The Economic Aspects of Geology

About this eBook

Author

Leith, C. K. (Charles Kenneth), 1875-1956

Title

The Economic Aspect of Geology

Credits

Produced by Kevin Handy, Barbara Kosker, John Hagerson, Chrome and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net

Language

English

LoC Class

TN: Technology: Mining engineering, Metallurgy

Subject

Geology, Economic

Category

Text

eBook-No.

27842

Project Gutenberg

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27842

Release Date

January 19, 2009

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GEOLOGY
2. 2.C. K. LEITH — UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN — NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY
3. 3.CONTENTS
4. 4.ILLUSTRATIONS
5. 5.INTRODUCTION — SURVEY OF FIELD — ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS OF THE SEVERAL BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY AND OF OTHER SCIENCES — Mineralogy and Petrology — Stratigraphy and Paleontology — Structural Geology — Physiography — Rock Alterations or Metamorphism — Application of Other Sciences — TREATMENT OF THE SUBJECT IN THIS VOLUME
6. 6.THE COMMON ELEMENTS, MINERALS, AND ROCKS OF THE EARTH AND THEIR ORIGINS — RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF THE LITHOSPHERE — RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL MINERALS OF THE LITHOSPHERE — RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF THE PRINCIPAL ROCKS OF THE LITHOSPHERE — Soils and Clays — Water (Hydrosphere) — COMPARISON OF LISTS OF MOST ABUNDANT ROCKS AND MINERALS WITH COMMERCIAL ROCKS AND MINERALS — THE ORIGIN OF COMMON ROCKS AND MINERALS — Igneous Processes — Weathering of Igneous Rocks and Veins — Sedimentary Processes — Weathering of Sedimentary Rocks — Consolidation, Cementation, and Other Subsurface Alterations of Rocks. — THE METAMORPHIC CYCLE AS AN AID IN STUDYING MINERAL DEPOSITS — FOOTNOTES:
7. 7.SOME SALIENT FEATURES OF THE GEOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS — VARIOUS METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION — NAMES — MINERAL DEPOSITS AS MAGMATIC SEGREGATIONS IN IGNEOUS ROCKS — MINERAL DEPOSITS WITHIN AND ADJACENT TO IGNEOUS ROCKS WHICH WERE FORMED IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COOLING AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE MAGMAS THROUGH THE AGENCY OF HOT MAGMATIC SOLUTIONS. — Evidence of Igneous Source — Possible Influence of Meteoric Waters in Deposition of Ores of This Class — Zonal Arrangement of Minerals Related to Igneous Rocks — The Relation of Contact Metamorphism to Ore Bodies of the Foregoing Class. — SECONDARY CONCENTRATION IN PLACE OF THE FOREGOING CLASSES OF MINERAL DEPOSITS THROUGH THE AGENCY OF SURFACE SOLUTIONS — RESIDUAL MINERAL DEPOSITS FORMED BY THE WEATHERING OF IGNEOUS ROCKS IN PLACE — MINERAL DEPOSITS FORMED DIRECTLY AS PLACERS AND SEDIMENTS — Mechanically Deposited Minerals — Chemically and Organically Deposited Minerals — SEDIMENTARY MINERAL DEPOSITS WHICH HAVE REQUIRED FURTHER CONCENTRATION TO MAKE THEM COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE — ANAMORPHISM OF MINERAL DEPOSITS — CONCLUSION — FOOTNOTES:
8. 8.MINERAL RESOURCES—SOME GENERAL QUANTITATIVE CONSIDERATIONS — WORLD ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF MINERALS IN SHORT TONS — WORLD ANNUAL PRODUCTION OF MINERALS IN TERMS OF VALUE — SIGNIFICANCE OF GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL PRODUCTION — THE INCREASING RATE OF PRODUCTION — CAPITAL VALUE OF WORLD MINERAL RESERVES — POLITICAL AND COMMERCIAL CONTROL OF MINERAL RESOURCES — RESERVES OF MINERAL RESOURCES — FOOTNOTES:
9. 9.WATER AS A MINERAL RESOURCE — GENERAL GEOLOGIC RELATIONS — DISTRIBUTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER — Approximate Quantity of Water which will be Absorbed by Soils and Rocks 1 — MOVEMENT OF UNDERGROUND WATER — WELLS AND SPRINGS — COMPOSITION OF UNDERGROUND WATERS — RELATION OF GEOLOGY TO UNDERGROUND WATER SUPPLY — SURFACE WATER SUPPLIES — UNDERGROUND AND SURFACE WATERS IN RELATION TO EXCAVATION AND CONSTRUCTION — FOOTNOTES:
10. 10.THE COMMON ROCKS AND SOILS AS MINERAL RESOURCES — ECONOMIC FEATURES OF THE COMMON ROCKS — Granite — Basalt and Related Types — Limestone, Marl, Chalk — Marble — Sand, Sandstone, Quartzite (and Quartz) — " Sand and Gravel " — Clay, Shale, Slate — The Feldspars — Hydraulic Cement (including Portland, natural, and Puzzolan cements) — GEOLOGIC FEATURES OF THE COMMON ROCKS — Building Stone — Crushed Stone — Stone for Metallurgical Purposes — Clay — Limitations of Geologic Field in Commercial Investigation Of Common Rocks — SOILS AS A MINERAL RESOURCE — Origin of Soils — Composition of Soils and Plant Growth — Use of Geology in Soil Study — FOOTNOTES:
11. 11.THE FERTILIZER GROUP OF MINERALS — GENERAL COMMENTS — NITRATES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — PHOSPHATES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — PYRITE — Economic Features — Geologic Features — SULPHUR — Economic Features — Geologic Features — POTASH — Economic Features — Geologic Features — FOOTNOTES:
12. 12.THE ENERGY RESOURCES—COAL, OIL, GAS (AND ASPHALT) — COAL — Economic Features — Geologic Features — PETROLEUM — Economic Features — Geologic Features — OIL SHALES — NATURAL GAS — Economic Features — Geologic Features — ASPHALT AND BITUMEN — Economic Features — Geologic Features — FOOTNOTES:
13. 13.MINERALS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IRON AND STEEL (THE FERRO-ALLOY GROUP) — GENERAL FEATURES — IRON ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — MANGANESE ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — CHROME (OR CHROMITE) ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — NICKEL ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — TUNGSTEN (WOLFRAM) ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — MOLYBDENUM ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — VANADIUM ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — ZIRCONIUM ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — TITANIUM ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — MAGNESITE — Economic Features — Geologic Features — FLUORSPAR — Economic Features — Geologic Features — SILICA — Economic Features — Geologic Features — FOOTNOTES:
14. 14.COPPER, LEAD, AND ZINC MINERALS — COPPER ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — LEAD ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — ZINC ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — FOOTNOTES:
15. 15.GOLD, SILVER, AND PLATINUM MINERALS — GOLD ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — SILVER ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — PLATINUM ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — FOOTNOTES:
16. 16.MISCELLANEOUS METALLIC MINERALS — ALUMINUM ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — ANTIMONY ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — ARSENIC ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — BISMUTH ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — CADMIUM ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — COBALT ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — MERCURY (QUICKSILVER) ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — TIN ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — URANIUM AND RADIUM ORES — Economic Features — Geologic Features
17. 17.MISCELLANEOUS NON-METALLIC MINERALS — NATURAL ABRASIVES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — ASBESTOS — Economic Features — Geologic Features — BARITE (BARYTES) — Economic Features — Geologic Features — BORAX — Economic Features — Geologic Features — BROMINE — Economic Features — Geologic Features — FULLER'S EARTH — Economic Features — Geologic Features — GRAPHITE (PLUMBAGO) — Economic Features — Geologic Features — GYPSUM — Economic Features — Geologic Features — MICA — Economic Features — Geologic Features — MONAZITE (THORIUM AND CERIUM ORES) — Economic Features — Geologic Features — PRECIOUS STONES — Economic Features — Geologic Features — SALT — Economic Features — Geologic Features — TALC AND SOAPSTONE — Economic Features — Geologic Features
18. 18.EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT — The General Relations of the Geologist To Exploration And Development — Partly Explored Versus Virgin Territories — The Use of All Available Information — Coöperation in Exploration — Economic Factors in Exploration — Geologic Factors in Exploration — Mineral Provinces and Epochs — Classification of Mineral Lands — Outcrops of Mineral Deposits — Some Illustrative Cases — Topography and Climate As Aids in Searching for Mineral Outcrops — Size and Depth of Ore Bodies As Determined From Outcrop — The Use of Placers in Tracing Mineral Outcrops — The Use of Magnetic Surveys in Tracing Mineral Ledges — The Use of Electrical Conductivity and Other Qualities Of Rocks in Exploration — The Use of Structure and Metamorphism in Exploration — Drilling in Exploration — Quantitative Aspects of Geologic Exploration — Origin of Mineral Deposits As a Factor in Exploration — Lake Superior Iron Ore Exploration As an Illustration — Development and Exploitation of Mineral Deposits — FOOTNOTES:
19. 19.VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES — POPULAR CONCEPTION OF MINERAL VALUATION — VALUATION AND TAXATION OF MINES — Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Valuation — Values of Mineral Deposits Not Often Established By Market Transfers — The Ad Valorem Method of Valuation — Other Methods of Mineral Valuation and Taxation — GENERAL COMMENTS ON TAXATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES
20. 20.LAWS RELATING TO MINERAL RESOURCES — I — LAWS RELATING TO OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OF MINERAL RESOURCES — On Alienated Lands — On the Public Domain — Nationalization of Mineral Resources — Effect of Ownership Laws on Exploration — Use of Geology in Relation To Ownership Laws — II — LAWS RELATING TO EXTRACTION OF MINERAL RESOURCES — III — LAWS RELATING TO DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES — IV — OTHER RELATIONS OF GEOLOGY TO LAW
21. 21.CONSERVATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES — THE PROBLEM — DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC EFFORTS IN CONSERVATION — THE INTEREST RATE AS A GUIDE IN CONSERVATION — ANTI-CONSERVATIONAL EFFECTS OF WAR — CONSERVATION OF COAL — Measures Introduced or Proposed to Conserve Coal — Division of Responsibility Between Government and Private Interests in the Conservation of Coal — CONSERVATION OF MINERALS OTHER THAN COAL — FOOTNOTES:
22. 22.INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF MINERAL RESOURCES — WORLD MOVEMENT OF MINERALS — Movement of Minerals Under Pre-war Conditions of International Trade — Changes During the War — Post-war Condition of the Mineral Trade — TENDENCIES TOWARD INTERNATIONAL COÖPERATION AND POSSIBILITY OF INTERNATIONAL CONTROL [59] OF MINERALS — Methods of International Coöperation — CONSERVATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS — EXPLORATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS — VALUATION IN ITS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS — RELATIVE POSITION OF THE UNITED STATES IN REGARD TO SUPPLIES OF MINERALS — THE COAL AND IRON SITUATION OF WESTERN EUROPE UNDER THE TERMS OF THE PEACE TREATY — CONCLUSION — LITERATURE — FOOTNOTES:
23. 23.GEOLOGY AND WAR — GEOLOGY BEHIND THE FRONT — GEOLOGY AT THE FRONT [63] — EFFECT OF THE WAR ON THE SCIENCE OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGY — FOOTNOTES:
24. 24.GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION — FOUNDATIONS — SURFACE WATERS — TUNNELS — SLIDES — SUBSIDENCE — RAILWAY BUILDING — ROAD BUILDING — GEOLOGY IN ENGINEERING COURSES — FOOTNOTES:
25. 25.THE TRAINING, OPPORTUNITIES, AND ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST — PURE VERSUS APPLIED SCIENCE — COURSE OF STUDY SUGGESTED — Field Work — Specialization in Studies — A Degree of Economic Geology — THE OPPORTUNITIES OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST — ETHICS OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST
26. 26.INDEX

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