[Under this heading will appear each month numerous paragraphs of general interest, relating to the prison
field and the treatment of the delinquent.]
Warden Bridges.—The Boston
(Mass.) Record says:
Warden Bridges wishes to retire from the
post at the State Prison which he has held for
more than 20 years. He is past 78 years of
age. If Gen. Bridges insists upon his retirement
the State will lose the services of a man
who through a long career in a post of extreme
difficulty has maintained the dignity
and efficiency of an important branch of the
public service in a manner which will never
be forgotten. The trials and suspense of such
a position as Gen. Bridges has held for two
decades are hardly weighed by the average
citizen, who regards them as matters of
course, and expects, in this State, thorough
efficiency. During these past 20 years that
public expectation has not been disappointed.
It has been worth much to the Commonwealth
to have had a man of Gen. Bridges’ sort at the
head of its State Prison.
He assumed his present position in
1893 when he was appointed by the late
Governor William E. Russell. Only
one prisoner remains who has been an
inmate continuously since General Bridges
took control. The man is Jesse Pomeroy.
Convict Labor and Labor Unions—According
to the Cedar Rapids (Ia.)
Times, Union labor’s war to prohibit
state authorities to allow honor prisoners
at the penitentiary at Fort Madison
to work for outsiders as painters, plumbers,
etc., at Fort Madison, will now go
into court, following the passage of an
ordinance by the Fort Madison city
council, which prohibits prisoners entering
the city only on official business.
Police will be ordered to arrest them
and the ordinance provides for a fine of
from $1 to $100 in violation of the ordinance.
The war against the system
has been going on for two years. The
Governor and State labor commissioners
have been appealed to but nothing
was done. The State board of control
allowed Warden Sanders to put honor
prisoners outside in competition with
union labor. Leaders of union labor
took the matter to the city council, which
resulted in the passage of the prohibitory
measure and will now be tested out
in court.
Says Georgia to Tennessee—The Atlanta
Georgian has this to say in a recent
issue:
“Since Governor Hooper of Tennessee
and his party of prison investigators,
who came to Atlanta last week to inspect
convict conditions in Georgia, have returned
home they have given interviews
to Tennessee papers upholding the Tennessee
system of convict control as superior
to that of Georgia, particularly
from health and humanitarian viewpoints.
“To one who has spent several years
in each state and has had opportunity to
observe the prison systems of the two
states—not in a three-day cursory inspection,
but at frequent intervals extending
over these several years—the
view’s of the Tennesseans seem open to
question.
“In Georgia all the able-bodied men
convicts are worked out of doors, under
the direct supervision of state and
county officials and inspectors, constructing
public highways.
“In Tennessee about half of the able-bodied
convicts are worked under
ground in state-owned and operated
mines, having exceedingly little opportunity
to enjoy the fresh air and sunlight
necessary to the physical well-being
of a man. The other able-bodied
half are worked in factories within the
penitentiary walls at Nashville under
the lease system that Georgia five years
ago abolished as inhuman and unjust.
“A small per cent., too old or too infirm
for mine or factory, are worked on
a farm adjacent to the Tennessee penitentiary.
Georgia has equally as good a
farm at Milledgeville for its prisoners
of the same class who are not fitted for
work on the roads.
“Tennessee convicts in the mines and
in the factories come in direct competition
with organized free labor. Georgia’s
road building convicts are worked
for and not in competition with other
classes of labor.
“It is true that the temporary road
building camps, which of necessity must
be moved from place to place as construction
progresses, do not possess the
permanent sanitary improvements that
Tennessee has installed inside the walls
and at the mines—a condition to which
the Tennessee party calls attention—yet
this is more than offset by the health-giving
open-air life led by the Georgia
prisoners.
“It is a matter of record that both
Governor Hooper and his predecessor,
Governor Patterson, pardoned hundreds
of Tennessee convicts because they were
victims of tuberculosis, produced by the
close confinement in the mines and factories.
Without comparative statistics
on which to base the assertion, the writer
is confident that in the last five years
there have been at least fifty per cent.
more cases of tuberculosis among Tennessee
than Georgia convicts, despite
the fact that Georgia with its larger area
and population, has about fifty per cent.
more convicts than Tennessee, of whom
eighty per cent. are negroes against
Tennessee’s sixty per cent. of negro prisoners.
“Governor Hooper says Georgia is
making fine roads. There may not be
as many prayer meetings in the Georgia
road camps as in the Tennessee mines,
but Georgia is not blindly killing off the
bodies with tuberculosis while trying to
save its convicts’ souls. Georgia believes
in saving both, but says to save
the body first and have a better chance
at saving the soul.”
A New Warden at Sing Sing.—Warden
Clancy, who made a creditable record
at Sing Sing, has resigned, and
Superintendent of Prisons Riley has appointed
Thomas T. McCormick of Yonkers
as warden. Which leads the New
York Evening Post to say:
“Sing Sing Prison has long been a
disgrace to the State, but this fact was
never so familiar to the people as it has
been during the past few months. The
Superintendent of Prisons appears, however,
to think the present an auspicious
moment for placing in charge of the
prison a man whose only recommendation
for the post, so far as known to the
public, is that he has been successful in
the plumbing business, and that he is one
of the mainstays of the Westchester
County Democratic machine. In the face
of things like this, the men and women
who are laboring to get our penal institutions
properly conducted have need of
all the faith and resolution they can command
to keep on in their endeavor. But
they will keep on, and the time will come
when the idea of appointing the warden
of a great prison for any other reason
than his special fitness to conduct it
wisely and well will seem too monstrous
for belief. We must not forget the encouragement
there is in the fact that,
bad as these things are now, we have got
beyond the utter shamelessness which
was so often shown in former times.”
The New York Commission on Prison
Reform—The New York State Commission
on Prison Reform which was
appointed by Sulzer a year ago has just
filed the preliminary report of its findings.
The commission of which Thomas
Mott Osborne is chairman was authorized
to examine and investigate the management
and affairs of the several State
prisons and reformatories, the prison industries,
employment of convict labor
and all subjects relating to the proper
maintenance and control of the State
prisons of the State. The Commission
has made careful study of these several
matters and the report which has been
released contains many interesting and
valuable suggestions.
The abolition of the ill-famed Sing
Sing prison is recommended and the
erection on its site of a receiving station
for the observance and study of all persons
sentenced to imprisonment in a
State prison for medical examination and
treatment of those afflicted with diseases
and for weeding out those found
to be mentally defective—the latter to
be sent to separate institutions devoted
solely to the care of the mentally defective.
The indeterminate sentence is a further
recommendation of the Commission,
which urges that the penal law of
the State be so amended as to make it
incumbent on all judges sentencing prisoners
to confinement in a State prison to
impose sentences without either maximum
or minimum limit; while for the
purpose of investigating all applications
for pardon and parole it is suggested
that local advisory boards of pardon and
parole be instituted in connection with
each prison and reformatory of the
State.
The Commission places itself on record
as favoring the employment of
able bodied male convicts in constructing
and repairing the highways of the
State and the several counties in addition
to which farms should be developed
at all of the institutions so that as many
convicts as possible may be employed in
the open air—all possible work to be conducted
under the so-called honor system,
together with a considerable and increasing
measure of self-government.
As a final and essential basis for permanent
improvement the Commission
recommends the consolidation and reorganization
of the various offices, boards
and commissions which now divide
among them the administration of the
prison affairs of the State into a permanent
State Department of Correction,
to which the entire penal administration
of the State shall be committed.
Will Works or Won’t Works?—An
examination of 2000 inmates of the New
York municipal lodging house showed
that 63 per cent. of the 2000 were able
to do hard work; another 10 per cent.
were capable of doing lighter work, such
as gardening or using a broom, and still
another 9 per cent. could do extremely
light work, but still enough to keep themselves
in food and decent clothing.
More light would have been thrown on
the general subject of unemployment if
the city had been able to go further and
learn how many of this 2000 would be
willing to do the work they were physically
capable of doing, were the chance
actually offered.
More Privileges at Stillwater—Prisoners
at the penitentiary at Stillwater
demonstrate in many ways their approval
of the new rules inaugurated by
Warden Henry Wolfer.
All the men in the third grade have
been advanced to the second grade, and
now not a stripe is worn in the new prison.
All convicts will be permitted to talk
to their neighbors at meal time Sundays
and holidays.
Each Tuesday and Friday at 4.30 P.M.
motion picture shows will be given
in the prison auditorium. The prisoners
are given half day off on Saturday.
Prisoners Earning Money at Joliet.—Warden
Edmund M. Allen of the Joliet
penitentiary announces that for the first
time in Illinois prisoners employed in a
penitentiary have become wage earners.
Employees in the reed and rattan department,
where furniture is made, have
been given a share in the earnings. There
has followed a marked improvement in
efficiency. Each employee earned $5.69
in March—small, but a beginning.
Prisoners in this work learn a trade
which can be followed profitably upon
their obtaining freedom. In March,
1914, with 259 workingmen, 6,595 pieces
were made, as against 5,153 in March,
1913, with 288 employees. In April $6.32
per man was earned.
In addition to the share in the profits
granted to employees in the reed and rattan
shop, the warden has given the prisoners
the privilege of making any articles
which they are capable of manufacturing
in their cells during leisure hours.
Materials are supplied where the supplies
of the prison permit, and the articles
made are sold by the prison and the
money given to the convicts.
Joliet convicts to the number of 500
were back at their work peacefully recently
following a night of fire-fighting
when flames destroyed a portion of the
rattan shop of the State penitentiary.
Convicts, from embezzlers to life termers,
fought side by side with the prison
guards and members of the Joliet fire
department. None tried to make their
escape, and when the fire companies
withdrew from the blackened ruins the
men quietly returned to their cells.
Warden Allen says that he believes
the introduction of the “honor system”
during his administration had much to
do with the action of the prisoners. For
a long time the big east gate leading to
the prison stood open, and he has yet to
learn of any prisoner that made any attempt
to get away.
Harmless “Pirates.”—At the State
Reformatory for Women in Massachusetts,
on June 6th, before an audience of
300 guests, friends of the institution,
the “Pirates of Penzance” was given by
the women inmates. About 60 of the
women took part on the stage. The excellent
work and good voices were a surprise
and gratification, and this performance,
which was heartily applauded,
was, undoubtedly, the most elaborate and
successful ever given by inmates of any
penal institution in the country.
The costumes, stage arrangements and
decorations, were the work of the women.
All winter long the work has been
an uplifting and engaging employment
for all the inmates, giving them new
tasks outside the daily prison routine.
At the rehearsals, the 350 inmates
have gathered in the large hall, and
watched the performance of the 50 to
60 women on the platform. The study
and work has benefited every inmate,
and especially inspired all who took part.
The work is an indication of the broad
scheme of Mrs. Jessie D. Hodder and
her staff in renewing the lives of the
women in her charge.
New Prison Training Effective—So
says the Buffalo Inquirer: Of the 1,639
convicts in the Ohio State prison at
Columbus, 1,331 are first termers. Of
the 784 discharged and the 743 received
in the last year only fourteen were second
termers.
“Such figures indicate that the Ohio
prison management is doing something
to lessen the number of repeaters. Apparently
the training the prisoners receive
is doing something to work up the
ability and will to lead to the life that saves
them from being sent back again.
“It is related that the 500 Ohio prisoners
who were allowed to work in the
open last year on their promise not to
run away only twenty-four escaped.
That is to say, ninety-five per cent.
showed the stamina to stay on the prison
job and five per cent. yielded to the
temptation to make a break for liberty.
The ninety-five per cent. capable of staying
in prison when they might have escaped
should be capable of keeping out
of prison after their release. Every statistical
table showing a diminished proportion
of ‘repeaters’ is evidence that
the new training is really accomplishing
in the way of abolishing the ‘comebacks.’”
The Situation in New Jersey—The
Plainfield (N.J.) Courier outlines it as
follows:
It is claimed that politics interferes
with the harmonious solution of the new
labor system in the State Prison, replacing
the prison labor contract system.
The interruption has created an annoyance,
because all the present labor contracts
at the State Prison expire on July
1, and a serious condition will be presented
for the majority of the 1,400 convicts
will be thrown into lives of idleness.
State Prison Keeper Thomas B.
Madden regards the prospect as menacing.
On July 1 all the prison contractors
will cease their work and will remove
their machinery from the prison
shops where so long the prisoners were
kept busy manufacturing shoes, clothing,
brooms, brushes, caps, handkerchiefs,
overalls, etc., will be closed until
the new prison labor methods can be put
into operation. It will take at least six
months to get the new system fully installed.
No definite plans exist for an immediate
resumption of labor in the prison,
although the act abolished the prison
labor contract system and substituting
the “State use” method under which the
convicts manufactures articles for use
in all the State institutions, was passed
in 1911, three years ago. The new Commission
is composed of Cook Conklin,
of Bergen county, president; Commissioner
of Charities and Corrections Joseph
P. Byers, of Trenton, secretary;
Joseph M. Dear, of Jersey City, representing
the Board of State Prison Inspectors;
Freeman Woodbridge, of Middlesex
county, representing the Board
of Managers of the Rahway Reformatory;
Richard H. More, of Bridgeton,
and Henry Isleib of Paterson.
“The condition is a serious one,” said
Prison Keeper Madden today, “and I do
not know what we are going to do after
July 1 when all the prison shops must
be closed. I know what it means to have
a big lot of prisoners idle, for I was here
back in the hard times of 1873 when one
of the big prison contractors failed and
the shops were closed down. We had
trouble then, and there were not nearly
so many prisoners as we have now.”
The act of 1911 abolishing the contract
labor system created a Prison Labor
Commission composed of the Commissioner
of Charities and Corrections,
the warden of the State prison, the superintendent
of the Rahway Reformatory
and two other persons to be appointed
by the Governor. President Wilson
was then Governor and his appointments
made the Commission Democratic. It
has been claimed that if the original
commission had been let alone something
would have been accomplished
ere this. In 1912 the Legislature was
Republican. A bill was introduced
changing the Prison Labor Commission
so that it would be composed of six men,
three Republicans and three Democrats.
This was passed and Governor Wilson
promptly vetoed it as also were many
other bills sent to him by the Republican
law makers. This bill was passed
over his veto, together with a lot of
others, thus revolutionizing the Commission.
This is the Commission which has
just been legislated out of office.
Prison Keeper Madden does not think
the “State use” will employ nearly all
the convicts. For instance, less than ten
prisoners now do all the tailoring work
for the 1,400 men in the prison, so that,
in his opinion, all the industrial needs of
the various State institutions will be met
without using the labor of anything like
all the convicts in the prison. It has been
suggested that more convicts be employed
outside the prison, and that then
some of the others be employed in remodeling
the old and unsanitary sections
of the prison. This plan will likely
be discussed by the Commissioners next
Tuesday. Only about 65 prisoners are
now employed on the roads of the State,
and it is proposed that this be increased
to 300. The suggestion is that at least
150 convicts be sent to the Prison Farm
in Cumberland county, where only 87
are now at work. There is a law permitting
the State to acquire a prison to
mine and crush stone for good road
work, and it is urged that this would be
put in operation and 100 convicts employed
in this way. An average of fifteen
per cent. of the convicts are employed
in the prison as domestics and
general helpers, or are in ill health and
cannot work. This leaves in round numbers,
600 convicts to be utilized in the
prison industrial system.
It would take from six months to a
year, however, to put all these plans into
operation. Meanwhile the pressing
problem is what to do at once.
An appropriation of $25,000 is available
in the supplemental bill for immediate
use for the establishment of the new
prison labor system, but although the
money has been ready since April 15,
nothing has been done about utilizing it
to meet the need.
Shale.—Says the Boston Transcript:
Shale is to be no longer the outcast of
the rock and soil families. It is fit to
make into brick to be laid down for the
best of highways. In the past to point
at a bit of land and say, “Shale,” meant
that the sale for any price above the
waste lot figure was impossible. The
shale land farmer never prospered. The
word was good only for the novelist to
write into the descriptions of places
where ghosts were found. But shale is
about to be respected. It may be fit
punishment for that despised rock and
soil derived from that rock that it should
be placed under the feet of men, the
hoofs of horses and the rubber of the
auto tires, to be pulverized slowly into
dust, but that does not matter. Shale
is making a reputation. Governor Glynn
of New York has announced that the
tests of brick made from shale about the
Elmira reformatory have proved that
the bricks are right for laying down for
the surface of highways. Samples of
the brick sent to the makers of clay brick
machinery have been found to fill all the
requirements of the experts there employed,
and that means that shale almost
anywhere may be made into brick with
such economy that it is forthwith regarded
as one of the best materials for surface
highways. The advantage of the
shale about the Elmira reformatory is
that the convicts there can be employed
to collect the material and make the brick
for State roads. The highway commissioner
and a scientist are to direct the
construction of buildings at the reformatory
for the manufacture of brick. Convicts
are to make the brick and put up
the plant for permanent operations of
the same materials. In many reports of
industrial enterprises of late there is
used the expression, economy was the
result of finding the building materials
on the spot or close by. The use of shale
in many sections is bound to come under
that head. Brick is now made of many
materials which in the past have been
tabooed. Sand is considered as good as
clay for making brick, and it is handier
to many places. The use of different
materials makes a variety in the building
materials of blocks. Cities look better
because of that variety. But one of
the best uses for brick appears now to
be the surfacing of roads for the joy machines
as well as the business motors of
all kinds, and for horses. In the course
of time the country turnpikes may be
generally paved like city streets, at least
with hard brick and that will have been
done at reasonable cost to the country
because of the employment of convict
labor.
In Kentucky: The New York Evening
Post says editorially:—“From Kentucky
comes the report of a decision of
its Court of Appeals which appears to
be most unfortunate in its effect, but entirely
justified by the facts of the case.
The decision declares unconstitutional a
prison-reform act passed by the Legislature
in 1910, which provided for one of
the State prisons becoming a reformatory
for first offenders, and the other a
penitentiary, for the education of prisoners,
and for the assignment to them of
a portion of their earnings under the
prison labor contracts. The decision
was not based on any objection whatever
to the provisions of the bill; neither
was it grounded on a “technicality”. The
trouble was that the bill, which was in
the nature of an addition of new sections
to a pre-existing law, did not set
forth the whole act as it would appear
after amendment, as required by the
State Constitution; also the payment of
prisoners was not mentioned in the title.
The Court disavowed any desire to interfere
with the freedom of the Legislature
except so far as distinctly required
by the Constitution; but the opinion
went on, “to say that this act does not
boldly violate section 51 would be to say
that the words of this section have no
meaning or effect, and that a section of
the Constitution has no more force than
a legislative act.” There is no getting
away from this view of such a matter,
unless we are to take the position that
there should be no Constitutions at all.
In support of that position there is room
for valid argument; but to have a Constitution,
and yet set it aside when we
please, is to invite the dangers that
would go with the abolition of Constitutions
without getting its advantages.”
The Indeterminate Sentence and
“Good Time.”—According to the Louisville
(Ky.) Courier Journal, “some of
the prisoners in the Frankfort Reformatory
are said to be preparing to file a
suit to compel the Prison Commission to
carry out the law which gives eighty-four
days’ good time to every convict.
“There is no question as to the existence
of such a law, but the Prison Commission
has not seen proper to apply it
to those prisoners who were convicted
under the indeterminate sentence law.
This seems to have been in accordance
with common sense. A prisoner sent
up under the indeterminate sentence law
for a term of, say, one to five years is
eligible to parole after he has served his
minimum term of one year. If the good
time allowance also is applied such a
prisoner, one of the commissioners has
pointed out, would have to serve only
about nine months to be eligible for parole.
“The absurdity of making a good time
allowance to those who are serving the
so-called indeterminate sentence is more
apparent when the case of a prisoner
convicted of manslaughter is considered.
This prisoner was sentenced to serve
from two to twenty-five years. In the
natural course of events he would be
eligible to parole after two years. Given
the benefit of the annual good time allowance
he would have to serve only
about eighteen months before being eligible
for parole.
“The Attorney General has given an
opinion to the effect that the prisoners
convicted under the indeterminate sentence
law are entitled to the good time
allowance. Evidently there has been a
good deal of legislative bungling in connection
with these prison laws. With a
few more amendments it is much to be
feared the State will be unable to keep
anybody at all in the penitentiary longer
than the time required for hearing a
mandamus suit.”
How Newspapers Err.—The Providence
(R.I.) News says that:
“There was a queer mix-up over a
sentence passed by the district court of
Minnesota on a youth of twenty years.
Two New York state papers had the
story that the youth was sentenced to
forty years in prison for robbing a man
of $1.85. One paper used the sentence
as a text for a general cry down of Wisconsin’s
very progressive, although what
a sentence passed in St. Paul had to do
with the laws of Wisconsin, progressive
or otherwise, was not clear. The other
paper commented on the affair under the
caption: ‘The Crime of a Court.’
“It appears by a letter from Judge
Orr, who sentenced the youth, that he
was not sentenced to forty years in prison,
but was sentenced under the indeterminate
law, and can, after two years,
apply for a parole. It is true that in
robbery cases the maximum sentence is
forty years, but it is up to the board of
parole and to the youth himself, very
largely to the youth, as to how long he
will stay in prison. As the young man
had been a waif and pleaded guilty, the
story, if true, was one that could not
fail to cause indignation. There was
very little truth about it, fortunately,
and Judge Orr, speaking for his state
says:
‘Minnesota is in the front rank in the
matter of legislation recognizing the
principles of modern penology and criminology,
including the indeterminate sentence
all cases, limited suspension of
sentence, etc., and the administration
of justice in the courts of this state is in
full sympathy and accord with the statutes.
Such blunders as these are apt
to do courts everywhere an injury, so
the truth should be known.’”
Convicts make Brick and do other
Work in Ohio.—Shipments have been
started from the brick plant established
by the State board of administration for
the employment of penitentiary prisoners
at Junction City, Perry county, Ohio.
Mason Chilcote of East Liverpool, is
the superintendent of the plant. Fifty
prisoners are employed at the plant and
as soon as a new dormitory is completed
another fifty will be sent there. The
plant can turn out 40,000 bricks daily.
State Highway Commissioner James R.
Marker says that his department can
use the entire output of the plant for
road building.
By using the convicts the State board
of administration saved the State more
than $2,000 in tearing down old buildings
and excavating for the new administration
structure at the Institution for
the Blind in Columbus.
It required 24 convicts 8274 hours
to do the work. They were paid three
cents an hour by the State. The total
was $248.22. The same number of
hours paid for at 27-1/2 cents an hour,
the prevailing rate of wages, would
have cost the State $2,275.35.
Besides saving the money to the State
the board furnished outdoor labor for
the prisoners.
Work on the foundation of the new
structure which is to house the board of
administration, has been commenced.
It is expected to have the building
ready for occupancy by early fall.
Board of City Magistrates of the City
of New York (First Division).—The
annual report giving the work of magistrates
in Manhattan and the Bronx in
the City of New York is always anticipated
with great interest, and is read
with an increasing amount of satisfaction
both in general progress recorded
and in the improvement of form and
statistical method. It is a great pity
as Chief Magistrate McAdoo remarks,
that the important strides toward significant
criminal statistics that are being
made in the magistrates’ courts can
not be combined and developed, together
with data from the higher criminal
courts. There should be, in any event,
a centralized statistical bureau, covering
all the courts concerned with the criminal
bar in Greater New York. “What
was done with the man I held for keeping
a gambling house, a disorderly
house, or maintaining a public nuisance
last month or the month before. I
don’t know——.” We might add, “Nor
does any one else know.” The report
presents the work of eight district courts,
a night court for men, and a night court
for women, and two domestic relations
courts. There is no end of interesting
material in it. Perhaps the most interesting
facts, however, relate to the extension
of the use of the finger-prints
to cases of disorderly conduct, “jostling”
and “mashing,” with prospects of
soon including automobile speeders; and
the increase of the percentage of convicted
among those arranged. The former
will make it difficult for real lawbreakers
to escape punishment after arrest,
while the latter shows that the number
of arrests of innocent persons is fast
diminishing. A remarkable fact is also
the diminution of the number of defendants
placed on probation, directly attributable
to the greater frequency of preliminary
investigations of such cases by
probation officers.
STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, ETC. of THE DELINQUENT.
Published monthly at New York, N. Y., required by the Act of August 24th, 1912.
| NAME OF |
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| Editor, O. F. Lewis, |
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| Managing Editor, O. F. Lewis. |
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| Business Manager, O. F. Lewis. |
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| Publisher, The National Prisoners’ Aid Association. |
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| Owners, The National Prisoners’ Aid Association. |
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There are no bondholders, mortgages, or other security holders.
O. F. LEWIS, Editor and Business Manager.
Sworn to and subscribed before me this 27th day of March, 1914.
H. L. McCORMICK, Notary Public No. 6, Kings County.
My Commission expires March 31, 1914.
Title page issue number corrected from 5 to 6.
A number of typographical errors were corrected silently.
New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.