THE REIGN OF LAW AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS:—HOME AND COLONIAL
Significance of the New Law Court buildings in London. Early efforts
after law reform in Parliament. No appreciable result till 1841. Slow
progress and subsequent changes, culminating in the 1869 Commission,
and the 1873 Judicature Act. The popular consequences of this, and
general view of our legal system as it affects to-day the Colonies as
well as the mother country.
Transformation in our Colonial system shown by the latest facts and
figures. Special usefulness as well as Imperial value of the Colonies
to England. Social fusion of the mother country and the Colonies
prefigured by the presence and influence on both sides of the Atlantic
of the American element in the best society in London. Individual
influences which have promoted this movement, and are doing the same
thing for our Colonial cousins, as for our American.
No architectural change during the age has more affected the perspective
of Fleet Street and the Strand than the disappearance of Temple Bar and
its replacement by the griffin which marks its former site, and the
erection of the Royal Courts of Justice that now flank the central
thoroughfare. This is the outward and visible sign of a transformation not
less great, as regards the administration of the law within the new palace
of justice itself.
The Reform Act of 1832 was followed by various movements in Parliament in
the direction of law reform. The proposals and their very slight results
were solely technical; the public reaped no appreciable benefit so long as
the separation of the Common Law Courts from the Court of Chancery
existed, and on different sides of Westminster Hall two legal systems,
often mutually antagonistic, were at work. Ten years after the Accession,
the monopoly of Serjeants of Law in the old Court of Common Pleas was
swept away. Still justice was delayed. During the early days of railway
enterprise, commerce was obstructed, by the postponement, for inadequate
or vexatious reasons, of the trial of cases arising out of bills of
exchange on which large sums of money depended, and which, till they were
decided, blocked commercial enterprise. This may be looked back to now as
the scholastic era in nineteenth century law administration. The
categories into which causes and kinds of legal action and pleas, were
divided, in their pedantic complexity, recalled the tortuous refinements
of the logical school men upon the comparatively simple predicaments of
Aristotle.
In 1851 a flagrant and inveterate anomaly was removed by the success of
those law reformers who had long in vain protested against the absurdity
of disallowing the evidence of persons immediately interested in the suit.
After this, the movement did not pause till the Commission of 1869 was
appointed, with the result that in 1873 there passed the Judicature Act
which has amalgamated conflicting usages into a homogeneous system, and
produced the long desired fusion between Equity and Law. The ancient
divisions are perpetuated to-day not in different Courts but in different
divisions of the same Court. The result briefly stated is that
notwithstanding the real difference which still exists between Equity and
Law, and the practical division of the Bar into two branches, Law and
Equity can to-day be administered by the same Courts and one judge can
give suitors the same relief as any other judge.
There is now no possibility of a question being decided by one tribunal
according to Common Law principles, and by another according to the
principles of Equity. To prevent any chance of confusion it has further
been enacted that wherever the rules of Equity and Law seem to conflict,
those of Common Law are to prevail. The principle of a division of labour
still exists. Every judge, that is, does not transact every sort of
business. The judges in the Chancery division are still specially charged
with the execution of trusts and other such matters, even as happened in
the case of their predecessors fifty years ago. To do justice with as
little regard as may be to forms and precedents is the visible object of
the administrators of the law in every department. That professional
prejudices should have disappeared was not to be expected, and, perhaps,
not to be desired. But the exclusive etiquette of judges and lawyers is
not greater than prevails in other professions, among doctors,
diplomatists, or divines. The plaintiff in person is no more welcome in
the reformed, than in the unreformed, Courts; nor, in the interests of
public time and of common sense, is it probably to be wished that he
should be. The two principal and practical defects in the administration
of English law that still need attention would seem to be—one, the
barbarous system which still obtains through the imperfect arrangements of
the Circuit Courts of keeping untried prisoners unreasonably long in
prison. Of late cases have been noticed in which persons, proved on trial
to be innocent, have been detained in prison for weeks or months. The
second defect is the undue licence allowed to the legal profession of
protracting the hearing of cases secondary in their importance by the
accumulation of unnecessary evidence and cross-examination. This has often
been objected to, but has seldom been firmly controlled by the judges.
The great public benefit conferred by the reforms whose monument is the
New Law Courts hard by the church of St Clement Danes, may be condensed
into the remark that whereas from 1837 to 1875 it was an accident whether
the right party won his case, the presumption in favour of his success in
1897 is so strong as almost to amount to a certainty.
Of another sort of fusion, that between the two divisions of the legal
profession, solicitors and barristers, much has been heard. But in Canada
and some other Colonies some inconvenience and disadvantage are found to
result from the absence of any distinction between barristers and
solicitors. Gradually, perhaps, a solution in practice is being arrived
at. Without mentioning individual names it is the fact that among the men
who now stand highest, whether at the Bar or on the Bench, many while
students at the Inns of Court have perfected themselves in the practical
details of law by voluntarily attending the offices of great firms of
solicitors, whether in Westminster or elsewhere.
The palace of justice whose opening marked the close of the fourth decade
of the reign, commemorates, in a fashion of its own, the unity of the
Empire as well as the late achieved unity of the administration of
justice.
Among the Queen’s subjects are nations not only of every creed and of
every colour, but trained in obedience to every code of law which human
skill has devised. Since the modern era of our Colonial Empire began in
1836, the practice has been to continue to those dependencies the laws
under which they were when they came into being, or when they were first
acquired by diplomatic cession or military conquest, always provided that
these pre-existent systems do not contradict the fundamental principles of
British jurisprudence. Thus, in British Guiana, in the Cape Colony, and in
Ceylon, the letter and spirit of Roman-Dutch law have been continued under
English rule. In lower Canada, French forms have become so confused as to
be impracticable: the laws of this province are to-day identical with
those in vogue in England at the time of its acquisition in 1763,
periodically of course improved by modern lights. In the Mauritius, the
French Code Civile and the French Code de Commerce still exist. It is for
the sovereign embodying in her own person the unity of the Empire to
decide through the Privy Council, that is, to-day, through the Judicial
Committee in all disputed cases what the particular law of the locality
may be.
On page 227 of the writer’s earlier book England, etc., the Colonial as
well as ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Privy Council Judicial
Committee was explained in detail. Since those words were written an
important step has been taken under an Act passed some years ago by Lord
Herschell. By this, the Chief Justice of the Cape Colony, Sir Henry de
Villiers, Chief Justice Sir Henry Strong of Canada, Sir Samuel Way, Chief
Justice of South Australia, have been added to the Judicial Committee of
the Privy Council, in order to strengthen that body with special reference
to the Roman-Dutch, French-Canadian and Australasian law, in legislation
and practice. Here too, it is well to refer to the recent formation of the
Society of Comparative Legislation. This body is actively engaged and has
already done good work in classifying materials throughout the Empire, as
well as in accumulating a compendium of information which will greatly
promote the simplicity and uniformity of the laws of the world.
Some distinct idea must, however, be formed of the concrete reality
connoted by the familiar expression ‘Colonial Empire,’ beginning, as in
truth for our generation it did, with the founding of the Australasian
capital called Adelaide, after his Queen, in the last year of William IV.,
but practically co-extensive in its growth with the reign of his
successor. The area of the United Kingdom is 121,000 square miles. That of
its possessions in foreign parts is 8,725,000 square miles. In other
words the mother country is only in extent a seventieth part of the Empire
of which that mother country is the nucleus.
To put the facts somewhat differently this British Empire, covering some
9,000,000 square miles, occupies a fifth part of the habitable globe. No
other world power such as this has been known to past or can be found in
present history. The British Empire of the Victorian age is five times as
large as was the Empire of Darius five centuries before the Christian Era
began. It is four times the size of the Roman Empire at its zenith. Among
modern Powers, the Empire of Great Britain is larger by an eighth than
that of Russia; it contains 230 millions more people. It is sixteen times
as great as the foreign dominions of France; forty times as great as the
Empire of Germany. Seven days and nights of continuous travelling are
required to cross the American Continent. The lands which owe allegiance
to the monarch of these Islands are three times as extensive as those
composing the Republican Empire of the United States.
The relative progress, according to the population test, of the mother
country, and the nationalities, voluntarily incorporated into her
government, beyond seas will best be judged by the facts and figures of a
comparatively recent contrast, such as is alone practicable in the case of
an essentially modern experience. Between 1871, then, and 1881, the
increase in the inhabitants of the United Kingdom was at the rate of 10
per cent. In the case of our American Colonies it was 19 per cent.; in
the case of our Australasian it was 42 per cent. The same progress which
has marked our recent history in other respects than numbers at home, has
not been wanting with our kin beyond sea. Thus, in respect of education;
in the single province of Quebec, then fairly typical of our other
possessions, in 1837 barely one-fourth of the population could read; less
than one-tenth could make even a pretence at writing. In 1897 there are in
the same province 4,000 schools, with a total of 200,000 scholars, each of
whom is periodically certified by examiners to be making gradual progress
in the prescribed standards, according to age, and qualified individually
to swell the claim upon the Government grant for efficiency.
As for higher teaching, all our principal Colonies have their
Universities. In the mother country, corresponding progress since the
legislation of 1870 was at work was shown by the ability of the framer of
that measure, the late W. E. Forster, himself well known in the Colonies,
before his death in 1885, to point to the fact that the school attendance
from being seven per cent. before his Act was passed had within fifteen
years’ operation of that measure risen to seventeen per cent. In the
Australasian Colonies the results are not less striking than in the mother
country or in the Canadian. In 1837 New South Wales was without a
constitution as well as without any elementary education machinery of its
own. Within rather less than half a century the institution of responsible
government had been followed by an Education Act on the same lines as the
English Act of 1870, but providing inter-mediate schools as well, with the
result that the last census in Victoria shows that, of every 10,000
children of school age, 9,500 could read, and more than 8,500 could write.
These are specimen cases which establish the point that the extension of
English power is accompanied by the spread of whatever advantages modern
civilization can bring. As was seen in the preceding chapter, since the
Colonial Bishoprics movement of 1851, religion has followed everywhere in
the wake of our Empire. So, too, has education. These are the things which
distinguish the Colonial methods of Great Britain from those of any other
country whether in earlier or in contemporary times.
Dependencies, i.e. places necessary for the maintenance of Empire, but
not suitable for permanent British habitation; Crown Colonies, controlled
by a Governor, and legislated for by orders in Council, with, as soon as
the soil is ripe for it, some representative Council on the spot,
reduplications of the mother country under foreign suns, with
Constitutions of their own and representative Government after the pattern
of the United Kingdom; these are the different heads under which the
Colonial Empire that has grown up in our age may be divided. As this
Empire is in itself new, so the machinery for its central administration
in the form in which it now exists is a product of the present reign.
Evelyn the diarist, writing under date February 28th, 1671, mentions his
appointment as a member of the Committee of the Privy Council, that had
been established in 1660 for controlling the foreign plantations. This
Council in 1672 was joined to the Council of Trade, the entire body being
called the Council of Trade and Plantations. That was reconstituted in
1695, and again in 1748, when India came under its charge, continuing to
remain under it until the appointment of the Board of Control in 1784.
At the beginning of our century, War and Colonies formed the province of a
single Secretary of State and continued to do so till 1854. The first
Colonial Secretary holding that office alone was Sir George Grey, followed
in 1859 by the Duke of Newcastle. This was the Peelite duke whose father
had founded the Newcastle scholarship at Eton, and who himself accompanied
the Prince of Wales to Canada in 1859. The Colonies were not the
department he had desired when Lord Palmerston formed his last Government,
but he did his work not unsympathetically and bequeathed his post in good
order to Cardwell. The ablest of the earlier Colonial Secretaries was
without doubt Lord Grey, son of the Reformer, who held the office in Lord
John Russell’s Administration. During the forties, especially in 1849,
Colonial sensitiveness was wounded by the perpetual motions brought
forward in the House of Commons by Joseph Hume and others of his party for
reducing the salary of Colonial Governors,[119] accompanied as these
motions were by language not complimentary to the new polities. Not
without party criticism had the office of Parliamentary Under Secretary
been created in 1810. The same opposition was called forth by the
appointment of Permanent Under Secretaries, and Legal Advisers to the Home
Government in 1867, in 1870, 1874, and by the vote for the new Colonial
offices in Downing Street first occupied in 1876. In 1897 politicians of
all parties take the same patriotic pride in the Colonial Empire, while an
ex-Radical leader is that Empire’s Minister. The increased popularity of
Colonial in preference to United States emigration is shown by the fact
that in 1837 35,264 persons went to the Colonies, and some sixty years
later the number was 52,029.
The pride that the Queen’s subjects take in the Empire beyond seas,
created by Anglo-Saxon enterprise, and the honour they derive from it are
accompanied by the growing interest with which the Colonies are regarded
by political thinkers who see in their development an anticipation of the
constitutional movements soon to be witnessed on British soil. The
Australian legislatures have not only kept pace with, they have stolen a
march on, the socialistic Radicals of the old country. New Zealand
generally has led the way. This and three other Colonies, New South Wales,
Victoria and Tasmania, have adopted Woman’s Suffrage with the legislative
freaks which seem to be its sequel. To the action of this franchise is
attributed the proposal recently made in one of these Parliaments to give
every domestic servant a statutory holiday once a week. Tasmania, too,
will not apparently be satisfied till she has secured the Swiss Referendum
for ending disputes between the two legislative Chambers by submitting the
single point in issue to the constituencies. Tasmania, also, has made
several efforts, as yet unsuccessfully, to acclimatise the Hare system of
proportional representation which is now forgotten in England, save when
some theorist uses a periodical re-adjustment of our franchise, to revive
its interest. South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales, have also
attempted, but not as yet carried, the establishment of national banks;
perilous experiments enough for any new, or for that matter old, country.
Individual effort gave England its Colonies. The same agency—as embodied
in a Gibbon Wakefield, who began life by being Secretary to Lord Durham in
Canada 1838, who, 1839, obtained the annexation and colonization of New
Zealand, and who in 1849 published The Art of Colonization; in a Sir
William Molesworth, the pioneer of Colonial self-government; who,
obtaining from Palmerston the great object of his ambition, the Colonial
Secretaryship 1853, died shortly afterwards; more recently in the fourth
Lord Carnarvon, Colonial Secretary (1866-7; 1874-8)—applied the social
cement which has joined the new countries with the old in personal rather
than in merely political relation. Colonial patriotism was also reasonably
gratified on its intellectual side by Mr Lowe’s sojourn in New South
Wales 1843-50, and by Sir Robert G. W. Herbert’s share in the
Administration of Queensland before he became Colonial Under Secretary in
London.
A shrewd Colonial statesman not long since observed that if another flying
Australian, but a born and bred Colonial horse, were to win the Derby, no
whisper of separation from the British Crown would ever be heard among the
most advanced of Colonial democrats. Popular enthusiasm at the Antipodean
winner of the Blue Ribbon would spread from Epsom Downs throughout the
kingdom; it would be flashed along every wire or transmitted by every
cable to the four winds of heaven; the Colonists would cease to complain
that they, or their products, were not appreciated by the mother country.
This half serious remark contains more than a grain of truth; it points to
the fact that the grievance alleged by our kinsman beyond sea against the
headquarters of their race is sentimental, rather than practical. Pending
the Derby winner from beyond seas, the less sternly democratic of
England’s Colonial cousins have appreciated the peerages bestowed on a few
of them, and can point to other substantial proofs that they have become a
power in English society. Thus they have founded clubs in London; they
possess a party of their own in the House of Commons, and entertain the
social leaders of the old country at their balls and parties during the
season in famous restaurants, or at their own homes.
Till the Victorian age was well developed, the latter day American
elements in London fashion were unheard of. To-day these leaven the whole
of our social life. It is those born under the Stripes and Stars who
relieve, at a princely rental, English nobles of house property which its
owners are not occupying, and supply Countesses and Duchesses to the
English peerage. The great feature of our time has been the concentration
of our people in the Metropolis. A like gravitation to towns has indeed
taken place throughout the whole country. Between the eighties and the
nineties, the increase of the urban population has been 3,016,579; the
decrease of the rural has been 139,545.[120]
With respect to this movement, as in other matters, London has shown
itself the true mirror of England. For a proof of this, it would be enough
to mention the Langham Hotel, and those caravanserais which have followed
it, down to the latest and most palatial of all, the Hotel Cecil. That the
capital thus socially re-created has been successfully reorganized as the
most cosmopolitan and modish centre of fashion for two hemispheres is due
largely to the agency of American dollars and American arbiters of
elegance. In the thirties and the sixties the gifted men who were sent to
represent the United States in the old country, a Washington Irving, and a
Lothrop Motley, made their Embassies social centres for the most pleasant
company of the time, attracted famous men from their own country, one of
whom, the Rev. Cleveland Coxe,[121] formed a lasting link between the two
chief branches of the Anglo-Saxon Church, most of these Transatlantic
visitors left behind them brilliant reputations as conversationalists.
More recently a Russell Lowell and a Bayard have adorned this tradition.
In their day, the American season following hard upon the London season
proper has become a regular, and to all concerned most profitable,
observance in the social calendar. The dictatresses of polite life from
the other side of the Atlantic generally have been educated in Paris, not
a few of them by the daughter of Emile Souvestre at that institution for
turning intelligent girls into charming women, Les Ruches, Fontainebleau;
they always bring with them to their London homes the tastes of citizens
of the world. These tastes are gratified as successfully on the Thames as
on the Seine; it is la belle Americaine who has most visibly impressed
her image on the capital where, since the Second Empire fell, she has
chiefly delighted to dwell; she decided that English life needed
enlivening: she has enlivened it and continues to do so effectually. Some
restlessness is constitutional to her, as also to the Anglo-Indians and
Colonials who are perennially so much with us; thus largely to please her
the London season is now subdivided into innumerable parts. It would be
truer to say some form of that season lasts all the year round. The
constant locomotion from one centre, or from one country seat to another,
began, as has been already seen, with the Prince Consort. It has not been
discouraged by later representatives of the Crown. From the day that in
1860 the Prince of Wales visited the tomb of George Washington, he has
never lost the American heart. The new London régime exactly suits the
future peeresses of the old country when they are fresh from New York.
The constant alternations of Hyde Park promenades, not only with suburban
racecourses, but with long days under summer suns given to Thames-side
picnics, or with rapid flittings on any opportunity to and fro between
Mayfair on the one hand, the Boulevard des Italiens, Monte Carlo, or
Homburg on the other: these innovations have been brought about by the
American Londoner more than by any other single person. The Colonial
millionaire or millionairess has not yet been so fully developed as their
Transatlantic equivalents. But the process is going steadily forward, no
doubt with similar results to follow.
The contrast between the amount of international friction that was caused
before the Oregon Boundary dispute, and the Trent difference, between the
two countries were composed in 1846 and in 1863, respectively, and the
comparative ease with which the Venezuela Question in our own day was
settled, suggests the solid international advantages of the arrangement
under which New York and London have become socially one and the same
capital, having their pleasures, their lions and lionesses, their
favourite composers, authors, dramatists and players, in common.
The late Mr Samuel Ward, who is as well remembered in London as in New
York, and who liked to be called the prince of bon vivants at
Delmonico’s, the king of the lobby at Washington, was a cultivated little
old gentleman, of whom it is difficult to conceive as ever having been
much less, or more, than some seventy-odd years of age. He was known
throughout the whole Anglo-Saxon world as ‘Uncle Sam.’ He had become
popular in English society soon after the examples of the then Lord
Hartington and Lord Rosebery included America in the grand tour of every
educated Briton. He really did something to entitle him to his universal
sobriquet. He was the founder of a social and literary Anglo-American
school which has struck its roots deep in the chosen homes of English
fashion. As Californian gold preceded Australian, so the Transatlantic
force that has transformed the social England of our day has come before
the fully organized exercise of a Colonial power of the same sort. But
every year brings one visibly nearer its final development, with all the
international advantages which will no doubt accompany that event.[122]
INDEX
A
Addresses of Prince Consort on Exhibition of 1851, 322.
Agnew, Mr (now Sir William), sketch of, 51;
gives £10,100 for Gainsborough’s Duchess of Devonshire, 52.
Alfred Club, the ‘Dandies’ Club, 5;
named after Count Alfred D’Orsay, 5.
Almack’s, subscription balls at, at end of 18th century, 196;
modern suburban subscription balls, imitations of, 197.
American elements in modern London Society, 435;
countesses and duchesses, 435;
embassies and ministers—Washington Irving and Motley, 435;
Russell Lowell and Bayard, 436;
ladies, their education in Paris, 436;
restlessness a characteristic feature of, 436.
Anæsthetics, discovery of, 395;
Simpson’s use of, at Edinburgh, 395;
Morton and Robinson’s work in connection with, at New York, 395.
Appetite for higher teaching, universality of, 161.
Aristocracy of birth and wealth, Sir R. Peel’s attitude towards, 13.
Arkwright, inventor of spinning jenny, founder of two county families, 37.
Army, traditional jealousy of, by House of Commons, 297;
a bequest from the Puritans, 297;
strength of, reduced by two-thirds immediately after Waterloo, 297;
personnel of, during Napoleonic Wars, 298;
social position of private soldier in, 299;
treatment of soldiers in, by Duke of Wellington, 299;
by Lords Wolseley and Roberts, 299;
flogging in, not abolished until 1860, 301;
as a profession, now self-supporting, 305;
except in guards and cavalry, 305;
retrenchment of pay in, impolitic, 306;
education of officers in, in 1837, 307;
in 1897, 307;
promotions from ranks of, 310;
average annual number of, 310;
remarks on, 310.
Art, improvement in, since Exhibition of 1851, 349;
promoted by rise of wealthy and cultivated classes, 350;
in the days of Sir Martin Archer Shee, 351;
of Sir Charles Eastlake, 352;
of Leighton and Millais, 360.
Artists, old social prejudice against, 351;
same as against doctors, singers and players, 351;
alleged reason for, 352;
foreign education of, in painters’ studios, 353;
English training at Royal Academy, Slade or other schools, 353.
Athenæum Club, doors of, opened to Macready and the Keans, 211.
Austin, Charles, his two fortunes made out of railway bills, 35.
Aveland, Lord, descended from a Lord Mayor of London, 15.
B
Bacon, Francis, Lord, fillip given to scientific study by, 324.
Barnes, editor of the Times, ‘The most powerful man in the country,’ 380.
Bath, Marquis of, descended from a Lord Mayor of London, 14.
Beaconsfield, Earl of, see Disraeli.
Bedchamber Plot, account of, 263.
Bell, Andrew, founder of Bell’s scholarships at Cambridge, 133;
first promoter of a scheme for national education, 133.
Board Schools, growth of, 147;
for elementary instruction, 147;
playgrounds and gymnasia at, 147;
for higher grade teaching, 147;
laboratories and workrooms at, 147;
improvements in private schools produced by, 148.
Boleyn, Anne, Queen of Henry VIII., descended from Sir Godfrey Boleyn, a Lord Mayor of London, 14.
Brassey, Thomas, railway contractor, sketch of, 35;
millionaire, before he built his last railway, 35.
Braybrooke, Lord, descended from Sir Thomas Gresham, Lord Mayor of London, 14.
British Association, steady success of, 326;
idea of, not of British origin, 326;
smallness of early meetings of, at Leipsic and Berlin, 326;
associated with names of Prince Consort and Lord Salisbury, 327;
appeal of Brewster, Herschel and Humphry Davy to Government on behalf of, 327;
objects of, described at meeting at York, 328;
meetings of, at Oxford 1831, Cambridge 1832, Edinburgh 1833, 329;
over 500,000 members of, at the present time, 329.
British and Foreign Bible Society, see Missionary Societies.
Brougham, Lord, his work in relation to popularizing science, 325.
Buckingham, Duke of, descended from Sir Thomas Gresham, Lord Mayor, 14.
Buildings, Municipal, great improvement in architecture of, 43;
and in that of warehouses and shops in towns, 43;
and in private houses of suburban London, 43.
C
Cabinet system, discovered by Sunderland, son-in-law of Marlborough, 262;
definite triumph of, in 1828, 263.
Carpenter, Doctor, exploration of the nervous system by, 395.
Chadwick, Edwin, his work as a sanitary reformer, 389.
Chartism, formerly an active force, now a name, 252;
most of the demands of, now matured into law, 252;
Duke of Wellington’s defence of London against, 294.
Chess, progress of study of, 417;
Prince Leopold as a player of, 417;
comparison of, with whist and billiards, 417;
stimulus given to game of, by ‘Phillidor,’ 417;
and by Staunton, Paul Morphy and Blackburne, 418;
invention of gambits at, 418;
the Scotch gambit, 418;
Evans’s gambit, 418;
the Vienna or Queen’s Knights gambit, 418;
publication of problems on, by Illustrated London News, 419;
imitated by other papers, 419.
Church of England, status of, in 1897, 401;
national regard for, 401;
parochial system of, 401;
benefactions to, during present era, 402;
reduced incomes of livings belonging to, 402;
notwithstanding work of Ecclesiastical Commission, 402;
and of Queen Anne’s bounty, 402;
readjustment of incomes of livings needed, 402;
dioceses of, abroad, 403;
clergy of, abroad, 403;
christianity of, a reconciler of rival creeds, 403;
tributes to world-wide efficacy of doctrines of, 404.
Clubs, beneficial effect of, for adults, in west end of London, 117;
established in east end by university settlements, 117;
as co-operative homes for poor gentlemen, 410;
increase of social, 410;
decrease of gambling clubs, 410;
working men’s, combined with gymnasia, 119;
popularity of, with wives of working men, 120;
mostly federated with Working Men’s Club and Institute Union, 123;
democratic sentiments of east end, 129.
Cole, Sir Henry, his work at South Kensington, 322.
Colonial emigration, in 1837 and 1897, compared, 432.
Colonial Empire, area of, compared with area of England, 427;
compared with Persian and Roman Empires, 428;
and with Russia, Germany, France and America, 428;
progress of, as indicated by increase of populations, 428;
by advance in education, 429;
by institution of Colonial Parliaments, 429.
Colonial offices, in Downing Street, completed in 1876, 432.
Colonial party in House of Commons, 434.
Colonial peerages, 434.
Colonial secretary, Sir George Grey, first, in 1854, 431;
office of, previously held in conjunction with some other office, 431.
Colonial secretaries, eminent, Duke of Newcastle in 1859, 431;
Lord Cardwell, 431.
Colonies, social development of, in the past, 438;
anticipations of, in the future, 438.
Colonists, London clubs devoted to, and their friends, 434;
Radicalism of, 432;
as displayed in Legislatures of New Zealand, New South Wales and Victoria, 432.
Commercial middle class, growth of, 259;
beginnings of, in the days of the Edwards, 259;
culminated with Cobden, 259;
not five Conservative members connected with, in 1835, 260.
Commons, House of, composition of, in 1707, 252;
number of members of, in 1707, compared with 1879, 254;
altered manners of members of, 254;
‘cockcrowings’ in debates of, on Church Rates, 254;
‘disorder’ in, during debates on Mr Gladstone’s second Irish Bill, 254.
Constituencies, right of appeal to, 263;
permission to appeal to, given to Sir R. Peel in 1841, 263;
alternative of immediate or postponed appeal to, placed before the Queen in 1868 by Disraeli, 264.
Contrast between condition of working classes now and twenty years ago, 153.
Convocation, revival of, in 1854, 400;
declares Essays and Reviews heretical, 400;
reflects, as a clerical parliament, views of church, 400;
work of, illustrated, 400;
possible use of, in event of disestablishment, 401.
Corporation Act, introduced by Lord John Russell in 1835, 93;
two millions of Englishmen affected by, 93;
abuses prior to passing of, 94;
London not included in operation of, 95;
reasons for excluding London from operation of, 103.
Corrupt Practices at Elections Bill, 1883, 260.
Country squire, disappearance of, in country and in Parliament, 259.
County Councils, election of councillors to, 99;
co-optation of aldermen from among councillors of, 99;
term of office in, 100;
presidents of, county magistrates, 100;
elections to, by ballot, 100;
expenses of elections to, defrayed out of county rate, 100;
jurisdiction of, how far co-ordinate with that of Quarter Sessions, 100;
does not extend to public house licensing, 100;
mixed committees of old and new magistracy, 100;
checks and limitations on borrowing powers of, 101;
controlled in different parts of England by different classes, 102;
judicial functions of magistrates unaffected by, 105;
peers as chairmen of, 112;
representatives of, on governing bodies of secondary schools, 140.
County Councils Act, 1888, principle of, same as that of Corporation Act, 1835, 92;
number of administrative counties under, 99;
electoral divisions of counties under, 99;
electors, 99;
municipalities inside County Council area, dealt with by, 99.
Court, The, the federal head of Society. 408;
central idea of Prince Consort’s policy, 408;
illustrations of the working of the idea, 409.
Cox, David, his pictures, 355;
prices received by him for, in his lifetime, 355;
prices paid for pictures by, now, 356.
Cranborne, Viscount, title from Sir Christopher Gascoigne, Lord Mayor of London, 15.
Cricket, growth of, during Victorian era, 414;
increased power of the bat, 415;
pre-eminent position of W. G. Grace as a batsman, 415;
and of Richardson as a bowler, 415.
Crime, statistics of, 366;
close connection between ignorance and crime, 367.
Crystal Palace, magnificence of orchestra at, 348;
maintained continuously since 1854, 348;
concerts, influence and æsthetic value of, 349.
D
‘Daily Telegraph’ started in 1856 by Colonel Sleigh, 382.
Dandies, the toilettes of, 4.
Darby, J. L., founder of sect of Plymouth Brethren, 404;
split among followers of, 404.
Darwin, Charles, publication by, of Origin of Species, 326;
epoch in science created by, 326;
doctrine of survival of the fittest enunciated by, 330;
anticipated in point of time by Dr Maillet, 330;
and foreshadowed by Erasmus Darwin and others, 331;
relations of Herbert Spencer and, 331;
apparent reaction against theories of, setting in, 331.
Death-rate, steady reduction in death-rate, due to progress of physical and surgical science, 394;
from 23 per million in 1855, 394;
to 21 per million in 1875, 394;
and 18 per million in 1895, 394.
De Lane, John T., editor of the Times, sketch of, 5;
his influence and power, 10;
his personality kept in background, 11;
Disraeli’s remark, ‘I had better postpone giving my views of De Lane till he is dead,’ 380.
Democracy, instinctive, of great English schools, 174;
modern, confirmed by Lodger Franchise in boroughs by Act of 1867, 260;
completed by extension to counties in 1884, 260.
Denbigh, Earl of, descended from a Lord Mayor of London, 14.
Devonshire, the Duke of, and Sunday crowds in Hyde Park, 155.
Dilke, C. W., proprietor of Athenæum newspaper, 382;
called in to edit Daily News in 1849, 382;
reduces price of paper, 382.
Dilke Commission, presided over by Prince of Wales, 389;
power to destroy unhealthy dwellings, result of, 389;
a consequence of the enlarged idea of royal service, 390.
Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaconsfield, sketch of, 67;
the Young England school of 1846, 68;
services rendered by the Young England movement, 69;
influence of the Coningsby, of, on opening of parks, 70;
sends Lord Rowton to visit and report on Clerkenwell outrage, 73;
impressions made on Lord Rowton by visit, 74.
District Councils, establishment of, 83;
seats on, objects of ambition among a certain class, 84;
jurisdiction of, commensurate with that of rural sanitary authority, 85;
special business of, 85;
members of, guardians of the poor, 85;
female members of, 85;
chairmen of, become county magistrates, 86;
assessment, part of duty of, 87.
Dixie, Sir Wolston, Lord Mayor of London, ancestor of the peerages of Compton and Northampton, 14.
Donaldson Museum of Musical Instruments at South Kensington, 341.
Duelling, practice of, discussed, 290;
still in vogue in time of Sir Robert Peel, 291;
abolition of, attempted by Prince Consort, 292;
courts of honour suggested as substitutes for, 292;
amendment of articles of war, April 1844, the first real blow to, 293.
Duels, celebrated, between Canning and Castlereagh, 1809, 292;
Wellington and Winchilsea, 1829, 292;
Monro and Fawcett, 1843, 292.
E
East End, homes founded in the, by Oxford and Cambridge, 75;
St Margaret’s House in the, 75;
population of, tact required in dealing with, 130;
resentment of patronage by, 130.
Eastlake, Sir Charles, President of Royal Academy, 350;
proposes health of Prince Consort at Royal Academy dinner, 350;
reply of Prince Consort, 351.
Education, Act 1870, W. E. Foster’s, 136;
School Boards established by, 136;
compulsory only when voluntary efforts failed, 136;
Act 1880, Mundella’s, 136;
made compulsory under, 136;
made free by Act of 1891, 137.
Education Department, first organisation of, in 1839, 135;
first vice-president of, appointed in 1856, 135;
not concerned with Secondary Education, 162.
Education, National, State responsibility for, ignored till 1833, 133;
Samuel Whitbread earliest promoter of, 134;
proposes foundation of National Schools for, in 1809, 134;
scheme of, brought forward by Lord Brougham, 1820, 134;
first grant towards, in 1833, 133;
Lord Melbourne’s attempt to include Roman Catholics in benefit of grant for, in 1839, 134;
Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster, first promoters of a general and practical scheme for, 1836, 133;
previously left to be dealt with by Church of England and other religious bodies, 133.
Education, Private, by reading and by lectures, compared, 373.
Eglinton, Earl of, pre-eminence of, in early Victorian era, 3.
Eliot, George, influence of Herbert Spencer on, 334;
and through her on language of literature, 334.
Endowed Schools Act, 1874, objects of, 138;
work accomplished by, 139.
Endowed Schools Commission, now merged in Charity Commission, 162.
Epping Forest, Crown rights over, sold in 1842, 17;
declared a public pleasure ground, 1882, 17.
Eton, example of social evolution of Victorian era, 169;
not injuriously affected by the ‘new rich,’ 169;
expenses of education at, not increased, 170;
lessons learnt at, which books cannot teach, 171;
Latin verses, things of the past at, 171;
honours at Oxford and Cambridge during last forty years, 173;
social discipline of, shared with Harrow, 175;
successes of, boys direct from school in Civil Service examinations, 177;
at Woolwich and Sandhurst, 177;
public opinion at, favourable to work at school, 178;
new workshops at, for use of school, 178;
study of natural science at, 178;
classics and mathematics not displaced at, 178.
Etonians, distinguished, of Victorian era, 171-3;
the 12th Earl of Derby, the most typical of, 178.
Evolution, the sociological feature of Victorian era, 169.
Exeter School, connection of, with Cambridge University extension system, 192.
Explorations, at Pompeii, 331;
and at Babylon and Nineveh, 331;
effects of, on Roman and Biblical histories, 331.
Exports, English, stationary during early part of century, 17;
rapid increase of, on discoveries of gold, 1848-55, 23;
value of, for the twenty-five years preceding repeal of the Corn-laws, 1885 millions, 44;
succeeding repeal, 3031 millions, 44;
for last twenty-five years, 1871-96, 6290 millions, 44.
F
Falkner, J. Pascoe, founder of Melbourne, alive in 1866, 25.
Faraday, and the Prince of Wales, 323;
laboratory of, at Royal Institution, 323.
Farren, the, family a race of actors, 215;
Percival, at Haymarket Theatre, 215;
William, 215.
Faucit, Miss Helen, now Lady Martin, 215;
Shakesperian impersonations of, 215;
abiding influence exercised by, on the profession, 215.
Ferrier, Dr, his work in connection with the brain, 395.
Fines, in factories, disapproval of, 154;
lists of, compelled to be displayed in buildings, 155.
Fiscal Reforms, effects of, of Cobden, Bright and Peel, 16.
Fitzwilliam, Earl, descended from a Lord Mayor of London, 14.
Football, popularity of, 416;
a recent growth, 416;
feuds among players at, 416;
dangers of a referee at modern matches, 416.
Foreigners, resident in England, over 200,000, 222;
number of, doubled in twenty years, 222;
majority of, engaged in business, 222;
and nearly one-half of total number in London, 222;
European, about 170,000, 224;
American, about 26,000, 224;
remainder Asiatics or Africans, 224;
proportion of males to females among, 224;
distribution and employments of, 226;
pauperism amongst, 226;
small proportion of, employed as clerks, 227;
opinions of, on changes in appearance of English people in twenty years, 152.
Foreign intelligence, no longer dependent on telegrams, 386;
vast machinery and expenditure for supply of, 386.
France, industry in, effects of revolution on, 21;
all classes in, involved in common ruin, as a consequence of revolution, 21.
Free Libraries, establishment of, 362;
popularity of, 363;
sketches of working-men students at, 364;
origin and gradual growth of, 365;
the Chetham Library, 365;
the Guildhall Library, 365;
the Manchester Library, 365;
the Ewart Act, and its relation to, 365;
growth of metropolitan free libraries, 366;
examination of books most in demand at the, 368.
Fusion of classes, product of Victorian era, 114;
and keynote of our epoch, 201;
a process of levelling up, not down, 201.
G
Gallows, in public highways until Lord Grey’s Reform Act, 40.
Gambling, committee on, in 1844, 410;
number of, hells in 1841, 411;
‘Crockfords’ as a, club, 411;
‘play and pay,’ abolished 412.
Gladstone, W. E., and Sir Robert Peel, comparative popularity of, 10;
scheme of, for converting consols in 1853, 22.
Gold, importation of, from Russian mines, 1837-47, 16;
discovery of, in California, 1848, 17;
in Ballarat, 1850, 17;
gloomy predictions of Chevalier and Cobden as to consequences of discoveries of, 18;
views of Sir Roderick Murchison as to same, 18;
‘Nature’s Currency Restriction Act,’ 18;
of Sir Archibald Alison as to same, 19;
‘Nature’s Currency Extension Act,’ 19;
output of Mexican and Peruvian mines in fifteenth century, £800,000, 19;
Australian diggings in 1850-1, £18,000,000, 19;
fallacious arguments, as to effect of, based on ‘grain test,’ 19;
demonetization of, in Holland, 20;
advantages of supply of, recognized by Prince Consort, 20;
influx of, into Bank of England, 22;
decrease of bank rate, 22;
conversion of £3 per cent. consols, 22;
interest on Exchequer Bills, 1½ per cent. per annum, 22;
Australian cities built by, 24.
Gold fields, emigration to, in 1852, 369,000, 21;
average for five years succeeding discovery of, 250,000 per annum, 21;
maximum emigration to, in any one year, 500,000, 21;
costs of living at, 22;
rise of wages here, consequent on rush to, 23;
scarcity of agricultural labour in country, 23;
reduced to 100,000 per annum before 1859, 25.
Goldwin Smith, his fear of result of popularly elected Parliaments, 261.
Golf, revival of, as an English game, 414.
Gooch, Sir Daniel, chairman of Great Western Railway, 37;
his fortune not made in railways, 37.
Grammar schools, wasteful geographical distribution of, 141;
well endowed, with insufficient scholars, 141;
cases of, Chudleigh, Ashburton, Totnes and Bovey Tracey in Devon, 141;
Walsingham, Norwich, Ipswich and Bury Saint Edmunds in East Anglia, 142;
Ossett and other schools in the north, 142;
suggestions for utilizing decayed, 143;
instances of beneficial modifications of established, 143;
Bath College, excellent work done by, 143;
amalgamation of Somerset College and Sydney Grammar School, 143;
Charterhouse, successfully removed from London to Godalming, 144;
Archbishop Holgate’s, removed from Hewsworth to Barnsley, 144;
policy of maintaining the old, as machinery for Secondary Education, 144.
Grants for educational purposes, growth of, 135;
first grant in 1833 of £20,000, 134;
in 1857, amounted to £451,000, 135;
in 1860, exceeded £1,000,000, 135;
in 1870, were £1,125,000, 136.
Gresham, Sir Thomas, first of the Great Loan negotiators, 64.
Groups, government by, as in France, 240;
as distinguished from government by party, 240;
cycle of, a possibility in store for England, 273.
Grove, Sir George, discovery of lost scores of Schubert, 347;
dictionary of music by, 347.
Grove, Sir William, discoveries with regard to correlation of physical forces, 325.
Guildhall School of Music, founded in 1880, 341;
3496 pupils at, at Christmas 1896, 341.
H
Hallé, Charles, born in Westphalia, 1819, 345;
Beethoven’s music popularized in England by, 346.
Hamley, Sir Edward, sketch of, 308;
his work on the Operations of War, 309.
Handel, genius of, 344;
recognized by George I. when Elector of Hanover, 344;
his Te Deum performed at St Paul’s in Queen Anne’s reign, 344;
Messiah produced at Dublin in 1741, 344.
Helpless, the, legislative help for, distinctive of Victorian era, 388;
initiated by Prince Consort, 388.
Henry VIII., privileges of people as enjoyed under Plantagenets, contracted under, 93;
and under Elizabeth, 93;
practically ceased to exist under the Stuarts, 93.
Henty, joint-founder of Melbourne, alive 1882, 25.
Hercomer, Professor, receives pupils into his studio, 353.
Higher Grade Elementary Schools, in effect secondary schools, 148;
sixty, under control of English School Boards, 149;
thirty-nine of the, organized as science schools, 149;
4606 boys and 2023 girls, students at, 149.
Higher Grade Schools Examination Board, 147.
Hospitals, Prince of Wales’s fund for relief of, from debt, 390;
transformation in, during Victorian era, 391;
in character of medical students at, 392;
in management and organization of, 392;
revenues of, modern and ancient compared, 392;
St Bartholomew’s in 1650 and in 1890, 392;
special and general, 392;
number of, in London, 392;
game, flowers and other presents for, the fashion and rule, 393.
Hounds, packs of, number of, in England in 1837, 413;
number of, in England in 1897, 413;
subscribers to and supporters of, in 1897, 414.
House of Lords, debates such as formerly took place in House of Commons now confined almost exclusively to, 258;
composition of, similar to composition of old House of Commons, 258;
really a representative body, 264;
socially indistinguishable from Commoners in many ways, 265;
Peers in, created for political and social distinction, 266;
Peerages in, conferred on Lord Carrington, Macaulay, and Tennyson, 265;
later on, on Lord Armstrong, on widow of W. H. Smith and on Lord Glenesk, 265.
Hudson, George, the railway king, 6;
his gorgeous chariot, 6;
his personal appearance, 6;
his house at Albert Gate, 6;
entertains royalty, 7;
his fall, 7, 30;
hotel life at Calais, 7;
compared with Beau Brummell, 7;
born at York, son of a linen draper, 15;
drives train conveying Queen and Prince Consort to Cambridge, 29;
member for Sunderland, 30.
Huxley, Professor, and spontaneous generation, 330;
his observations anticipated by Schwann, 330.
Hyde Park, the social parade ground of the kingdom, 1;
originally a royal pleasure ground, 2;
visitors to, in different decades compared, 3;
bicycles admitted into, 7;
early water drinkers in, 9;
succeeded by early riders in, 9;
condition of, between 1840 and 1860, 7.
I
Imports, value of, during last twenty-five years, nearly 10,000 millions.
Income-Tax, gradual increase of, 25;
extended to Ireland, 1855, 25.
Incomes, assessment of, in 1855, 308 millions;
1875, 571 millions;
1882, 612 millions.
Indestructibility of matter, ascertained chemically in eighteenth century, 325.
Industries, no increase in staple, during recent years, 236;
decrease in agricultural, 236;
new, constantly arising, 236.
Intermediate Education Act, 149.
Ionian physicists, anticipation of modern discoveries by, 325.
Irish Famine, compared with that at Orissa, 231;
remarks on, in connection with Malthusian doctrine, 232.
Irving, Sir Henry, sketch of, 217.
Islington in 1840, still a country suburb, 40.
J
Jacob Omnium, nickname of Thackeray’s friend, Big Higgins, 6.
Jersey, Lady, popularity of, in early Victorian period, 10.
Jews, sufferings of, in England, under Henry III., 54;
levies on, Westminster Abbey completed by, in reigns of Richard III. and Henry VII., 54;
only twelve families of, in England, in 1633, 54;
re-establishment of, in England by Cromwell and Charles II., 54;
the Rodrigues and Goldsmids the heads of the, in time of George III., 55;
the Rothschilds originally Frankfort, 55;
no magistrates or sheriffs before 1837, 60;
Lord Campbell’s bill for removing this disability of, 60.
Joachim, Herr, popularity of, in England, 346;
director of Royal Academy of Music, Berlin, 346;
Doctor of Music of Cambridge, 346;
portrait of, by George Eliot, 346.
Jowett, Benjamin, personal efforts of, to extend first-class education, 156;
favoured scheme of unattached students at Oxford, 183;
lecture-rooms at Balliol opened to non-collegiate students by, 183.
K
Kean, Charles, actor, 1820-68, son of Edmund, 210;
educated at Eton, 210;
social position of, 211.
Kean, Edmund, Byron’s eulogy of, 210.
Kemble, frigid classicism of, 210.
Kinglake, A. W., historian of Crimean War, 11;
last survivor of early Hyde Park equestrians, 11.
L
Ladies College, Cheltenham, work of, in East End, 122.
Ladies of the Court, 280;
Mistress of the Robes, 280;
Ladies of the Bedchamber, 280;
Women of the Bedchamber, 280;
Maids of Honour, 280;
functions of the several, 281.
Landseer, Sir Edwin, elected R.A., 1830, 352;
social position of, exceptional, 352.
Lansdowne, Marquess of, pre-eminence of, in early Victorian days, 4.
Law, administration of, in Colonies, 426;
Roman Dutch Law in Ceylon, Guiana, and at the Cape, 426;
French forms of, still retained in Canada, 426;
Code Civile continued in Mauritius, 426.
Law Courts, effect of, on Fleet Street and the Strand, 422;
commemorate the unity of the Empire as well as the unity of administration of justice, 426.
Law reform, small results of, so long as two legal systems at work in Westminster Hall, 423;
abolition of monopoly of serjeants-at-law, a step in, 423;
permission to take evidence of persons interested in suit, a further important step in, 423;
appointment of commission to enquire into, 423;
Judicature Act, 1873, result of commission of 1869, 424;
fusion of law and equity by Judicature Act, 424;
principle of, laid down, that where equity and law conflict equitable doctrines shall prevail, 424;
room for, in connection with the circuit system, 425;
benefits of, to general public, summary of, 425.
Lawn tennis, subscription clubs for, 196;
part of revolt of sons and daughters of middle class, 196.
Legion Memorial, The, probably drawn up by Defoe, 274;
low-water mark of Parliamentary popularity, 275.
Legislation, modern, salutary effect of, 140;
on governors and teachers as well as on the taught, 140.
Lister, Lord, his discovery of the antiseptic treatment, 395.
Literary Leaders, of Victorian era, 373;
Dickens and Thackeray as, compared, 373;
Lord Lytton, Lord Stanhope and Monkton Milnes as patrons of, 374.
Literature and art, encouraged by Crown from Henry VIII. until Queen Anne, 282;
neglected by the Hanoverian Kings, 282;
revived encouragement of, by Queen Victoria, 282;
influence of Prince Consort in revival, 282.
Local Councils of Education, proposal to establish, 164;
functions of proposed, 164;
suggested composition of, 164;
suggested machinery for carrying out, 165.
Local Government Act, 1888, educational functions of County Council under, 140.
Local Government Board, establishment of, 1871, 389.
Local Improvement Acts, number of, prior to 1840, 389.
London, the pleasure ground of the world, 217;
the influence of Americans in making, 435;
the true mirror of England, 435.
London City Mission, opinions of missioners of, on East-end progress, 126.
London, Corporation of, always a popularly elected body, 103;
commission of 1853 for inquiring into affairs of, 104;
judicial functions of Lord Mayor and Aldermen preserved to, 106;
powers of an ordinary Borough Council retained by, 106;
an example to provincial townships, 106;
intense feeling of corporate life in, 106;
impression made by, on foreigners, 107;
relations of, to London County Council, 107;
four representatives of, on County Council, chosen by ratepayers, 108;
charities and hospitalities of, 108;
relation of Commissioners of Sewers to, 109.
London County Council, differs from other County Councils, 103;
judicial functions of officers of corporation left untouched by, 106;
eminent men who have been chairmen of, 112.
London Library, The, foundation and objects of 370;
first started in Pall Mall, 371;
its usefulness and growth, 371;
difference between, and Mudie’s Library, 371.
Longfellow, far-reaching influence of, as a poet, 379.
Lord-Mayors of London, number of noble houses founded by, 14;
attributes of, in minds of foreigners, 110;
not merely head officers of a great city, 110;
territorial estates, schools and other foundations controlled by the, 110.
Lord-Mayor’s day, traditional entertainment of ministers on, 14;
improvement in demeanour of mob on, 140;
characteristic of improvement in the masses, 140.
Lowe, Robert, afterwards Lord Sherbrooke, early educational reformer, 135;
introduces principle of payment by results, 135;
advice of, to educate our masters, followed, 151;
his sojourn in New South Wales, 434.
Lyell, Sir Charles, his work in relation to geology, 332;
influence of the Principles of Geology, 332.
Lytton, Bulwer, afterwards Lord Lytton, 327;
fifteen years in office as a public servant before being raised to the peerage, 327.
M
Macaulay, T. B., afterwards Lord, fifteen years in office as a public servant before raised to peerage, 327.
Macready, actor, 1827, 51, born 1793, died 1873, 209;
favourite with clergy, whom he taught elocution, 210;
social acceptance of, in London, 211.
Magistrates, 1000 elective, since District Councils instituted, 86;
instances of working men as, 86;
and agricultural labourers as, 86;
and an ex-policeman as, 86;
effect upon rural mind of elective element among the, 90;
powers of borough, since Corporation Act of 1835, 95;
specially qualified county, elected to County Councils, 98.
Making up parties, modern fashion of, for theatres, 197;
for dinners or suppers at restaurants, before or after theatres, 197.
Mallock, W. H., statistics relating to ‘Classes’ and ‘Masses,’ 32;
contribution of railways to prosperity of both, 34.
Malthus, Doctor, doctrines of Malthus, considered generally, 228;
increase of population during Victorian era considered in connection with, 231.
Mandates, popular, at elections, modern doctrine of, 272.
Medical discoveries, English, of Victorian era, large proportion of to whole, 396;
treatment of myxœdemia by Sir William Gull, one of the latest, 396.
Medical education, scheme of in England, perfected in 1860, 396;
relation of College of Physicians to, 396.
Members of Parliament, ‘English politics to the English youth,’ 246;
average age of, in 1837, over fifty years, 246;
in 1897, under forty years, 246.
Mendelssohn, Felix, born at Hamburg, 344;
his precocious genius, 345;
his influence in England, 345;
patron of John Parry, 345.
Metropolitan ‘Board of Works,’ established 1855, 105;
product of Metropolitan Local Management Act, 1855, 105;
unity of administration for the parishes of London by, 105.
Middle class, modern English, restlessness of, 194;
result of rapid locomotion and cheap press, 194;
influx of continental ideas among the, 194;
relaxation of orthodoxy of, 197;
all sections of, enfranchised by Reform Bill of 1832, 239.
Millionaires, Victorian, and their trades, 24;
sheep farmers of Australia, 24;
Brassey, the railway contractor, 35;
Jones Lloyd, a banker, 42;
Hope, a merchant, 42;
Bass and Guinness, brewers, 42;
Maple, retail tradesman, 42.
Military education, establishment of council of, 304;
formation of Aldershot camp for, 304.
Military resources of country, 296;
comparison of, in 1837 with those of 1897, 296;
incapacity of, to place 10,000 men in field in 1846, 303;
inadequacy of reserves of guns and stores, 303.
Militia, practical non-existence of, at Queen’s accession, 302;
last ballot for, in 1831, 302;
strength of in 1895, 302.
Minerals, £29,000,000 worth of, recovered in 1855, 32;
£80,000,000 worth of, recovered in 1895, 32.
Mining and steam industries compared, 32;
results of, 32.
Missionary societies, activity of, during Victorian era, 405;
British and Foreign Bible Society, income of, doubled, 405;
Society for Propagation of Gospel, income of, doubled, 405;
Church Missionary Society, income of, trebled, 405.
Mixed metaphors, modern, instances of, 372;
signs of the overlapping of literature by science and art, 372.
Molesworth, Sir William, pioneer of colonial self-government, 433;
Colonial Secretary, in 1853, 433.
Mudie’s Select Library, founded in 1842, 369;
far-reaching usefulness of, 369.
Music, revolution in, and in taste for, during Queen’s reign, 337;
the lady teacher of, in 1837, 337;
and in 1897, 338;
patronage of, by Court, 339;
fondness for, a tradition of English royalty, 340;
Royal Academy of, 340;
triumph of German over Italian school of, 344.
Musical education, in England and on Continent compared, 342;
encouraged and promoted by Prince Consort, 343.
Musician, the professional, sketch of, in 1837, 338;
and in 1897, 339.
N
National character, insularity of, disappearing generally, 194;
cosmopolitanism of, among upper classes, 204;
imitated by the middle class, 205.
National debt, gradual reduction of, during Queen’s reign, 45;
reduced from £821,000,000 after Crimean War, in 1856, 45;
to £652,000,000 in 1896, 45.
National Gallery, established in 1824, 354;
present building of, opened in 1838, 354;
Angerstein Collection, the nucleus of, 354;
Vernon bequest to, in 1847, 354;
£70,000 paid for Sir Robert Peel’s collection, 355;
£70,000 paid for ‘Ansidei Madonna’ to the Duke of Marlborough, 358.
Navy, training of officers and men of, 307;
reduction of, on conclusion of Napoleonic Wars, 311;
132 vessels on, list on Queen’s accession, 311;
461 vessels on, list at Queen’s diamond jubilee, 311;
Parliamentary vote for, in 1837, £3,000,000, 312;
in 1897, £23,000,000, 312;
establishment of H.M.S. Excellent as gunnery school for, 313;
manning of the, 313;
the naval reserve of the, 314;
institution of H.M.S. Britannia for education of midshipmen for, 314;
introduction of steam into the, 315;
five paddle-wheel steamers in, at Queen’s accession, 315;
condition of, at outbreak of Crimean War, 316;
recognition of value of, by Kinglake, 317;
and of the special value of steam in, 317;
the floating batteries of Crimean War, first ironclads of, 317;
the Warrior first sea-going ironclad of, 317;
turret and broadside armaments in, of to-day compared, 319.
Needlework, embroidery and lace, as fashionable amusements, 419.
Neighbourhood guilds, the, of New York, 121.
New educational authority, the want of a, 161;
must have an elastic operation, 161;
necessary functions of a, indicated, 162.
New South Wales, colony of, 25;
no foreign trade before 1848, 25;
exports from, in 1878 amounted to £13,000,000, 25;
imports into, in 1878 amounted to £17,000,000, 25;
valuable coalfields of, 25.
New York, advantages of intimate social connexion between, and London, 437.
Newspapers, English, number of in 1837, only 479, 381;
number of in 1897, 2396, 381;
heavily taxed by Harley in 1712, 381;
and by North and Pitt afterwards, 381;
taxation of, lowered by Spring Rice in 1836, 381;
repeal of paper duty in 1851, and rise of penny, in consequence, 381;
the Echo, the first of the halfpenny, 385;
increase of halfpenny, of late years, 385;
reviews of books in, 385;
great improvement in general character of, 387;
growing tendency of, towards political impartiality, 387.
Newspaper writers, growth of, as a class, 374;
instances of, Russell, Forbes, Dicey, Sala and others, 375;
action and reaction of, on the public press, 375;
Macaulay as one of the, father of the leading article style, 378;
no longer really anonymous, 385;
the recruiting of writers with well-known names for, 385;
the youth of modern, 386.
Newton, Sir Isaac, his discovery of law of gravitation, 324.
Nightingale, Florence, her training in Germany, 390;
the trained nurses who accompanied, in 1854, 390;
influence of, on origin of nursing as a profession, 390;
supercession of the ‘Mrs Gamp’ and decayed billiard-markers of former days, 391;
tributes to efficiency of system started by, 391.
Nonconformists, subject to greater numerical fluctuations than established churches, 405;
reasons for same, 405;
the numbers of the Congregationalists in 1837 and 1897, 404;
the numbers of Baptists in 1837 and 1897, 404.
Novel writers of eminence since Sir Walter Scott, 375;
commercial successes of, 375;
George Eliot, Dickens, Thackeray, Wilkie Collins and Charles Reade, as instances of, 375;
Bulwer Lytton and Disraeli as, compared, 376.
O
Organization, faculty for, of Prince Consort, 320;
of exhibition of 1851, by Prince Consort, 320.
Overlapping of schools, waste of educational energy caused by, 161.
Oxford, number of unattached students at University of, 183;
system of control over unattached students at, 183;
system of teaching the unattached at, 183;
honours gained at, by the unattached students, 184;
exemplary conduct of unattached at, 185;
professor of modern history at, formerly an unattached student, 186;
social clubs for undergraduates at, 188;
effect of social clubs at, on ‘union society,’ 188.
Oxford and Cambridge, middle class examinations, beginnings of, 147;
still uphold the standard of general culture in England, 150.
P
Palmerston, Lord, sketch of, 4;
descent from Sir John Houblon, Lord Mayor of London, 15.
Parish Councils, apparent tendency of, 80;
female members of, 80;
subjects of discussion at, 81;
‘one man one vote’ for, 81;
effect of, to restore many old manorial rights, 82;
sense of responsibility developed by, 83;
seldom convened more than once a year, 84;
differences between, and County Councils decided by the Local Government Board, 84;
obliged to hold their sittings in the evening, 90.
Parishes, English, prior to 1894, 77;
State represented by squire in, 77;
Church by vicar in, 77;
the village by the village club in, 77;
subjects of interest to inhabitants of rural, 78;
change which has come over, since 1894, 78;
the village meeting halls, modern centres of, 78;
home rule in, since 1894, 79;
the grouping of, great care taken in, 80.
Parliament, an assembly of business men, 268;
abhors rhetoric, 268;
submits to ascendency of great masters of eloquence, 269;
will not tolerate commonplace speeches, 269;
local Houses of, 269;
Houses of, burnt in 1834, 239;
temporary building for the meeting of, 239;
the new Houses of, several years building, 239;
House of Lords side of, opened after thirteen years, 240;
House of Commons side, opened after sixteen years, 240;
peeresses’ gallery in, 241;
ladies’ cage in, 242;
members of (see members of Parliament);
types of members, in the past, 247;
more modern types of, 251;
acceptance of position of delegates by, 256.
Parliamentary, oratory, change in fashion of, 248;
classical quotations no longer a feature of, 248;
business language used in modern, 249;
proceedings, foreign interest taken in, 249;
hospitality, five o’clock tea on Terrace, 245;
stage, and theatrical stages, parallel between, 250;
humorists, a succession of, 251;
children of the church, a regular supply of, 251;
obstruction, methods of, practised by Parnell, 255;
closure, the remedy for obstruction, 256.
Parochial schools, first suggested by S. Whitbread in 1807, 134.
Pauperism, statistics of, in England, 45;
50 per cent. less in 1897 than in 1857;
enormous reduction of, in the Midlands, 88;
and in Sussex, 88;
reduction in, a direct consequence of Act of 1834, 88;
less frequent application of workhouse test in cases of, 89.
Peel, Sir Robert, sketch of, 4;
his seat on horseback, 4;
popular respect in which held, 10.
Peerages, modern, conferred on representatives of science and art, 327;
on Tennyson as a poet, 327;
Playfair as a physician, 327;
Kelvin as a physicist, 327;
Lister as a surgeon, 327.
People’s Palace, The, a fanciful sketch of Sir Walter Besant, 362;
difficulties of administration in connection with, 125.
Periodicals, magazines and reviews, their popularity, 267;
used as substitutes for parliamentary speeches, 267;
mutual advantages to publisher and member of Parliament of the use of, as substitutes for speeches, 267.
Phelps, pupil of Macready, his position on stage, 216.
Photography, a production of the Victorian era, 333.
Physical investigations, appliances for, former want of, 324;
perfection of appliances now, product of Victorian era, 324.
Pictures, prices of, in 1649, 46;
gradual rise in, 47;
great sums paid by Russian Emperor, 48;
£30,000 realised by sale of the Walpole, in 1842, 49;
£60,000 by sale of the Bernal Collection of, in 1856, 50;
Gainsborough’s picture of the ‘Sisters’ sold for £6615 in 1873, 52;
resold in 1887 for £9975, 52.
Pitt, William, peerages bestowed on wealthy men by, 13;
his theory that £40,000 per annum should command a peerage, 42.
Plutocrat, education of the, by painters, as prophesied by Rossetti, 359;
the prophecy fulfilled, 359.
Poor, ignorance respecting the condition of the, 71;
the brothers Mayhew and the London, 71;
the Greenwoods and the casual ward, 72;
Leighton, Hicks-Beach and Denison, their work amongst the, 73;
the Dilke Commission for inquiry into the housing of, 389.
Poor-Law, under the Act of 1834, 87;
the Unions under the Act, called the New Bastilles, 87;
marked improvement in condition of working class since, 87.
Popular, constituencies organised by Reform Bill of 1832, 238;
franchises, a few abolished by Bill, 239;
meetings, displacement of great parliamentary speeches by, 257.
Population, increased, 30 per cent. during last sixty years, 234;
comparison of, with increased means of subsistence, 235.
Pre-Raphaelite, the, revolution in art, 360;
its effect on English art, 360.
Presbyterianism and the Free Kirk of Scotland, 404.
Press, the, anonymous system of, modified by various agencies, 384;
enlarged staffs employed on, 384;
amateurs and others, 384;
proprietorship of the newspaper, a fashion, 266;
a reflex of English thought and life, 266;
reptile of Germany, unknown in England, 266;
connection of leading men with special portions of, 267;
competition of periodicals with the newspaper, 267;
result of Gladstone’s Irish policy on the, 383;
political independence of, affected by that policy, 383.
Preston, strike at, the first great struggle between labour and capital, 24.
Prince Consort, sagacity of, early discovered, 20;
cultivation of artistic sense in English manufactures, due to, 20;
influence of, in shaping monarchy of to-day, 276;
sets example of royal sympathy with extra political activities of daily life, 276;
early training of, in view of his possible future home, 277;
reforms the domestic economy of the palace, 278;
attacks on, in clubs and drawing-rooms, 279;
as well as in the inferior press, 279;
institutes office of master of the household, 280;
promotion of science and art by, 282;
skill of the, as an organist, 284;
first public speech of, on the slave trade in 1840, 285;
revives the taste for classical music, 285;
initiates royal platform speeches on non-political matters, 285;
influence of Sir Robert Peel on the, 286;
Sir Charles Eastlake and the, friendship of, 288;
visits of Queen and, to Sir Robert Peel, 289;
to Louis Philippe, 289;
to Birmingham, Liverpool, Glasgow and Leeds, 289;
elected chancellor of the University of Cambridge, 289;
declines the post of commander-in-chief, 294;
suggestions of, for a system of national defence, 294;
acts as director of Ancient Concerts, 339;
rescues the Raphael cartoons from decay, 349;
efforts of, to make Court the centre of literary, scientific and artistic efforts, 323.
Prince of Wales, ubiquity of, 289;
untiring energy of, derived from his father, 289;
visit of, to tomb of George Washington in 1860, 437.
Prisons, no new, built since 1870, 367;
several, converted into public libraries, 367;
one of the, now the site of a fine art gallery, 367.
Private theatricals, local clubs for, 197.
Privy Council, judicial committee of, 427;
functions of, 427;
constitutional modifications of, 427.
Privy Purse, succession of able men who have acted as, 281;
distinction between, and Privy Seal, 281.
Problem, the educational, awaiting solution, Higher grade schools, 139.
Public Health Act, 1875, embodiment of efforts of individuals extending over forty years, 99.
Public Schools, increased numbers at, 96;
Bedford, Ipswich, Bath, Cheltenham and others;
products of Victorian era, 96.
Public School Act, 1868, effect of, 139.
‘Punch,’ Staffordshire miner, as delineated by, no longer true, 154.
Purcell, Henry, born 1675, 344 (note);
organist at Westminster when eighteen years old, 344;
prolific composer, 344;
German unintentional compliment to, 344.
Q
Quaker School at Ackworth, specially complimented by the Education Commission, 146.
Quarter Sessions, sketch of county town during, 97;
before Corporation Act and afterwards, 97.
Queen Elizabeth, comparison of, with Queen Victoria, 275.
R
Racehorse, the, indispensable to breed of horses, 412;
antiquity of, 412;
introduction of Arab blood into, 412;
social diploma to breeders of, 413.
Railway, the Manchester and Liverpool, death of Huskisson on, 28;
pays ten per cent. dividend in 1836, 29;
Queen did not travel by, until 1842, 28;
1800 miles of, open in England in 1843, 28;
enterprise, reaction in, in 1846, 31.
Railways, capital invested in, in 1850, £230,000,000, 31;
in 1894, £985,000,000, 31;
receipts of, in 1855, £21,000,000, 32;
in 1895, £84,000,000, 32;
how far, have enriched the landowners, 36;
wealth derived from, compared with that from other sources, 37;
nationalisation of, objections to, 38;
State control of, 38;
England and America, the two exceptions to, 38.
Reaction, signs of, against educational enthusiasm, 165;
grounds of, 165.
Reading School, connection of, with Oxford University extension system, 192.
Religious education, struggle over, sketch of the, 137.
Religious thought, various phases of, 398;
gratitude of Oxford verger for remaining a Christian, 398;
modern scepticism and, 398;
influence of Court on, 399;
Tractarian movement as a phase of, 399;
agnosticism as a phase of, fillip given to, by Dr Mansel, 406;
progress of, stayed by Benjamin Jowett, 406;
the ‘hard’ church, 407;
Dr Temple as representative of, 407;
Lux Mundi, 407.
Roman Catholicism, increase of, in large towns, 405;
and in colonies, 405;
increase of numbers of priests and churches, 405.
Rothschild, Lionel, issues Irish famine loan, 1847, 59;
lends £16,000,000 to English Government in 1854, 59;
advances £4,000,000 for purchase of Suez Canal shares, 1876, 60;
elected to Parliament as member for London, 1847, 60;
unable to take his seat until 1866, 60;
hospitalities at Gunnersbury, 61;
death of, in 1879, 61.
Rothschild, Mayer A., of Frankfort, founder of the family in the eighteenth century, 55;
known as the Crœsus of Europe, 55.
Rothschild, Nathan Mayer, arrives in England at end of the eighteenth century, 56;
buys bills on English Government during Napoleonic Wars, 56;
transmits funds to English forces in Peninsula, 56;
wrongly said to have watched the Battle of Waterloo, 56;
story of his agent at Ghent, 57;
early news of victory received by him from Ghent, 57;
causes dividends and interest on foreign stocks and loans to be paid in London, 57;
lends £12,000,000 to the English Government in 1829, 58;
buys Gunnersbury, 58;
death of Mayer Amschel in 1836, 59.
Rothschilds, the foreign loans of the firm, 61;
connection of the, with Egypt, 62;
monthly advances by the, to Egyptian Government, 62;
take security of private letter of English Foreign Secretary, 62;
charitable generosity of the, 62;
patrons of sport, 65;
and of art, 65;
loyalty of the, to England, 66;
influence of the, on Judaism generally, 66.
Rowing, the, of 1837 and 1897 compared, 414.
Royal Academy of Music, 340;
foundation of, in 1822, 340;
original site of, 340;
charter granted to, 1830, 340;
number of students at, in 1837, 340;
and in 1897, 340.
Royal Academy of Painting, 350;
Crown represented at dinner of, for the first time in 1851, 350;
speech of Sir Charles Eastlake at, 350;
and reply of the Prince Consort, 350;
visitors to Exhibition of, in 1837, 358;
and in 1897, 358.
Royal College of Music, 340;
founded in 1875 as a training school, 340;
reformed in 1882, 340;
charter granted to, in 1883, 340;
present endowment of, 341;
scholarships at, 341;
opened by H. R. H. Princess of Wales, 341.
Royal Society, Queen’s signature in register of, 321.
Rural population, decrease in, during last twenty years, 325.
S
Sanitary reform, reduction in death-rate due to, 394;
work of John Simon in connection with, 395;
and of the Budds and Dr Snow, 395.
Savings banks, deposits in, doubled in ten years ending 1896, 45.
School Board, instances of successful, boys, 156;
at universities and in Civil Service examinations, 156;
and of girls, 157;
at Girton College and elsewhere, 157.
School Board children, increase in number of, under the Free Education Act, 1891, 137;
numbers of, for five years preceding Act, 269,903, 138;
for five years succeeding Act, 521,860, 138.
Science and art, slowness of State recognition of, 320.
Science and Art Department, grants made by, to schools, 138.
Scientific Corps, the, engineers and artillery, 305;
recent recognition of rights of, in army, 305.
Sculptors, Alfred Stevens, effigy of Wellington by, 361;
Hamo Thornycroft and Sir E. Boehm, works of, 361;
growing popularity of English, 361.
Sculpture, our climate not favourable to exhibitions of, 361;
progress of, in England, notwithstanding, 361.
Seaside resorts, imitation of continental examples at, 208.
Secondary schools, estimated proportion of population educated at, does not exceed 2.5 per 1000, 145;
proportion very variable, 145;
from 1.1 per 1000 in Lancashire, 145;
to 13.5 in Bedfordshire, 145;
private, efficient service rendered to education by, 146;
plea for State help to private, 146;
of the great city companies, 149;
especially those of the drapers’, the goldsmiths’ and the grocers’, 149.
Skating rinks, shock to old-fashioned ideas caused by, 195;
first revolt of sons and daughters of middle class illustrated at, 195.
Slaney, Colonel, motion by, for enquiry into health of towns, 389.
Smaller endowed schools, old practice of farming out, 140;
evil effects of, 141;
vigorous dealing of corporations with the practice, 141;
closing of, recommended by the commissioners, 141.
Society, still a close corporation, 198;
but more and more subject to external influences, 198;
recruited from alien elements, 199;
ideal standard of, unaltered, 202.
Society of comparative legislation, 427.
Somerset, Duchess of, the Queen of Beauty at Eglinton tournament, 3.
South America, English loans to Republics of, 16.
South Kensington, the whole of, market gardens in 1840, 41;
contrast between the, of 1840 and that of 1890, 321;
labours of Prince Consort in connection with, 322;
entirely the growth of the Victorian era, 354;
an artistic ‘Mecca,’ 354;
Department of Practical Art at, 356;
under control of Board of Trade, 356;
Department of Science and Art at, 356;
under control of President of the Council, 356;
Marlborough House Collection, removed to, in 1856, 356;
Forster bequest of Dickens’s manuscripts to, 357;
institutions affiliated to, 357;
30,000 pupils annually pass through the Science and Art Department at, 357.
Sovereign, constitutional influence of, 261;
increased since days of absolute monarchy, 261;
surrender of political initiative by, 261;
compensated by increase of social ascendancy of, 261;
technical right of, to nominate and dismiss ministers, 261;
exercise of that prerogative in 1834 by William IV., 262;
the permanent head of a department of the State, 262;
view of Prince Consort, as to Sovereign’s position, 262;
self-effacement of, impossible under Parliamentary Governments, 264;
the sole guarantee for continuity of policy, 271;
duty of Sovereign to judge which party in state can best carry on the government of the country, 271.
Steam, transformation of country by, 27.
Stephenson, George, his invention at first decried, 28;
sums up relations between the railways and the country, 37.
Sullivan, Sir Arthur, his work and public services, 347.
Sunday Schools, started by Robert Raikes late in eighteenth century, 133.
Surgeons, work of eminent, 395;
exemplified by Cæsar Hawkins, Benjamin Brodie and Spencer Wells, 395.
T
Tait, Archbishop and family, riders in Hyde Park, 9.
Teachers, profession of, no proper representation of, 163;
assistant, in secondary schools, underpaid, 164.
Technical Education Act, 1890, for teaching handicrafts, 160;
grants authorised to be made by, 100.
Terry, the family, a family of actors and actresses, 216;
Kate (Mrs Arthur Lewis), peerless in melodrama, 215;
Ellen, as a comedian, 216.
Thackeray, W. M., distinguished figure in Hyde Park, 6.
Thames, shocking condition of, between 1804 and 1866, 40.
Theatre, The, position of, in early Victorian times, 41;
advice of Matthew Arnold, to organize, 209;
Macready, first organizer of, 1827 to 1851, 209;
difficulties experienced by him in attempt, 209;
dulness of, long after it became respectable, 212;
Lord Lytton’s Money, dramatized for, 212;
Robertson’s Society produced at Prince of Wales’s, 212;
revival of popularity of, 213;
caused by production of Robertson’s plays, 213;
Lyceum, under Bateman, 214;
Miss Bateman as Leah at, 214;
first appearance of H. Irving at, 214;
opinions expressed by George Lewes and George Eliot on Irving at, 215;
result of influx of strangers into London, on Victorian, 218;
the suburban, of recent times, 218;
status of, raised by succession of high-class actors, 219.
Tollemache, Lord, of Peckforton, sketch of, 12;
the harness and trappings of his team, 12.
Trollope, Anthony, sketch of, 12;
his sturdy cob, 12.
U
Universities, advice to settlers in East End, from, 130;
extension lectures of, 180;
Oxford and Cambridge brought to people’s doors by, 180;
revolution in domestic life at the, 180;
less noticeable at Oxford than at Cambridge, 180;
unattached or non-collegiate students at, 181;
a return to mediæval usage, 181;
comparative cost of education to unattached students at, 182;
fellows and tutors of colleges at the, 189;
altered habits and duties of fellows and tutors, 189;
alteration due to extension lectures and similar causes, 190;
scope of, extension lectures, 190;
synopsis of course, distributed beforehand, 190;
local schools and colleges in communication with, 192.
University settlement in East End of London, 115;
clubs for adults encouraged by, 117;
dominant idea of, 120;
multifarious duties of a settler in, 121.
Urban population, increase of, during last twenty years, 435.
V
Vanderbilt, Commodore, sells fleet of ships to buy railway shares, 34.
Victoria, colony of, indebted mainly to gold for its progress, 24;
gold raised in, between 1851 and 1859, 89 millions, 25;
imports rose to £30 per head of population, 26;
exports to £56 per head of population, 26.
Victorian squire, often a self-made man, 200;
seldom violates old traditions, 200;
life of, at hall or manor, 200;
not very different from his predecessor, 200;
supports the subscription pack, 201;
breeds shorthorns, 201;
and becomes a judge of cattle, 201.
Volunteers, instructions to Lords-Lieutenant in 1859 to raise, 303;
Prince Consort’s influence in securing issue of, 303;
first review of, in Hyde Park, 23d June 1860, 303;
number of, in 1860, 119,000, 303;
in 1886, 226,752, 303;
800,000 men, still of military age, in Great Britain, have been, 304.
W
Wages, increase of, of working classes, in Victorian era, 43.
Wakefield, Gibbon, sketch of his career, 433;
his Art of Colonization, 433.
Ward, Samuel, sketch of, 437;
nicknamed ‘Uncle Sam,’ 438;
founds a social and literary Anglo-American school, 438.
Warwick, Earl of, descended from Sir Samuel Dashwood, vintner, a Lord Mayor of London, 15.
Watkin, Sir Edward, exceptional position of, 37.
Wealth, aristocracy of, unknown before 1851, 42.
Wellington, Duke of, personal sketch of, 4;
popular respect shown to, at all times, 10.
Whewell, Dr, historian of the Inductive Sciences, 325.
Windsor, compared with Weimar, 323.
Working Men’s Club, established at Lancaster in 1860, 118;
and Institute Union, functions of, 126;
founded by Lords Brougham and Lyttleton, 118.
Working Men’s College, Great Ormond Street, 118;
founded by Maurice and Thomas Hughes, 118.
Y
Youth, change in figure and appearance of English, 202;
improved expression on countenances of, 203;
taller and better set up, 203;
women as well as men, 203;
lofty stature and Junonian majesty of modern English feminine, 203.
THE END
Colston & Coy., Limited. Printers, Edinburgh.
Footnotes:
[1] Edited by Dr Ernst Regel—Berlin, 1894.
[2] The grandfather of the fifth Marquess. As Lord Henry Petty, he had so
long since as 1806 been Chancellor of the Exchequer. In 1848 he was
President of the Council, and led the peers in the Russell Government.
Died 1863.
[3] But much of the Forest being saved by the Common rights had not at any
time been enclosed.
[4] The Age of Gold, vol. i. p. 37.
[5] While these lines are being prepared for the press there appears in a
London newspaper a statement of the prices current at the Western
Australia gold fields in the summer of 1896. They may be compared with the
figures given in the text and are as follows:—Tea 3s., flour 10d., sugar
1s., bacon 3s., beef and mutton 4d. to 8d., cheese 2s. 6d., coffee 3s.,
tobacco 8s., and preserved potatoes 1s. 9d. per lb.; milk (condensed) 1s.
9d. per tin; flour 20s. per 50 lbs.; and eggs 10s. a dozen; but the cost
of living generally, as compared with earnings, is low. On the Ashburton
River gold fields mutton is 4d., beef 6d., flour 10d., tea 3s., sugar 9d.
to 1s., preserved potatoes 1s. 6d., salt 1s., rice 1s., and oatmeal 1s.
3d. per lb. On the Yilgarn gold fields meat is 9d. to 1s. a lb., flour
10s. to 30s. per 50 lb. bag, tea 3s. 6d. a lb., and other provisions are
equally scarce and dear. At Coolgardie, to the east of Yilgarn, flour
costs £3 per 200 lbs., bread 1s. per 1½ lb. loaf, butter 2s. 3d. per
lb., potatoes 6d. per lb., sugar 8d. per lb., tinned milk 1s. 3d. per lb.,
bacon 1s. 9d. per lb., salt 6d. per lb., and board and lodgings £3 to £7 a
week. On the Murchison gold fields in the North, the prices per lb. are:
Flour 8d., sugar 8d., tea 3s. 6d., tobacco 6d., fish 1s. 6d., mutton 8d.,
beef 8d., butter 3s., and tinned meats 1s. 3d.
[6] Still more than this was given to get men on the home voyage from
Melbourne.
[7] See Our Railways. By John Pendleton. Cassell & Co.
[8] Brought down to 1897 instead of 1881, these mutatis mutandis figures
are derived from Mr Mallock’s most useful book.
[9] In the West of England, with which the writer is specially acquainted,
this is generally the case.
[10] These figures are taken from ‘Art Sales,’ by George Redford,
privately printed, 1882.
[11] Now Sir William Agnew.
[12] All the details of art prices given in this chapter are derived from
Mr G. Redford’s authentic record of art sales, first privately printed in
1888. For other information the writer is indebted to the late Sir J. E.
Millais, P.R.A.
[13] See Picciotto’s Anglo-Jewish History for all these early facts about
the Jews.
[14] The idea of the Exhibition being ‘universal’ was not that of the
Prince, but of the Committee of the Society of Arts. It was first
suggested in fact by Mr Thomas Winkworth.
[15] Most of the time he was at Ghent. His stay there is known in French
history as La cour de Gand.
[16] These anecdotes are given from Mr Reeves’ volume already mentioned.
They are suggestive of incident if not uniformly accurate in fact. The
correction of the Waterloo incident given above commended itself to some
among Baron Lionel’s friends who would be likely to know.
[17] While Lord Palmerston has become a historical name, Lord
Beaconsfield’s precedents are daily, alike by friends and foes, cited as
living forces.
[18] See Quarterly Review, July, 1896.
[19] This anecdote was often told by Lord Shaftesbury.
[20] Not, however, the most appreciated by his master.
[21] Now of course Battersea Park.
[22] Who, to the regret of all who knew his abilities, died February 1897,
having exercised influence rather than achieved distinction.
[23] While he yet lives, his enduring monuments are his blocks of working
men’s dwellings in the King’s Cross district and elsewhere.
[24] The guarantees against undue delegation are stringent and successful.
[25] Opinions vary as to the workability of this clause in the shape in
which it left the Lords.
[26] E.g. In a typical Surrey village, where there are no
Nonconformists, the Chairman is the Vicar, but of 38 Gloucestershire
parishes, where dissenters abound, only in two or three.
[27] Urban District Councils have taken the place of Local Boards; they
are in fact town councils of those districts which are not incorporated
into municipalities.
[28] Molesworth’s History of England, vol. i. p. 19.
[29] As a fact, the County chairman is most likely a J.P. already.
[30] For valuable facts and figures, bringing this chapter down to the
latest date the writer is indebted to Mr Henry Chaplin and his staff at
the Local Government Board, as for much other useful help to Sir Henry
Fowler, Sir Charles Dilke, the Rev. Charles Cox, D.D., and to Mr G. W. E.
Russell.
[31] In addition to Sir Charles Dilke, Sir Henry Fowler and others already
mentioned, the writer is indebted for invaluable help in the preparation
of facts and the revision of proofs in this portion of the book to Mr W.
J. Soulsby the accomplished private secretary to a succession of Lord
Mayors of London.
[32] An account of the University Settlements in East London. Edited by
John M. Knapp, Oxford House, Bethnal Green. Rivington, Percival & Co.
1895.
[33] England: Its People, Polity and Pursuits. 2 vols. Cassell & Co. 1
vol. Chapman & Hall.
[34] This usage varies under different Administrations and at different
epochs. Mr Forster [1870] was an actual Education Minister. His Liberal
successors have been so since; his Conservative successors only in a
qualified sense.
[35] See Report of the Secondary Education Commission, vol. i. passim,
but especially, pp. 44, and seq.
[36] These have produced not a few famous men even in this generation:
Thus Bishop Stortford shares with Oriel, Oxford the honour of educating Mr
Cecil Rhodes.
[37] As the writer has a personal reason for knowing, this is the year in
which the amalgamation first took a definite shape, though it was not
perhaps fully carried out till a little later.
[38] This point was dwelt upon strongly in the letters of London
correspondents to the French press at the time of the 1887 Jubilee.
[39] Recent legislation providing for the information of the working
classes on this point, by the display of lists in factories, has not given
entire satisfaction to the persons interested.
[40] The statistics showing the new rungs in the educational ladder in
this chapter have been supplied to the writer by Mr G. H. Croad of the
London School Board, by other gentlemen in like positions and by private
friends in the Education Department. Thanks are also due to Sir John
Gorst, and to Mr Mundella for the kind trouble they have taken in checking
the facts of the narrative portion, and for making valuable suggestions.
[41] This, during the youth of the late Rev W. G. Cookesley was said by
that authority to be, not hyperbole, but historical fact.
[42] This title has been denied to the King here named, but Waynflete,
also an Eton benefactor as well as official, was himself transferred by
Henry from Winchester to Eton, becoming Headmaster and Provost
successively.
[43] For the facts and figures in this chapter showing the relations of
the old public schools to the new educational tests, as for the facts of
Eton expenditure, the writer is indebted to the Rev. Edmond Warre, D.D.,
the Headmaster, who has placed at his disposal all the necessary data.
[44] See Eothen, edn. 1896—Blackwood, p. 7.
[45] Now in vogue at nearly all the pleasure towns in southern England.
[46] The name of Frank as well as of Charles Mathews was often on the
bills of this theatre during the sixties.
[47] Census of England and Wales, 1891. Vol. iv. General Report, pp. 64
and fg.
[48] For a valuable dissertation, to which the present writer is much
indebted on this subject, see A. J. Ogilvy—Westminster Review, 1891.
Vol. 136, pp. 289 to 297.
[49] W. Cunningham on the Malthusian theory—Macmillan’s Magazine, Dec.
1883.
[50] In addition to the published official statistics from which the above
facts and figures are taken, the writer is indebted to the
Registrar-General for much useful information, and to Mr G. Shaw-Lefevre
for further friendly help.
[51] See Molesworth’s History of England. Vol. i. p. 90 and fg.
[52] Commons Journal, xci. 319.
[53] In the Upper House, there is perhaps no one to whom the classics are
more familiar as literature than Lord Morley.
[54] For nearly all the details as to the structural arrangements of the
two Houses of Parliament, and to the particulars of what may be called
their social life, the writer desires to express his grateful
acknowledgments to Mr Archibald Milman, C.B., a Clerk of the House of
Commons. On other parliamentary points, he is not less indebted to Sir
Charles Dilke, and to many more Members of Parliament, only a few of whom
now survive.
[55] See the following extract from the Daily News, Dec. 16, 1896:—
Mr Gladstone on Parliamentary Changes.—Mr Gladstone having read an
article in the Westminster Review entitled ‘The Old M.P. and the New,’
by George A. B. Dewar, writes that, speaking from recollection, he thinks
there were not five members of the Conservative party in 1835 who sat in
the House of Commons by reason of their connection with trade or industry.
He describes the change which has come about in the composition of the
party since then as ‘simply marvellous.’
[56] ‘It is the Queen’s doing,’ is the statement of the newspapers of that
year; but seems to apply not to the dismissal of Lord Grey, but of Lord
Melbourne who had followed him.
[57] The reference to Lord Palmerston and the Morning Post is
historical.
[58] It might be argued of course with much plausibility that this order
of things has begun long since, and that, the verbal distinction
notwithstanding, government by party has always, from another point of
view been government by groups.
[59] This (1701) followed the Kentish petition to the Commons protesting
against distrust of the King, and desiring that the addresses of the loyal
petitioners might be turned into Bills of Supply.
[60] Sir Theodore Martin’s ‘Life,’ chapter i. These references are in all
cases to the People’s Edition.
[61] ‘Life,’ p. 11.
[62] Before Prince Albert’s reforms, the jurisdiction of the Palace
interior was divided between the Lord Chamberlain and the Lord Steward.
The Lord Chamberlain was responsible for providing the lamps, the Lord
Steward for lighting them; before a pane of glass or cupboard could be
repaired, months sometimes passed; all external repairs were in the hands
of the Woods and Forests, on which it therefore depended how much daylight
should be admitted through the windows. More than two-thirds of the indoor
servants seemed without control, coming in, going out, when, and with whom
they chose.—‘Life,’ pp. 26-27.
[63] ‘Life,’ p. 21.
[64] ‘Life,’ p. 21.
[65] Not, as was long said, Mr Disraeli, but Mr Disraeli’s then titular
leader, Lord George Bentinck.
[66] At this interval, traditions as to the merits of the quarrel may
differ. The account here given is from the most authentic source
existing.—Martin’s ‘Life,’ p, 29.
[67] This opinion used to be expressed very strongly by Lord Raglan who
commanded in the Crimea. It was shared by the French military experts of
the day.
[68] The figures in the earlier estimate are taken from the Imperial
Federation Journal, June 1886: Those of the later date are supplied by
the Army Estimates, and by the courtesy of Lord Lansdowne and his
colleagues at the War Office.
[69] This (i.e. distribution of honours according to property) seems
from Ethics, Book viii. ch. 10, the exact meaning of the convenient
compound.
[70] For the chief facts in these remarks on the army, where they are not
directly drawn from the Blue Books, or as above specified from the
Imperial Federation Journal, the writer is indebted, and would express his
thanks, to Lord Lansdowne, Secretary of State for War; to Field Marshal
Lord Wolseley, and to his old and distinguished friend General Sir Henry
Brackenbury.
[71] Quoted by Captain Eardley Wilmot in The Development of Navies, p. 1.
[72] The Development of Navies, p. 12.
[73] P. 27.
[74] The ‘Warrior,’ at this time standing by herself, was a vessel of
9,210 tons. Thirty-five years later the advance made in our ideas of
dimension and power may be judged from the fact that on Jan. 31, 1895, the
‘Majestic’ was launched. Her tonnage was 14,900, an increase of 5,690 on
her predecessor. Unlike the ‘Warrior’ of an earlier date, the ‘Majestic’
was only one of several, the building of which began at the end of 1894,
the last parliamentary record of which reaches to the spring of 1896.
Briefly to summarize the results that emphasize the contrasts between the
two epochs, the average size of vessels built at the present time
approaches thrice that of twenty years ago. Then too, steel was not used
for ship building; now it is gradually supplanting iron. Of late there
have been more ships built than formerly on a less colossal scale. The
result is partially due to the dimensions of the Suez Canal whose depth is
not equal to an ironclad of the first magnitude. Time, apparently, is
still needed to show if our seamen can develop a skill as great in
handling these iron leviathans as in controlling those wooden craft, their
management of which was the admiration of the world.
[75] Apart from the parliamentary papers bearing on the navy, Captain
Eardley Wilmot’s The Development of Navies is the literary authority
that has been found most useful in preparing this chapter. The writer is
however, chiefly indebted to the details with which he has been kindly and
copiously supplied by the present First Lord of the Admiralty, Mr Goschen
and his staff, especially Lord Encombe.
[76] In the nineteenth century, on a much smaller scale, exhibitions had
been held in Paris 1801, 1806, 1836, 1849, as well as in Belgium, Germany
and Spain. The true precursor of the ’51 Exhibition has been discovered by
Mr Molesworth (History ii. p. 363) in the Covent Garden Free Trade Bazaar
1846.
[77] Macaulay’s House of Commons speeches in the 1832 Reform Bill debates
are famous. When he was best known as a writer, he had been Secretary at
War (1839) and Paymaster General (1846). Lytton at the zenith of his
literary fame had been Colonial Secretary under Lord Derby in 1858, before
he was made a peer in 1866.
[78] The vitality of Purcell’s fame at the 200th anniversary of his death
was attested by the celebrations of 1895. Since then a very remarkable
tribute to his greatness has been given accidentally in an unexpected
quarter. The great German classical authority, the Bach Gesellschaft (vol.
xlii. p. 250) prints as a doubtful work of Bach, Purcell’s Toccata in A
which is given in the Harpsichord and Organ volume of the Purcell Society
(p. 42). That a work of Purcell’s should have been mistaken for one of the
very greatest organ writer’s who has ever lived, and that by Bach’s own
jealous countrymen, is a panegyric more significant than words on our own
great national composer.
[79] Life and Letters of Sir Charles Hallé (Smith, Elder & Co.)
illustrates with interesting detail the service rendered to Beethoven by
this great exponent of his genius.
[80] For the facts and figures contained in this survey of our musical
state, the writer desires to express his special obligations to Sir George
Grove, and to Sir Arthur Sullivan, both private friends of many years
standing.
[81] Martin’s ‘Life,’ People’s Edition, part ii. p. 63.
[82] The habit of inviting other than parliamentary guests, men famous in
art or science, to the State dinners on the eve of the session began with
Mr Gladstone, and after him Mr Disraeli.
[83] A class chiefly, if not exclusively, represented by, to his honour be
it said, Professor Herkomer.
[84] While these pages are passing through the press, the French critic,
M. Yriarte, writing in the Times, gives the following interesting
testimony to the world-wide value of this British centre of humanity and
culture:—To-day for all of us foreigners South Kensington is a Mecca.
England there possesses the entire art of Europe and the East, their
spiritual manifestations under all forms, and Europe has been swept into
the stream in imitation of England. Berlin, Budapest, Vienna, Nuremberg,
Basle, Madrid, St Petersburg, Moscow, the large towns of America itself
have now their South Kensingtons; but in the original one of England still
unfinished, where the splendour of the start (excessive, as it seems to
me) contrasts with the inertia of the last fifteen years, the
inconceivable treasures are becoming so much heaped up as to be a
veritable obstacle to study. How is it possible to study this
extraordinary series of textiles of all times and countries, ranged one
upon another, overlapping and hiding one another, without proper
perspective and proper light?
[85] £70,000, to which the Duke of Marlborough reduced the £100,000 which
he originally asked.
[86] For the information embodied in this chapter, the writer is under
many obligations to the late Sir John E. Millais, to the late Sir Philip
Cunliffe Owen, long Director at South Kensington, and Mr F. A. Eaton, the
present Secretary to the Royal Academy.
[87] Greenwood, p. 291.
[88] Thackeray, when writing The Virginians, Carlyle, in the preparation
of all his later works, are authentic and only the more illustrious
instances which could be given.
[89] Such was the precise garment mentioned by Mr Harrison when he told
the story to the present writer.
[90] To whom, while at work on portions of this book at a distance from
London, the present writer owes much courteous help.
[91] By exactly ten years, Thackeray dying 1863, Lytton 1873. The
increased interest in Dickens is shown by Messrs Chapman & Hall’s latest
editions, the revived interest in Lytton by Messrs Routledge’s new
ventures.
[92] Personally, Lord Lytton was more correctly appreciated in Paris where
in his last years he much lived. His unfailing presence of mind in
physical difficulties or dangers compelled the admiration of all who knew
him. A Colonial Secretary himself, he first showed, in the closing
chapters of The Caxtons, that sense of the greatness of our Colonial
empire, to-day a commonplace but unknown up to then.
[93] John Copley, afterwards Lord Lyndhurst, and John Campbell, afterwards
Lord Campbell, during their student days at the Bar, both wrote for the
London papers, chiefly theatrical critiques.
[94] These figures for the later date are taken direct from Mitchell’s
Newspaper Press Directory 1897; for the earlier from a note by Mr Garnett
in Mr Ward’s Reign of Queen Victoria; Mr Garnett’s statistics being
apparently derived from an article contributed probably by Albany Fonblanc
to an early number of the Westminster Review.
[95] Carried in the January of 1855 a majority of 157 (305 to 148).
[96] Successes of a new sort have been made. The penny newspapers had paid
by their advertisements; when the price of the paper on which they were
printed exceeded a certain figure, circulation beyond the amount necessary
to maintain advertisements was not therefore in itself a paramount object.
The new halfpenny sheets realized on every copy sold a profit larger even
proportionately than the penny papers had ever made on their copies,
advertisements of course excepted.
[97] For the commercial details of newspaper enterprise, the reader is
referred to the author’s earlier work England, etc., where he duly
acknowledged his obligations to his editorial chief and personal friend,
Mr W. H. Mudford, of the Standard; for the fresh facts and figures here
given the writer is indebted to Sir Charles Dilke, to Mr H. Labouchere, to
an article on Halfpenny Papers by Mr F. A. McKenzie in the Windsor
Magazine for January 1897, and above all to Mitchell’s invaluable
Newspaper Press Directory.
[98] M.P. for Shrewsbury since 1832.
[99] Each reform was followed by a fresh diminution in the death rate.
[100] This lady, in addition to her natural gift of organization, had been
trained at the Prussian hospital of Kaisersworth. Accompanied by her
friends, Mr and Mrs Bracebridge of Atherstone Hall, and 37 nurses, she
reached Scutari November 5, just in time to tend the wounded after
Balaclava.
[101] Sampson Low’s Charities of London, p. 2.
[102] The statistics illustrative of this subject have been derived
exclusively from Mr Sampson Low’s Charities of London, at the places
already indicated in the footnotes. For the other facts to complete the
little picture, the writer is indebted to friends who have made this
subject their special study, such as Lady Priestley, or reluctantly to his
own personal experience.
[103] For these statistics, some of them perhaps now given for the first
time the writer is beholden to Sir Brydges Henniker, Registrar General.
[104] This most gifted family came originally from Plymouth or its
neighbourhood, sending representatives to Bath, Bristol and Barnstaple.
The Barnstaple Budd, universally respected, died 1896.
[105] Dr Ferrier’s work on the brain, mapping it out according to its
functions, appeared 1876 and also perhaps marks an epoch.
[106] Shortly before his death, the late Sir Andrew Clark assured the
present writer that his remarks in his earlier work, England, on the
medical profession were accurate in all respects and applicable to the
existing state of things. For the purpose of the present volume when the
writer was first contemplating it, and was in occasional correspondence
with Sir Andrew, the great physician kindly made a few fresh hints. These,
with the information of Sir William and Lady Priestley, have been
indispensable to the writer throughout.
[107] Evidence in support of this has been collected by the writer
throughout the manufacturing districts, an important fact being that where
secularism was most organized, there well-to-do mechanics and artizans are
Communicants, and often Sunday School teachers as well.
[108] The Ramsden Sermon, preached before Oxford University June 12, 1892,
pp. 10, 11.
[109] These Bishoprics, 75 in America, 4 in other countries, that is 79 in
all, control (1897) 4,666 clergy; among the church goers 622,194 are
Communicants. The total of Anglican clergy in foreign parts, at the period
of the Queen’s accession, excluding Bishops, was 897. In 1850 it was
1,193. To-day (1897) it is 4,312. Roughly, therefore, the increase has
been 300 per cent.
[110] The most noticeable being the Gorham dispute about Baptismal
Regeneration 1850, which issued in defining the Evangelical status, as in
1847 Hampden’s bishopric had secured the broad Church position. In 1871
the Frome case secured the highest doctrines on the Eucharist. These three
decisions practically constitute the Charters of the three chief parties
in the National Church.
[111] Not Dean of St Paul’s till 1869.
[112] The Sermon on the Mount, 1897.
[113] For the information as to the Church of England embodied in this
chapter, the writer’s thanks are sincerely tendered to the Rev. H. W.
Tucker of the S.P.G. Society; to the Rev. J. C. Cox, D.D., Holdenby, North
Hants; to the Rev. A. L. Foulkes, Steventon, Berks; and to Mr G. W. E.
Russell. No official statistics of the numbers in the different Churches
exist. The basis of the estimate given is supplied by the statistics of
the Federation League Journal, June, 1886.
[114] This is not the conventional idea of clubs. Thackeray, who knew
club-life well, first illustrated this view. An examination of the tariff
and general charges at the professional clubs in Pall Mall or St James’s
would show the absolute truth of the description.
[115] The Honourable Mr Algernon Bourke has a more than amateur experience
of modern clubs. While these pages are passing through the press, he gives
it as his opinion that nowadays there is practically no play in clubs. All
who know anything of the subject would confirm the general truth of that
statement.
[116] See passim the evidence taken before this Committee printed in the
1844 Parliamentary Blue Books.
[117] The reluctance of referees to interfere is natural and pardonable in
view of the fashionable brutality not only of the players but the
spectators. A proof of this may be found in a typical instance reported in
a daily paper:—A Football Referee assaulted.—A disgraceful scene was
witnessed at Lincoln last night after the close of the League match
between Lincoln City and Newton Heath. The decisions of the referee (Mr
Fox, of Sheffield) gave great dissatisfaction to the crowd, and the
hostile demonstration commenced when he awarded the Heathens two penalty
kicks in quick succession. After the match he had to seek shelter in the
secretary’s office for some time, and when he did leave the ground he was
badly assaulted by several roughs. The windows of a cab in which he drove
to his hotel were completely smashed.
[118] In the diverse materials for this chapter, the writer has been
helped greatly by the volume on the Turf in the Badminton Series, but in
all which has to do with horses by the Earl of Dunraven, by Lord
Ribblesdale, by Mr Leopold de Rothschild; in all that relates to cricket
and football by the Hon. and Rev. E. Lyttelton, Headmaster of Haileybury
College, and in the football facts by one of Mr Lyttelton’s Haileybury
colleagues. His chess facts have been given him by a great West of England
authority in the game, H. Maxwell Prideaux. For his knowledge of ladies’
work he is indebted, as in England he was, to Miss F. S. Hollings.
[119] The motion in 1849 for the Sierra Leone reduction was, as Hansard
shows, only one of a series of such proposals. Hume’s views on the
Colonies were much those which Mill had set forth in his famous
Encyclopædia Britannica article. Mill may have been against Colonial
expansion, but not against Colonial retention.
[120] On this subject see the very interesting and accurate statistics
compiled by Mr F. Leveson Gower, and published by the Cobden Club.
[121] A. Cleveland Coxe, then Rector of Grace Church, Baltimore, published
his Impressions of England, 1856. His Ballads and Carols, ecclesiastical
or religious, especially one entitled In Dreamland, abound in graceful
fancy, and have had a popularity among English and American Anglicans
approaching that of The Christian Year.
[122] For the facts relating to the administration of law, the writer is
indebted to Sir Edward Clarke, and to the Master John MacDonell, of the
High Court of Justice. The facts and figures with respect to the Colonies
have been drawn from official sources as well as from the very valuable
Imperial Federation League Journal for June 1886. He is further
personally beholden for the local colour inparted to his Colonial
descriptions by the private information of Sir Robert G. W. Herbert, Sir
Julius Vogel, Mr John Bramston, and other Colonial officials. The
privately printed papers of the fourth Lord Carnarvon distributed among
his personal friends (1897), opportunely confirm and illustrate the views
here given of the Colonial past, present, and future.
