Sound

About this eBook

Author

Tyndall, John, 1820-1893

Credits

Produced by Peter Vachuska, Chuck Greif, Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

Language

English

LoC Class

QC: Science: Physics

Subject

Sound

Category

Text

Project Gutenberg

eBook-No. 54969

Release Date

June 23, 2017

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.SOUND
2. 2.CONTENTS
3. 3.PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
4. 4.PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
5. 5.CHAPTER I — § 1. Introduction: Character of Sonorous Motion. Experimental Illustrations — § 2. Experiments in Vacuo, in Hydrogen, and on Mountains — § 3. Intensity of Sound. Law of Inverse Squares — § 4. Confinement of Sound-waves in Tubes — § 5. The Reflection of Sound. Resemblances to Light — § 6. Refraction of Sound — § 7. Diffraction of Sound: illustrations offered by great Explosions — § 8. Velocity of Sound: relation to Density and Elasticity of Air — § 9. Theoretic Velocity calculated by Newton Laplace’s Correction — § 10. Ratio of Specific Heats of Air deduced from Velocity of Sound — § 11. Mechanical Equivalent of Heat deduced from Velocity of Sound — § 12. Absence of Radiative Power of Air deduced from Velocity of Sound — § 13. Velocity of Sound through Gases, Liquids, and Solids — § 14. Hooke’s Anticipation of the Stethoscope — NOTE ON THE DIFFRACTION OF SOUND — SUMMARY OF CHAPTER I
6. 6.CHAPTER II — § 2. Musical Sounds produced by Taps — § 3. Musical Sounds produced by Puffs — § 4. Musical Sounds produced by a Tuning-fork — § 5. The Waves of Sound — § 6. Definition of Pitch: Determination of Rates of Vibration — § 7. The Siren: Analysis of the Instrument — § 8. Determination of Wave-lengths: Time of Vibration — § 9. Definition of an Octave — § 10. Limits of the Ear; and of Musical Sounds — § 11. Drum of the Ear. The Eustachian Tube — § 12. Helmholtz’s Double Siren — § 13. Transmission of Musical Sounds by Liquids and Solids — SUMMARY OF CHAPTER II
7. 7.CHAPTER III — § 1. Vibrations of Strings: Use of Sound-Boards — § 2. Laws of Vibrating Strings — § 3. Mechanical Illustrations of Vibrations. Progressive and Stationary Waves. Ventral Segments and Nodes — § 4. Mechanical Illustrations of Damping Various Points of Vibrating Cord — § 5. Stationary Water-waves — § 6. Application of Mechanical Illustrations to Musical Strings — § 7. Melde’s Experiments — § 8. New Mode of determining the Laws of Vibration — HARMONIC SOUNDS OR OVERTONES — § 9. Timbre; Klangfarbe; Clang-tint — § 10. Mingling of Overtones with Fundamental. The Æolian Harp — § 11. Young’s Optical Illustrations — SUMMARY OF CHAPTER III
8. 8.CHAPTER IV — § 1. Transverse Vibrations of a Rod fixed at Both Ends — § 2. Transverse Vibrations of a Rod fixed at One End — § 3. Chladni’s Tonometer: the Iron Fiddle, Musical Box, and the Kaleidophone — § 4. Transverse Vibrations of a Rod free at Both Ends. The Claque-bois and Glass Harmonica — § 5. Vibrations of a Tuning-fork — § 6. Chladni’s Figures — § 7. Vibrations of Square Plates: Nodal Lines — § 8. Wheatstone’s Analysis of the Vibrations of Square Plates — § 9. Vibrations of Circular Plates — § 10. Strehlke and Faraday’s Experiments: Deportment of Light Powders — § 11. Vibration of Bells: Means of rendering them visible — SUMMARY OF CHAPTER IV
9. 9.CHAPTER V — § 1. Longitudinal Vibrations of Wires and Rods: Conversion of Longitudinal into Transverse Vibrations — § 2. Longitudinal Pulses in Iron and Brass: their Relative Velocities determined — § 3. Longitudinal Vibrations of Rods fixed at One End: Musical Instruments formed on this Principle — § 4. Vibrations of Rods free at Both Ends — § 5. Fracture of Glass Tube by Sonorous Vibrations — § 6. Action of Sonorous Vibrations on Polarized Light — § 7. Vibrations of Rods of Wood: Determination of Relative Velocities in Different Woods — RESONANCE — § 8. Experiments with Resonant Jars. Analysis and Explanation — § 9. Reinforcement of Bell by Resonance — § 10. Expenditure of Motion in Resonance — § 11. Resonators of Helmholtz — ORGAN-PIPES — § 12. Principles of Resonance applied to Organ-Pipes — § 13. Vibrations of Stopped Pipes: Modes of Division: Overtones — § 14. Vibrations of Open Pipes: Modes of Division: Overtones — § 15. Velocity of Sound in Gases, Liquids, and Solids determined by Musical Vibrations — REEDS AND REED-PIPES — § 16. The Voice — § 17. Vowel Sounds — § 18. Kundt’s Experiments: New Modes of determining Velocity of Sound — § 19. Explanation of a Difficulty — ADDENDUM REGARDING RESONANCE — SUMMARY OF CHAPTER V
10. 10.CHAPTER VI — § 1. Rhythm of Friction: Musical Flow of a Liquid through a Small Aperture — § 2. Musical Flames — § 3. Experimental Analysis of Musical Flame — § 4. Rate of Vibration of Flame: Toepler’s Experiment — § 5. Harmonic Sounds of Flame — § 6. Action of Extraneous Sounds on Flame: Experiments of Schaffgotsch and Tyndall — SENSITIVE NAKED FLAMES — § 7. Discovery of Sensitive Flames by Le Conte — § 8. Experiments on Fish-tail and Bat’s-wing Flames — § 9. Experiments on Flames from Circular Apertures — § 10. Seat of Sensitiveness — § 11. Influence of Pitch — § 12. The Vowel-flame — § 13. Mr. Philip Harry’s Sensitive Flame — § 14. Sensitive Smoke-jets — § 15. Constitution of Liquid Veins: Sensitive Water-jets — SUMMARY OF CHAPTER VI — NAKED FLAMES
11. 11.CHAPTER VII — PART I — § 1. Introduction — § 2. Instruments and Observations — § 3. Contradictory Results — § 4. Solution of Contradictions — § 5. Other Remarkable Instances of Acoustic Opacity — § 6. Echoes from Invisible Acoustic Clouds — § 7. Experimental Demonstration of Reflection from Gases — § 8. Reflection from Vapors — PART II — § 1. Action of Hail and Rain — § 2. Action of Snow — § 3. Passage of Sound through Textile Fabrics, and through Artificial Showers — § 4. Action of Fog. Observations in London — § 5. Observations at the South Foreland — § 6. Experiments on Artificial Fogs — § 7. Action of Wind — § 8. Atmospheric Selection — § 9. Concluding Remarks — NOTE — SUMMARY OF CHAPTER VII
12. 12.CHAPTER VIII — § 1. Interference of Water-Waves — § 2. Interference of Sound — § 3. Experimental Illustrations — § 4. Interference of Waves from Organ-pipes — § 5. Lissajous’s Illustration of Beats of Two Tuning-forks — § 6. Interference of Waves from a Vibrating Disk. Hopkins’s and Lissajous’s Illustrations — § 7. Quenching the Sound of one Prong of a Tuning-fork by that of the other — RESULTANT TONES — SUMMARY OF CHAPTER VIII
13. 13.CHAPTER IX — § 1. The Facts of Musical Consonance — § 2. The Theory of Musical Consonance. Pythagoras and Euler — § 3. Sympathetic Vibrations — § 4. Sympathetic Vibration in Relation to the Human Ear — § 5. Consonant Intervals in Relation to the Human Ear — § 6. Graphic Representation of Consonance and Dissonance — § 7. Composition of Vibrations — SUMMARY OF CHAPTER IX
14. 14.APPENDICES — APPENDIX I — APPENDIX II
15. 15.FOOTNOTES:
16. 16.INDEX

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