stretching of the chain.
1251.
Chain sprocket wheel, for long link chain at slow speeds.
1252.
Sprocket wheel, for long flat link pitched chains.
1253 &
1254. Sections of rim showing single and double links.
1255.
Sprocket wheel, for Ewart’s patent pitched chains. See Chains
&c., Section 11.
1256.
Square mesh wire gauze.
1257.
Perforated plate.
1258.
Parallel bars or wires.
1259.
Hexagon or triangular mesh wire work.
1260.
Slit and square hole perforations, used for seeds, &c.
A form of variable mesh is manufactured by parallel series of
diagonal bars jointed by pins to sliding cross-bars, so that the
angle of the mesh bars can be altered and thus the spaces
reduced or enlarged, on the same principle as No. 617.
1261.
Sloping screen.
1262.
Cylindrical or slope reel screen.
1263.
Cylindrical graduated screen or sizer.
1264.
Rotary screen, with rolling bevil gear motion. See No. 711.
1265.
Rotary horizontal screen.
1266.
Shaking or jigging screen. Sometimes supplied with a blast
or aspirator to carry off the lighter particles.
1267.
Eccentric or angular barrel screen or mixer.
1268.
Air blast sizing or graduating apparatus.
1269.
Edison’s magnetic sizing apparatus for iron or steel particles.
1270.
Graduating or sizing screens, either fixed as shown or kept
in motion like No. 1266.
See also Concentrating and Separating, Section 26.
1271.
Square bar rails.
1272.
L-iron tram road; often made of cast-iron with the joints
dove-tailed together.
1273.
T-iron tram road.
1274.
Tram road, with flanged plates for ordinary vehicles.
1275.
Tram road, with one channel plate and one flat plate.
1276.
Bridge rail.
1277.
Bulb-head flanged rail.
1278.
Double headed rail.
1279.
“Barlow” rail.
1280.
Bulb rail.
1281.
Flush grooved tramway rail. See Nos. 1839-1841.
1282.
Rolled joist rail.
1283.
Bulb-iron rail.
1284.
Edge’s patent perforated rail and toothed wheel.
Many forms of combined chair and sleeper are manufactured in
wrought iron and steel.
1285.
Left-hand switch.
1286.
Shunting carriage, for transverse shunting; carries a short
section of the main road and runs across it on independent rails
laid on a lower level; often used instead of a turntable for
shunting.
1287.
Tramway switch.
1288.
Right and left-hand switch and crossing, showing arrangement
of guard-rails.
1289.
Flat bar on edge rail.
See Section 99 for other sections of rails.
For Reversing Gear of Steam Engines, see Section 79.
1290.
Reversible driving motion by open and crossed belts, with two
loose and one fast pulleys.
1291.
Reversible driving motion by single belt, two fast pulleys and
one loose ditto and bevil gear, one bevil pinion having a sleeve
to which its fast pulley is keyed, the other bevil pinion being
keyed to the shaft.
1292.
Reversible driving motion by single belt, with quick and slow
motions; a modification of the last.
1293.
By double clutch and bevil gear.
1294.
Reversing friction cones or bevils.
1295.
Three-wheel gear. The driving wheel A can be put into gear
either with the driven wheel C or idle wheel B.
1296.
Double clutch and spur gear reversing motion, with idle
wheel.
1297.
Reversing pinions, as used on the ordinary screw-cutting lathe.
There are many varieties of this gear in use.
1298.
Application of single belt gear to No. 1296.
1299.
Self-reversing gear, with one belt, two fast and one loose
pulleys. The large spur wheel is driven from the bevil gear,
and carries the weighted lever past the vertical position by a stop
on the face-plate or disc, when it falls over and reverses the belt
fork. See No. 1026.
1300.
Self-reversing gear, as applied to planing machines. The stops
can be set at any required distance apart, to alter the length of
travel of the machine bed. This plan requires a heavy table to
carry the belt across the loose pulley to the other fast pulley.
1301.
Reversible belt-shifting hand gear.
1302.
Right and left hand screw reversing traverse motion.
Each lever has a half nut, which can be put in gear with the
screw to drive either way. See also No. 163.
1303.
Best form of fast and loose pulleys for open and crossed
belt reversing gear, as used in No. 1290; the fast pulley is rather
larger in diameter than the two loose ones.
1304.
Single-belt reversing pulleys, the reverse motion on the shaft
being obtained by intercepting an idle wheel A between the
epicycloidal wheel B and the shaft pinion C, the middle pulley
being the loose one; the idle wheel is carried by a fixed bracket
and pin.
Note.—Reversible motion can be obtained direct from any steam
engine fitted with reversing motion. See Valve Motions,
No. 1436, &c.
Segment Reversing Gear, No. 724.
Nearly all rotary engines can be used either as motors, pumps, blowers, or
meters, and most of the following typical devices have been
applied to all four purposes. Most of them are reversible by
simply reversing the direction of the motor fluid.
1305.
Disston’s; used as a pressure blower.
1306.
Root’s, blower and pump.
1307.
Root’s.
1308.
Mackenzie’s; may have one, two, or three vanes.
1309.
Gould’s.
1310.
Bagley and Sewall’s.
1311.
Greindl’s rotary pump.
1312,
1313, 1314, &
1315. Varieties of intergeared piston rotary
engines.
1316.
The small crescent-shaped piston revolves three times to
one revolution of the three-armed piston.
1317.
The hinged shutter is thrown out of the way each time the
revolving arm passes it.
1318.
Sliding shutter and cam piston device.
1319
& 1320. Varieties of the “Root” engine.
1321.
The hinged vanes are closed upon the revolving piston as they
pass the flat side of the casing.
1322.
Has an eccentric piston and two hinged vanes.
1323.
Eccentric piston and sliding diaphragm.
1324.
Klein’s motion. The eccentric ring revolves in contact with the
inner and outer casings, but is prevented from revolving on its
axis by the fixed shutter and slot.
1325.
Baker’s pressure blower.
1326.
A modification of No. 1323.
1327.
The eccentric ring revolves on its centre, allowing the vanes to
alternately project into the steam space as the wheel revolves.
1328.
Ivory’s. An eccentric cam and two sliding shutters, with a central
steam inlet.
1329.
Mellor’s has a rocking vane oscillated by an eccentric piston
carried round by a crank.
1330.
Eccentric piston and two sliding vanes or steam stops.
1331.
Differential rotary engine, with elliptical gear (see Section
34), or Stewart’s differential gear (No. 554) may be employed.
The “Tower” spherical engine is a well-known form of
rotary engine. See Engineer, August 10th, 1883.
1332.
An eccentric four-armed piston, with four rolling stoppers
or packings.
1333.
Mellor’s patent pump has a rocking vane or partition, with
packing device which accommodates itself to the revolving oval
piston.
1334.
Bisschop’s disc engine, with three or four cylinders, single
acting, whose rams press alternately on the edge of the disc.
1335.
Another form of disc engine, in which partitions (rising and
falling vertically) form the steam stops.
1336.
A modification of 1316.
1337.
Rotary or centrifugal pump or fan, numerous varieties of which
are in use. Many of the later forms, as Blackman’s and others,
have the vanes fixed diagonally so as to propel the air at right
angles to the plane of motion.
Employed to convey motion from a motor to various forms of driven
machinery by gearing of various kinds. See Sections 3, 11, 38,
40, and 84.
Materials employed are:—Round, square, or polygonal wrought iron or steel bars,
cast iron, wood, iron or steel tubes, planished round iron and steel bars, &c.
Stow’s flexible shafting. See No. 442.
1338.
Longitudinal section of a cast-iron shaft. These are sometimes
made of a X section.
1339.
Wooden shaft with end ferrules and iron end centres.
1340,
1341, & 1342.
End view and sections of ditto, solid hexagonal
and hollow circular.
1343,
1344, & 1345.
Arrangements of line shafting in a machine-shop
or factory, with or without overhead travelling crane.
1346.
Example of a line shaft, showing bearings (see Section 46),
couplings (see Section 16), pulleys (see Section 3), and gearing
(see Sections 3, 84).
Shafts to be used as rollers are usually made hollow of wrought
iron or other metal tube, tin plate, zinc plate, or sheet iron
riveted; or sometimes, as No. 1342, of wood laggings fixed to
solid polygonal blocks or centres, either continuous or in short
pieces fixed at intervals.
See also next Section (77).
1347.
Spindle with sunk end bearings.
1348.
Spindle with one sunk bearing and one collar.
1349.
Plain spindle with two loose collars. Where pedestals with
loose caps are used (see Section 46) the collars may be solid with
the spindle, but with a long shaft the collars should be at one
end only as shown, to allow of expansion. A wheel frequently
occupies the place of one or both collars, and serves the same
purpose.
1350.
Coned centre, fixed.
1351.
Collar centre pin or stud bolt, fixed.
1352.
Coned centre for roller or similar detail, driven in place.
1353.
Parallel centre for roller or similar detail, keyed in place.
1354.
Square centre for crane barrel, &c. See Nos. 634 and 635.
1355 &
1356. Lathe headstock spindles, solid or hollow; sometimes
made with conical and sometimes with parallel necks.
1357.
Conical crane post.
1358.
Conical cart axle.
1359.
Universal centres, employed to allow of a machine (or part of
ditto), such as a drill, to be adjusted at any possible angle, the
machine being fixed to one end of bar A.
1360.
Railway carriage axle. For cranked axles, see Section 10.
1361.
Square neck centre bolt. The square neck prevents the bolt
turning and loosening the nut.
1362.
Coned and cottered crank pin or centre, sometimes secured
by a nut, as No. 1350.
1363.
Centre pin and bracket, adjustable to various angles.
1364
& 1365. Two methods of securing end of rod to any solid
part of machine; used for steam hammer heads.
1366.
Hollow post centre, with water or steam channel to allow for
swivelling.
1367.
Group of sleeve centres, employed to allow of several pairs of
lever or wheel motions being taken independently on a single shaft.
1368.
Ordinary centre pin, with nut, washer, and split pin.
1369.
Ordinary centre pin, with split pin and washer.
1370.
Square thread screw. Single, double, or multiple thread.
1371.
V thread screw.
1372.
Enlarged section of V thread.
1373.
Strongest thread when the strain is always in one direction.
1374.
Round thread screw.
1375.
Geared thread, to be used with ordinary wheel teeth, the section
of thread being that of a rack of the same pitch as wheel.
1376.
Earth screw, screw pile, screw mooring, earth borer. See No.
530.
1377.
Fixed screw, with hand wheel to revolve the nut, the screw
having no rotation.
1378.
Conical screw; used for chucks, &c. With two, three, or more
sliding jaws chased to fit the conical thread.
1379 &
1380. Differential screws. One fixed, the other revolving,
impart a motion equal to the difference of pitch of the two screws
(see Section 31). See No. 1430.
1381.
Screw, with half nut; the bearings of the screw being fixed act
as a fulcrum for the motion of the half nut, which may be
attached to any sliding device; employed for jaw chucks.
1382.
Screw and worm gear, used for screw jacks, &c. The worm
gears with a worm wheel having a central nut running on the
main screw.
1383.
Mutilated screw and nut. In one position the nut can slide
on the screw, and a partial turn locks it. Used for instantaneous
grip vices, &c.
1384.
Spiral worm for three or four jaw chucks, expanding devices, &c.
See Sections 28 and 36.
1385,
1386, & 1387. Screw driver heads for screws.
1388 &
1389. Hexagon and square heads for ordinary spanners.
1390.
Form of head requiring special spanner or pointed bar.
1391.
Cylinder head bolt, with drilled holes and special spanner.
1392.
Cylinder head, but with flutes instead of holes for spanner.
1393.
Cylinder head, but with two flats cut on the head to suit an
ordinary spanner.
1394.
Socket head, to receive a second screw.
1395.
Eye bolt.
1396.
Thumb screw.
1397.
Thumb or shutter screw.
1398.
Milled head screw.
1399.
T head screw.
1400.
Thumb or fly nut and screw.
1401.
Hexagon collar stud to receive a nut or other female screwed
fixing.
1402.
Bolt head for forked spanner, used for sunk or countersunk heads.
1403.
Hexagon head, with solid washer or collar.
1404.
T head bolt for T grooves in castings.
1405 &
1406. Countersunk heads.
1407.
Eye bolt, with flat sides and straight eye for a pin or bolt.
1408.
Snap head.
1409.
Hook bolt.
1410
& 1411. Lewis bolts, rag bolts.
1412.
Cottered bolt.
1413, 1414,
& 1415. Lewis bolts and key pieces.
1416.
Collar stud.
1417.
Split spring head bolt.
1418.
Hook bolt.
1419.
Solid head and collar bolt, bed bolt.
1420 &
1421. Heads for bolts to slide and turn in T grooves of planing
machines, &c.
1422.
Countersunk bed bolt. Boiler stay.
1423, 1424,
& 1425. Methods of finishing screw heads to prevent
catching passing articles.
1426.
Screw head, with cross dovetails to carry a key or screwing lever.
1427
& 1428. Right and left-hand screw couplings for tie rods, &c.
1429.
Ring coupling for 2, 3, 4 or more rod ends for tie bracing.
1430.
Right and left-hand screw couplings with halved ends to
prevent the rods turning; may be made with one fine and one coarse
thread for differential motion, or with right and left-hand threads.
1431.
Rifling, as used in ordnance, &c., i.e. an internal multiple screw
thread of very long pitch.
1432.
Screw spanner; the weight prevents it working loose.
1433.
Belt screw.
1434.
Gib cotter bolts.
See also pipe couplings, Nos. 1071, 1072,
1073, 1074, 1075, and
1062, 1068, 1070.
For spiral worms and creepers, see Section 57.
Spiral pump, No. 1022.
Note that it is possible to construct a screw with an increasing or
decreasing pitch, as is done with the screw propeller. See also
No. 1378.
Double screw gear, No. 727.
Snail worm gear, No. 730.
Worm and crown gear, No. 733.
Worm and spiral gear, see Section 84.
It would be neither easy nor useful, besides being beyond the scope of this
work, to attempt to illustrate all the varieties of gear employed
to work the valves of steam and other motor engines. I shall
therefore only illustrate the more important types in general use,
the details of which may be varied to suit individual cases.
1435.
Is the ordinary slide valve gear with single eccentric for
engines running always in one direction.
1436.
Ordinary link motion reversing gear with two eccentrics;
the link, having a shifting motion, is so arranged that either
eccentric can be put into gear with the slide valve, the other
eccentric running idle; or when in the mid position, as in sketch,
both eccentrics run idle and the slide valve has no motion.
By setting the link at intermediate positions the travel of the valve
can be varied, and consequently the cut off also within certain
limits.
1437.
Nicholson’s patent reversing gear, without eccentrics. The
drawing explains itself. This gear cannot be run in the intermediate
positions, as a link motion to vary the cut off. This
limits its usefulness to simple reversing only.
1438.
Automatic governor expansion for single eccentric engine; the
position of the connecting rod end in the swinging link is dependent
on the governor, and thus also the travel of the slide valve.
1439.
Side shaft motion for operating Cornish, Corliss, and spindle
valves. The valves can be driven from this shaft by cams,
eccentrics, or gearing.
1440.
Gab lever for throwing the eccentric out of gear and thus stopping
the engine.
1441.
Sector and link reversing motion for oscillating engine;
sometimes a shifting eccentric is used instead of link motion, as
No. 1443.
1442.
Reversing sector link motion for an oscillating engine; the
valve is operated from the link, the angle of which is altered by
the hand lever, there is therefore no lead to the valve.
1443.
Shifting eccentric and balance sometimes used for reversing
instead of double eccentrics and link; the loose eccentric is
carried round in either direction by a stop piece on the shaft,
fixed so as to give the correct lead both ways.
1444.
Murdoch’s variable expansion gear (see Mechanical World,
September 29th, 1888) has one eccentric which operates a double
arm lever, the outer end of which moves a sliding fulcrum along
the valve rod lever, so that the leverage of the valve rod lever
varies at different parts of the stroke. The sliding fulcrum is
attached to a radius rod.
1445.
Proell’s automatic expansion gear. Shown applied to special
double beat valves, but is sometimes applied to a special throttle
valve, and is then applicable to any ordinary engine. The action
of the governor alters the lap of the catches upon the ends of the
valve levers, thus varying the time that the valves are kept open;
the catches are centered on an oscillating T lever, operated from
an eccentric on the main shaft.
1446.
Marshall’s valve gear, driven by one eccentric on crank shaft.
The sector rocking centre is moved along the curved slot to
reverse the engine, giving similar motion to the valve rod as in
the case of the ordinary link reversing gear No. 1436.
1447.
The Bremmé valve gear with single eccentric; the valve rod
is operated by a lever and bent connecting rod from the end of the
eccentric rod; the latter is constrained to move in an arc by a
three-link attachment to a fixed bearing behind the eccentric rod
and a movable one at the right-hand end of the horizontal link.
To reverse, the arm and sector are turned to the dotted position
by the worm and hand wheel shaft.
1448.
Joy’s valve gear, operated by a pin on the connecting rod. The
slotted T lever is connected to the hand lever for reversing, and
when reversed stands at the same angle from a vertical line but
on the opposite side. The fulcrum of the valve rod lever has a
sliding motion in the slot of the T lever.
1449.
Variable expansion gear by hand power. There are many
applications of this type used to vary the travel of a cut-off
valve.
1450.
Corliss valve gear, operated by a single eccentric, has two
steam and two exhaust valves similar to No. 1642, worked from
pins on a rocking wrist plate. The steam valves have trips,
regulated by the governor, on a similar principle to No. 1445.
1451.
Crank shaft governor with shifting eccentric: the centrifugal
action of the weights, acting against springs, is used to revolve
the inner eccentric so as to vary the throw of the main eccentric
from which the slide valve is driven.
1452.
Another form: in this also the throw of the eccentric is varied
by the action of the governor ball.
1453.
Another form of automatic governor expansion trip gear
in connection with Cornish valves; a single eccentric operates the
four valves, and the contacts of the catches and steam valve
levers are regulated by the governor, the lower or exhaust valves
having a constant motion.
1454.
Double angular slide valve for varying the cut off by a transverse
motion given to the valve from outside, either by hand gear
or by the governor, the valve being made wider than the valve
face, as dotted lines.
1455.
H. Jack’s variable expansion gear, with one eccentric.
Patent No. 4167/85.
1456.
Variable cut-off valve on the back of the main slide, the rod of
which can be revolved by hand or from the governor to vary the
opening of the cut off valves.
1457.
A plan to effect the same object but by a cylindrical cut off
valve.
1458.
English’s expansion gear. Two eccentrics. The expansion
valve has no lap, and the gear gives a constant relative motion to
both valves.
1459.
Tappet gear, sometimes used for water-pressure engines, &c.
1460.
Open spiral spring for tension.
1461.
Close spiral spring.
1462.
Open spiral spring for compression.
1463.
Open spiral spring (square thread) for compression.
1464.
Double volute chair spring.
1465.
Spindle-shaped open or close spiral spring for tension.
1466.
Parallel open or close spiral spring with coned ends.
1467 &
1468. Volute springs.
1469.
Torsional spiral spring.
1470.
Wire staple torsional spiral spring, used for hinging; the
ends of the wire are bent at a right angle and driven into the
wood.
1471.
Fixed spring.
1472
& 1473. Sear springs.
1474.
Flat spiral spring.
1475.
Plate spring.
1476.
Indiarubber spring for tension.
1477.
Wire spring.
1478.
Ribbon spring for torsion.
1479.
Compound rubber disc spring.
1480.
Air cushion or spring piston.
1481.
Laminated plate wagon spring.
1482.
Compound dished disc or bent plate spring.
1483.
Loop spring.
1484.
Flat spiral spring, clock spring or coil spring.
1485.
Split ring spring.
1486.
Spring pole for foot hammer motion, &c.
1487
to 1489. Spring washers.
1490.
Spindle-shaped compression spring.
1491.
Flat spiral spring for piston rings.
See also Nos. 1729, 630,
1501, 1503, 11, 767,
768; and Section 35
(Elastic Wheels) for other forms of springs and applications of
them.
For equalising the tension of a spring, see No. 1592 and
1602.
1492.
Cam gear; operates by gripping the wood guides by a serrated
eccentric cam surface on the breakage of the rope, the cam being
pulled round by a spring which is kept out of action by the
tension of the rope until it breaks.
1493.
Strut or pawl gear; explains itself.
1494.
Double wedge gear.
1495.
Governor gear. The rope attached to the cage drives a governor
acting on a brake or catch which is thrown into action if the cage
gains excessive speed, used in Attwood Beaver’s Patent; American
Elevator Co., &c.
1496.
Rack and pawl gear.
1497.
Cross grip lever gear.
1498.
Safety hook to prevent accident from overwinding; the projecting
horns A A strike the edges of the plate B, and throw the shackle
C at top out of gear.
For hoist doors the best appliance is an ordinary spring lock
opened only by a key, the doors being provided with springs to
close them. Various automatic doors, revolving shutters, and
other devices have also been tried. A simple and effectual protection
is a continuous open-work screen wound upon a roller at
top and bottom of lift, and attached to the top and bottom of
cage and rising and falling with it, so that the doors into lift are
all covered at all times except the one at which the cage happens
to stand.
Safety valves
(see Section 89). Various automatic alarm signals
are applied to boilers to warn against low water or excessive
pressure.
Automatic valves and other devices are applied to pumping and
steam engines to prevent running away. See note to Section 41.
To collect and discharge condensed steam from pipes, &c.
1499.
Trap operated by a modified form of ball cock, which
rises as the box fills with condensed water and opens the discharge
valve.
1500.
Effects the same object by a floating basin. The condensed
water enters the box outside the basin, fills it, and lifts the
basin which closes the discharge outlet; when the box is full
the water overflows into the basin and sinks it, thus opening the
outlet valve.
1501.
Trap operated by expansion of a bent spring which closes the
valve, on the principle that live steam is hotter than the water
condensed from it.
1502.
Tredgold’s trap. The valve is opened by a simple float.
1503.
Wilson’s trap, like 1501, is dependent on the different expansion
of a spring under the difference of temperature of the steam and
condensed water. In this case the spring is formed of a steel and
brass plate riveted together.
There are many other forms upon similar principles to the
foregoing.
The valves used for starting steam and other engines are usually merely
of the ordinary screw down or sliding types. See Section 89.
For starting and controlling all other forms of reciprocating
cylinder motors, such as hydraulic lifting cylinders and presses
for all purposes, the ordinary slide valve with either two or
three ports is the common device; also the ordinary three or
four way cock. See Section 89.
1504.
Locke’s 3-way balanced valve, which is balanced in all
positions. A is the supply, B
the cylinder branch, and C exhaust.
1505.
Fenby’s 3-way equilibrium starting valve. A supply,
B cylinder branch, C exhaust.
1506.
Auxiliary valve and pistons to start large slide valves too
heavy for direct hand power. A 3-way cock is shown as the
auxiliary valve, but a small slide valve or piston valve may be
substituted. See note at foot of Section 93, also Nos. 1740
and 1741.
1507.
Auxiliary valve and bellows for air, as sometimes used in
large organs to open heavy “pallets.” The small valve A is
opened by the pressure of the finger on the corresponding key of
keyboard, and allows the pressure of air to enter the small bellows
which operates the large valve B.
1508.
Four plunger valve, used for double power hydraulic lift
cylinders employing a trunk piston. For the low power the
pressure water acts on both sides of the piston; for the double
power it acts only on the back of piston, the front side being then
open to the exhaust.
1509.
A starting valve, having two ordinary wing or spindle valves,
either of which is lifted by a double cam or wiper on a spindle
passing through a stuffing box on side of valve case. A supply,
B cylinder port, C exhaust.
1510 &
1511. Two methods of operating starting valves for
hydraulic lifting machines. 1510 acts by counter balance
weights and a single rope, each of the weights being heavy
enough to move the valve, and 1511 by an endless rope.
1512.
Low pressure starting valve, used for piston hydraulic
cylinders in which the lifting is performed by the down stroke
of the piston rod, and in lowering, the valve allows the water to
pass from above to below the piston, the water being exhausted
from below the piston on its down stroke when the valve is in the
position shown.
1513.
Oscillating valve, with plunger face kept up by a spring.
The oscillating valve has two ports passing out at opposite ends,
through stuffing boxes, to either end of the cylinder; the inlet is
at top and discharge at bottom.
1514.
Balanced self-acting starting valve, suitable for large
machines and low pressure. The upper piston is larger than the
lower or main piston, and the space above the upper piston can
be put in communication with the pressure water below it, or the
exhaust port by the small piston valve at top operated by the
hand gear; so that the main piston is operated by the pressure
water acting on it.
1515.
Spur gearing. For construction of teeth see text books.
1516.
Strongest form of spur teeth for motion in one direction only.
1517.
Half shrouded spur teeth.
1518.
Whole shrouded spur teeth.
1519.
Double helical spur teeth, stronger by 15 per cent. than
straight teeth; work without backlash or noise, and may be half
or whole shrouded; section of tooth on plane of motion is the
same as the ordinary spur teeth (No. 1515).
1520.
Crown wheel and pinion.
1521.
Long teeth spur wheels or “star” wheels. Used on
roller mangles, &c., where the centres rise and fall.
1522.
Plain bevil gear; shafts at right angles.
1523.
Plain bevil gear; shafts at acute angles.
1524.
Plain bevil gear; shafts at obtuse angle.
1525.
Plain bevil gear; four shafts at right angles.
1526.
Skew bevils; shafts not in line with one another.
Note.—Where the pair are both of same diameter they are called
“mitre wheels.”
1527.
Spur wheel and pinion; to increase or decrease power and
speed the diameters can be varied to almost any proportion.
1528.
“Screw gear”; single helical gear.
1529.
Skew spur wheels; shafts not parallel.
1530.
Dr. Hooke’s gear. Three or more separate wheels of similar or
dissimilar pitch fixed together so as to divide the pitch and
reduce backlash.
1531.
The same result obtained by two wheels, one fixed to shaft,
the other loose and forced round by a spring so as to follow the
pitch of the pinion and destroy all backlash.
1532.
Mortise wheel teeth.
1533.
Mortise wheel teeth; another method.
Note.—Wood teeth are usually one-third thicker than the iron
teeth they gear into.
1534.
Pin wheel and pinion gear.
1535.
Lantern wheel.
1536.
Screw gear, used in place of bevil gear. Shafts at right angles;
teeth at an angle of 45°.
1537.
Variable speed cone gear.
1538.
Variable speed square gear.
1539.
Variable speed oval or elliptical gear.
1540.
Irregular gear.
1541.
Internal or epicycloidal gear. See Nos. 550 and 1545.
Used for differential blocks, &c. Note that both wheel and pinion
run in the same direction, and that more teeth are in gear at one
time than with external gear as No. 1527.
1542 &
1543. Varieties of “mangle” gear. The pinion being revolved
continuously in one direction produces a reciprocating
motion of the wheel; the pinion shaft travels from inside the
wheel to outside, and vice versâ, by rising and falling in the slot
in the frame. See also No. 423.
1544.
Differential gear. See Section 31. One wheel has one or more
teeth more than the other; used for counters, &c.
1545.
Moore’s patent differential epicycloidal gear. The pinion
and wheel are loose on the shaft and eccentric. One wheel has
one tooth more than the other.
1546.
Multiplying bevil gear. A is a fixed wheel, the cross C is
keyed to shaft, B loose on ditto, D and
E loose on C; then B is
driven at a speed greater than the shaft in proportion to the
diameters of the gear. See Patent No. 12,696, 1884.
1547.
Double worm gear, right and left hand threads. Neutralises
the end thrust on shaft. A and B may be geared together.
1548.
Pointed gear; used for light work and for minimum of friction.
1549.
Curved worm gear, for heavy strains. Several teeth are in
gear at once, but the thread, having a varying section and pitch, is
difficult to cut.
1550.
Antifriction worm gear (Hawkins’). The wheel has four
rollers; when one pair is nearly out of gear with the worm, the
next pair is coming into gear. This worm is also difficult to cut.
1551.
Crown worm gear.
1552.
Ball joint mitre gear.
1553.
Multiplying rack gear. The upper moving rack is driven at
twice the speed of the spur wheel rod. The lower rack is fixed;
used on planing and printing machines.
1554 to
1557. Varieties of worm gear, with straight, hollowed, and
curved teeth; the latter are strongest.
1558.
Worm and rack gear.
1559.
Differential worm gear. The worm gears into two wheels, one
having one tooth more than the other.
See also Sections 40 and 31.
By steam or air conveyed in pipes (elastic fluids).
By water, glycerine, or oil conveyed in pipes (non-elastic
fluids).
By stiff rods running over guides.
By wires or ropes running over guide pulleys—wire rope
transmission. See Section 66.
By electricity conveyed along wire conductors.
a. By belt, chain, or rope. See Sections 3, 66.
b. By shafting. See Section 76.
c. By gearing. See Sections 84 and 40.
d. By steam or air conveyed in pipes (elastic fluids).
e. By water, glycerine, or oil conveyed in pipes (non-elastic
fluids).
f. By stiff rods running over guides.
g. By wires or ropes running over guide pulleys—wire rope
transmission. See Section 66.
h. By electricity conveyed along wire conductors.
1560.
Plan of square tank of ordinary form; formed of cast iron
flanged plates and wrought iron tie rods, the joints are either made
with rust cement or planed and jointed with tape and red lead.
1561.
Plan of square tank with rounded angles.
1562.
Circular tank. No tie rods required.
1563.
Elliptical tank. Requires tie rods across the flat sides.
1564.
Polygonal tank. No tie rods required.
1565.
Elevation of square or polygonal tank.
1566.
Elevation of cylindrical or circular tank.
1567
& 1568. Condensing or cooling tanks. Surface condensers
with sloping trays or tubes.
1569.
Wrought iron tank, usual section, formed of sheets and L irons
riveted together.
1570 &
1571. Circulating or depositing tanks.
1572.
Boiler saddle tank.
1573.
Circulating tank for hot water.
The level of water may be maintained in tanks by either an overflow
pipe or notch, or by a ball cock on the supply pipe.
Glass water gauges can be fixed outside to show the level of the
water inside; and floats are used, attached to a cord and
pulleys, for the same purpose. See also No. 1730.
1574.
The driving wheel is loose on shaft, and is locked to its shaft by
the hand wheel nut (see No. 945), or by a ratchet wheel and
locking pawl.
1575.
Two half-nuts are lifted in or out of gear with the screw by cam
or lever motion. See No. 942.
1576.
One shaft runs in eccentric bearings, which can be revolved
so as to throw it out of gear with the other shaft.
1577.
Radius bar and slot. The stud wheel can be shifted in or out
of gear along the slot.
1578.
Sliding back shaft, slides out of gear. See dotted lines.
1579.
Method of throwing a pulley out of gear by slacking the
belt. This is done either by a cam bearing or sliding motion to
the driver shaft. Works best vertically. See also No. 1219.
1580.
Cam slot motion for back shaft. To throw it in or out of gear.
1581.
Motion employed for punching machines, &c. To set the
punch in or out of action by a cam and hand lever.
For variable speed and power by spur gear, see
Sections 84 and 40.
For variable speed and power by bevil gear, see Section 84.
For variable speed and power by cam gear, see Section 9.
For variable speed and power by belt gear, see Section 3.
1582.
Variable speed belt cones, for crossed belts. Angle of cones
should not exceed 15°.
1583.
Stepped cone gear.
1584.
Variable throw crank pin. (See Hastie’s Patent, 3561, 1878;
Knowelden and Edwards’, 2996, 1858.)
1585.
Beam motion, with variable fulcrum to alter the proportionate
lengths of stroke of driving and driven cylinders. See also
No. 1606.
1586.
Variable pressure accumulator. Both cylinders are in communication
by a pipe, and the pressure varies with the angle
between the rams.
1587.
Wright’s variable gear. The radius of frictional contact of the
wheels varies as they are moved closer together or separated.
1588.
Olmsted’s variable cone friction gear, with intermediate
double cone idle wheel instead of belt.
1589.
Convex and concave cones for open belts.
1590.
Three speed gear, each separate pair of spur gear being driven
by its own belt pulley on separate sleeve pieces.
1591.
Irregular or elliptical gear.
1592.
Lever combination to obtain an even tension from a spring
throughout its motion.
1593.
Scroll spur gear.
1594.
Scroll gear for obtaining a variable pull from a weight.
1595.
Variable friction gear. The pinion can be moved up or down
from the centre to the outside of disc to vary the speed.
1596.
Owen’s compound lever variable pressure air pumps.
The pressure increasing and speed decreasing as the pistons rise
to the top of their stroke.
1597.
2-speed gear by one belt. One loose pulley B carries a transverse
mitre wheel, which, gearing into the fixed mitre wheel A,
drives the mitre wheel pulley C keyed to shaft at twice the speed
of pulley B when the belt is on B; by shifting the belt to pulley
C, the speed is 1 to 1. The third pulley is loose for running idle.
1598.
2-speed bevel gear with three wheels and sliding shaft, by which
either pair can be put into gear.
1599.
2-speed bevel gear with four wheels and sliding shaft.
1600.
Increasing speed cone and screw, friction gear. The cone
is driven by frictional contact with the pinion.
1601.
Variable fulcrum lever, with shifting pin and hole adjustment.
1602.
Fusee barrel, as used in clocks and watches to equalise the tension
of spring on the movement; may also be employed to give a
variable speed. The spring is usually similar to No. 1484, and
coiled in the upper barrel.
1603.
Variable throw crank pin and slot, much used for variable
feed motions in combination with some type of pawl and ratchet
gear.
1604. Variable travel imparted to the piston rod from the
crank by altering the point of attachment of the link A to the
slot.
1605.
Variable power pistons, single-acting.
1606.
Effects the same ends as No. 1601 or 1585, by shifting the
fulcrum point along the slot by means of a screw.
1607.
Variable throw crank pin by means of a jointed crank and
radial adjusting screw.
1608.
Variable throw crank pin by attaching the crank pin to an
eccentric disc. See Section 10.
1609.
Wind motor-fan or turbine, with variable-angle vanes actuated
by a central sleeve and cam or lever gear.
1610.
Variable friction cone gear; the small friction pinion can be
moved radially to and fro to alter the leverage and consequently
speed of driving radius from the cone.
In the steam engine, compressed air engine, and gas engine
(these being all elastic fluids), the power given out is varied
by altering the supply of steam, air, or gas. In the water
wheel the power may be varied by altering the quantity of
water (or head of water) supplied to the wheel. In the turbine
the power can be varied by altering the head of supply water
and the angle of vanes; altering the quantity reduces the
speed and efficiency. The turbine will not work well under
great variations of either head or quantity.
See also Nos. 736, 722, 723,
1190, 1191, 381, 382,
384, 385, 377, 372,
373; and Sections 20 and 40.
For variable pressure or tension by springs, see Section 80.
Variable balance weights, Section 20.
Of the almost innumerable varieties of valves and cocks in use the following
are selected as types without reference to special uses, each type
having its peculiar value, and the drawings are only intended to
indicate the special features of each type without such details as
may be varied to suit each particular requirement or application.
1611.
The common plug cock.
1612.
The same, but with screwed gland.
1613.
2-way or 3-way plug cock, with packed gland.
1614.
Hollow plug blow-off cock, with packed gland.
1615.
Back pressure or check valve, self closing.
1616.
Ball valve and guard, self closing.
1617.
Indiarubber disc and grating valve.
1618.
Double flap indiarubber or leather and grating valve.
1619.
Simple flap valve faced with rubber or leather.
1620.
Rocking or rolling valve. For opening and closing gradually
and easily against pressure.
1621.
Roll-up valve. For same purposes as the last named.
1622.
Sector full-way screw down valve, shown closed; when open
the disc is up in the chamber out of the waterway.
1623.
Double face valve; the spindle is screwed into the stuffing-box
neck and the lower valve, the upper one being pinned to the
spindle; the thread in the lower valve is twice the pitch of the
upper thread.
1624
& 1625. Spring relief valves; the springs are adjusted to blow
off at any stated pressure, which may be regulated by a screw or
nut (not shown).
1626.
Weighted lever relief valve or safety valve.
1627.
Reducing valve, can be adjusted by the balance weight to pass
fluids from a high pressure to any lower pressure.
1628.
Another form, with spring balance adjustment and equilibrium
valve.
1629.
Equilibrium valve.
1630.
Equilibrium valve, not steam tight, but serrated, to cut off
gradually, employed for governors of steam engines.
1631.
Equilibrium cylindrical grating valve, may be used to open
and close either by vertical or revolving motion.
1632.
Common throttle or butterfly valve.
1633.
Duplex throttle or damper for a three-way pipe or flue.
1634.
Hydraulic high-pressure check valve, with long guide wings.
1635.
Hydraulic plug or spindle valve and seating; all seatings
for high pressure should be narrow and hard.
1636.
Duplex or Ramsbottom safety valve; each valve serves as
a fulcrum by which to lift the other. One fulcrum point should
be jointed to the lever and the latter move in a vertical guide, or
else the point of attachment of the spring to the lever be placed
below the level of the valve seatings.
1637.
A modification of the last named.
1638.
Pass valve, used for pneumatic despatch tubes.
1639.
Oscillating lever duplex valve.
1640.
Simple radial disc valve or sluice.
1641
& 1642. Oscillating cylindrical valves. Corliss valves; sometimes
made tapered or conical.
1643.
Multiple ball valve, for high lift delivery valve of large
pumping engines. Balls are of guttapercha, and open and close
without shock.
1644.
Multiple ring valve. The rings open and close in succession,
thus avoiding shocks.
1645.
Double beat ring valve.
1646.
Double beat equilibrium or Cornish valve. The upper
seating can be made of such area as to partly or entirely balance
the valve.
1647.
Multiple ring valve. The indiarubber rings expand and contract
over the perforations.
1648.
Double-beat valve, with sunk seating.
1649.
Common D slide valve, with three ports.
1650. Duplex or
double D slide.
1651.
Another form, partly in equilibrium.
1652.
Equilibrium slide valve, with circular packed trunk on back, of
area sufficient to balance the face area of valve.
1653.
Similar result obtained by a piston and link.
1654.
Equilibrium piston valve employed in lieu of the slide valve.
A steam pipe, B B exhaust.
1655.
Gridiron slide valve.
1656.
Common plate slide valve or sluice, used for blast pipes.
1657.
Floating ball valve, for automatic discharge of air from water
mains.
1658.
Ordinary double-faced sluice valve, lifts clear of the water
way.
1659.
Single face sluice valve, for sewage water, &c.
1660.
Flap sluice valve. Tidal outlet valve.
1661.
Diaphragm valve.
1662.
Oscillating disc valve, for gas.
1663.
Large 3 or 4-way plug cock.
1664.
Finger valve, closed by a spring.
1665.
Taper cone valve, for gradually closing an outlet.
1666.
Dome valve, used for hot blast, hot gases, &c. This form retains
its shape when heated, expanding evenly.
1667.
Common floating ball tap.
1668.
Three-way air valve.
1669.
Duplex slide, used to close a number of openings at once.
1670.
West’s spiral valve, with indiarubber cord which expands and
contracts over a spiral perforated groove.
1671.
Dennis’ self-lifting valve. The valve is kept to its seat by the
pressure being admitted on to its back through small hole A; when
the larger hole B is opened by the spindle the back pressure is
relieved and the valve lifted by the pressure below its conical
underside.
1672.
Common cone plug.
1673.
Equilibrium plug or cylindrical valve, double ported.
1674.
Another form of self-lifting valve. See No. 1671 for
description.
1675.
Compound flap valve.
1676.
Indiarubber pump valve.
1677.
Venetian shutter or compound butterfly valve.
1678.
Bye pass used to allow a small flow when the main valve is shut off.
Used also to equalise pressure on both sides of a large valve to
enable it to open easily.
1679.
Bell and hopper, or cup and cone; used for blast furnaces,
coke ovens, and gas generators.
1680.
Cup valve and suspended weight.
1681.
Four-way valve for hot water pipes, &c.
1682.
Oscillating valve.
1683.
Gas purifier centre valve, for four purifiers; to work one
purifier off and three on, or all four on at once. It is similar in
plan to No. 1684, but has an additional top valve which allows the
gas to pass into the fourth purifier; the top valve has an independent
sleeve and lever motion.
1684.
Gas purifier centre valve, employed to deliver and discharge
gas into and out of any one, two, or three out of four purifiers.
The motion of the gas is shown by the arrows.
1685.
Conical grating valve with radial slots, opened or closed by
revolving motion.
1686.
Simple undershot wheel.
1687.
Breast wheel.
1688.
High breast wheel.
1689.
Overshot wheel.
1690.
Return overshot wheel.
1691.
Internal feed re-action wheel.
1692.
Sunk wheel, driven by air: may be used as a meter for gas or air.
1693.
Current wheel, driven by tidal or river current.
1694.
Flutter wheel, with high fall.
1695.
Horizontal wheel.
1696.
Re-action wheel, the oldest form of turbine.
1697.
Engel’s diagonal wheel.
1698.
Scoop wheel for raising water. See also No. 1024.
1699.
Wheel, with internal buckets and feed.
Note that most of these may be reversed and made into water
raising machines, as No. 1698.
1700
to 1703. Sections of various forms of buckets in wood and
iron. No. 1703 is a ventilated bucket which allows air to escape
as the water enters.
For governing speed of water wheels and turbines, see Section 41.
1704.
Fourneyron’s turbine, outward flow; the outer vanes are fixed,
the inner ones revolve with the shaft.
1705.
Jonval’s turbine, downward flow; either the upper or lower set
is fixed.
1706.
Swain’s turbine, inward and downward flow, with inward curved
vanes or flumes.
1707.
Leffel’s turbine, inward and downward flow; has one outer ring of
fixed vanes and two inner sets revolving, but having different
angles of flow.
1708.
Undershot jet wheel for high pressure water.
Many other forms of turbines are extant, but are mostly modifications
of the above types. The best types have means of varying the angle of
the vanes and areas of passages to suit varying quantities of water.
1709.
Heavy gearing for rolling mills, &c., with dovetailed joints
wedged and packed.
1710.
Wheel cast in sectors bolted together.
1711.
Bevil wheel in halves.
1712.
Wheel with rim in segments bolted together, and provided
with bored and cottered sockets for arms in both rim and boss.
1713.
Fly wheel rim, cottered and dowelled together.
1714.
Arms and boss cast in one: the rim in segments, bolted
together and to the arms.
1715.
Tension wheel. The tie spokes are sometimes arranged in two
sets at a slight angle to each other to prevent the rim turning
without the boss. Bicycle wheels are of this class.
1716.
Wrought-iron wheel, with cast boss.
1717.
Wrought-iron wheel, with cast boss.
1718.
Rim in segments bolted together, wood arms and cast boss, with
sockets to receive arms; this type is much used for water wheels.
1719.
Railway wheel: boss of cast iron with wrought-iron arms cast
in. The rim is of rolled iron or steel riveted on. There are
numerous methods of fastening the tyres to arms, detailed in
the Engineer, July 23rd, 1880.
1720.
Spring rim split pulley.
1721.
Segment fly-wheel, with long radial bolts to secure the rim,
arms, and boss together.
1722.
Large centre boss, with rim segments bolted to it.
1723.
Wheel in halves; the boss is held together by two bolts acting
as cotters.
1724.
Weighing by a beam with equal arms. Weights A = package
B.
1725.
Weighing by a beam with unequal arms. Weight A
constant; leverage of ditto variable by shifting it along the
graduated arm of lever.
1726.
Graduated measuring vessel.
1727.
Similar principle applied by compound levers with unequal
arms. The table is supported on four points on the arms
of levers loosely jointed together in the centre; one lever is
extended and coupled by a rod to a graduated lever with sliding
weight. Knife edges are used for bearings for all weighing
machines by leverage. See No. 958. This construction is the
basis of most of the ordinary weighing machines in use.
1728.
Duckham’s patent hydraulic weighing machine. The
article to be weighed is suspended from the hook, and exerts
a pressure on the ram. The corresponding pressure on the
liquid (usually oil or glycerine) is indicated on the pressure
gauge, which is graduated to show the weight.
1729.
Spring balance.
1730.
Appliance for indicating depth of water in a cistern by an
air bell and pipe connected to a U water gauge. The pressure
on the air in the bell varies with the depth or head of water
above it, and is indicated on the gauge. A modification of this is
employed for sounding at sea.
Weights of substances may be ascertained by their displacement in water
or mercury, or by supporting the weighing scale on a free piston resting
on an ascertained area of water or mercury, the pressure produced being
indicated by a gauge.
1731.
Micrometer gauge.
1732.
Radial arm weighing machine.
1733.
Small weighing device, depending upon the angle the card
assumes in respect of the vertical pointer, which is on a free
pivot.
1734.
Automatic measuring or weighing device. The material fills
one compartment until it overbalances, when it falls and empties
itself; the material then fills the other compartment, and so on.
1735.
Wet gas meter. The gas enters at the centre, and as the compartments
fill they rise out of the water, the gas being discharged
at the outer ports into the casing.
1736.
Measuring wheel.
1737.
Measuring wheel.
1738.
Double slide measurer.
1739.
Automatic tipping scale. When full, to equal the weight, it
falls and tips by striking a fixed stop; the scale then turns over
and returns to its position, and is refilled.
1740.
An ordinary piston and cylinder are often employed to
measure liquids, and fitted with a reversing valve on the same
principle as Nos. 1026, 1027, and
1741. See also note to Sec. 93.
Most of the rotary devices (see Section 75) have been employed
as meters for liquids and gases. See No. 1692.
Dry gas meters usually employ an expanding bellows, or light
piston, with a self-reversing valve, similar to Nos. 1299 and
1026. See also Section 44.
See also Section 56.
Hydraulic ram. See No. 1025.
Robinet. See No. 1026.
Two- or three-cylinder engines, with slide valves operated either by
eccentrics as in the steam engine, or by the oscillation of the
cylinder. The slide valves have no lap or lead; there is no
cushioning except what is given by an air vessel on the supply
pipe. Three-cylinder engines are usually made single acting
with rams. See No. 1743.
1741.
Single cylinder engines. These must have the slide or other
distributing valve reversed by pistons A, A, operated by the
pressure of the supply water. This is usually done by an
auxiliary valve B, reversed by the main piston rod C. This
valve admits the pressure water to the pistons A, A, which
reverse the main slide valve. See No. 1506. See note below.
1742.
Mode of working an underground pumping engine by
water cylinders above ground, connected to those below by pipes
A, A. B
is the suction, C the delivery.
1743.
One, two, or three cylinder water engine. The ports are
in the segmental base of the cylinder, have no lap, and are
opened and closed by the oscillation of the cylinder.
1744.
Circular oscillating cylinder, in a case which opens and closes
its ports by its own oscillation.
In lieu of the weighted lever valve gear for single cylinder water
pressure engines, the engine may be arranged to compress a
spring during the stroke, which at the end of the stroke shall
be released, and by its expansion reverse the valve.
1745.
Cylindrical revolving screen washer, for roots, &c.
1746.
Tub and paddle washer.
1747.
Coal washer. The water is kept in motion up and down through
the screen A by a cylinder and piston B;
the mud sinks to C
and the washed coal passes over to D. Both are removed
continuously by elevators or worms. See Section 57.
For washing ores sloping screens either plain or perforated are
often used, a stream of water being kept flowing over the ore,
which is kept in motion. See Nos. 1266 and 477, also Cylindrical
Revolving Screens, as No. 1262.
1748.
Cylindrical perforated drum, with internal fixed spiral flange
which causes the material to travel at a fixed rate of motion. The
cylinder may be revolved in a water trough as No. 1745, or water
may be fed in with the material and the casing be unperforated.
1749.
A contrivance to keep a continuous circulation in a
boiling tub or copper in which clothes, &c., are washed. The
hot water from the bottom rises up the tin tube, and is discharged
on the surface.
1750.
Corrugated rollers washing device, for fabrics.
1751.
Water trough and dipping band, for washing cloths, wool,
paper, &c.
Domestic washers comprise, besides the ordinary tub and dolly, washing
boards, having corrugated surfaces; rocking and revolving boxes, having a
churn-like motion. Brushes also are sometimes used.
1752.
Feathering paddle wheel. Each float has a bracket and pin
at back, with connecting rod to a common eccentric (fixed),
through which the shaft revolves.
1753.
Spiral vane or cowl, for chimney top. Used to drive a
vertical worm inside the chimney cap to maintain an upward
draught, by employing the wind as a motive power.
1754.
Windmill sails, with angular adjustment by a sliding device on
the shaft.
1755.
Feathering horizontal windmill. Each float is hinged a little
out of centre to the arms, so that the pressure of wind (see arrow)
turns the floats to the positions in the sketch as they revolve.
1756.
Hollow semi-spherical cup windmill or motor.
1757.
Wind motor, with curved vanes. These last two revolve in the
direction of the arrows, because the wind has more hold upon the
hollow sides of the cups and vanes than on the convex side.
1758.
Self-feathering wind wheel.
1759.
Spiral wind wheel.
1760.
Barrel or drum, for wire, &c.
1761.
Winding barrel, for cranes, winches, &c.
1762.
Fusee barrel. See No. 1602.
1763.
Grooved barrel, for chain. Prevents the chain riding as it
coils.
1764.
Hexagon frame winder, for yarn, &c.
1765.
Spool.
1766.
Card winder.
1767 &
1768. Bobbins. There are a great many patterns in use for
various trades.
1769.
Appliance for winding bobbins of cotton, and other machinery.
The bobbin is stationary and the flyer revolves, the thread
passing up its centre and down one arm through the eye, which
has an up and down feed motion to wind the thread on evenly.
1770.
Mode of feeding the thread on to the spindles to cause it to
coil evenly by an oscillating arm and pin over which the thread
passes.
1771.
Drum, for flat rope or chain wound upon itself.
For winding engines and winches, see Nos. 1222 to
1226.
See also Rope Gear, Section 66.
1772.
Knob handle.
1773.
Loop handle, hinged.
1774.
Loop handle, fixed.
1775. T handle.
1776.
Plain handle.
1777.
Sash lift or drawer handle.
1778.
Hand bar.
1779.
Swing door handle.
1780.
Sunk or flush loop handle.
1781.
Hinged lifting levers.
1782.
Bent handle, for radial motion.
1783.
Hand wheel.
1784. Cranked
T handle.
1785.
Capstan wheel.
1786.
Bow or lifting handle, for ladles, buckets, &c.
1787.
T bar handle, for two hands.
1788.
Cross hand lever, four, six, or eight arms.
1789.
Loop handle, sometimes cast into a casting.
1790.
Ring handle.
1791.
Double bar pushing handles.
1792.
Bent handle, for radial motion.
1793.
Weighted handle.
1794.
Vice handle, with sliding lever bar.
1795.
Hand bar, with forked lever attachment for pumps, &c.
1796.
S lever double cranked handle.
1797.
Stirrup handle.
1798.
T lifting handle or key, for opening flush doors or manhole
covers.
1799.
Thumb screw head.
1800.
Straight handle, with suspending eye.
1801.
Capstan wheel, for screw gear.
1802.
Ventilated twisted handle.
1803
& 1804. Loop handles.
1805.
Spring lock lever handle.
1806.
“Coffee pot” handle.
See also Section 48.
See Gearing, Section 40; Ellipsograph, Section 34.
1807.
Cyclograph, for describing arcs, the chord and versed sine being
given. Fix pins at A and B, fasten together
at C two slips of
wood, hold the pencil at D, and move the slips round, keeping
them against the pins. See also No. 11.
1808.
Hyperbolagraph. Height and focus are given as for 1809, and
string fixed to B, and focus A;
the arm is pivoted at C, and the
pencil used as described for No. 1809.
1809.
Parabolagraph. The height of parabolic curve H and focus A
are given. A string is fastened to end of set square at B,
reaching to C, and the other end fixed to a pin in the focus A.
A pencil held in the loop and kept against edge of set square as
it is moved to left or right will describe the parabolic curve.
1810.
Cycloidograph, describes the hypo- or epi-cycloid. A modification
of this is used to draw the curves of the teeth of wheels.
Pentagraph,
for reducing or enlarging outline drawings, No. 1924.
Helicograph, to describe a regular helix by a central fixed bevil
wheel which drives the radial bevil wheel screw and scribing
pencil, No. 1925.
A simple helicograph, with radial screw and roller nut, which
travels along the screw as the apparatus is revolved on its centre
pin, No. 1926.
The following memoranda relate only to such materials as are required in connection
with machinery or mechanical constructions, and are intended to supply
particulars of the dimensions of the manufactured or raw material, giving
the sections manufactured and the limits as to size available for incorporation
in any design under consideration.
Rolled iron and steel bars
are manufactured as below:—
1811.
Rounds, from 3⁄16″ to 73⁄4″
diameter, and up to 18′ long.
1812.
Squares, from 3⁄16″ to 6″ square, and up to 18′ long.
1813.
Flats, from 1⁄2″ to 14″ wide, and up to 18′ long.
1814, 1815,
1816, 1817, 1818,
& 1819. L iron sections are made from
3⁄4″ × 3⁄4″ up to
14″ × 33⁄4″, or to 121⁄2″ united inches, with equal
or unequal flanges, and up to 30′ long; but the acute, obtuse, and
round angled sections are not usually stocked.
1820 &
1821. T irons,
from 1″ × 1″ up to 12 united inches, or to
9″ × 4″, and up to 30′ long.
1822.
Rolled girder iron, from 3″ deep to 20″ deep × 10″ flanges, and
to 36′ long, in hundreds of sections.
1823.
Zore girders, from 3″ to 8″ deep, and to 24′ long.
1824.
Channel iron, from 3⁄4″ to 12″ wide, and to 25′ long.
1825.
Convex iron, from 1″ to 6″ wide, and up to 20′ long.
1826.
Cope iron, from 1″ to 4″ wide, and to 20′ long.
1827.
Half-round iron, from 1⁄2″ to 4″ wide, and to 20′ long.
1828.
Funnel ring iron, from 31⁄2″ × 3⁄16″
to 8″ × 9⁄16″ wide, and up to
18′ long.
1829.
Jackstay iron.
1830.
Hollow cope iron.
1831,
1832, & 1838.
Rail sections (see Section 73), usually made in
18′ to 30′ lengths, and numerous sections of from 22 lbs. to 84 lbs.
per yard.
1833. Bulb L iron.
1834.
Deck beam or bulb T iron, up to 16″ × 6″.
1835.
Bulb L iron, up to 10″ × 4″.
1836.
Bulb iron, to 13″ wide.
1837.
Pile iron.
1839, 1840,
& 1841. Flush tram rails, 18′ to 30′ long.
1842,
1843, & 1849. Fire bar iron.
1844.
Double L iron, 1⁄2″
× 1″ × 1⁄2″ to 5″ × 5″ ×
1⁄2″.
1845.
Cross iron.
1846,
1847, & 1853.
Sash bar iron. Hundreds of special sections are
manufactured.
1848.
Bevil edge iron.
1850.
Octagon bar iron.
1851.
Hexagon bar iron.
1852.
Tyre iron, made in many sections. See note to No. 1719.
1855.
Bevilled flat iron.
1856.
Trough iron. Used for bridge flooring, fire-proof floors, &c.
1857.
Double convex iron.
1858 &
1859. Tramplate iron.
1860 &
1861. Chair or sleeper iron.
1862.
Oval iron.
1863,
1864, & 1865. Round edged flats.
1866.
Segment round iron.
1867.
Round edged convex iron.
1868.
Bevilled flat iron.
1869.
Bevil edge flat iron.
1870.
Bevilled flat iron.
1871.
Round edged hollow convex iron.
1872.
Taper edged hollow convex iron.
1873.
Boiler tube expansion ring iron.
1874.
Moulded flat bar.
In addition to the above, iron ornamental mouldings are rolled
with moulded and relief ornaments in bars, from 5⁄8″ to 23⁄4″ wide,
and up to 16′ or 18′ long. Also plain mouldings similar in
sections to those used in joinery.
Plates (iron and steel) are manufactured from
1⁄8″ to 3⁄4″ thick
ordinary. Thicker plates are rolled to order up to 20″ thick.
Stocked sizes of ordinary plates are 4′ ×
2′ up to 14′ × 4′ 6″.
Strips from 7″ to 22″ wide, and up to 30′ long.
Chequered plates, with diamond, oval or square recessed
patterns, are made 6′ × 2′ up to 8′ × 3′ 6″.
Sheets, plain, in thicknesses from No. 10 w.g. to No. 36 w.g., and
from 6′ × 2′ to 10′ × 4′.
Corrugated sheets, plain or galvanised, from No. 16 to No. 26 w.g.,
and from 6′ × 2′ to 9′ × 2′.
Tinned sheets, same as above.
Cold rolled sheets, same as above.
Planished sheets, same as above.
Lead-coated sheets, same as above.
Tin plates, terne plates, 14″ ×
20″, 17″ × 121⁄2″, 15″ × 11″, 14″
× 10″, 24″ × 20″, 28″ × 10″, 28″ × 20″.
Hoops,
from 5⁄8″ to 7″ wide, and from No. 8 to No. 24 w.g.
1875.
Wire; sections manufactured in hard iron, soft iron, soft steel,
hard steel, tempered steel, piano wire, covered wire (wound with
either cotton, silk, guttapercha, flax, &c.), or copper wire. Also
brass, copper, lead, zinc, and other metal wire, hard or soft; tinned
iron wire, galvanised iron wire, tinned brass wire, coppered iron
wire, lead-coated iron wire.
Pipes (see
Section 57) and tubes of wrought iron, either butt or
lap welded, or solid drawn, are made in four qualities or
strengths:—1. Gas tube; 2. Steam or water tube; 3. Boiler
flue tube; 4. Hydraulic tube. These are manufactured from
1⁄4″ to 3″ internal diameters; boiler flue tubes to 9″ diameter, but
much larger sizes can be made to order.
Solid drawn steel tubes are made up to 10″ diameter; larger
sizes are made to order.
Special steel or wrought iron pipes, flanged with L iron, are
made up to 4′ diameter with welded joints, and welded steel or
wrought iron socket and spigot pipes up to 24″ diameter.
Cast iron pipes are made in the following strengths:—Rainwater
pipes, hot-water pipes, gas mains, water mains, hydraulic
mains for high pressure, and the thicknesses of metal vary
according to the pressures. Diameters from 11⁄2″ up to 4′, and
lengths usually 6′ and 9′. See Section 57.
Castings are made in cast iron of various mixtures, according to
strength, toughness, or hardness required, and of any weight up
to 20 tons. Chilled iron castings are made for hard wear, as in
crusher rolls, &c., but cannot be machined; they are usually ground
smooth by a grindstone or emery wheel.
Steel castings are made in either Bessemer, Siemens-Martin,
Thomas-Gilchrist, or in crucible steel, the latter being most relied
upon. They require annealing to soften them sufficiently for
machining, are almost invariably “blown” or honeycombed, and
rarely homogeneous, or twice alike from the same pattern or cast.
Wrought-iron castings, Mitis metal, &c., are also obtainable,
but malleable cast iron castings are most relied upon for toughness,
the process having now attained great perfection, but is not
applicable to very thick castings.
Pressed iron on steel forgings of simple forms are now obtainable
at low prices.
Forgings in wrought iron and steel can now be made to almost
any size, shape, and weight, and are replacing many structures
formerly made of cast iron or built up.
Other metals employed are copper, brass, tin, zinc, phosphor-bronze,
lead, antimony, bismuth, pewter, Muntz metal, aluminium,
sodium, potassium, platinum, gold, silver, nickel, and a great
variety of the bronzes, which are valuable compounds varying in
tenacity and hardness from the hardest steel to that of soft copper.
Most of the above are manufactured into wire, sheets, tubes, rods,
&c., and can in addition be cast into any form from a crucible.
Copper can be forged but not welded; joints in it are generally
brazed or soldered.
Other
materials employed comprise—
Timber. Yellow, white, and red pine in logs, deals, and battens;
logs, up to about 3′ diameter by 35′ to 40′ long; deals, 9″, 10″, and
11″ wide, and from 11⁄2″ to 4″ thick—a few wide deals are imported
up to 22″ wide—spruce and fir, sycamore, pear tree, willow,
poplar, &c. The following table gives a list of woods and their
applications:—
For Building.
Ship-building.—Cedars, deals, elms, firs, larches, locust, oaks, &c., &c.
Wet works, as piles, foundations, &c.—Alder, beech, elm, oak, plane-tree,
white cedar.
House carpentry.—Deals, oaks, pines, sweet chestnut.
For Machinery and Mill-work.
Frames, &c.—Ash, beech, birch, deals, elm, mahogany, oak, pines.
Rollers, &c.—Box, lignum vitæ, mahogany.
Teeth of wheels, &c.—Crab-tree, hornbeam, locust.
Foundry patterns.—Alder, deal, mahogany, pine.
For Turnery.
Common wood for toys (softest).—Alder, beech (small), birch (small),
sallow, willow.
Best woods for Tunbridge ware.—Holly, horse chestnut, sycamore (white
woods); apple-tree, pear-tree, plum-tree (brown woods).
Hardest English woods.—Beech (large), box, elm, oak, walnut.
For Furniture.
Common furniture and inside works.—Beech, birch, cedars, cherry-tree, deal,
pines.
Best furniture.—Amboyna, black ebony, cherry-tree, Coromandel, mahogany,
maple, oak (various kinds), rose-wood, satin-wood, sandal-wood,
sweet chestnut, sweet cedar, tulip-wood, walnut, zebra-wood.
Foreign hard woods, several of which are only used for ornamental
turnery.—
| 1. |
Amboyna. |
13. |
Greenheart. |
25. |
Peruvian. |
| 2. |
Beef-wood. |
14. |
Grenadillo. |
26. |
Princes-wood. |
| 3. |
Black Bot. B. wood. |
15. |
Iron-wood. |
27. |
Purple-wood. |
| 4. |
Black ebony. |
16. |
King-wood. |
28. |
Red sanders. |
| 5. |
Box-wood. |
17. |
Lignum vitæ. |
29. |
Rosetta. |
| 6. |
Brazil-wood. |
18. |
Locust. |
30. |
Rose-wood. |
| 7. |
Braziletto. |
19. |
Mahogany. |
31. |
Sandal-wood. |
| 8. |
Bullet-wood. |
20. |
Maple. |
32. |
Satin-wood. |
| 9. |
Cam-wood. |
21. |
Mustaiba. |
33. |
Snake-wood. |
| 10. |
Cocoa-wood. |
22. |
Olive-tree & root. |
34. |
Tulip-wood. |
| 11. |
Coromandel. |
23. |
Palmyra. |
35. |
Yacca-wood. |
| 12. |
Green ebony. |
24. |
Partridge-wood. |
36. |
Zebra-wood. |
Nos. 3, 8, 16, 33, and 34 are frequently scarce.
Nos. 3, 5, 8, 9, 10 are generally close, hard, even tinted, and the
more proper for eccentric turning, but others may also be
employed.
Nos. 4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 30, 32 are generally abundant
and extensively used. All the woods may be used for plain
turning.
Miscellaneous Properties.
Elasticity.—Ash, hazel, hickory, lance-wood, sweet chestnut (small), snake-wood,
yew.
Inelasticity and toughness.—Beech, elm, lignum vitæ, oak, walnut.
Even grain, proper for carving.—Lime-tree, pear-tree, pine.
Durability in dry works.—Cedar, oak, poplar, sweet chestnut, yellow deal.
Colouring matter (red dyes).—Brazil, braziletto, cam-wood, log-wood
Nicaragua, red sanders, sapan-wood.
Colouring matter (green dye).—Green ebony.
Colouring matter (yellow dyes).—Fustic, zantes.
Scent.—Camphor wood, cedar, rose-wood, sandal-wood, satin-wood, sassafras.
Indiarubber, manufactured into sheets, with or without canvas insertion
of single, double, or treble thickness, up to 36″ wide and to
1⁄2″ thick; cord to 1″ diameter; tubes, plain, or with canvas
insertion or wire coiled inside or outside, from 1⁄4″ to 4″ bore,
usually in 30′ and 60′ lengths. Washers, rings, rollers, strips,
belts, and moulded articles of every form.
Guttapercha is manufactured into similar articles.
Leather. Most of the varieties are manufactured from the skins
of oxen, sheep, goats, deer, horses, dogs, hogs, and seals, and the
larger skins are divided into butts, shoulders, cheeks, and bellies,
the dimensions depending of course upon the size of the animals.
Ox hides are the largest and kid skins the smallest in general
use.
For mechanical purposes ox hide, raw or tanned, is chiefly used,
as for valves, seatings, belts, piston leathers, &c. Sheep skins
can be obtained either strained, half-strained, or unstrained; the
first are hard and comparatively stiff, the last-named soft and
pliable as cloth. Other soft varieties are goats’ skins and
chamois leather. There are many imitations of leather, but
they are rarely employed in mechanical constructions.
Vulcanised fibre is often used for similar purposes to leather, as
for valves, seatings, joints, &c. It is made in two varieties,
medium and hard, and in sheets up to 1″ thick.
Ebonite. A hard, black, horny substance, moulded into any required
shape.
Papier mâché. Solid paper, moulded from pulp into any required
form.
Asbestos, in sheets, cord, packing of various sections, loose fibre, millboard,
&c.
Ivory, from tusks and teeth.
Bone.
Vegetable ivory; nuts about the size of eggs.
Packings for glands, &c., are made of cotton, hemp, and other
fibres, asbestos, indiarubber, &c., in round, square, and other
sections.
For general purposes this comprises Furnaces, Stoves, Ranges, Ovens, Boilers (see
Section 6), Hot-blast, Steam-heated Vessels, Gas Jets, &c., most of which are tolerably
well known and in common use.
For special purposes in connection with machinery various heating devices are required,
of which steam and gas are those most universally used. Steam tubes or coils may be carried
through any fixed or movable part of a machine. Steam-heated surfaces, such as tables,
pans, chambers, &c., steam-jacketed cylinders, and similar contrivances, are much used.
Gas jets from perforated tubes, which may be shaped to any required position, are also
convenient for dry heat and higher temperatures than can be obtained from steam.
Hot irons are sometimes used, shaped to fit a cavity, but of course require to be
replaced periodically.
Hot water in pipes or jackets, and hot air in flues are common appliances for warming
and drying; with the former its circulation must be provided for, and with the latter,
either a forced draught or an upward inclination given to the flues to maintain circulation.
1876.
Gill pipes for radiating the beat of steam or hot water.
1877.
Gill stove, on similar principle, presents an extensive surface in
contact with the air for radiation of heat.
1878.
Rolls for bar iron, grooved to suit the section required, one-half
the groove being usually in each roll, and the size and shape of the grooves are
graduated down from that of the square billet to the finished bar.
1879.
Grooved rolls for producing a tapered bar.
1880.
Rollers for turning up and welding tubes from a flat strip.
1881.
Bending rollers.
1882.
Rolls for solid tyres, without a weld.
1883.
Wire drawing apparatus.
For grips for drawing wire, &c., see Nos.
505, 518. Laths of various sections are drawn
through suitable steel dies by a draw bench; the end of the lath is held by a grip tongs
and the lath drawn forcibly through the dies (using a lubricant) and afterwards
straightened. Rolling does not answer for this kind of work.
The drawing frame used for cotton and other fibres has two, three, or more pairs of
rollers; the lower rollers are grooved longitudinally and the upper ones weighted and
covered with leather, the lower ones being geared together to drive at proportionate
speeds, so that in passing through, the material is stretched between each pair of rollers,
the object being to extend and lay all the fibres parallel.
For drawing lead pipes, see No. 1183. Earthenware pipes are made by a similar process.
1884.
Ordinary solid swelled distance rod with collars, used for
compressive strains.
1885.
Similar strut, but formed of tube with end collars screwed in.
1886.
Double flat-bar cambered strut, stiffened by distance pieces
and bolts.
1887, 1888,
1889, & 1890.
Sections of varieties of the foregoing.
1891.
Braced strut; usually of flat bars on edge, riveted together at the
intersections.
1892.
Tubular swelled strut, of plate iron, used for masts, sheer legs,
crane jibs, &c.
1893.
Built up strut, from segmental bars.
1894.
Trussed strut; the trussing is 90° apart, but may be at any angle;
the central bar of course takes the actual thrust, and the truss rods keep it
from bending or buckling. See also Nos. 295 to 300,
320.
Ties, for tensile strain only are usually of round iron, flat or other
simple section, tube, or even chain, rope, or wire.
Many varieties will be found illustrated under Section 32. The following
are modern types:—
1895.
Diagonal paddle engines, for light draught vessels. May of
course be either of two or three cylinder type and either high
pressure or compound.
1896.
One of the most favourite types of vertical overhead
cylinder screw engines, with half standards and distance
rods, one, two or three cylinders, simple or compound. The
condenser is usually in the back standards and the pumps behind.
Simplicity and accessibility are its chief advantages.
1897.
Stern wheel, side lever engines, not often required in
practice. The ordinary construction of horizontal engines
usually accommodates itself for stern wheel driving. See
Nos. 575 to 579, &c.
1898. Double standard vertical overhead cylinder screw
engines, the type commonly adopted for the heavier class of
vessels, and frequently made for triple expansion. It is of very
rigid construction, but not quite so convenient for accessibility
to the working parts as No. 1896. The condenser and pumps
are at one side, built into the standard, and the engines are
handled from the opposite side or from an elevated platform.
1899.
Overhead cylinder and distance rod type, the lightest and
simplest form in use for small engines. Every part is easily
seen and got at, and the top weight is reduced to a minimum.
1900.
Is a variety of No. 1896, with tandem cylinders and two
cranks for triple expansion.
1901.
Is also a variety of No. 1898, with tandem cylinders for
triple expansion. In this plan the intermediate stuffing box is
got rid of by using two piston rods to the lower cylinder, coupled
to the piston rod of the upper or high-pressure cylinder by a
crosshead.
1902.
Compound overhead standard engines, for twin screws.
1903.
Diagonal twin screw engines.
1904.
Horizontal twin screw engines.
1905.
Plan of cylinders as usually employed for No. 1902.
1906.
Oscillating paddle engines, sometimes made with cylinders at
90° apart and a single crank, as No. 564.
1907.
Overhead oscillating twin screw engines.
1908.
Annular cylinder paddle engines.
1909.
Overhead cylinder side-lever paddle engines.
In addition to the above some special types are occasionally
employed, as the Willan’s three-cylinder plan for screw engines.
See No. 592, also varieties of No. 593, high-speed types.
The ordinary appliances for these purposes comprise hammers of all kinds
and anvils or blocks of all shapes to suit the work, rammers and
mallets of wood. The steam hammer being the machine almost
invariably used, is too well known to need illustration. It is
made with single or double standards, and though differing
somewhat in details is practically the same machine wherever
manufactured.
The following are apparatus employed for particular cases, and not so
well known.
1910.
The drop hammer, for power. The grip pulleys are put in gear
by the hand lever to raise the hammer and shaft: it is sometimes
worked by hand by a simple cord and pulley.
1911.
Dead blow power hammer. The crescent-shaped crosshead
bar has a positive motion from the crank pin, but the hammer
head is attached to it by strong horizontal springs, and therefore
has some little play above and below a horizontal line.
1912.
The pile engine and monkey. The latter is generally raised
by a hand or power winch, but a multiplying gear steam or
hydraulic cylinder has been employed.
1913.
Another form of dead blow power hammer, but with a
straight laminated plate spring, to which the hammer head is
fixed.
1914.
Another type of spring power hammer.
1915.
Revolving centrifugal rapid blow hammer.
1916.
The old-fashioned tilt hammer, still in use in many places,
especially where water-power is employed.
For stamps, &c., see Nos. 250 & 271.
Besides the foregoing there is the gas hammer of Messrs.
Tangye, the pneumatic hammer, and a variety of power
hammers with variable stroke. See No. 1606.
Instruments for the production of sound are scarcely within the province of the mechanical
engineer, but of late years several of them have been employed in connection
with mechanical means for producing sound—for fog signals, whistling, and
other forms of sound signalling. Musical sounds are produced by vibration
of air from wind, string, or reed instruments. In wind instruments the
vibration is produced by the lips and modified by the shape and length of
the tube. Strings are either bowed, as in the fiddle, struck, as in the piano,
or fingered, as in the harp. Reeds are springs vibrated by a current of air.
In the harmonium and concertina class of instruments there are no tubes or
pipes added to the reeds to modify the sounds produced; but in the organ
pipe the reeds have pipes added which greatly augment and qualify the
sounds. Other special sound-producing instruments are illustrated here.
1917.
The Siren, or steam turbine whistle, the loudest instrument
known, consists of a slotted cylindrical drum revolving inside a
fixed drum; the slots are angular (see plan), so that the rush of
steam revolves the inner loose drum rapidly and the sound is
directed by the trumpet-shaped hood. A pair of slotted discs
is also sometimes used for the same purpose instead of the
slotted drums.
1918.
Mechanical fog-horn; ordinary bellows are often used to supply
the blast.
1919.
Iron gong, struck with a muffled hammer.
1920.
Harmonium reeds, or free reeds; the tongue covers a slot of
same size and shape, and can vibrate into and out of it, but
without touching its edges; the gravity of tone or pitch depends
on the size and thickness of the tongue.
1921.
Organ reed pipe; the tongue A in this case beats, with a rolling
contact, upon the reed B, which is tubular, closed at bottom and
opening at top into the pipe C, which extends upwards from the
block D; E is the tuning wire which regulates the vibrating or
free length of the tongue.
1922
& 1923. Wood and metal organ pipes, which are practically
large whistles, the vibration of the column of air in the pipe
being produced by the wind striking the edge of the lip A.
Steam whistles are bells with a ring-shaped slit below, from
which the issuing steam strikes the lower edge of the bell.
Other forms are now made giving a more musical sound, and in
some cases a double note, usually an interval of a major third,
as C-E, by a modified form of pipe with two lips.
Striking bells of various shapes are extensively used.
Gongs are cheese-shaped metallic hollow suspended vessels, and
are struck by a muffled hammer.
Musical sounds are also produced from slips of glass, or chilled
iron, glass bells and tumblers, and also from resonant magnetic
iron blocks.
1924,
1925, 1926. See Sec. 98.
1927.
Application of a single crosshead and bolt to close two
covers, as in a pump clack-box.
1928.
Cone seated cover, with hand-lifting crossbar and recess.
1929.
Crosshead and man- or mud-hole, as commonly used for
boilers, &c.
1930.
Cast-iron manhole and block; T-head bolts are generally
used, but also eye-bolts, as in No. 937.
1931.
Wrought-iron plate lid, or cover for a tank.
1932.
Wrought-iron dished cover, with hinged crossbar and T-screw
used largely for gas retorts.
1933.
Furnace door; hinged, with inside plate to protect the door from
the heat.
1934.
Manhole door with water seal, or packed recess to keep
back gases, smell, &c.
1935.
Screwed plug handhole.
1936.
Wrought-iron boiler manhole cover, and block, a special
manufacture.
1937.
Type of sliding door; can be made airtight by planing the
seatings.
Hinged doors are well-known. For hinging, see Section 50. For
fastenings, see Locking Devices, Section 49.
See also Nos. 931,
937, 940, 962.
