Quarterly bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Volume 7 (1882)

BULLETIN OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. VOL. VII. April, 1882. No. 2. — ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS LATELY MADE BY MR. F. STEPHENS IN ARIZONA. — NOTES ON THE OS PROMINENS. [47] — A LIST OF BIRDS FROM THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, OBSERVED DURING THE SUMMER OF 1881, WITH BRIEF NOTES. — IMPRESSIONS OF SOME SOUTHERN BIRDS. — NOTES ON SOME OF THE RARER BIRDS OF SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK. — NOTES ON THE SUMMER BIRDS OF THE UPPER ST. JOHN. — Recent Literature. — General Notes. — Errata.

Early in 1881 I wrote to Mr. Stephens asking him to get me some Arizona birds during the following spring and summer. He replied that he was on the point of starting by wagon for California, but that being provided with a camping outfit, and feeling under no necessity of hurrying by the way, he was willing to give his whole attention, for several months at least, to collecting in my interest. It was accordingly arranged that the journey should take in as great a variety of country as possible, and, that the most productive points should be thoroughly worked. The energy, intelligence, and conscientiousness with which this plan was carried out are sufficiently attested by the material results upon which the present paper is based.

The route traversed was substantially as follows: Leaving Galeyville on March 3, Mr. Stephens drove southward to Cave Creek, where a few days’ collecting yielded a limited number of birds. At the end of this time he retraced his steps to Galeyville, and continuing northward, passed Camp Bowie, and crossed to the western side of the Chiricahua Mountains. Here a halt was made at Morse’s Mill, after a journey of seventy miles by wagon-road from Cave Creek, although the distance is less than twelve 66miles in an air line. This place is described in the notes as being at the head of a cañon, in a sort of basin, elevated about seven thousand feet above the sea, and encircled by mountains which rise from two to three thousand feet higher.

From some further remarks on the general character of the range, I quote the following: “The Chiricahua Mountains are situated in the southeast corner of Arizona, some of the foot-hills even reaching the line of New Mexico and the Mexican state of Sonora. Several small streams run east and west from their summits, those of the former division emptying into the San Simon Valley; of the latter into the Sulphur Spring and San Bernardino Valleys. The first two water-sheds are comprised in the Rio Gila system, while the San Bernardino Valley stretches southward, and water from it flows into the Pacific near Guaymas.”

“These valleys are usually grassy plains, but there are scattering bushes, mostly mesquite, in some of them. The scrub oaks begin with the foot-hills; they are evergreen, the leaves being insensibly replaced with new ones in May. A little higher the juniper (called ‘cedar’ by the people here) comes in. Still higher, on the north side of the hills, there is a little piñon and scrub pine, while the summits are heavily timbered with red and black pines. In the gulches some fir grows, and on the hillsides, mostly near the summits and facing the north, occasional patches of aspen.”

At Morse’s Mill three weeks were very profitably spent, and on April 1 a start was made for Tucson, the next objective point. The route led through Sulphur Spring Valley, Tombstone, and Cienega Station, and at all these places, as well as at some intermediate points, a longer or shorter stay was made for the purpose of collecting. These delays consumed so much time that Tucson was not reached until April 18.

The country lying about this town and the neighboring station, Camp Lowell, proved so rich in desirable birds that it engaged Mr. Stephens’ attention for nearly the whole of the two succeeding months, during which, however, a brief visit was paid to the Santa Rita Mountains, where some important observations were made.

The season practically ended with June, for the wagon-journey, begun on the 29th of that month, across the arid plains and scorching deserts of middle and western Arizona, was attended 67with such privations, and often positive suffering, that little attention could be paid to birds. Mr. Stephens arrived at Yuma on July 15, and by August 1 reached his final destination, Riverside, California.

The entire trip yielded about six hundred and fifty skins besides a fairly large number of nests and eggs. Under the terms of our agreement I had all the birds, a representative series of the nests and eggs, and the field notes relating to both. This collection, embracing the results of four months’ uninterrupted work in a region as yet only imperfectly known, seems to me too complete in itself to be merely skimmed of its cream. Accordingly in preparing the following paper I have included every species which is represented among the specimens or mentioned in the collector’s notes. It should be understood, however, that the latter were not kept with reference to this plan, and it is not unlikely that certain common birds, which are known to occur in Arizona, were inadvertently omitted. For similar reasons, the number of specimens obtained can seldom be taken as an exponent of the relative abundance of the species to which they belong, as a decided preference was given to the rarer kinds. Three species new to the “North American” fauna have already been announced (this Bulletin, Vol. VI, p. 252.).

A few technical points require explanation. The catalogue numbers are usually those of the collector’s field-book, but in certain cases—as of specimens taken as types, or with birds obtained by Mr. Stephens before starting on the present trip—I have used my own numbers, either alone or in connection with the original ones. This double system need cause no confusion, however, for the field-numbers never reach 700, while those of my general catalogue are always above 5,000. Of the measurements, the length and stretch were taken in the field, the others from the dry skins. The biographical matter is of course based on Mr. Stephens’ notes, which are sometimes paraphrased, sometimes literally quoted, as convenience dictates. The frequent quotations of Mr. Henshaw’s experience or opinions are always, unless otherwise stated, from his Report in Volume V of “Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian.”

1. Turdus unalascæ Gmel. Dwarf Thrush.—The only Hermit Thrush in the present collection is unmistakably referable 68to var. unalascæ. In fact it gives nearly the same measurements as the smallest extreme in the large series examined by Mr. Henshaw.^[40] Mr. Stephens marks it as the first which he has seen in Arizona where, however, it was found sparingly by Mr. Henshaw in October, 1873.

283, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 25. Length, 6.40; extent, 10.10; wing. 3.26; tail, 2.61; culmen, .52. “Bill dark brown, yellowish at base of lower mandible; legs pale brownish; iris brown.”

2. Turdus ustulatus Nutt. Russet-backed Thrush.—Under this heading I include with some hesitation, a Thrush killed May 17, in the Santa Rita Mountains. The specimen unfortunately was one of three or four which were accidentally destroyed while in the collector’s possession, but Mr. Stephens is positive that it was referable to the above variety. As he is perfectly familiar with ustulatus, having previously met with it in California, there can, I think, be little doubt of the correctness of his determination. This record, if accepted, will make the first for Arizona.

397, ♀ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 17. Length, 6.90; extent, 10.70; “Iris dark brown; bill black, brownish at base of lower mandible; legs very pale brown.”

3. Turdus migratorius propinquus Ridgw. Western Robin.—Robins were met with only in or near the Chiricahua Mountains, where perhaps a dozen individuals were seen. The one mentioned below is typical of the slightly differentiated, but still apparently constant western race.

75, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 20. Length, 10; extent, 16.40; wing, 5.38; tail, 4.36. “Iris dark brown.”

4. Oreoscoptes montanus (Towns.) Baird. Mountain Mockingbird. There is no mention of this species among the notes made during the late trip.

6313 (author’s coll.), ♀ ad., San Pedro River, Dec. 25, 1880. Length, 8.90; extent, 12.40.

5. Mimus polyglottus (Linn.) Boie. Mockingbird.—“Generally distributed and common, but not as abundant as in Southern California” (Camp Lowell). “Common in the valleys; they are found but a short distance up the foot-hills of the mountain ranges” (near Tombstone).

181, ♀ ad., near Tombstone, April 8. Length, 9.80; extent, 13.10; wing, 4.30; tail, 5.03.

69550, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 20. Length, 10.20; extent, 14.10; wing, 4.40; tail, 5.20. “Iris golden brown; bill and legs black.”

6. Harporhynchus bendirei Coues. Bendire’s Thrasher.—Mr. Stephens’ notes contain few references to this species, and judging from the limited number of specimens which he obtained, it must be less abundant in Arizona than either H. crissalis or H. curvirostris palmeri, a status which is in strict accordance with Mr. Henshaw’s experience. About half of the skins collected during the past season are labeled either Camp Lowell or Tucson, while the remainder were taken at various points directly north or south of the latter place, and not over twenty-five miles distant in either direction. Outside the limits of this desert region the bird was not anywhere met with, although it was common at Phœnix in February, 1880.

A nest taken June 16 near Tucson, and identified by the capture of one of the parent birds, was placed in a “cat-claw mesquite” at a height of about five feet from the ground. It is a deeply-hollowed, smoothly-lined structure, composed of fine grasses and soft, hemp-like vegetable fibres, which are protected externally, in a manner common to the nests of nearly all Thrashers, by a bristling array of interlaced twigs and thorny sticks. The interior cup measures two inches in depth by three in width. The two eggs which it contained, like those described by Dr. Coues, are readily separable from eggs of H. palmeri by their grayish-white instead of dull green ground-color. They are faintly marked with reddish-brown and lavender, the spots being confined chiefly to the larger ends, where many of them assume the character of blotches or dashes of color. These eggs measure respectively 1.02 × .79 and .96 × .79. The greatest number of eggs found in any of the several nests examined by Mr. Stephens was three, but two seemed to be the usual complement.

Of the birds before me four are in first plumage, a stage which, if I am not mistaken, has never been previously examined. The first of these (No. 426, twenty-five miles south of Tucson, May 22) was unable to fly, and was taken from the nest. It differs from the adult in the following particulars: The upper parts, with nearly the same ground-color, have a tinge of reddish-brown which, on the rump, wing-coverts, and tips and outer webs of the primaries and secondaries, shades into brownish-chestnut. The sprouting rectrices are also tipped with the same color. The under parts generally are warm fulvous, which becomes nearly pure cinnamon on the sides and crissum, and along the median line pales to 70fulvous-white. The breast and abdomen are everywhere thickly but finely spotted with dull black, these markings becoming finer and fainter where they border on the anal region. The remaining three (Nos. 538, ♀; 539, —; and 540, ♂: twenty-five miles north of Tucson, June 16) have the wings fully developed, and were all out of the nests when shot. They are apparently of about the same respective ages, but nevertheless exhibit a good deal of individual variation. No. 538 has the breast and sides finely spotted with dark brown, but a central space extending forward along the abdomen nearly to the breast is entirely unmarked. No. 535 has large, rounded, but indistinct blotches of light brown, thickly and evenly distributed over the entire under parts, excepting the throat, anal region and crissum. No. 539 has a cluster of faint, sagittate spots on the centre of the breast, but otherwise is entirely immaculate beneath. All three are essentially similar above, and differ from No. 426 in having the crown, nape, back, wing-coverts and outer webs of the secondaries pale reddish-brown, which, on the rump, is only tinged with chestnut. The primaries are dark brown edged with hoary; the rectrices, dull black with a terminal band of pale reddish-chestnut crossing both webs of all the feathers, but most broadly those of the outer pairs.

The adults making up the rest of this series vary a good deal with the season at which they were taken. A specimen killed in February is clear grayish-brown above, with the breast and abdomen thickly spotted; and one or two others shot early in May are nearly as deeply colored and distinctly marked. But most of the breeding birds are either entirely immaculate beneath, or with only a few faint specks scattered here and there upon the abdomen. Several of the latter are nearly as pale as my specimens of H. lecontei, and equally devoid of any special markings. This condition apparently is due mainly to the wearing off of the tips of the feathers, although the continued action of the sun’s rays doubtless lends its aid, and still further bleaches the plumage.

453, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, May 30. Length, 10.30; extent, 13.30.

4987, (author’s coll.) ♂ ad., Tucson, Feb. 28, 1880. Wing, 4.25; tail, 4.84; culmen (chord), .99.

423, ♂ ad., twenty-five miles south of Tucson, May 21. Length, 10.40; extent, 14.20; wing, 4.30; tail, 4.92; culmen, 1.06.

425, ♂ ad., same locality, May 22. Length, 10.30; extent, 13.10; wing, 4.01; tail, 4.96; culmen, 1.05.

455, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, May 30. Length, 10.18; extent, 13.30; wing, 4.20; tail, 4.96; culmen, 1.05.

537, ♂ ad., twenty-five miles north of Tucson, June 16. Length, 10.10; extent, 12.70; wing, 4.14; tail, 4.78; culmen, 1.01.

583, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 24. Length, 10.50; extent, 13; wing, 3.99; tail, 4.95; culmen, 1.05.

454, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, May 30. Length, 10.10; extent, 12.70; wing, 3.95; tail, 4.43; culmen, 1.

529, ♀ ad., twenty-five miles north of Tucson, June 16. Length, 10.20; extent, 12.10; wing, 3.63; tail, 4.50; culmen, 1.01. “Iris yellow; legs dull bluish.”

71557, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, June 21. Length, 10; extent, 13.20; wing, 4.10; tail, 4.60; culmen, .95.

426, ♀ juv. first plumage, twenty-five miles south of Tucson, May 22. Length, 6.10; extent, 9.40; “Iris light gray; bill dark brown, lighter below; legs pale bluish.” Taken from the nest; wings and tail only partly developed.

538, ♀ juv. first plumage, twenty-five miles north of Tucson, June 16. Length, 10.10; extent, 12.50; wing, 3.77; tail, 4.59; culmen, .96.

539, — juv. first plumage, same locality and date. Length, 9.80; extent, 12.70; wing, 3.92; tail, 4.67; culmen, .92.

540, ♂ juv. first plumage, same locality and date. Length, 10; extent, 12.80; wing, 3.90; tail, 4.55; culmen, .95.

7. Harporhynchus curvirostris palmeri Ridgw. Palmer’s Thrasher.—During the present trip this Thrasher was met with at various points in the desert region about Tucson and Camp Lowell, where it was one of the most abundant and characteristic summer birds. Its favorite haunts were barren wastes covered with cactuses and stunted mesquites; but, like many other desert species, it occasionally visited the more fertile valleys to drink at the springs and water-holes. At these latter places specimens were obtained without much difficulty, but on all other occasions they were exceedingly shy and wary. In February, 1880, Mr. Stephens found Palmer’s Thrasher at Phœnix, and he also took winter specimens along the San Pedro River.^[41]

Numerous nests were taken. The one before me was placed in a cholla at a height of about seven feet. It is composed outwardly of large twigs, and is lined with bleached grasses. Although by no means a rude structure, it suffers by comparison with the nest of H. bendirei, its construction being simpler, and all the materials much coarser. The three eggs which it contained were only slightly incubated on June 14. They measure respectively 1.05×.82, 1.09×.82, and 1.08×.83. They are pale greenish-blue, finely and very evenly spotted with brown and lavender. The number of eggs making up this set was not exceeded in any of the others examined by Mr. Stephens.

The series of skins embraces no less than twenty-two examples, and very fully illustrates all the variations of age and season. Among the number are several in the hitherto undescribed first plumage. The

72youngest of these (No. 480, ♂?, Camp Lowell, June 2), although well feathered, has the wings and tail undeveloped, and was taken from the nest. Its entire upper plumage is rusty brown with a chestnut tinge which deepens on the rump and outer webs of the secondaries to decided chestnut brown. The general coloring of the under parts is pale fulvous with a strong tinge of rusty chestnut across the breast, along the sides, and over the anal region and crissum. The breast is obsoletely spotted, but the plumage elsewhere, both above and below, is entirely immaculate. An older bird (No. 577, Camp Lowell, June 23) with the wings and tail fully grown out, differs in having the back (excepting a narrow anterior space bordering on the nape), with the exposed webs and coverts of the wings, and a broad tipping on the tail feathers, bright rusty;—while in a third of about the same age (No. 614, ♂, Camp Lowell, June 28), the rusty color, although paler, is uniformly distributed over the entire upper surface save upon the wings and tail feathers, which are only edged and tipped with that color. This last example is so faintly marked beneath that the plumage at first sight appears immaculate; but a closer inspection reveals a few spots here and there among the central feathers of the breast. A fourth (No. 487, Camp Lowell, June 3), although apparently no older, has the breast and sides spotted more sharply than in any of the adults, while the rusty tinge above is chiefly confined to the rump, posterior half of the back, and the outer webs of the wing feathers.

Several of these young birds are so nearly similar to specimens of H. bendirei in corresponding stages that they can be separated only with great difficulty. The stouter bill and entirely black lower mandible of palmeri may, however, always be depended upon as distinguishing characters; and, moreover, the pectoral spotting of bendirei is usually (but not invariably) finer and sharper, and the rusty tinge above paler and less extended.

The adults present a good deal of variation, most of which is apparently seasonal. Winter specimens have the lower abdomen, with the anal region and crissum, rich rusty-fulvous, while the markings beneath are similar in character to those of true curvirostris, and the spots equally distinct, numerous and widely distributed. With the advance of the season, and the consequent wear and tear of the plumage, the spots gradually fade or disappear. Indeed some of the June specimens are absolutely immaculate beneath, although most of them, like Mr. Ridgway’s types, have a few faint markings on the abdomen. In this condition the general coloring is also paler and grayer, and the fulvous of the crissum and neighboring parts often entirely wanting.

But although the evidence of this series tends to demolish several of the characters upon which palmeri has been based, enough remain to separate it from its ally the true curvirostris of Mexico and the Rio Grande Valley in Texas. The best of these, perhaps, is to be found in the different marking of the tail feathers. In curvirostris the three outer pairs are broadly tipped with pure white which, on the inner web, extends twice as deep, basally, as on the outer one, and has its boundaries everywhere 73sharply defined; in palmeri the outer rectrices are, at the most, barely tipped with pale brown, which either extends squarely across both webs, or fades insensibly into the darker color of the feather. The bill of palmeri, also, is usually longer and more curved than that of curvirostris.

8. Harporhynchus lecontei Bonap. Leconte’s Thrasher.—The great rarity of Leconte’s Thrasher, even in the heart of the desolate regions where alone it has so far been found, is still further attested by Mr. Stephens’ experience during the past season, for although he searched for it carefully in all suitable places between Camp Lowell and Riverside (California), he met with only two individuals. These occurred about fifteen miles west of Maricopa, Arizona, in a locality which the accompanying notes describe as follows: “Near the middle of ‘Forty-five-mile Desert,’ between Maricopa Wells and Gila Bend. No chollas or other cactuses in the immediate neighborhood, but some giant cactuses about a mile away in the hills; a few mesquites and much scattering low brush in the vicinity; nearest water twenty miles away.”

Dr. Cooper is said to have found the species “rather common” in the desert between Fort Mohave and the San Bernardino Mountains, California, but Mr. Stephens has thrice traversed this route without seeing a single specimen. In a recent number^[42] of the American Naturalist, however, Mr. E. Holterhoff, Jr., speaks of seeing the bird “on the Colorado desert, at a station called Flowing Wells,” and gives an interesting description of a nest and set of eggs taken there. “The nest was placed in a palo verde tree, and was a very bulky affair, measuring externally nine inches in depth and six in width; the hollow of the nest was fully three inches in depth. It was so awkwardly situated that much of the base of the nest had evidently been filled in to firmly support the structure. The two eggs were somewhat smaller than those of H. redivivus, lighter in color, and marked all over with finer reddish spots, thicker at the larger end.”

I am inclined to consider the Maricopa specimens above referred to as adults, although this is not so clear in the case of the male, portions of whose plumage suggest that of a young bird. Both are in worn, ragged condition, but there is no indication of any moult, save upon the wings and tail, where many of the feathers have been replaced by new ones which are conspicuous among the others by their fresher coloring.

74On a former occasion^[43] I urged the specific distinctness of this Thrasher from H. redivivus, and to this conviction I still hold, although a comparison of additional specimens of both species inclines me to believe with Dr. Coues that Leconte’s Thrasher is, on the whole, more nearly related to redivivus than to any other United States form.

616, ♂ ad., near Maricopa Wells, July 5. Length, 10.80; extent, 12.30; wing, 3.85; tarsus, 1.27; tail, 5.35; culmen (chord), 1.30; bill from nostrils, .91; width below posterior angle of nostrils, .23.

617, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 10.60; extent, 12; wing, 3.78; tarsus, 1.32; tail, 4.91; bill (chord of culmen), 1.32; bill from nostril, .94; width below posterior angle of nostril, .24. “Iris reddish-brown; bill black; legs nearly black. Stomach contained a small species of katydid and some ants.”

9. Harporhynchus crissalis Henry. Crissal Thrasher.—Not uncommon near Tombstone, Tucson and Camp Lowell.

Dr. Coues, comparing this species with Le Conte’s, Palmer’s, and Bendire’s Thrashers, concludes:^[44] “and we are led to infer that when the ‘topography’ of the other three species is fully determined, it will be found no less extensive. For there is nothing peculiar in the economy or requirements of any one of the four in comparison with the rest.” This view, however, is hardly supported by the testimony of observers who have had the best opportunities of studying these birds. The Crissal Thrasher, according to Captain Bendire,^[45] “appears to prefer damp localities near water-courses, and confines itself principally to spots where the wild currant is abundant.” Mr. Henshaw says: “According to my experience, it is not a bird of the plains, but inhabits by preference the rough sides of rocky cañons or the hillsides covered with broken débris, interspersed with straggling bushes.” Mr. Stephens’ evidence is not less explicit. He found the Crissal Thrasher in copses in valleys, and along streams. It was especially fond of well-shaded undergrowth, and spent much of its time on the ground, searching for food under the bushes. It never occurred among cactuses, and the only place where he saw it actually associating with Bendire’s and Palmer’s Thrashers, was at Camp Lowell, where the latter species, with other desert birds, came to drink at a water-hole and thus occasionally mingled with the Crissal Thrashers which inhabited the neighboring thickets. The contrast which these traits afford 75when compared with the ones characterizing the other three species named by Dr. Coues, is sufficiently apparent.^[46]

A nest received from Mr. Stephens is precisely similar to those found by Captain Bendire. The three eggs which it contained measure respectively, 1.14×.76, 1.14×.75, and 1.08×.77. Like all the specimens which have been previously reported they are entirely unspotted, and both in size and color closely resemble eggs of the common Robin.

Juv., first plumage (♀, No. 546, Camp Lowell, June 20). Above dull reddish-brown. Rump and a broad tipping on the tail, brownish-chestnut. Under parts nearly uniform, brownish-fulvous. Crissum chestnut, of nearly the same shade as in the adult. Maxillary stripes dusky brown. No trace of spots or other dark markings either above or beneath.

Five other young birds in the series are essentially similar and call for no special comment. I cannot find any description of the first plumage of either H. redivivus or H. lecontei, but with the exception of these, H. crissalis is the only North American species in the sub-family Miminæ whose young are entirely unmarked beneath. It is interesting to note that with respect to the color of the upper parts, especially that of the rump, they resemble the young of both H. bendirei and H. palmeri.

The individual variation presented by the adults before me is chiefly confined to the relative length and curvature of the bill, the general coloring of all being nearly uniform, although the breeding birds are slightly paler than those taken early in the season.

166, ♂ ad., near Tombstone, April 5. Length, 12.10; extent, 12.30; “Iris light brown. Stomach contained insects and a small lizard.”

251, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 21. Length, 12.60; extent, 12.60; wing, 4.11; tail, 6.25; chord of culmen, 1.56. “Iris light gray,—almost white.”

278, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 25. Length, 12.10; extent, 12.50; wing, 3.84; tail, 6.20; culmen, 1.47.

309, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 30. Length, 11.70; extent, 12.70; wing, 4.05; tail, 5.85; culmen, 1.53.

434, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 25. Length, 11.20; extent, 12.30; wing, 4.02; tail, 5.52; culmen, 1.43.

503, ♂ ad., Tucson, June 8. Length, 11.40; extent, 12.10; wing, 3.85; tail, 5.85; culmen, 1.46.

578, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 23. Length, 11.60; extent, 12.60; wing, 4.05; tail, 5.75; culmen, 1.45.

437, ♂ juv., first plumage, Tucson, May 26. Length, 11.30; extent, 12.40; wing, 3.92; tail, 5.50; culmen, 1.18.

76595, ♂ juv., first plumage, Camp Lowell, June 25. Length, 11.60; extent, 12.50; wing, 3.84; tail, 6.18; culmen, 1.35.

596, ♂ juv., first plumage, Camp Lowell, June 25. Length, 11.80; extent, 12.60; wing, 3.86; tail, 6.12; culmen, 1.40.

436, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 25. Length, 11.80; extent, 12.40; wing, 3.90; tail, 5.90; culmen, 1.55. Parent of No. 435.

435, ♀ juv., first plumage, same locality and date. Length, 11.30; extent, 12.20; wing, 4.02; tail, 5.55; culmen, 1.20.

546, ♀ juv., first plumage, Camp Lowell, June 20. Length, 11.60; extent, 12.40; wing, 4.95; tail, 6.02; culmen, 1.38.

555, ♀ juv., first plumage, Camp Lowell, June 21. Length, 11.30; extent, 12.20; wing, 3.73; tail, 5.65; culmen, 1.42.

10. Cinclus mexicanus Swains. American Water Ouzel.—The following notes relate to the only specimen met with:

“My attention was called to the song of some bird which came from the mountain brook running past camp. There was a steep, rocky wall on the further side, and the notes echoing from it, and mingling with the purling of the water, sounded exquisitely sweet. On looking for the author, I noticed some ripples rolling out from behind the willows that fringed the nearer shore, and soon discovered an Ouzel dabbling in the shallow water. My shot wounded the bird, but did not disable its wings, for it repeatedly dived, using them as propelling agents when beneath the surface. The sun shining on the air-bubbles that clung to its plumage made it look like a ball of silver flying through the water. On the surface it paddled along very much in the manner of a Phalarope.”

79, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, Chiricahua Mountains, March 20. Length, 7.90; extent, 12.10; wing, 3.85; tail, 2.50. “Iris hazel. The flesh was dark and tough with a fishy smell. The inside of the skin looked like that of a small Wader. Stomach contained insects.”

11. Sialia mexicana Swains. Western Bluebird.—A single pair, taken in the Chiricahua Mountains in March, are accompanied by the note, “abundant in all kinds of timber.”

12. Sialia arctica Swains. Arctic Bluebird.—This species is noted as “rare in the low valleys” among the Chiricahua Mountains. A small flock was also seen near Galeyville on “grassy plains,” where “they flew from one weed-stalk to another.” They were “restless and rather shy.” The single specimen obtained was shot on this latter occasion.

13. Myiadestes townsendi (Aud.) Caban. Townsend’s Solitaire.—Three specimens were obtained in the Chiricahua 77Mountains, where they occurred sparingly among piñons. “They are rather tame, and have a habit of sitting perfectly still for several minutes at a time. Flight slow. Food insects.” A fourth, taken May 13, in the Santa Rita Mountains, completes the series.

14. Phaïnopepla nitens (Swain.) Scl. Black-crested Flycatcher.—The life history of this singular bird has been so fully given by Dr. Coues in “Birds of the Colorado Valley,” that there is little chance of adding anything new. Most of the specimens obtained by Mr. Stephens are from Camp Lowell and Tucson, but he did not find it abundant at either of these points. He speaks of it as having “a sweet but not loud song,” and remarks on its known fondness for mistletoe berries. “Iris red.”

15. Polioptila cærulea (Linn.) Scl. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.—Eight specimens, representing the following localities: Chiricahua Mountains (two ♂, two ♀, April 1–6); Tombstone (♂, April 5); Cienega Station (♂, April 16); Tucson (♂, April 20); Santa Rita Mountains (♂, May 20).

16. Polioptila plumbea Baird. Black-capped Gnatcatcher.—This Gnatcatcher was observed at Tucson, Camp Lowell, and near Yuma, specimens being taken in all these localities. A female shot at the first-named point on April 23 had evidently finished laying, but a nest found June 27 near Camp Lowell contained a perfectly fresh egg, while another taken at Yuma, July 15, had a single egg of its owner and one of the Dwarf Cowbird. These dates indicate that the species breeds at least twice during the season.

The Yuma nest, although a delicate structure, will not compare with that of P. cærulea. It entirely lacks the exterior coating of lichens so effectively employed by the commoner bird, and in its general appearance closely resembles the Redstart’s well-known domicile, being similarly felted of soft bark strips and hemp-like vegetable fibres. It is lined with down from plants, a few feathers, and the hair of some small quadruped. Externally it measures 2.25 in width by 1.55 in depth; internally 1.45 by 1. The egg is pale greenish-blue, coarsely and very evenly spotted with reddish-brown. Its measurements are .53×.42. This nest was placed in a bunch of mistletoe, at a height of about eight feet from the ground. It is accompanied by the male parent, who revealed its position by repeatedly entering the mistletoe. 78and showing other signs of anxiety respecting its contents. The position of the Camp Lowell nest is not mentioned.

Juv., first plumage, ♀ (No. 619, Yuma, July 15). Crown pale cinereous; rest of upper parts faded brown. The wings are uniform with the back, but all the primaries and secondaries have a broad white edging on their outer webs. The tail is dull black, with white areas on the outer rectrices corresponding in extent and purity with those of the adult. Beneath, pale ashy-white.

A study of the large series of Gnatcatchers collected during the past season confirms the views which I lately advanced (this Bulletin, Vol. VI, p. 101) regarding the affinity of P. plumbea and P. “melanura,” and also affords additional evidence of the assumed specific distinctness of P. californica. The Yuma examples of P. plumbea are quite as typical as those taken at Tucson and Camp Lowell, while seven specimens of californica, collected at Riverside after Mr. Stephens’ return to that place, still further attest the constancy of most of the characters which I assigned to the latter bird. That relating to the brown edging of the secondaries will, however, have to be abandoned, for plumbea proves to be similarly characterized when in worn breeding dress; the supposed shorter tail of californica also is now shown to be an inconstant feature. All of the three young males taken at Riverside have black lateral crown-stripes like those of immature plumbea.

267, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 23. Length, 4.60; extent, 5.80; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.15; bill (from nostril) .25; tarsus, .67. “Iris dark brown;” lores ashy mixed with black; eyelids white.

500, ♂ ad., Tucson, June 7. Length, 4.60; extent, 5.80; wing, 1.81; tail, 2.12; bill (from nostril), .25; tarsus, .65. Lores ashy mixed with black; upper eyelid white.

564, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 22. Length, 4.55; extent, 5.80; wing, 1.84; tail, 2.19; bill (from nostril), .25; tarsus, .70. Lores black; both eyelids white.

567, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 22. Length, 4.40; extent, 5.60; wing, 1.84; tail, 2.16; bill (from nostril), .26; tarsus, .70. Lores and superciliary line white mixed with black.

581, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 24. Length, 4.40; extent, 5.80; wing, 1.98; tail, 2.20; bill (from nostril), .28; tarsus, .70. Lores ashy.

618, ♂ ad., Yuma, July 15. Length, 4.40; extent, 5.80; wing, 1.90; tail, 2.15; bill (from nostril), .26; tarsus, .68. Lores, with broad superciliary lines meeting across the forehead, white.

621, ♂ juv., first plumage, Yuma, July 16. Length, 4.40; extent, 5.60; wing, 1.76; tail, 2.13; bill (from nostril), .26; tarsus, .72. Sides of head ashy-white; ill-defined, black, lateral crown-stripes partially concealed.

272, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 23. Length, 4.50; extent, 5.50; wing, 1.78; tail, 2.21; bill (from nostril), .27; tarsus, .68. “Had just finished laying.”

458, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, May 31. Length, 4.50; extent, 5.50; wing, 1.86; tail, 2.13; bill (from nostril), .26; tarsus, .68.

79601, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, June 27. Length, 4.60; extent, 5.50; wing, 1.74; tail, 2.18; bill (from nostril), .27; tarsus, .70. “Taken with the nest and one fresh egg.”

619, ♀ juv., first plumage, Yuma, July 15. Length, 4.40; extent, 5.60; wing, 1.86; tail, 2.12; bill (from nostril), .26; tarsus, .70.

566,—juv., first plumage, Camp Lowell, June 22. Length, 4.40; extent, 5.60; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.22; bill (from nostril), .27; tarsus, .68.

For comparison I add measurements of the seven specimens of P. californica above mentioned.

656, ♂ juv., fall plumage, Riverside, Sept. 16. Length, 4.55; extent, 5.70; wing, 1.67; tail, 2.20; bill (from nostril), .29; tarsus, .75.

658, ♂ juv., fall plumage, same locality and date. Length, 4.70; extent, 5.80; wing, 1.89; tail, 2.21; bill (from nostril) .26; tarsus, .75.

688, ♂ juv., fall plumage, Riverside, Sept. 23. Length, 4.50; extent, 5.90; wing, 1.73; tail, 2.11; bill (from nostril), .30; tarsus, .75.

657, ♀ juv., fall plumage, Riverside, Sept. 16. Length, 4.60; extent, 5.80; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.14; bill (from nostril), .30; tarsus, .72.

686, ♀ juv., fall plumage, Riverside, Sept. 23. Length, 4.45; extent, 5.90; wing, 1.92; tail, 2.17; bill (from nostril), .30; tarsus, .75.

687, ♀ juv., fall plumage, same locality and date. Length, 4.50; extent, 5.80; wing, 1.85; tail, 2.20; bill (from nostril), .28; tarsus, .70.

655, ♀ juv., fall plumage, Riverside, Sept. 16. Length, 4.45; extent, 5.75; wing, 1.86; tail, 2.15; bill (from nostril), .28; tarsus, .75.

17. Regulus calendula (Linn.) Licht. Ruby-crowned Kinglet.—“Common among the Chiricahua Mountains, especially in deciduous timber. I think a few summer and breed.” The following specimens are identical with eastern ones:

28, ♂ ad., Cave Creek, Chiricahua Mountains, March 8. Length, 4.60; extent, 6.50; wing, 2.32.

122, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 28. Length, 4.20; extent, 6.90; wing, 2.38.

18. Lophophanes inornatus (Gamb.) Cass. Plain Titmouse.—Mentioned in Mr. Stephens’ notes as rare on the foot-hills of the Chiricahua Mountains, but no specimens are included in his collection.

19. Lophophanes wollweberi Bonap. Wollweber’s Titmouse.—This species was abundant in the Chiricahua Mountains, where a fine series was collected. They were usually seen in flocks of six or eight, and often associated with other small birds. They were rarely met with excepting in the groves of “scrub oaks,” but their food appeared to be wholly insects. A single pair taken in the Santa Rita Mountains in May are unaccompanied by any special remarks.

20. Parus meridionalis Scl. Mexican Chickadee.—In a late number of the Bulletin (Vol. VI, p. 252) I briefly 80announced this important addition to the North American fauna. The series obtained by Mr. Stephens comprises nine specimens, all of which were taken near Morse’s Mill. They occurred upon the sides or summits of the surrounding mountains, at elevations varying from seven to ten thousand feet, and were usually found in pairs, although they not unfrequently associated with other birds, among which are mentioned Psaltriparus plumbeus, Lophophanes wollweberi, Sitta pygmæa, and Peucedramus olivaceus. They were for the most part silent, but occasionally uttered a “chee-wee-wee,” as well as notes resembling those of P. montanus.

Previous writers have compared this species with P. atricapillus, but to me it seems nearer related to P. montanus. With the latter it agrees in certain peculiarities of size and proportions, while the general coloring and markings of the two are so similar that almost the only appreciable points of difference are presented by the white forehead and head-stripes of montanus. These characters are, of course, enough to instantly separate the birds, but their importance is somewhat weakened by the fact that one of my specimens of meridionalis (No. 124) possesses a head-stripe which, though ill-defined and considerably shorter, is nevertheless similar in appearance and position to that of montanus. While it would be rash to argue any varietal affinity on the strength of this single specimen, the outcropping of such a well-marked characteristic certainly shows a close relationship between the two species, unless indeed No. 124 be regarded as a hybrid.

65, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 18. Length, 5.20; extent, 8.50; wing, 2.74; tail, 2.60. “Iris dark brown. Stomach contained insects.”

82, ♀ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 21. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.10; wing, 2.73; tail, 2.62.

83, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.50; wing, 2.90; tail, 2.69.

99, ♀ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 24. Length, 4.70; extent, 7.90; wing, 2.63; tail, 2.42.

100, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.60; wing, 2.76; tail, 2.65.

104, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 25. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.30; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.40.

105, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.20; wing, 2.66; tail, 2.56.

124, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 29. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.70; wing, 2.85; tail, 2.68.

125, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5; extent, 8.20.

21. Psaltriparus plumbeus Baird. Lead-colored Tit.—Of the eight specimens of this species which are included in the collection, seven were taken in the Chiricahua Mountains, the 81remaining one being from the Santa Rita Mountains. Mr. Stephens does not appear to have found it elsewhere, and in his notes characterizes it as rather uncommon. It was oftenest seen among the oaks of the foot-hills, where it associated with Wollweber’s Titmouse, the Ruby-crowned Kinglet, and several other small birds.

22. Auriparus flaviceps (Sundev.) Baird. Yellow-headed Tit.—Mr. Henshaw while in Arizona met with but few specimens of this curious little species. He attributed their apparent rarity to the lateness of the season at which his observations were made, and doubtless this explanation is the true one; for during the past spring Mr. Stephens found them in abundance both at Cienega Station and Tucson. Nevertheless it is probable that some individuals pass the winter in Arizona, for one of my specimens is dated November 29, and another was killed early in March. A nest taken at Tucson contained three fresh eggs on April 20.

23. Sitta carolinensis aculeata (Cass.) Allen. Slender-billed Nuthatch.—This Nuthatch was common in the pine forests of the Chiricahua Mountains, but the notes do not mention its occurrence elsewhere.

24. Sitta pygmæa Vig. Pygmy Nuthatch.—Equally common with the preceding species in the same locality.

25. Certhia familiaris mexicana (Gloger) Ridgw. Mexican Creeper.—Various writers have attributed the Mexican Creeper to our fauna, either on purely inferential grounds, or from a misconception, which at one time prevailed, regarding the relationship of the form found in California; for up to the present time no undoubted specimens of mexicana have been taken within our boundaries. It accordingly gives me much pleasure to announce the actual occurrence in Arizona of this well-characterized race, of which the specimen mentioned below is perfectly typical. It is the only Creeper which Mr. Stephens met with during the past season, but in the previous year two others, which I have not examined, but which he considers identical with this, were taken in the same locality. All the Arizona specimens obtained by Mr. Henshaw were referred to our eastern form.

66, ♀ ad., Morse’s Mill, Chiricahua Mountains, March 18. Length, 4.80; extent, 7.10; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.25; culmen, .50. “Iris dark brown.”

8226. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafr.) Gray. Cactus Wren.—I notice little of special interest among the notes accompanying the eight skins which Mr. Stephens collected. He found the bird abundant in all suitable localities, and took several nests and sets of eggs. The unsophisticated young were easily shot, but the adults, even when breeding, were shy and hard to secure.

27. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say) Caban. Rock Wren.—Mr. Stephens makes no mention of finding this species in Arizona during the past season, but he sends me a single specimen taken December 25, 1880, on the San Pedro River.

28. Thryomanes bewicki leucogaster Baird. White-bellied Wren.—The collection includes five specimens of this form, which was apparently met with only in the Chiricahua Mountains and about Tucson. In the former locality it was common along the banks of streams where, however, it kept so closely hidden among the weeds and brush that it was oftener heard than seen. The examples before me are typical.

29. Troglodytes aëdon Vieill. House Wren.—The only House Wren taken is absolutely indistinguishable from many of my Massachusetts specimens, and I accordingly refer it here. Furthermore, I fail to find the characters supposed to distinguish var. parkmani, in any of the several California specimens included in my series. If the latter form really possesses any constant differential characters, I believe they have yet to be defined.

169, ♀, near Tombstone, April 6. Length, 4.80; extent, 6.40; wing, 2.10. “Iris dark brown. Shot among low brush. Not common.”

30. Anthus ludovicianus (Gm.) Licht. American Titlark.

271, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 23. Length, 6.50; extent, 10.60. “Bill brown, paler at base below; legs brown.” Several seen in marshes along the stream.

31. Helminthophila luciæ (Coop.) Ridgw. Lucy’s Warbler.—Although this diminutive Helminthophila has been known to ornithologists for nearly twenty years, few specimens have found their way into the cabinets of private collectors, and up to the present time the species has remained a very rare one. On this account the acquisition of a good series of skins was among the main objects of Mr. Stephens’ trip, and the success which rewarded his labors is very gratifying.

83The first specimen was shot April 15 at Cienega Station, where, during the succeeding three days, six more were obtained. They frequented large willows along the banks of a stream and, like Kinglets, spent much of their time searching for food at the extremity of the branches. Although active and restless, they were not at all shy. The only note heard here was a sharp “tseep.” On April 18 Mr. Stephens reached Tucson, where almost the first birds met with were Lucy’s Warblers. During the early part of his stay they were more abundant among the mesquites than any other species, and their “tseeping” could be heard on every side. They were continually in motion, flying from tree to tree, and occasionally visiting some low brush in the vicinity. By the 28th their numbers became perceptibly diminished, but many remained to breed in the surrounding country. The presence of the species at Camp Lowell is attested by a single young specimen, barely large enough to fly, which was taken there on June 1st, but which is unaccompanied by any special remarks. An adult male from the Santa Rita Mountains, however, comes to me with the following comments, under date of May 19:—“This is the only one of the species which I have seen here. It was near the banks of a stream below the mouth of a cañon, where there were a few mesquites interspersed among the oaks. I watched it for some time. It lingered among the mesquites, seeming to prefer them to the oaks, in which, however, it occasionally alighted for a moment.”

In addition to the above, Mr. Stephens’ notes supply some very important information regarding the previously doubtful nesting habits of this species. A female taken April 25, proved on dissection to be about to lay, but no eggs were actually taken until May 8, when a full set of five was found near Tucson. After that date many nests containing either eggs or young were examined. Their sites were variable; the characteristic place, like that of the specimen discovered by Captain Bendire, was behind the loosened bark of a large tree, but use was frequently made of old Woodpeckers’ nests, knot-holes, and in short all sorts of crevices. A brood of nearly fledged young (one of which is before me) was actually taken from the deserted domicile of a Yellow-headed Titmouse, which had been appropriated by the new tenant without any apparent repairs or alterations. Among Helminthophilæ this Wren-like mode of nidification is, I believe, peculiar to this species.

84I have the Tucson nest just alluded to. It is composed outwardly of twigs and weed-stalks; inwardly of hemp-fibres; while there is a scanty lining of horse-hairs and feathers. Like most hole nests it is rather flat, and the rim is thin in places where the walls of the cavity encroached on the space within. The eggs are white, handsomely wreathed about the larger ends with reddish-brown and umber spots, a few of which are also scattered over their general surfaces. They measure respectively .58×.46; .58×.46; .62×.46; .60×.47. The notes accompanying this set are as follows:—“Nest about six feet above the ground in a crevice nearly covered by bark. The bottom of the hole contained an old nest; over this were droppings of wood-rats, and the whole filled the cavity nearly to its top. The tree (a mesquite) stood within twenty feet of a frequented road. Female sitting. Eggs fresh; one had been broken and crowded in behind the nest by the parent bird.” None of the other sets found by Mr. Stephens contained more than three eggs and the present clutch is probably an exceptionally large one.

Juv., first plumage (♀ No. 471, Camp Lowell, June 1).—Wing-coverts and inner secondaries broadly tipped and edged with pale brownish-fulvous. Primaries and rectrices edged and tipped with hoary white. Rump and upper tail-coverts yellowish-chestnut. No chestnut on the crown. Otherwise colored like the adult.

Among a number of adults before me the range of individual variation is very limited, and is chiefly confined to the females. While it is true that some of the latter are indistinguishable from the brightest males, the majority have the rump and crown-patches considerably duller, the chestnut being either diluted in shade, or mixed with the color of the back. In No. 206 the crown-patch is concealed, the chestnut being restricted to the basal portion of the feathers.

225, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 18. Length, 4.40; extent, 6.70.

229, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 4.40; extent, 6.80.

231, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 4.40; extent, 7; wing, 2.35; tail, 1.93.

232. ♂ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 4.30; extent, 6.80; wing, 2.35; tail, 1.95.

253, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 21. Length, 4.40; extent, 6.70; wing, 2.21; tail, 1.87.

254, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 21. Length, 4.30; extent, 6.70; wing, 2.21; tail, 1.95.

255, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 21. Length, 4.50; extent, 7.10; wing, 2.23; tail, 1.93.

280, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 25. Length, 4.40; extent, 7; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.95.

85299, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 28. Length, 4.40; extent, 6.70.

326, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 4. Length, 4.30; extent, 7; wing, 2.20; tail, 1.93.

340, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 7. Length, 4.40; extent, 7; wing, 2.21; tail, 1.93.

410, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 19. Length, 4.10; extent, 6.90; wing, 2.22; tail, 1.82.

516, ♂ ad., Tucson, June 10. Length, 4.30; extent, 7; wing, 2.12; tail, 1.85.

524, ♂ juv., first plumage, Tucson, June 11. “Taken from nest, which also contained a young Molothrus ater obscurus.”

197, ♀ ad., Cienega Station, April 15. Length, 4.10; extent, 6.40; wing, 2.12; tail, 1.78. “Iris dark brown; bill black above, bluish beneath; legs black.”

206, ♀ ad., Cienega Station, April 16. Length, 4.40; extent, 6.50; wing, 2.17; tail, 1.80.

208, ♀ ad., Cienega Station, April 16. Length, 4.20; extent, 6.60; wing, 2.09; tail, 1.82.

217, ♀ ad., Cienega Station, April 17. Length, 4.30; extent, 6.70; wing, 2.21; tail, 1.84.

218, ♀ ad., Cienega Station, April 17. Length, 4.10; extent, 6.60; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.85.

228, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 4.30; extent, 6.70; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.85.

230, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 4.30; extent, 6.70; wing, 2.07; tail, 1.84.

256, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 21. Length, 4.20; extent, 6.60.

260, ♀ ad., Tucson. April 22. Length, 4.30; extent, 6.60; wing, 2.08; tail, 1.85.

261, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 22. Length, 4.30; extent, 6.70; wing, 2.25; tail, 1.92.

279, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 25. Length, 4.30; extent, 6.70; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.82. “About to lay.”

433, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 25. Length, 4.50; extent, 6.50. “With nest and three eggs; set completed.”

449, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 29. Length, 4.40; extent, 6.90; wing, 2.11; tail, 1.77. “With nest and three eggs; set completed.”

439, ♀ juv., first plumage, Tucson, May 26. Nearly feathered, but unable to fly. “Taken from a deserted nest of Auriparus flaviceps.”

471, ♀ juv., first plumage, Camp Lowell, June 1. Length, 4.20; extent, 6.60; wing, 2.10; tail, 1.71. Fully feathered.

32. Helminthophila celata lutescens Ridgw. Western Orange-crowned Warbler.—A few were seen late in April near Tucson.

Although not perfectly typical of lutescens, both of the Orange-crowned Warblers obtained by Mr. Stephens are clearly referable to that race. They are not quite as yellow beneath as Nicasio (California) specimens, but they come within a shade of it, and are brighter by many shades than any of the same sex among my eastern examples; while in the vividness of the 86olive-green on the upper parts, they fully equal any of the California females. The supposed difference in the tail markings of these races does not hold in the series before me, for a male from Nicasio has the edging on the inner webs of the rectrices quite as broad and pure as that of any of the Florida ones. The loss of this character, however, would be of little consequence, as the two forms could be readily separated by the wide difference in their general coloring. Mr. Henshaw considers his Arizona specimens true celata, and lutescens is now for the first time announced from that Territory.

290, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 26. Length, 5; extent, 7.30; wing, 2.45; tail, 2.10. “Iris dark brown; bill black, lighter at base below; legs dark brown. Not common.”

291, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 4.70; extent, 7.10; wing, 2.37; tail, 2.09. Same remarks.

My attention was first directed to this bone by Dr. Shufeldt’s article in this Bulletin for October, 1881, and subsequently by Mr. Jeffries’ paper in the number for January, 1882. With the view of ascertaining in what birds the os prominens is present, and what is its use, I have since examined quite an extensive series of birds. Lack of time has prevented as extended an examination as could be wished for; and as regards discovering any special use for this sesamoid, it must be confessed that the results of the investigation are not wholly satisfactory, being rather negative than positive in their character. But such as they are, they are submitted, in the hope that they may prove of service to some better skilled physiologist.

Through a lack of good material Dr. Shufeldt failed to discover the existence of the os prominens in any of the Owls, but it would seem to be specially characteristic of the Bubonidæ, since it is present in one particular shape, and with a constant mode of articulation, in the following species of that family: Ketupa ceylonensis, K. javanensis, Bubo ignavus, B. bengalensis, 87B. virginianus, Scops brasilianus, S. asio, Nyctea scandiaca, Ninox albigulare, Asio otus, Syrnium nebulosum, and S. uralense. It is not present in Strix flammea or S. perlata, and should it prove to be present in other genera of the Bubonidæ than those noted above, it may serve as an additional, though trivial, point of distinction between the families Bubonidæ and Strigidæ.

Left wing of Bubo virginianus, from below (reduced one third).
r, radius; u, ulna; c, cuneiform; s, scapho-lunar; os p, os prominens; epa, tendon of extensor patagii longus.

The accompanying cut, drawn from a fresh specimen of B. virginianus, explains the form and position of the os prominens.

It will be noticed that it is situated on the anterior surface of the distal end of the radius, and runs almost parallel with that bone, instead of standing erect as in the Falconidæ. The radial portion of the tensor patagii longus terminates in the os prominens, and is not continued to the first metacarpal.

Apart from the Owls above noted, this bone has been found in Otogyps calvus, Heterospizias meridionalis, Buteo melanoleucus, B. pennsylvanicus, B. lineatus, Circus gouldi, Asturina pucherani, and Haliæetus albicilla.

A. Os prominens of Otogyps calvus, full size.
B. Os prominens of Bubo virginianus, seen from above to show articulation with radius, full size.

88It is absent in Polyborus tharus, Milvago chimango, and the following peculiar forms which were examined to see if they would throw any light upon the subject: Nyctibius, Strigops, Nestor, Megapodius, Ocydromus, and Atagen. Neither was any trace of it to be found in two specimens of Pandion haliæetus from N. Africa and the Duke of York group. Dr. Shufeldt’s theory that the os prominens is for the purpose of extending the wing area struck me, as it did Mr. Jeffries, as being untenable, from the fact that the increase of surface thus obtained was too slight to be of any value.^[48]

The first proposition of Mr. Jeffries’ summary is that the bone serves to keep the friction of the extensor patagii longus from the carpus. Were this the case it ought surely to be present in the Albatross and Gull, birds which in a fresh breeze are continually flexing and extending their wings according to the direction of their flight and the varying force of the wind. But in both these birds the os prominens is absent,^[49] and moreover, as we see in the Owls, it may be so situated as not to prevent the friction of the ulnar portion of the tendon. Second, that it serves only to a limited extent to increase the power of the extensor patagii longus to abduct the thumb, is shown by the fact that in the majority of cases that tendon is inserted in the first metacarpal. The exceptions to this, so far observed by me, are in Otogyps calvus and Haliæetus albicilla, where there is a strong tendon running from the os prominens to the first phalanx of the thumb. The third proposition has already been considered, and the fourth (that it protects the carpus) must be rejected, both for the reason given by Mr. Jeffries, and because as we see it in Owls it frequently does not lie over the carpus at all. Only in Otogyps calvus does the os prominens seem to exist as a simple sesamoid, and in that bird it is imbedded in the tendon of the extensor patagii longus, and glides over the scapho-lunar. Were I to venture a suggestion it would be that 89by its serving as a point of attachment for the tensor patagii longus, that tendon is freed from all duties save that of “puckering up” the anterior margin of the wing; but, as stated before, that theory is by no means entirely satisfactory to me.

During the summer of 1881 the writer and two companions spent a little more than a month in the South, especially in the State of Mississippi, travelling and studying its zoölogy. Our primary object was to collect fresh water fishes; and to this we devoted the greater part of our time and efforts. Incidentally, however, we collected and made observations on other animals. Hence this list of birds and the few notes concerning them. I did not intend to publish this list until I had opportunity to make additions to it; but the recent publication by Dr. F. W. Langdon of his field notes on birds observed by him, early in the spring, at a point a little farther south, has made it seem proper that I should contribute my little toward making known the ornithology of this region.

Our observations and collections were made of course under difficulties, and no attempt was made to secure nests and eggs, or, in any special manner, notes on the breeding habits of birds. Still, on account of the season when our trip was made, this list may be of some value as indicating that the birds observed are summer residents. The number of species recorded is not large, but I include only birds that I am reasonably sure were seen. In nearly all cases the birds were shot, and identified by means of descriptions. Others were seen, but as they were not identified with certainty, they are not included in the list.

The birds noted as found at Memphis, Tenn., were really seen in Arkansas just across the river from Memphis. Most of our other notes were obtained at Vicksburg and Jackson, Miss.

90The nomenclature adopted is that of Mr. Robert Ridgway, issued by the U. S. National Museum, 1881.

1. Hylocichla mustelina (Gmel.) Baird. Wood Thrush.—This species was seen and specimens were shot at Memphis and at Vicksburg. Its song was frequently heard; and it would appear to be quite common.

2. Mimus polyglottus (Linn.) Boie. Mockingbird.—Very abundant at all points visited. At the time we were at Vicksburg, July 1, the young had not yet left the nest, as negro boys were offering them captured in their nests for sale. In the “History of N. A. Birds” Dr. Brewer has stated that the Mockingbird in the South nests early in April, and that the young birds appear a month later. If this is the case these birds must remain in the nest six weeks or two months. I was informed that a law in Mississippi prohibits the keeping of these birds in confinement.

3. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.) Caban. Catbird.—This bird was quite common at Memphis. I did not note it at any point farther south.

4. Harporhynchus rufus (Linn.) Caban. Brown Thrush.—A single specimen seen at Jackson.

5. Sialia sialis (Linn.) Haldem. Bluebird.—Seen in considerable numbers at Memphis, Vicksburg, and Jackson.

6. Lophophanes bicolor (Linn.) Bonap. Tufted Titmouse.—Specimens of this species were obtained at Memphis and at Jackson. It may be worth noting here that it occurs as far north as Indianapolis, and I have seen it here during the present winter.

7. Parus carolinensis Aud. Carolina Chickadee.—Seen only at Memphis.

8. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Gm.) Bonap. Carolina Wren.—We observed this active bird at Memphis and at Jackson, at both of which places it appeared to be very abundant.

9. Mniotilta varia (Linn.) Vieill. Black-and-white Creeper.—Observed at Memphis and Jackson. It will probably be found to breed at both these points.

10. Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.) Baird. Prothonotary Warbler.—Specimens of this species were shot at Memphis, and others were seen at Jackson.

11. Parula americana (Linn.) Bp. Blue Yellow-backed Warbler.—This was found to be one of the most common of the smaller birds at Memphis, Vicksburg, and Jackson. We were constantly shooting them while hunting for other species. In the “History of N. A. Birds” it is said to be nowhere abundant; but a day’s hunt in the Mississippi lowlands would, I think, convince any ornithologist that this is an error. I have no doubt whatever that it breeds all through the South, although we found no nests. Audubon was probably correct in saying that it breeds in Louisiana, however much he may have erred in regard to the structure of the nest.

9112. Oporornis formosa (Wils.) Baird. Kentucky Warbler.—This sprightly little bird was observed, and specimens were handled, at both Vicksburg and Jackson.

13. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.) Caban. Maryland Yellow-throat.—A specimen was shot at Memphis; others were seen.

14. Myiodioctes mitratus (Gmel.) Aud. Hooded Warbler.—Specimens, male and female, of this bird were obtained at Jackson. It appeared to be moderately common.

15. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.) Swains. American Redstart.—During our stay at Hopefind, Ark., opposite Memphis, a number of specimens of the Redstart were seen. Afterwards, while at Jackson, about July 10, a male and a female were killed. Their presence so far south at this season, and in such numbers, would indicate that they breed here. Up to this time I am not aware that it is known to breed south of the Potomac River and Illinois. The finding of the nest and eggs in Mississippi may be expected.

16. Vireosylvia olivacea (Linn.) Bonap. Red-eyed Vireo.—Very abundant at all the stations visited. Its clear, musical notes could be heard everywhere in the deep forests. A specimen was shot at Vicksburg, which had apparently just become fledged. Memphis, Vicksburg, Jackson.

17. Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel.) Bonap. White-eyed Vireo.—Specimens of this Vireo were obtained at Memphis and at Jackson.

18. Lanius ludovicianus Linn. Loggerhead Shrike.—A specimen of Shrike was seen at Jackson; but, as it was not shot, I am unable to say whether it belongs to this variety or to excubitorides.

19. Progne subis (Linn.) Baird. Purple Martin.—Common about Vicksburg.

20. Hirundo erythrogastra Bodd. Barn Swallow.—This species was observed to be quite common about Jackson together with the next.

21. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.) Caban. White-bellied Swallow.—Seen flying about the outskirts of Jackson.

22. Cotile riparia (Linn.) Boie. Bank Swallow.—Seen at various points along the Mississippi River near Memphis.

23. Pyranga æstiva (Linn.) Vieill. Summer Redbird.—A male of this species was shot at Memphis, another at Vicksburg, and a male and a female at Jackson. It is apparently a very common bird.

24. Spizella pusilla (Wils.) Bonap. Field Sparrow.—A single specimen of this species was shot at Jackson. Its occurrence there at that season was hardly to be expected. This individual may have been left behind in its winter quarters by its migrating comrades; or it may be that the species will be found to breed even as far south as Jackson.

25. Cardinalis virginianus (Briss.) Bonap. Cardinal Grosbeak.—One of the most conspicuous birds at every point visited.

26. Passerina cyanea (Linn.) Gray. Indigo Bunting.—The Indigo Bird was observed at Memphis, and again at Jackson.

9227. Passerina ciris (Linn.) Gray. Painted Bunting.—This beautiful bird was seen at the crossing of the Vicksburg and Meridian R. R. over the big Black River, and again at Jackson. Females were shot at both places, but the males eluded capture. They seem to be quite common.

28. Spiza americana (Gm.) Bonap. Black-throated Bunting.—Seen in the lowlands along the river in Louisiana opposite Vicksburg.

29. Agelæus phœniceus (Linn.) Vieill. Red-wing Blackbird.—Very abundant in the swamps in the vicinity of Vicksburg.

30. Sturnella magna (Linn.) Swains. Meadow Lark.—Not many were seen. One specimen at Vicksburg, and another along the railway while en route to Jackson.

31. Icterus spurius (Linn.) Bonap. Orchard Oriole.—Many of these were observed, and some shot, in Louisiana opposite Vicksburg.

32. Icterus galbula (Linn.) Coues. Baltimore Oriole.—Quite common at Memphis and at Vicksburg.

33. Quiscalus purpureus (Bartr.) Licht. Purple Grackle.—Common at Memphis and at Vicksburg.

34. Corvus frugivorus Bartr. Common Crow.—Seen at Memphis, Vicksburg, and at several intermediate points along the river.

35. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.) Strickl. Blue Jay.—A common bird at Memphis and Vicksburg.

36. Tyrannus carolinensis (Linn.) Temm. Kingbird.—A very common bird at Memphis and Vicksburg.

37. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.) Caban. Great Crested Flycatcher.—Seen at all points visited. Apparently more common than at the North.

38. Contopus virens (Linn.) Caban. Wood Pewee.—This bird was found to be quite common at Memphis and at Jackson.

39. Empidonax acadicus (Gmel.) Baird. Acadian Flycatcher.—A specimen was shot at Jackson.

40. Trochilus colubris Linn. Ruby-throated Hummingbird.—A single specimen was shot at Vicksburg.

41. Chætura pelasgica (Linn.) Baird. Chimney Swift.—Seen flying about at Jackson.

42. Chordeiles popetue (Vieill.) Baird. Night Hawk.—Observed at Jackson.

43. Campephilus principalis (Linn.) Gray. Ivory-billed Woodpecker.—No specimens of this species were seen, but their existence in the denser and less frequented forests in the neighborhood of Vicksburg and at other points, was confirmed by hunters and trappers. It is possible that the bird referred to here is the Logcock (Hylotomus pileatus), but as special mention was made by my informant, a professional hunter, of the white bill, I think the Ivory-billed Woodpecker must have been seen. Doubtless the other bird also occurs.

44. Picus pubescens Linn. Downy Woodpecker.—A single individual of this species was obtained at Vicksburg.

9345. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn.) Sw. Red-headed Woodpecker.—This Woodpecker is apparently not so common as at the North, but it was observed at Memphis, Vicksburg, and Jackson.

46. Colaptes auratus (Linn.) Sw. Yellow-shafted Flicker.—A not uncommon bird about Vicksburg.

47. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.) Boie. Belted Kingfisher.—Quite common. Seen at Memphis and Vicksburg and intermediate points along the river.

48. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.) Bonap. Yellow-billed Cuckoo.—Apparently common. A specimen was secured at Vicksburg.

49. Conurus carolinensis (Linn.) Kuhl. Carolina Parakeet.—None were seen by ourselves. Inquiry concerning this rapidly disappearing species was made of various persons, and especially of hunters. It is still occasionally seen; but, for the most part, it maintains itself in the dense cane-brakes and forests, away from contact with man. I heard of its having been seen recently along the Mississippi River, about half-way down the state of Mississippi; also that it had been seen in southeastern Arkansas. A gentleman in Jackson stated that he had, within a year or two, seen a flock of Parakeets pass over that city. These items, together with the information obtained by Dr. F. W. Langdon, communicated in his recent paper, would indicate that this bird has not yet disappeared from the Mississippi Valley.

50. Scops asio (Linn.) Bonap. Little Screech Owl.—A single individual of this species, in the shabbiest of plumage, was shot along the Big Black River between Vicksburg and Jackson.

51. Buteo lineatus (Gm.) Jard. Red-shouldered Hawk.—A specimen of this hawk was shot and brought to me by a hunter at Jackson.

52. Cathartes aura (Linn.) Illig. Turkey Buzzard.—A common bird everywhere. Seen in great numbers at Jackson in company with the next.

53. Catharista atrata (Wils.) Less. Carrion Crow.—Not observed at any place but Jackson, although doubtless common everywhere. Readily distinguished from the Turkey Buzzard by its smaller size and its manner of flight.

54. Zenaidura carolinensis (Linn.) Bonap. Mourning Dove.—Common everywhere. Memphis, Vicksburg, Jackson.

55. Meleagris gallopavo americana (Bartr.) Coues. Wild Turkey.—None were seen, but hunters stated that they were quite abundant, even in the immediate vicinity of the city of Jackson. In the spring of 1880 I saw a fine gobbler that had been shot by a party of hunters in the pine woods of Kemper County, near the eastern border of the State.

56. Ortyx virginiana (Linn.) Bonap. Bob White.—The call notes of these birds were frequently heard as we passed down the river. At Vicksburg they appeared to be abundant in the bottom lands. We were extremely sorry that we could procure none of their skins.

57. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron.—Several of these birds were seen flying about in the swamps near Vicksburg.

9458. Herodias alba egretta (Gmel.) Ridgw. American Egret.—A number of this snow-white species were observed in the swamps across the “lake” from Vicksburg. One was shot, and was found to have the long dorsal train of plumes.

59. Oxyechus vociferus (Linn.) Reich. Killdeer.—Observed only at Vicksburg. Will probably be found to breed here.

60. Philohela minor (Gmel.) Gray. American Woodcock.—One specimen was shot at Vicksburg.

61. Sterna antillarum (Less.) Coues. Least Tern.—This beautiful little Tern was very abundant on a sandy point across the “lake,” or old bend of the river, opposite Vicksburg. We were told that these birds lay their eggs on the bare sand, and that these eggs hatch in an extraordinarily short time.

Looking back on my first winter in the South I can recall no pleasanter experience than that of a stay of some four weeks at St. Mary’s, a town situated on the very border line of Southern Georgia. This place was then scarcely known to Northerners, although the crowded Florida steamers, on their way across Cumberland Sound, passed within sight of it and occasionally even touched at its wharf for some chance freight or a supply of fuel. But the village still retained a primitive quiet and simplicity that was all the more restful from its contrast with the bustling world outside. Now there are rumors of a railroad and daily trains from Savannah, with all the accompanying desecrations. It is a pity that the march of modern improvements cannot spare a few such peaceful spots, but the “levelling process” seems universal and inevitable.

A Northerner passing his first spring in the South will miss the marked distinction between the seasons upon which he has been accustomed to rely. The vegetation does indeed take a partial rest during the winter months, but it is checked rather than suppressed, and the reign of summer begins without that interval of preparation which we call spring. Most of the trees 95are evergreen, but some of them, curiously enough, assume bright autumn tints and cast their leaves in April. This at least is true of the live-oaks and magnolias: during my stay at St. Mary’s one of the latter, a remarkably fine tree which I often passed in my daily walks, was at one time nearly denuded, while the ground beneath was strewn with scarlet and orange-tinted leaves.

By the middle of April the fields and forests wore that mature appearance which we associate with August and early September. At noonday cicadas shrilled in the sultry woods, and crickets chirped all night long in the shrubbery about the house. Yet few birds had begun to nest, and many of the northern ones still lingered. I saw Yellow-rumped Warblers, Blue Yellow-backed Warblers and Cedar Birds nearly to the end of April, and a White-throated Sparrow as late as May 2. Many of the Blue Yellow-backed Warblers remained to breed, or rather were breeding, for long before this (on April 9) I had found a nearly finished nest. The local birds, however, did not mingle with the strangers, the former being found in pairs, and only where the trees were hung with Spanish moss; while the latter occurred in all kinds of timber, and in flocks made up largely of Redstarts, Kinglets, Black-poll Warblers and other northern species. The same was true of the Catbirds, Brown Thrushes, Pine Warblers, Towhees and several others. It was especially marked in the case of the Towhees, for the resident individuals belonged to a different and readily recognizable race.

One needed but to pass the boundaries of St. Mary’s to be fairly in the country, for the village had not then overflowed its limits, and the few outlying plantations were scarcely less wild and unkempt than the woods which surrounded them. One of my favorite haunts was the “Bay-gall” (I could never learn the origin of this name), a tract of swampy forest less than a quarter of a mile distant from the house at which we were staying. This place was sure to be alive with birds, and I rarely entered it without making some pleasing discovery. My first visit was on April 6, the day after our arrival. As I approached the woods a Red-bellied Woodpecker started from a solitary tree within a few feet of my head, and alighting at the base of one near by scrambled hurriedly up, dislodging the scales of loose bark in his ascent. He was immediately joined by his mate and 96the two began a game of hide-and-seek around the trunk and among the branches, uttering a rolling wor’r’r’roo very like that of a Flicker.

Forcing my way through the brambly outskirts, I entered the swamp and paused a moment to look around. Grand old wateroaks and sweet-gums thickly hung with Spanish moss cast a dense shade over the ground beneath, and the few sunbeams that struggled through flickered in the gloom like dying torches. There was little undergrowth, and the eye could penetrate far in every direction. In the branches above Blue Yellow-backed Warblers were singing incessantly, and occasionally the note of a Great-crested Flycatcher echoed sharply among the trees. There were other sounds; the rolling tapping of Woodpeckers, the shrill cry of the Blue Jay; and, from the clearing outside, pleasantly softened by distance, the songs of Mockingbirds and Cardinal Grosbeaks.

Passing deeper into the forest I came to an opening where the morning sun lay warm on a thicket of bushes that surrounded a shallow pool. Here I found an interesting little company of tired migrants resting after the fatigues of their last night’s journey and preparing for that still before them. There were six or eight Hooded Warblers, all males in full spring livery, a number of Worm-eating Warblers, a female Prothonotary Warbler, and several Ruby-crowned Kinglets and Redstarts. All were busily engaged in catching insects, but occasionally one of them would pause to sing a few notes in a listless undertone. The Prothonotary was the first that I had ever met with, and it was the only one that I saw at St. Mary’s. The Hooded and Worm-eating Warblers were common for a week or more afterwards, when all departed for some more northern breeding-ground.

During subsequent visits to the “Bay-gall” I met many interesting birds, several of which were new to me. Occasionally I would startle a Chuck-will’s-widow from its noonday slumbers on some mossy knoll, and if a chance shot through the leaves succeeded in stopping its erratic, bat-like flight, there was the pleasure of smoothing its soft plumage and admiring the rich brown coloring before consigning the bird to the paper wrapper that formed its temporary tomb. I believe I never shot one without indulging myself in this way. There is much to be learned, too, from the examination of a freshly-killed bird. For instance, 97I had never known the wonderful beauty of this Goat-sucker’s eye until I held the bird in my hand, and the size of its mouth would hardly be suspected from the examination of a dried skin.

On April 17 the Acadian Flycatchers arrived. I was first made aware of their presence by their emphatic queep’ éep which so closely resembled that of Traill’s Flycatcher that I immediately suspected the identity of the singers, although it was some time before I could get a sight at one. They had another note also which was much like the whistling of wings. I afterwards satisfied myself that this sound was a vocal one.

I never left the “Bay-gall” without reluctance in the days when I was perhaps the only invader of its secret recesses; and now, in recalling it, the feeling is scarcely less strong. But the country about St. Mary’s held other attractions which must not be neglected. The open space surrounding the town was bordered on the north by a pine forest that stretched an indefinite number of miles into the interior, and my walks often tended in this direction. Following some grass-grown road that wandered aimlessly among the trees, I often paused to watch the gambols of the Brown-headed Nuthatches which fairly swarmed in these woods. They are exceedingly social little birds, and it was no uncommon thing, even in the middle of their breeding season, to see five or six rollicking together. In their motions they closely resemble Sitta canadensis, and they have the same habit of exploring the ends of the pine branches and hanging head downward, like Titmice, among the tufts of pine needles. But they are decidedly more active, and their notes are shriller, more varied and altogether unlike those of either the Red or White-bellied species. Whick-whick-whee’e’e’ whick-whicker-whicker is the usual utterance, but when several come together their shrill excited piping altogether baffles description. These little companies were by no means wholly composed of Nuthatches, but usually included a more or less numerous escort of Pine Warblers, Bluebirds, Titmice and Woodpeckers. As the motley troop rambled through the woods, its members were continually chasing one another from tree to tree, chirping, calling and singing as their various moods dictated. I noticed that the Bluebirds usually led the van, while the Woodpeckers invariably brought up the rear.

Unlike the Red-bellied, Downy, Hairy and Golden-winged species, which inhabited all sorts of timber, the Red-cockaded 98Woodpecker was exclusively a bird of the pines. It was not common about St. Mary’s and I had difficulty in getting as many specimens as I wanted. Its notes to my ear almost exactly resembled those of Sitta pusilla. On the 1st of May I started a female from her nesting-hole, which was about thirty feet above the ground in a large and apparently perfectly sound pine. I was unable to climb the tree but the bird acted as if her eggs had already been laid.

The pine lands of the South have an open park-like character that is a continual surprise to one accustomed only to New England forests. The trees rarely stand in close proximity to one another, and they are often so widely scattered that the general effect is that of an opening rather than a forest. Unless a hummock interrupts the view, the eye may sometimes roam for half a mile in every direction over a perfectly level plain, interspersed with occasional trees whose tufted heads throw waving shadows upon the bright green beds of saw-palmetto that cover most of the ground beneath. Were it not for the half-wild cattle that range at will through the country, the palmetto would probably usurp every inch of ground; but these creatures keep it within reasonable limits, and many spaces of closely cropped grass and stunted blueberries intervene. About such places I used to find the Bachman’s Finch, a retiring little bird which might easily be overlooked by one unacquainted with its habit of skulking among the herbage and lying concealed until nearly trodden on. But no one with the slightest ear for bird music can long remain in ignorance of its presence after the breeding season has set in, for the male possesses vocal powers of a very rare order. His song is a prolonged, leisurely chant composed of several distinct bars or sets of notes, with brief pauses between, as if the bird stopped to take breath. The final notes of each bar have sometimes a rising, sometimes a falling, inflection, and the tone is varied in the most subtle manner. Now it has a full bell-like ring that seems to fill the air around; next it is soft and low and inexpressibly tender; now it is clear again, but so modulated that the sound seems to come from a great distance. The whole performance is very simple and I hardly know the secret of its charm. To be fully appreciated it should be heard in the soft twilight of an April evening, when the still woods are filled with dusky shadows. At such times it has moved me more deeply than I care to confess.

99The male always sings from an elevated perch, usually a dead twig close to the trunk of a southern pine. He sits perfectly motionless and is unaccountably hard to see. I have often stood directly beneath one for several minutes, vainly straining my eyes in the direction from whence the sound came, and perhaps finally discovered him within ten feet of my head in plain view. The ventriloquous character of many of his notes increases this difficulty. If disturbed in the midst of his song, he pitches to the ground beneath and at once seeks shelter in the grass.

Another characteristic inhabitant of these grassy openings was the Meadow Lark. It was much tamer than our northern bird, and its notes had a wild, ringing inflection that harmonized well with the surroundings.

In the thicker groves I often heard the voice of the Summer Tanager (Pyranga æstiva). His song is rich, flowing, and not unlike that of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, although some of its notes recall those of the Robin. The call-note used by both sexes is a peculiar chuck’l-chuckl’ut. The bright colors of the male make him a conspicuous object among the branches of the southern pine which, at least in Georgia, is his favorite tree.

The Yellow-throated Warbler also was sure to be met with in these walks. His song to my ear has a far-a-way sound, even when the bird is near at hand. It is simple and monotonous, but nevertheless sweet and plaintive. This bird has all the habits of the Pine Warbler, with which it often associates.

A totally different phase of bird life was presented when, as was often the case, I visited the plantations. The fields themselves rarely offered anything more attractive than Yellow-winged Sparrows, Grass Finches and, late in April, migratory troops of Bobolinks that settled among the last year’s weeds for a moment before resuming their northward journey with rollicking snatches of song. But the fence corners and similar neglected places around the outskirts of the cultivated lands were filled with bushes over which trailed Cherokee roses, trumpet-vines and other luxuriant creepers. In these places I was sure to find Mockingbirds, Cardinals, Catbirds, Brown Thrushes, White-eyed Vireos and the brilliant little Painted Buntings.

Next to the always self-assertive Mockingbird the White-eyed Vireo was perhaps the most conspicuous inhabitant of such thickets. Not that he was often seen, but at almost any time of 100the day one might hear his emphatic, jerky little strain, coming from half a dozen points at once. I noticed that the note varied considerably from that which we hear in New England, and, moreover, scarcely two of the southern birds sang exactly alike. Some individuals even seemed to have a talent for mimicry. One that I remember imitated the note of the Loggerhead Shrike so closely that I was completely deceived. The nest of this bird is a wonderfully delicate and beautiful structure. One that I got at St. Mary’s contained its complement of four eggs on April 26. I discovered it twelve days previously when the birds were busily employed on the framework. The male took an equal part in this task and it was amusing to see him try to sing with his bill full of moss or bark.

The Painted Buntings or Nonpareils, as they are universally called by the townspeople, arrived April 23 and through the remainder of the month were abundant. I used to find them in flocks about the openings where they spent much of their time on the ground. They were timid rather than shy, flying to the thickets upon the slightest alarm, but when once conscious of being pursued, it was difficult to get a shot at one. The brilliant plumage of the adult male makes him a conspicuous object either on the ground or in green foliage, but it is no easy matter to see one among the flowers of the trumpet-vine where they often seek refuge, apparently fully conscious of the protection afforded by the clusters of scarlet blossoms. The young males during the first year are colored precisely like the females. They sing, and for aught I know, breed, while in this condition. The song is a low, pleasing warble very un-Finch-like in character. I should compare it to that of the Canada Flycatcher, but the notes are less emphatic, though equally disconnected. The bird almost invariably sings in the depths of some thicket, and its voice ceases at the slightest noise. Both sexes have a sharp chirp of alarm which closely resembles that of the Indigo Finch. Most of the Nonpareils left St. Mary’s by May 1, but a few pairs remained up to the time of my departure, when they were apparently preparing to breed. Another familiar inhabitant of these thickets was the Towhee Bunting. Two distinct races of this bird were to be met with during the same walk, but never, so far as my observation went, actually in company. The Red-eyed or northern form, erythrophthalmus proper, apparently occurred only as a winter 101visitor, while var. alleni represented the resident or local race. The latter was chiefly a bird of the oak scrub, although it was also to be found in open pine woods where it haunted the beds of saw-palmetto. Its note differed widely from that of erythrophthalmus; the “chewink” was shorter and harsher, and in addition to this cry, both sexes occasionally uttered a sharp, clear whistle that sounded like a sportsman’s call to his dog. I am not sure that I heard the song, or at least identified it. These Towhees were hard to obtain, for they were shy and retiring, rarely venturing far from their secure retreats. The irides of all the specimens that I examined were brownish-yellow or dull, opaque amber; never white, as is said to be the case with examples from Southern Florida.

It would be difficult to find a plantation in the South that did not have one or more pairs of Mockingbirds. About St. Mary’s they were especially abundant, and nowhere more so than in the gardens of the village. Here they were half-domesticated, building their nests in the shrubbery that surrounded the houses, and hopping about, like Robins, upon the grass-plats and gravelled walks. An orange tree directly in front of the windows of my room was appropriated by a remarkably fine singer. There is a noticeable difference in the performances of most males, but the voice of this bird possessed a compass and perfection of tone that I have never heard equalled. His repertoire included the notes of nearly all the birds of the surrounding region besides many of the characteristic village sounds, and most of the imitations were simply perfect. Moreover he was continually adding to his accomplishments. An interesting instance of this occurred one afternoon, when several of us were sitting on the veranda. A Greater Yellow-leg passing over the town was attracted by my answering whistle, and circled several times above the house reiterating his mellow call. The Mockingbird up to this time had been singing almost uninterruptedly, but at the sound of these strange notes he relapsed into silence and retreated into the thickest foliage of his favorite tree; after a while we heard him trying them in an undertone. The first note came pretty readily, but the falling inflection of the succeeding three troubled him. Whenever I ventured to prompt he would listen attentively, and at the next attempt show an evident improvement. Finally he abandoned the task, as we thought in 102despair, and at sunset that evening for the first and only time during my stay his voice was missing in the general chorus. But at daylight the next morning the garden rang with a perfect imitation of the Yellow-leg’s whistle. He had mastered it during the night, and ever afterwards it was his favorite part. The discomfiture of the rival males in the neighborhood was as amusing as it was unmistakable. Each in turn tried it, but not one of them succeeded.

Another frequenter of the village shrubbery was the Orchard Oriole. His flute-like voice, which bears some resemblance to that of the Fox Sparrow, could be heard almost any time after April 10. Our garden offered especial attractions to these Orioles, for the hedge of wild olive trees that bordered it on two sides was overrun with Cherokee roses and trumpet-vines among which they found a congenial shelter. They were fond, too, of sipping the honey from the trumpet-flowers, and it was no uncommon thing to see half a dozen collected about a single cluster. In this occupation they were almost invariably joined by numerous Hummingbirds;—and such a group, with its setting of green leaves and scarlet and white blossoms, formed the prettiest picture imaginable.

To our garden also came the Blue Jays; bold, familiar birds very different in bearing from the outcast that boys and would-be sportsmen pursue so relentlessly in the northern woods. Everywhere at the South this Jay is as much an inhabitant of the cultivated grounds as of the forests, and if not actually encouraged, it is universally tolerated. In Jacksonville I have heard them screaming among the live-oaks that shade the busiest streets, and at St. Mary’s they were scarcely less tame and confiding than the Mockingbirds.

The average Georgian is indifferent to the shooting of most of the birds that inhabit his plantation; but it is little short of a crime in his eyes to take the life of either a Turkey Buzzard or a Mockingbird. The killing of one of the former is considered an offence against the State, which protects them on account of their services as scavengers. But the Mockingbirds are treasured as personal property, and any interference with them is sure to be promptly resented. The natural result of this sentiment is that both species are universally abundant and familiar. The Buzzards, especially, are ubiquitous. At 103all hours of the day, in every kind of weather, they float over the cities, villages, plantations, pine woods, hummocks, cypress swamps, salt marshes and even the beaches of the Sea-islands. Go where you will, it is almost impossible to look upward without seeing the picturesque forms drifting about in the sky. Some are soaring almost beyond the reach of human vision. Others at a lower elevation cross and recross each other in interminable mazy lines; while still others glide across the landscape passing just above the tops of the trees. Both species occurred at St. Mary’s, but the Black Vulture was much the less common. It associated freely with the Turkey Buzzards, among which it could be recognized at almost any distance by its different color, shape and manner of flying. The tail is so short as to be altogether out of proportion with the body and wings, while its square tip gives it the appearance of having been cut off. This bird’s flight is heavy, awkward and generally straight forward, although it occasionally soars. The wings are flapped every few seconds in a hurried, nervous manner that seems to betoken a lack of power or confidence. The flight of the Turkey Buzzard, on the contrary, is a picture of repose in motion. The bird rarely moves its wings, save to alter their inclination, and its dark form drifts through miles of space without the slightest perceptible effort. The impression of entire freedom from exertion which its movements convey, is curiously in accord with the general enervating influence of southern life and its surroundings. Its impassive flight may perhaps be regarded as the most characteristic feature of a southern landscape, as it certainly is one of the most attractive. But the observer who would keep this impression untarnished will be wise to refrain from looking too closely into the useful side of the bird’s character.

The Buzzard’s flight will not bear comparison however with that of the Swallow-tailed Kite. The latter is equally easy and graceful of wing, and, in addition, its movements are characterized by a certain dash and energy of purpose that one looks for in vain in the calm, emotionless flight of the Vulture. I hardly know a more attractive sight than that presented by one of these Kites playing about an opening in the woods. For a moment it floats motionless, as if suspended by an invisible wire; the next, it glides close over the ground crossing and recrossing every yard 104of space. The long, thin wings, firmly set, cleave the air like knife-blades and the forked tail, spread to its fullest, is inclined to one side or the other as the bird changes its swift course. When it turns, the snowy head and breast are contrasted against the green background and its steel blue back glances in the sunlight. Finally rising to a level with the tree-tops it is gone as it came, like a beautiful vision.

But my space is exhausted, although many interesting birds remain to be mentioned. Perhaps at some future time I may take up the threads where this sketch leaves them.

1. Sialia sialis. Bluebird.—About the middle of March, 1877, Mr. Harold Gilbert saw one at Mount Pleasant, a suburb of St. John. Some time early in June, 1879, Mr. J. W. Banks saw one at Milledgeville, with food in its mouth, apparently for its young. On April 26, 1881, Mr. Henry Gilbert shot one at Rothesay, nine miles north of St. John.

2. Dendrœca pennsylvanica. Chestnut-sided Warbler.

3. Dendrœca castanea. Bay-breasted Warbler.

4. Dendrœca blackburnæ. Blackburn’s Warbler.—These three species are but rarely found here. In my note-book is a record of one of each taken during the summer of 1881, and I can learn of none others having been seen or heard.

5. Vireo noveboracensis. White-eyed Vireo.—Mr. Harold Gilbert shot one specimen of this bird at South Bay, a few miles northwest from St. John, on May 24, 1877, and this is the only known instance of its occurrence in this vicinity.

6. Pyranga rubra. Scarlet Tanager.—I saw an adult male of this species sitting on a fence in the suburbs of St. John on June 20, 1879, and have examined two specimens taken near Hampton during the summer of 1880.

7. Ammodromus caudacutus. Sharp-tailed Finch.—On June 21, 1881, five individuals of this species were taken by Mr. H. A. Purdie, Mr. Fred. W. Daniel and myself, on a marsh near Hampton. This marsh is watered by the Kenebecasis, a tributary of the St. John, and lies some twenty-five miles up the former river. The junction of the two rivers 105takes place about five miles from the mouth of the St. John. The marsh is some twenty miles, air line, from the nearest point on the Bay of Fundy shore, and at the time we visited it, the water running past it did not taste in the least brackish.^[50]

8. Pipilo erythrophthalmus. Towhee.—A specimen, now in the collection of the Natural History Society of St. John, was shot at Irishtown on May 8, 1881, by Mr. J. Belyea.

9. Zamelodia ludoviciana. Rose-breasted Grosbeak.—I have examined the skin of one of this species taken near Hampton in June, 1879.

10. Passerina cyanea. Indigo Bunting.—There is a skin in the collection of James McGivern, Esq., said to have been taken about six miles north of St. John in June, 1880. I can learn of no other occurrence of this bird near here, though I have frequently seen specimens taken on the western, or Bay of Fundy shore of Nova Scotia.

11. Zenaidura carolinensis. Mourning Dove.—This bird has been but rarely met with here; one taken at Hampton in June, 1880, one at Rothesay on September 30, 1881, and one at Milkish on October 17, 1881, are the only specimens I have heard of.

12. Ardetta exilis. Least Bittern.—Between the spring of 1877 and the fall of 1880 there were five individuals of this species taken on the Bay of Fundy shore, about ten miles to the eastward of St. John.

13. Micropalama himantopus. Stilt Sandpiper.—The only known occurrence of this bird in this vicinity is of three seen by Mr. F. W. Daniel on the sand flats back of St. John on September 8, 1881. He secured one of them, which is now in the museum of the Natural History Society.

14. Recurvirostra americana. Avocet.—Mr. William Ellis of St. Martins, a village on the shore of the Bay of Fundy, says he has shot one or more of these birds each year for the last five years, usually meeting two together. A specimen taken by him in 1880 is in the museum of the Natural History Society.

15. Himantopus mexicanus. Black-necked Stilt.—I procured one of this species in September, 1880, from Mr. John Ellis of Mace’s Bay, an arm of the Bay of Fundy, lying some thirty miles to the westward of St. John, and was told by Mr. Ellis that several had been taken there during former years.

16. Ionornis martinica. Purple Gallinule.—Since obtaining the male, announced by Mr. Wm. Brewster in this Bulletin for July, 1881, I have had the good fortune to get possession of a female which was shot near Gagetown, a village on the St. John River, about forty miles from its mouth. The bird was taken in the early part of September, 1880.

17. Chen hyperboreus. Snow Goose.—One of these birds was taken at Gagetown in December, 1880, and sent by me to Mr. E. O. Damon of Northampton, Mass.

18. Anas boscas. Mallard.—A pair in the museum of the Natural History Society were shot near Hampton by the late Col. Otty some fifteen years ago. The only late occurrences of this species are of one mounted 106by J. H. Carnell, taxidermist, and a flock of some six or eight seen by Mr. Henry Gilbert on the Kenebecasis River in August, 1880, from which he obtained a male and female.

19. Æthyia vallisneria. Canvas-back.—Carnell has mounted one of this species taken within the Province, and E. C. Sutton, Esq., of Sutton, who is familiar with their appearance, saw a flock on the St. John River, about four miles from the city, several times during the fall of 1879.

20. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus. American White Pelican.—One of these birds in the collection of the Natural History Society was shot on the shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence near Pt. du Chene by Mr. Robert Bustin, and I have very good authority for announcing the occurrence of another at Cape Spencer, some five miles east of St. John, during the first week in April, 1881.

During the spring of 1879 Messrs. W. A. Jeffries and J. Amory Jeffries spent some time at Grand Falls, New Brunswick, collecting and studying the birds of that neighborhood; and at about the same time Mr. J. Dwight, Jr., and myself were similarly engaged at Fort Fairfield, Aroostook Co., Maine.

Owing to the limited time of our stay the number of species observed was not large, but as it included almost all the commoner summer residents,—the species really characteristic of the fauna of the region—it has been thought worth while to lay the results of our observations before the public, especially as the fauna is in some respects peculiar. One might be led to expect, from the latitude of the region, that the fauna would be thoroughly Canadian in its character. Our experience shows, however, that it has a strong tinge of the Alleghanian.

Grand Falls is situated on the right bank of the St. John River at about N. Lat. 47° 03′, and W. Long. 67° 50′. The river below the falls runs through a narrow valley, almost all of which is under cultivation. On the higher land above the falls and about the town are farms devoted chiefly to hay, potatoes and buckwheat. The country is hilly, and is scantily watered, the few 107rapid streams and brooks draining directly into the river. There are no lakes or ponds, except a few insignificant puddles, although there are occasional cedar swamps and “barrens.” The tributary streams below the falls have cut narrow*, steeply walled ravines in their passage to the river. These were cold and damp, and apparently without birds.

In some places forests of hard woods exist, tall maples, elms and birches that have no doubt stood there for ages. There is but little underbrush in these woods, and they have a rather park-like aspect. The second growth and the woods on the low lands along the river consist of firs, spruces and hemlocks of all sizes, and often have an almost impenetrable underbrush. Where fires have spread large tracts are stripped of their woods, and are covered with fallen trunks overgrown with vines, with here and there tall dead “stubs” still standing.

Mr. W. A. Jeffries’ observations extended from May 21 to June 19. He was joined by his brother on the 9th of June. During the ten days following this latter date the weather was cold—there was a frost June 15, and rain fell every day except the 9th and the 15th.

Fort Fairfield is twenty miles south of Grand Falls. It is situated on the Aroostook River, about five miles in an air line west of its junction with the St. John. It is in a rolling country containing but few ponds and swamps, and watered merely by small brooks which empty into the Aroostook River. The river itself is broad, with a rapid current, and flows between banks which though not very high, are yet never swampy. Much of the original forest has been removed, especially in the neighborhood of the town and along the river, where the stretches of wooded land are interspersed with clearings, pastures and cultivated fields, large crops of buckwheat and potatoes being raised on the fertile soil. The woods are mostly evergreen—the several species of Abies and the arbor vitae—intermingled, of course, with a few yellow birches and an occasional maple, but few tracts being wholly covered by deciduous trees.

Our collecting was done mostly within two or three miles of the town. Our notes were made between June 14 and July 1. On our arrival we found the trees by no means in full leaf, and were told that the season was very backward, and had been very wet. Heavy frosts occurred on the 15th and 19th of the month.

108The nights were generally cold, the days warm—even hot during the latter part of our stay.

Fort Fairfield is 415 feet above the sea, and has a mean annual temperature of 38.11° F.

Through the kindness of Mr. H. A. Purdie I have been enabled to supplement our observations by extracts from some manuscript notes on the birds occurring at Houlton, Maine, made by Mr. Robert R. McLeod. These notes were written in 1877, and are based on his experience during a residence of four years at Houlton.

This town is in the southeastern part of Aroostook County, on the Meduxnekeag River about twelve miles from its junction with the St. John. It is forty-five miles south of Fort Fairfield, its Latitude being 46° 8′. I quote the following from Mr. McLeod’s notes: “The country round about is well watered with lakes and streams. Much of the land is under cultivation, but where it is not, the old forests are standing in great tracts of many miles in extent. The first snow falls about the 10th of November, and it generally remains on the fields till the middle of April, and in the woods until the last of May.”

At each locality several species, that would doubtless have been much more abundant had local conditions been favorable, were absent or represented by but few individuals.

All statements are given on the authority of both the observers at the locality to which they refer, except in some few cases, in which the initials of the observer are appended. All references to Houlton are, unless otherwise stated, on the authority of Mr. McLeod.

1. Turdus migratorius Linn. Robin.—Rather common at Fort Fairfield. At Grand Falls it was abundant everywhere.

2. Turdus fuscescens Steph. Wilson’s Thrush.—Rare at Grand Falls. On June 16 a nest with four fresh eggs was found on top of a stump. Not met with at Fort Fairfield. Mr. McLeod says that it appears at Houlton by May 15, and by the 10th of June becomes common. Breeds.

3. Turdus pallasi Caban. Hermit Thrush.—Common. One nest taken May 30 at Grand Falls was about three feet from the ground in a small fir tree.

4. Turdus ustulatus swainsoni (Caban.) Coues. Olive-backed Thrush.—Common at Grand Falls, especially in the hard woods and more open fir woods. At Fort Fairfield it appeared to be rather common, though seldom seen. Common and breeding at Houlton.

1095. Mimus carolinensis (Linn.) Gr.. Catbird.—At Houlton “very rare. A pair has bred in this vicinity each year since I have been here” (R. R. McL.). Not met with at Fort Fairfield or Grand Falls.

6. Sialia sialis (Linn.) Hald. Bluebird.—At Grand Falls they were frequently seen, as many as seven or eight in the course of a day. Apparently not common at Fort Fairfield. At Houlton “very rare,” one pair breeding.

7. Parus atricapillus Linn. Black-capped Chickadee.—At Grand Falls it was not uncommon. Some days four or five pairs would be seen, on others none at all. At Fort Fairfield it was not very common, though seen occasionally. At Houlton “very common.”

8. Parus hudsonicus Forst. Hudsonian Chickadee.—About half a dozen were seen at Grand Falls, mostly in hardwood brush or small woods. It was not seen at Fort Fairfield.

9. Sitta carolinensis Gmel. White-bellied Nuthatch.—Common in the hard woods at Grand Falls. Breeding.

10. Sitta canadensis Linn. Red-bellied Nuthatch.—One shot at Fort Fairfield. Both species are said to be common at Houlton.

11. Certhia familiaris Linn. Brown Creeper.—Seen occasionally at Fort Fairfield. Breeds. Rare at Grand Falls. “Common” at Houlton.

12. Troglodytes aëdon Vieill. House Wren.—At Grand Falls one pair was noticed which had a nest in the frame work of a barn.

13. Anorthura troglodytes hyemalis (Vieill.) Coues. Winter Wren.—This species is common at Houlton,^[51] and no doubt occurs throughout this region; it was seen and heard at Grand Falls, but not observed at Fort Fairfield.

14. Mniotilta varia (Linn.) Vieill. Black-and-white Creeper.—We saw several at Fort Fairfield. Not seen at Grand Falls.

15. Helminthophaga ruficapilla (Wils.) Bd. Nashville Warbler.—Apparently not very common at Fort Fairfield. It was not observed at Grand Falls.

16. Dendrœca æstiva (Gmel.) Bd. Yellow Warbler.—Rather common at Fort Fairfield. Not met with at Grand Falls.

17. Dendrœca cærulescens (Linn.) Bd. Black-throated Blue Warbler.—Rather common at Fort Fairfield. At Grand Falls it was common in hard woods where the underbrush was thick.

18. Dendrœca coronata (Linn.) Gray. Yellow-rumped Warbler.—It was common at Fort Fairfield. At Grand Falls it was rare during May. All had left before the 9th of June.

19. Dendrœca maculosa (Gm.) Bd. Black-and-yellow Warbler.—Common.

20. Dendrœca pennsylvanica (Linn.) Bd. Chestnut-sided Warbler.—Common.

21. Dendrœca blackburnæ (Gm.) Bd. Blackburnian Warbler.—This bird was seldom seen while we were at Fort Fairfield, and was not met with at Grand Falls.

22. Dendrœca virens (Gm.) Bd. Black-throated Green Warbler.—Rather common at Fort Fairfield. Not met with at Grand Falls.

11023. Dendrœca tigrina (Gm.) Bd. Cape May Warbler.—I shot a male at Fort Fairfield, June 23, in a thick second growth of spruces on the edge of a path.

24. Siurus auricapillus (Linn.) Swains. Golden-crowned Thrush.—Rather common at Fort Fairfield. At Grand Falls it was seen only in the hard woods, where it was not common.

25. Siurus nævius (Bodd.) Coues. Water Thrush.—Breeding at Fort Fairfield, but not very common. It was not met with at Grand Falls.

26. Geothlypis philadelphia (Wils.) Bd. Mourning Warbler.—Common in suitable places. It was almost sure to be found in “burnt lots,” where the fallen trunks lay, half hidden by a luxuriant growth of tall weeds, or thickly overrun with vines. Under the shelter thus afforded they undoubtedly nested, safely screened from the most searching eyes.

27. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.) Caban. Maryland Yellow-throat.—Common.

28. Myiodioctes pusillus (Wils.) Bp. Wilson’s Black-cap.—At Fort Fairfield this bird was common. We usually found them in thickets of willow bushes, often in rather wet places. The birds were apt to go in companies of three or four or more. June 23 Mr. Dwight caught a young bird, just able to fly two or three yards at a time. The nest was no doubt close at hand, but the ground among the willow bushes was covered so deeply with brush that a diligent search for the nest showed nothing—except that it was not built in the bushes. The youngster showed in the most marked way the energy of disposition and restless activity that characterize the adults. The species was not common at Grand Falls.

29. Myiodioctes canadensis (Linn.) Aud. Canada Flycatching Warbler.—Rare at Grand Falls, but common at Fort Fairfield.

30. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.) Swains. Redstart.—This species was exceedingly abundant at Grand Falls wherever there were hard woods. It was a common bird at Fort Fairfield.

31. Hirundo erythrogastra Bodd. Barn Swallow.—Common.

32. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.) Caban. White-bellied Swallow.—At Grand Falls it was common in suitable localities. None were seen about the town. It was abundant at Fort Fairfield.

33. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say) Lawr. Eave Swallow.—Common at Grand Falls. Abundant at Fort Fairfield.

34. Cotile riparia (Linn.) Boie. Bank Swallow.—Common.

35. Progne subis (Linn.) Bd. Purple Martin.—Common, breeding in martin-houses at Fort Fairfield. This bird seems to be generally distributed throughout eastern Maine and the adjoining parts of New Brunswick, where there are settlements. While on our way to Fort Fairfield we noticed it at a number of places between Bangor and Woodstock, N. B., as well as at various points along the St. John River between Fredericton, N. B., and Fort Fairfield. It is also common at Houlton.

36. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.) Bd. Cedarbird.—It was not uncommon at Grand Falls. At Fort Fairfield we found it common.

11137. Vireo olivaceus (Linn.) Vieill. Red-eyed Vireo.—Common.

38. Vireo philadelphicus Cass. Philadelphia Vireo.—Taken only at Grand Falls in May, singing in the hard woods.

39. Vireo solitarius Vieill. Solitary Vireo.—This species was apparently not very common at Fort Fairfield. It was not seen at Grand Falls. Mr. McLeod gives it in his notes as “quite common” at Houlton.

40. Pyranga rubra (Linn.) Vieill. Scarlet Tanager.—Not rare in the hard woods at Grand Falls. The people there call them “war-birds.” We did not see them at Fort Fairfield, though we have reason to think that they occur. At Houlton Mr. McLeod says they are “rare. They arrive May 29. I have not found the nest, but have a young one taken here. They remain all summer.”

Dr. Coues’ New Check List and Dictionary.^[52]—Judging from advance sheets lately received, this new treatise by Dr. Coues will occupy a previously unclaimed place among ornithological works; for, as its title indicates, it is much more than a catalogue of North American birds. Its novel feature is a dictionary of etymology, orthography and orthoëpy of scientific names, to which is devoted the lower portion of each page of the running list. In this department the generic, specific and varietal names—duplicated from the text above with the addition of the diacritical marks for quantities, accents and division of syllables—are exhaustively treated; their derivation and meaning being explained, their construction scrutinized, their spelling revised, and their applicability in each particular case carefully considered. The erudition and scholarly research involved in this undertaking must be apparent to the most casual reader. The practical value of the work is equally plain, and perhaps it is not too much to say that it calls for a fuller measure of gratitude on the part of ornithologists than anything which its versatile author has hitherto produced.

A detailed consideration of the Check List proper must necessarily be deferred until the appearance of the complete work; pending this, we may simply say that the plan followed by Dr. Coues is essentially to make a second edition of his original list, with all the required additions and corrections to date, and such revision of nomenclature as seemed desirable 112and practicable. Ten species are subtracted, and one hundred and twenty added, while names are changed for various reasons in probably more than a hundred cases. A simple system of reference numbers forms a concordance of the present and original edition, as well as with Baird’s list of 1858 and Ridgway’s of 1880. The total number of species and varieties enumerated is eight hundred and eighty-eight.

It should be mentioned that the introductory portion of the work includes an analysis of the present list as compared with that of 1874, and an important chapter entitled “Remarks on the use of names.” The latter is devoted to a general consideration of the technique of Greek and Latin scientific names and the principles governing their derivation, spelling and pronunciation.

The book ends with a catalogue complete to date of the author’s ornithological publications. We understand that the edition will be offered to the public before the close of the present month. May it meet with the cordial reception which it so richly merits.—W. B.

Nests and Eggs of Ohio Birds.—It is always a pleasure to record the progress of this notably meritorious work—a pleasure which we trust will be ours until the completion of the design which the authors have thus far carried out so successfully. As we have before remarked, there has been nothing since Audubon in the way of pictorial illustration of American Ornithology to compare with the present work—nothing to claim the union of an equal degree of artistic skill and scientific accuracy. We have no knowledge of the financial aspects of the case; but, as such a work is necessarily expensive, we can only trust that it continues to receive the support it so richly deserves. It is, we believe, sold only by subscription. The last number which has reached us is a double one, being parts 10 and 11, dating Oct. 1881 and Jan. 1882, containing Plates XXVIII-XXXIII, and pages 107–118. Plate 18 is perhaps the first in which the authors have introduced a bird—being the head of the Purple Martin protruding from the orifice of the C gourds so frequently put up in the South for its accommodation. This figure shows that Mrs. Jones can draw and paint a bird as well as its nest and eggs—and we should not be surprised if other birds appeared with their nests in future numbers. The temptation thus to enlarge upon the original plan of the work must be at times almost irresistible. Plate 29 is Euspiza americana, the simple nest of which gives less scope for the artist’s skill than the elaborately finished surroundings of the Song Sparrow’s nest of Plate 30. The extremes of size and coloring of the eggs of Melospiza are well portrayed, as are those of the Thrasher, the rough exterior of whose nest fairly bristles on Plate 31. One of the most artistic pictures of the whole series is the lowly nest of Helminthophaga pinus (Plate 32), with its characteristic surroundings at the foot of a slight bush clump. It is interesting to note in this case the curious “protective mimicry” by which the nest resembles a bunch of dead leaves and dried bark strips blown and caught among the roots of a bramble. One would have sharp eyes who would 113at first glance see it was something else. The last plate (33) represents the nest of the Summer Tanager, furnishing a good illustration of a “saddled” nest—by which we mean one placed directly upon a large horizontal bough, only confined by a few slight upright twigs. The text consists, as usually heretofore, of a folio to each plate, and continues to be prepared by Dr. Howard E. Jones. We find it to be a perfectly reliable account of the objects represented. The authors evidently have spared no pains or expense in maintaining the high standard of excellence they set for themselves at the beginning.—E. C.

Prof. Macoun’s Report of Exploration.^[53]—We hear so seldom from our friends of the Dominion, as far as ornithology is concerned, that the present contribution would be welcome as an index of their activity, even were it of less importance than we find it to be. It is difficult to cite the brochure correctly, as it has no title-page and bears no date or place of publication, and may be an “extra” of a portion of some more extensive government publication. However this may be, the pamphlet which reaches us through Professor Macoun’s kind attentions is the report of the Surveyor General to the Minister of the Interior, consisting chiefly (pp. 8–40) of Professor Macoun’s own report of his explorations during the summer of 1880 of that portion of the Souris River Valley lying within British Territory and of the adjoining region to the west and north—that is to say, north of our territories of Dakota and Montana. The region is one seldom examined even incidentally in the interests of ornithology, and the present paper possesses decided value, as the observer appeared to have paid special attention to the distribution of birds in the wide area traversed. After a résumé of the leading ornithological features of the region is presented an annotated list of the species secured, 109 in number. This list may be profitably examined in connection with the article on the birds observed along the parallel of 49° by the Northern Boundary Commission in 1873 and 1874. We feel at liberty to call attention to some manuscript alterations made by the author in our copy. For Coturniculus passerinus read Zonotrichia albicollis; for Myiarchus crinitus, read Tyrannus verticalis; for Archibuteo lagopus, read A. ferrugineus, the range of which is thus carried beyond any point hitherto given; for Tringa canutus read T. bairdi; for Podilymbus podiceps, read Podiceps californicus. We could wish the report were better printed; but poor presswork is the usual fate of public documents, English or American.—E. C.

Knowlton’s Revised List of the Birds of Brandon, Vermont.^[54]—This is a briefly annotated list of 149 species occurring in the immediate 114vicinity of Brandon. The author says: “A few more species doubtless occur, especially among the Waders and Swimmers, but as they have never been actually noted, they have been rigidly excluded.” An examination of the List shows that, with perhaps one or two exceptions, he has succeeded in adhering to this principle, the result being a very reliable list as far as it goes. The further application of this rule doubtless accounts for the fact that many of the species are not stated to breed that yet no doubt do so.

The chief interest of the List lies in its bearing upon the extent of the Alleghanian fauna in the Champlain valley. The breeding of such species as Dendrœca striata and Zonotrichia leucophrys, the occurrence of Perisoreus canadensis and Picoides arcticus, and the absence of Ortyx virginiana and one or two other species, are almost the only exceptions to an otherwise strictly Alleghanian fauna.

A number of species, especially among the migrants, would seem, from what the writer says, to be by no means numerous at this locality, and no doubt his statements are strictly in accordance with his experience. We have reason to believe, however, that a more thorough search might reveal greater numbers of some of these species.

It is to be regretted that Mr. Knowlton’s List could not have appeared elsewhere than in the columns of a newspaper, both for the sake of giving it a more permanent form, and of avoiding the typographical errors inevitable under such circumstances. It may be worth while here to mention that by a slip of the pen Mr. Knowlton has recorded Wilson’s Plover (Ochthodromus wilsonius) instead of Wilson’s Snipe.—C. F. B.

Krukenberg on the Coloring Matter of Feathers.^[55]—This paper, the first of a series, seems to be the product of more careful work than previous publications on the subject. The author first states positively that the color may change after growth, the feather becoming lighter or darker as the case may be, but postpones deciding whether the change is the result of external or internal causes. Judging from the effects of stimulants upon Canaries with fully grown feathers, I have no doubt that internal changes play an important part. At least, almost white Canaries will become very yellow, gray sometimes appearing, if properly fed.

Turacin, a red or purple-violet pigment, found in the feathers of the Musophagidæ is first considered. Attention was first called to this pigment by Verreaux, who found that the purple-violet in the wing feathers of Corythaix albicristatus was destroyed by wetting, but returned on drying. Later it was observed that the water in which these birds bathed became colored dark red. Facts worthy of consideration by all systematic ornithologists. Turacin is soluble in weak alkalies, insoluble in acids, and slightly soluble in water, especially if warm. It may be precipitated as an amorphous red powder by the action of acids. In solution the 115spectrum of Turacin is marked by two absorption bands, between D and E, much resembling those of oxyhemoglobin. Carbon dioxide and oxygen, however, have no effect on the color or the spectrum. As to its chemical composition the author differs from his predecessors in that he denies the presence of nitrogen, though copper and iron are both present in considerable quantities. By the action of concentrated sulphuric acid two products are formed, named α Turaceïn and β Turaceïn by the author.

Zoönerythrin, another red pigment of much wider distribution, is found in red feathers, as those of the Flamingo and the Cardinal Grosbeak. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, bisulphide of carbon, and the like, from which it can be precipitated by evaporation. The solution of this pigment is often favored by first digesting the feather in a trypsin or pepsin solution. Unlike Turacin, Zoönerythrin has no absorption bands, but all is absorbed beyond E.

Zoöfulvin, a yellow pigment of much the same solubility as the preceding, occurs in the yellow feathers of the European Oriole, the Canary, and the like. The spectrum has two bands between F and G which vary in position according to the solvent used.

As yet Dr. Krukenberg has been unable to extract any green, blue, or purple pigment from feathers, so that he agrees with Bogdanon that blue feathers have no pigment as proved by transmitted light. Of this any one can at once convince himself by holding the feather of a Bluebird immersed in water between himself and a window.—J. Amory Jeffries.

Minor Ornithological Papers.—161. The Ruddy Duck (Erismatura rubida). By Spencer Trotter, Chicago Field, Vol. XIII, p. 23.—Brief general account, including reference to their occasional great abundance in Chesapeake Bay.

162. Bibliographical Manuals of American Naturalists. Chapter II. Dr. Elliott Coues, U. S. A. By William Hosea Ballou. Ibid., XIII, pp. 92, 103, 123, 189, 205, 221.—Rather more than 400 titles of papers and works, relating mainly to ornithology.

163. Nomenclature of the North American Grouse. By Spencer Trotter. Ibid., XIII. pp. 314, 315.—Common and scientific names of North American Grouse, with their principal synonymy and habitats.

163. The California Quails in Missouri. By H. Clay Ewing. Ibid. XIII, p. 413.—Six or seven pairs, turned out near the junction of the Missouri and Osage Rivers in March 1879, raised broods the following season near where they were liberated.

164. Bibliographical Manual of American Naturalists Chapter III. The Literature of Prof. Edward D. Cope. By Wm. Hosea Ballou. Ibid. XIV, pp. 19, 20.—Contains a few ornithological titles.

165. Can the Pinnated Grouse be successfully propagated? By H. W. Merrill. Forest and Stream, XVI, Feb. 10, 1881, p. 28.—Believes they can be “successfully propagated” with proper “regard to cover, food and range.”

166. Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator, L., V.) and Robin (Turdus migratorius, L.) in Winter [in Nova Scotia]. By. J. Matthews Jones. 116Ibid., XVI. March 13, 1881, p. 86.—The former “quite common”; small flocks of the latter frequent the spruce woods every winter, in Point Pleasant Park, Halifax peninsula.

167. The “Crane’s Back.” By J. C. Merrill. Ibid., XVI, March 10, 1881, p. 105.—A Cree Indian account of the napite-shu-utle, a bird said to migrate by taking passage on the backs of Cranes. The bird is believed to be a Grebe.

168. A Hawk new to the United States. By Robert Ridgway. Ibid., XVI, Apr. 14, 1881, 206.—From Oyster Bay, Fla., provisionally referred to Buteo fuliginosus. (See this Bull., VI, Oct. 1881, p. 207.)

169. The Pine Grosbeak. By Chas. E. Ingalls. Ibid., XVI. Apr. 14, 1881, pp. 206, 207.—Observations on its habits in winter in Massachusetts.

170. Our unique Spoon-billed Sandpiper, Eurinorhynchus pygmæus (Linn.). By Tarleton H. Bean. Ibid., XVI, Apr. 21. 1881, p. 225.—Brief general history of the species, with record of its capture at Plover Bay, Eastern Siberia, and Point Barrow, Alaska.

171. Domesticated Quail. By Henry Benbrook. Ibid., XVI, May 5, 1881, p. 266.—Ortyx virginianus successfully reared in captivity to the third generation. Believes that under favorable circumstances they could be bred “as easily as Turkeys.”

172. Great Carolina Wren. By William Dutcher. Ibid., XVI, July 14, 1881, p. 473.—Record of its capture at Greenville, N. J., within four miles of New York City.

173. The Rail we shoot. [By George B. Grinnell.] Ibid.. XVII, Sept. 22, 1881, pp. 146, 147.—Classification, diagnoses and habitats of the Rallidæ of the United States.

174. Range and Rotary Movements of Limicolæ. By W. Hapgood. Ibid., XVII, Oct. 20, 1881, pp. 225–228.—An important and suggestive paper on the migrations and range of American Limicolæ. The greater part of the species of this group are noticed at length. The paper relates especially to the winter haunts of these birds, and the conclusion is pretty fairly sustained that many of them pass beyond the tropics to winter in the Southern Hemisphere.

175. Migration of Shore Birds. By M. H. Simons. Ibid., XVII, Nov. 10, 1881, p. 288.—Apropos of Mr. Hapgood’s paper (see No. 174). the writer calls attention to the fact that many kinds of Shore Birds winter in Florida and the other Gulf States. “Didymus.” under the same caption, has some pertinent suggestions in reference to Mr. Hapgood’s paper.

176. The Herring Gull and the Ring-bill on Georgian Bay. By Rev. J. A. Langille. Ibid., XVII, Nov. 17, 1881, p. 307.—On the habits, etc., of these species at their breeding haunts in Georgian Bay.

177. Beechnuts and Woodpeckers. By C. Hart Merriam, M.D. Ibid., XVII, Dec. 1, 1881, p. 347.—A reply to several pseudonymous articles in previous numbers of this journal (Forest and Stream) in reference to the Red-headed Woodpecker’s habit of eating beechnuts. Other notes on the same subject, by various contributors, follow in this and succeeding numbers.

117178. The Enemies of Game Birds. By Adolphe B. Covert [and others]. Ibid., XVII, Dec. 8, 1881, p. 366, Dec. 22, p. 407, and Dec. 29, p. 428.—Various enemies are mentioned, among whom the Red Squirrel is prominent.

179. Habits of Woodpeckers. By W. Beeke [and others]. Ibid., XVII, Dec. 15, 1881, p. 387.—In reference to their laying up stores of beechnuts for winter use, particularly refers to the Red-headed Woodpecker.

180. Inquiries about the Snow Grouse [lege Goose]. By William Dutcher. Ibid., XVII, Dec. 22, 1881, p. 407.—In reference to the distribution of Anser hyperboreus on the Atlantic coast, and to the change of plumage in the Blue Goose (A. cærulescens) in captivity.

181. The Sparrow Curse in Australia. Ibid., XVII, Dec. 22, 1881, pp. 407, 408.—Abstract of a “progress report” of a government commission appointed to investigate “alleged injuries caused to fruit growers, gardeners, farmers and others by [the imported] Sparrows.” The analysis of the testimony taken is suggestive reading in its bearing upon the “Sparrow Pest” of our own country.

182. The Snow Goose and Blue Goose. By C. S. Wescott. Ibid., XVII, Jan. 5, 1882, p. 447.—Respecting their specific diversity, and on the occurrence of the Snow Goose in Delaware Bay. This is followed by a communication (under the same caption) from Arthur Edward Brown, who states that seven Blue Geese have lived seven years in the Philadelphia Zoölogical Garden without showing any material change of color.

183. Der Schwalbenweih (Nauclerus forficatus). Von H. Nehrling. Ornithologisches Centralblatt, VI. No. 2, 15 Jan. 1881, pp. 9, 10.—Account of its habits, etc., as observed in Texas.

184. Der Gelbkopfstärling oder Gelbkopftrupial (Xanthocephalus icterocephalus Baird). Von H. Nehrling. Ibid., VI, No. 11. 1 Juni, 1881, pp. 81–84, No. 13, 1 Juli, 1881, pp. 97, 98.—General history.

185. Die Wandertaube [Ectopistes migratorius]. Von Chas L. Mann. Ibid., VI, No. 21, 1 Nov. 1881, pp. 164–166. (Aus: Jahresber. des Naturhist. Vereins in Wisconsin 1880–81.)—On the great numbers destroyed by pigeon hunters for the market. Contains interesting statistics of the slaughter and the manner in which it is prosecuted.

186. Zwei amerikanische Prairiefinken. Von H. Nehrling. Monatsschrift des Deutschen Vereins zum Schuke der Vogelwelt, VI Jahrg., No. 3, März, 1881, pp. 58–64.—General account of the “Lerchenfink (Chondestes grammica Bp.)” and the “Savannenfink (Passerculus savanna Bp.).”

187. Ornithologische Beobachtungen aus Texas. II. Von H. Nehrling. Ibid., VI, No. 5, Mai, 1881, pp. 111–121. (See this Bulletin, VI, p. 109.)

188. Nordamerikanische Vögel im Freileben geschildert. Von H. Nehrling. Die gefiederte Welt. Zeitschrift für Vogelliebhaber, -Zuchter und -Händler, X Jahrg., 1881.—Under this title Dr. Nehrling contributes a series of well-written popular articles on various North American birds. In the present volume are the following: (1) Das Rubingoldhähnchen (Regulus calendula Lichtst.), l. c. pp. 14–16, 24–26. (2) Der blauköpfige 118oder Brewer’s Stärling, Scolecophagus Breweri, Nehrl. (S. cyanocephalus Cab....) pp. 44–46, 57, 58. (3) Der Kentuckysänger oder Buschsänger (Sylvia-Opornis [sic.]—formosa Wils. ...), pp. 100–102. (4) Die Einfiedlerdrossel (Turdus Pallasi Cab. ...), pp. 173, 174. (5) Der Gold- oder Kukukspecht (Colaptes auratus Swns. ...), pp. 228–230, 240, 241, 251–253, 265, 266. (6) Der Scherentyrann, Scheren- oder Gabelschwanz (Milvulus forficatus, Swains. ...), pp. 325, 326, 333–335. (7) Der blaugraue Fliegenfänger oder Mückenfänger (Polioptila cærulea Scl.), pp. 368–370, 380, 381, 393. (8) Der Satrap oder das Gelbkrongoldhähnchen (Regulus satrapa, Lichsts. ...), pp. 435, 436. (9) Die Bergdrossel (Oreoscoptes montanus Brd. ...), pp. 528–530.

189. Rocky Mountains-Hüttensänger oder Steinschmätzer (... Sialia arctica Swns.) Eine Vogelstudie aus den Felsingebergen. Von Fr. Trefz. Ibid., p. 81.

Description of a Nest of the Water Ouzel.—The nest of the Water Ouzel (Cinclus mexicanus) is perhaps not so well known as to make the following description of one wholly uninteresting. The nest when found was in good condition, and had evidently been used the past season. It was built under a slightly overhanging wall of limestone, on a ledge projecting seven or eight inches from the wall, and about four feet above low-water mark, the deepest part of a swift mountain stream flowing directly beneath. The material of construction was a bright green moss, forming a rather conspicuous object for some distance along the opposite bank. The nest has a nearly spherical interior seven inches in diameter. The entrance is triangular, one side of the triangle forming the top and being three and one-half inches across and three inches above the lower angle. The most exposed side of the nest varies from three to four inches in thickness, the top and remainder being only an inch and a half through. At time of finding, the interior of the nest was perfectly clean, but outside, just below the opening, the rock was discolored for some distance by excrement of the birds. Side by side with this nest was an older one partially destroyed, and I fancied I could see traces of still another on the same ledge not far off. The birds had evidently lived in the locality for some time.—R. S. Williams, Gold Run, Montana.

The Short-billed Marsh Wren in New Hampshire.—On the 24th of August, 1881, while investigating the recesses of a fresh water marsh at Rye Beach, N. H., I found a colony of Short-billed Marsh Wrens (Cistothorus stellaris) in a small meadow about a mile from the sea. One bird was shot, and five or six others seen and heard.

119Mr. Wm. Brewster in 1872 found this bird in the same vicinity, but in a locality about five miles farther inland.

These two records extend the northern range of the Short-billed Marsh Wren, and give it a place among the birds of New Hampshire.—Henry M. Spelman, Cambridge, Mass.

Early Arrival of the Yellow-rump in Southern Maine.—This morning—March 21, 1882—I found a solitary Yellow-rumped Warbler (Dendræca coronata) flitting about in a straggling growth of spruces, on Cape Elizabeth. His arrival is unprecedentedly early for this vicinity. The Yellow-rumps usually reach Portland in the last week of April, sometimes not until after May 1, and up to to-day I have never seen one before April 21, which was the date of their appearance in 1879. My little friend of this morning was probably only an accidental and temporary visitor. Snow still lies from two to three feet deep in the woods, and much blustering, wintry weather must be expected, before the earliest Warblers come to us in earnest.—Nathan Clifford Brown, Portland, Maine.

Late Stay (probable Wintering) of Dendrœca pinus in Massachusetts.—A few individuals of the Pine-creeping Warbler remained so late with us the last season, that their courage deserves a record. I found four of them on December 5, 1881, in company with Chickadees, in a rocky run thickly set with maples and alders. There were no pines, but a small bunch of them not far away. I shot one, according to rule, to make sure of the species. Being desirous of ascertaining if they proposed to spend the winter in that cheerful company, on January 1, 1882, I sent a young friend, who is well posted and a good observer, to the locality, and he reported seeing two of the Warblers so near at hand, perhaps twenty feet, as to make the identification positive. I intended to look for them again in February, but was unable to do so.—F. C. Browne, Framingham, Mass.

The Hooded Warbler in Western New York.—From various points in the dense forest, on the balmy days of May, comes the common and familiar song of the Hooded Warbler,—che-reek, che-reek, che-reek, chi-dì-eê, the first three notes with a loud bell-like ring, and the rest in very much accelerated time, and with the falling inflection. Arriving early in May, this is one of our common summer residents throughout the dense upland forests, occupying the lower story of the woodland home, while the Cœrulean Warbler occupies the upper. Here let me say that in addition to its alarm note, a sharp whistling or metallic chip which is very clearly characterized, the Hooded Warbler has two distinct songs, as different as if coming from different species. Never shall I forget how I was once puzzled by this trick. I was strolling in a thick forest, near the corner of a slashing, in an evening twilight in June, when I was surprised by a strange whistling melody.—whee-reeh, whee-ree-eeh—with 120a marked emphasis on the second syllable, and a still more marked one on the last. Part of the time this utterance was somewhat varied, a few notes being sometimes added, and again a few being dropped. My curiosity was greatly excited, for I had supposed myself familiar with the voices of all the birds in the neighborhood; but it became too dark to identify the bird. For nearly a week I went to that spot every day, always hearing the song, but never being able to get a clear sight of the bird. It seemed exceedingly shy. In vain did I crawl on hands and knees among the undergrowth to get near to it; for just as I would seem about to gain a good view of it the song would cease at the point under observation and come from one more distant. Just as I was about to give the matter up one evening, down came the singer, stage by stage through the thick foliage, and alighting within a few feet of me and in clear sight, gave the full effect of his whistling song. I have since heard the same song a number of times and in different places from the Hooded Warbler. So I conclude that in the case of this species there are, occasionally at least, two distinct and altogether different songs.

The Hooded Warbler is one of those which make their home on or near the ground. Here it keeps itself for the most part well concealed among the foliage of the thick undergrowth, having a rather slow and dignified movement for a bird of its kind.

It builds its nest from a foot to eighteen inches from the ground, generally in the upright or somewhat leaning fork of a little bush. I once found it on a beech limb, lying on the ground, but still retaining the dry leaves. It is somewhat bulky, but quite neat, the lower part being of dry or skeleton leaves, the upper part, especially the high and well-defined rim, of long fibrous bark, as that of the grape vine, ash, basswood, or elm, laid almost as nicely as coiled cords, the whole structure being bound together by a webby material, and lined with fine grasses, bark-fibres, and horse-hair. In location, material, and structure, it is quite unique, and, like most other birds’ nests, is a much more certain means of identification than the eggs themselves. These, two to four in number, varying from .63×.52 to .75×.50, are clear white, delicately specked and spotted, sometimes even blotched, with reddish, brown, and lilac. In form and coloration the eggs are very variable. They may be found fresh from the last week in May till the middle of June. A second set may be found in July. The male aids in incubation.

Confined to the eastern part of the United States, and barely entering the southern part of New England, Western New York, and Central New York where it is quite common, must be about the northern limit of this species.—J. H. Langille, Knowlesville, Orleans Co., N. Y.

Breeding of the Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) in Lower Canada.—Last summer I had the rare good fortune to accompany, as his guest, the Hon. Judge H. E. Taschereau (Chief Justice Supreme Court of Canada) on his annual salmon fishing excursion to the Godbout River, which empties into the St. Lawrence from the north, about six miles from the Pointe des Monts where the river widens into the Gulf.

121One rainy afternoon about the middle of July, while the Judge was catching salmon at the famous “Upper Pool” on the Godbout, Mr. Nap. A. Comeau and I climbed a high and densely wooded hill that rises from the western border of the pool, and when near the summit saw a Pine Grosbeak, in the slate and golden plumage, hopping about amongst the branches of a large Balsam (Abies balsamea). I was within twenty feet from the bird, but having only a rifle was unable to secure it. Mr. Comeau, who lives at the mouth of the Godbout, told me that this species was by no means rare here, and that he regarded it as a resident. He has since written me that he shot several after I left, and that “the bird is quite common here both summer and winter.” Although he has never taken its nest, he says “I have no doubt they breed here, and I have often seen them in the early part of the fall while out trapping. They seem to be fond of keeping near streams and lakes.”

Dr. Coues found the Pine Bullfinch breeding on the Labrador Coast, and I have no doubt that it breeds all along the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and perhaps extends even as far west as the Saguenay, along the north shore of the St. Lawrence River. It is asserted, on high authority, that it breeds in some parts of Northern New England.—C. Hart Merriam, M.D., Locust Grove, N. Y.

Coturniculus lecontei, C. henslowi, and Cistothorus stellaris in Florida.—Mr. C. J. Maynard has kindly placed at my disposal the following notes made during his recent trip to Florida. In November, 1881, he spent three weeks collecting at Rosewood, a small settlement on the northern edge of the Gulf Hummock, about eighteen miles northeast of Cedar Keys. Around the outskirts of this town were a number of old fields, grown up to rank grass and tall weeds, but nevertheless perfectly dry. Here he found Leconte’s Buntings, Henslow’s Buntings, Yellow-winged Sparrows, and Short-billed Marsh Wrens, associating together in comparative numbers ranking in the order in which their names are mentioned. The first C. lecontei was shot November 4. Shortly afterwards they became so abundant that as many as twenty were sometimes seen in a day, but notwithstanding their numbers, it was by no means easy to obtain specimens. The chief difficulty arose from their excessive tameness, for they could rarely be forced to take wing, while in the long grass it was impossible to see them at a greater distance than a few yards. Indeed so very fearless were they that on several occasions Mr. Maynard nearly caught them in his insect net. All four species were apparently established for the winter.

The detection of Leconte’s Bunting at Coosada, Alabama, by Mr. Brown,^[56] and more recently in Chester County, South Carolina, by Mr. Loomis,^[57] has prepared us to expect it almost anywhere in the Southern States, but I believe that this is its first Florida record. The occurrence 122of Henslow’s Bunting is also of importance, as confirming Audubon’s more or less discredited statement that it wintered numerously in Florida; while that of the Short-billed Marsh Wren is interesting from the exceptional character of the locality and the distinguished society in which the little bird was found.—William Brewster, Cambridge, Mass.

Ammodramus caudacutus.—A somewhat inland Record on the Atlantic Coast.—On June 21, 1881, in company with my friends Messrs. Chamberlain and Daniel, of St. John. N. B., I found a few pairs of Sharp-tailed Finches in the tall grassy marshes bordering the Kenebecasis River at Hampton, which is about twenty miles to the north of the above named city and the Bay of Fundy, and about at the head of tide water. The birds were singing, and undoubtedly breeding, but a severe hunt for their nests was unsuccessful. Although a closely allied variety (nelsoni) is known to occur in certain western States, I think our maritime form has not before been observed away from the immediate coast on the Atlantic seaboard. It might however be looked for up our rivers and creeks as far as or a little above the flow of tide water. See this Bulletin. II pp. 27, 28; III, pp. 48, 98; V, p. 52.—H. A. Purdie, Newton, Mass.

The White-throated Sparrow in Winter near Worcester, Mass.—I saw White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) at different dates during December, 1879. I also saw some on January 1, 1880. I, myself, had not observed it before, though possibly it may not be uncommon.—J. A. Farley, Worcester, Mass.

Peucæa ruficeps eremœca.—In Gillespie County, Texas, which adjoins Kendall Co. on the north, where Mr. Nathan C. Brown’s specimens were taken, I collected on April 24, 1878, a pair of Sparrows which Mr. J. A. Allen identified as Peucæa ruficeps. From the fact that Mr. Brown collected no typical ruficeps it is more than likely that my specimens were var. eremæca.

My specimens were sent to the late Greene Smith, Esq., Peterboro, New York, and are Nos. 961 and 962 in his Museum.—G. H. Ragsdale, Gainesville, Texas.

The Canada Jay at Portland, Maine.—A specimen of the Canada Jay (Perisoreus canadensis) was killed in Scarborough on October 15, 1880, by Mr. Luther Redlon, of Portland, and delivered into my hands a few hours after its capture. The specimen is worth noting from its being the first that I have ever known to occur in the vicinity of Portland, although its kind is said by Professor Verrill (Proc. Ess. Inst., Vol. III, p. 151) to winter commonly at Norway, Maine, only forty miles farther north.—Nathan Clifford Brown, Portland, Maine.

The White-throated Swift Breeding on Belt River, Montana.—About the middle of last July, while hunting on Belt River, I happened to approach the edge of the high limestone cliffs which rise above the 123stream for several miles after leaving the mountains. Watching the Violet-green and Crescent Swallows, which were abundant, for some time, I was about to leave, when I noticed a Swift evidently flying directly towards me. It passed only a few yards overhead, displaying at the same time the extensive white throat-patch of Cypselus saxatilis. Further search revealed some half a dozen altogether. A small opening in the rock which a bird of this species was seen to enter and reappear from several times, I approached, near enough to hear a vigorous twittering at each visit of the parent bird, from which I presume the young were well advanced. This is the only species of Swift I have yet seen in the Territory.—R. S. Williams, Gold Run, M. T.

Capture of the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaëtus canadensis) near Columbus, O.—December 13, 1881, I received a male specimen of the Golden Eagle, killed five miles west of the city.

This bird, according to information which I have gathered from various sources, had caused the farmers in the neighborhood in which it was killed a great amount of annoyance. A reward was offered, and published in our city papers, for the capture of a “Bald Eagle” (as they called it), which had killed several young calves. By further inquiry I ascertained that the bird was seen eating at two of the calves, but was not seen in the act of killing them.—Oliver Davie, Columbus, O.

The Little Blue Heron in Maine.—During the summer of 1881 a small white Heron took up his abode in a dense swamp bordering the eastern side of Scarborough Marsh. He foraged regularly about the neighboring ponds and rivers, and before autumn had been seen and unsuccessfully shot at by many covetous gunners. In September, however, he fell captive to the wiles of Mr. Winslow Pilsbury, and now reposes in the cabinet of Mr. Chas. H. Chandler, of Cambridge, Mass. Upon writing Mr. Chandler, to ascertain the species represented by his specimen, I learned that Mr. Henry A. Purdie^[58] had seen the bird and pronounced it the Little Blue Heron (Florida cærulea). No previous instance of its occurrence in Maine is on record.—Nathan Clifford Brown, Portland, Maine.

Baird’s Sandpiper on Long Island, N. Y.—A Correction.—In the Bulletin for January, 1882, p. 60, it is stated that the record of a specimen of this species from Long Island is apparently its first from any point south of New England. A note to the editors from Dr. E. A. Mearns calls attention to a previous record of the species for Long Island in an article by Newbold T. Lawrence, entitled “Notes on Several Rare Birds Taken on Long Island, N. Y.,” published in “Forest and Stream,” Vol. X, No. 13, p. 235, May 2, 1878, as follows:—

124“Tringa bairdii, Baird’s Sandpiper.—Four specimens taken at Rockaway. The first two in September, 1872, shot on a small piece of meadow, out of a flock of Tringa minutilla. The third was taken August 26, 1873, while snipe shooting on a low strip of sand that separates the ocean and bay. My attention was first called to it by hearing a peculiar long-drawn whistle, and soon after I perceived a small snipe flying very high. The next moment it darted down and settled among my decoys, where I secured it. The fourth was taken in the same locality as the first two, September 20, 1874. Three of the above specimens were males.”—Edd.

Pelidna subarquata on the Maine Coast.—I have to thank Mr. C. H. Chandler of Cambridge, for allowing me to view a mounted specimen of the Curlew Sandpiper, which he shot on the beach at Pine Point, Scarborough, Cumberland Co., on September 15, 1881. The plumage is immature—probably a bird of the year. It was in company with Peeps, but its larger size and lighter coloration were noticed, hence this visit to American shores is registered. The species is new to the Maine fauna, at least this is the first instance of actual capture within the limits of that State.^[59]—H. A. Purdie, Newton, Mass.

The King Rail in New England.—It seems that in making up the New England record of the King Rail (Rallus elegans)^[60] I overlooked a note on this species, published in “Forest and Stream” of March 11, 1880. In this note Mr. Jno. H. Sage announces the capture of a female specimen at Portland, Conn., September 19, 1879.—Nathan Clifford Brown, Portland, Maine.

Purple Gallinule (Ionornis martinica) in Rhode Island.—Mr. Newton Dexter states that some years ago Mr. P. W. Aldrich showed him a fine Purple Gallinule just received in the flesh from Westerly, R. I. Mr. Dexter bought, and now has the bird. He is not able to give the exact year, but thinks it was in 1857.—Fred. T. Jencks, Providence, R. I.

Note on the Habits of the Young of Gallinula galeata and Podilymbus podiceps.—Mr. N. R. Wood, who collected quite a number of young Grebes and Gallinules this summer at Montezuma Marsh, near Clyde, N. Y., tells me that the little Gallinules use the thumb to aid them in moving about. The thumb in the young of this bird is quite long and sharp, and the nestlings, when unable to walk, hook it into any yielding substance, and drag themselves along. The young Grebes are more vigorous than the Gallinules, and progress by little hops.—Frederic A. Lucas, Rochester, N. Y.

125Rhynchops nigra.—An early Record for the Massachusetts Coast.—Champlain,^[61] while cruising along the sandy shores of Cape Cod on a voyage of exploration in July, 1605, makes mention of the Black Skimmer, as his narration, p. 87, shows.

“We saw also a sea-bird with a black beak, the upper part slightly aquiline, four inches long and in the form of a lancet; namely, the lower part representing the handle and the upper the blade, which is thin, sharp on both sides, and shorter by a third than the other; which circumstance is a matter of astonishment to many persons, who cannot comprehend how it is possible for this bird to eat with such a beak. It is of the size of a pigeon, the wings being very long in proportion to the body, the tail short, as also the legs, which are red; the feet being small and flat. The plumage on the upper part is gray-brown, and on the under part pure white. They go always in flocks along the seashore, like the pigeons with us.”

That this species was found on our shores early in this century is proved by the older natives of the Cape telling me, since the bird’s recent occurrence, that “them cutwater or shearwater birds used to be with us summer times.” Also Mr. Brewster informs me that Nantucket fishermen assert that Skimmers bred on Muskegat Island fifty years ago.—H. A. Purdie, Newton, Mass.

Notes on the Habits of the Kittiwake Gull.—Some fishermen whom I lately employed to get a few Kittiwake Gulls on the winter fishing grounds off Swampscott, Massachusetts, gave me the following interesting account of the habits of this species, and the way in which my specimens were procured.

A number of small schooners sail from Swampscott every winter morning, and reach the fishing banks, which are some twelve miles off shore, about daybreak. The men then take to their dories, and buckets of bait—generally cod-livers or other refuse—are thrown out to attract the fish to the spot. Of this custom the Kittiwakes—or “Pinny Owls,” as these men invariably call them—are well aware, and swarms of them quickly collect around the boats to pick up the morsels before they sink. They are very tame, and if one of the flock is shot the others hover over it as Terns will do on similar occasions. The usual way of taking them, however, is with hook and line, the bait being allowed to float off on the surface, when it is quickly seized by one of the greedy horde. In this manner great numbers are annually taken by the fishermen, who either skin and stew them or use the flesh for bait. I was assured that a “Pinny Owl” stew is by no means an unpalatable dish.

After the morning fishing is at an end the vessels start for their anchorage in Swampscott harbor, and the fish are dressed on the way. This gives the Gulls another chance which is not neglected, for the entire flock 126follows closely in their wake. When the catch has been a large one, and the work of cleaning the fish is continued at the anchorage, they remain about the spot for hours picking up this offal directly under the sides of the vessels. Here again the poor birds are often mercilessly slaughtered by city gunners who shoot them for sport or practice, leaving the dead and wounded to float out to sea with the ebbing tide. The fishermen admit that their numbers have greatly diminished of late years, but they are said to be still very abundant through the winter months.—William Brewster, Cambridge, Mass.

Sterna forsteri breeding off the Eastern Shore of Virginia.—An impression seems to prevail among ornithologists that Forster’s Tern breeds only in the interior of North America. At least I cannot learn that Dr. Coues’ comparatively recent ruling^[62] to that effect has been publicly corrected, or that it is generally known that the bird nests on the Atlantic Coast.^[63] On this account it may be worth while to state that during a visit to Cobb’s Island, Va., in July, 1880, I found Forster’s Terns breeding in moderate numbers on all the neighboring islands. They nested apart from the other Terns, but often in company with Laughing Gulls, on the salt marshes or on marshy islets, where their eggs were almost invariably laid on tide-rows of drift-weed that fringed the muddy shores. The largest colony seen in any one place comprised perhaps twenty-five pairs, but it was more usual to find from six to a dozen mingled with a countless number of Gulls. I was late for the eggs, but secured a few far advanced in incubation, besides several downy young and many adult birds in full nuptial dress.—William Brewster, Cambridge, Mass.

Note on the Foot of Accipiter fuscus.—On the plantar surfaces of each foot of the Sharp-shinned Hawk two papillae may be noticed, which differ from the others, more properly described as pads, in their greater length and more symmetrical form. These pads are placed at the second phalangeal joint of the third toe, and at the third phalangeal joint of the fourth toe, that is, at the bases of the penultimate phalanges of the third and fourth toes. These papillae are shown to be modified pads, the same as those at the other two joints, by the less developed papillae of Circus, Astur, and others. This transition can readily be traced in the sketches of the feet given in the systematic works on Hawks, though the special prominence of the papillae in the Sharp-shinned Hawk does not seem to be particularly noted. On removing the skin, however, a marked difference at once comes in view. While all the pads are nearly obliterated, the papillae still remain as solid cones of connective tissue (?), having much the same shape and sizes as the entire papillae. These cones 127or cores are internally connected with the superficial fascia of the toes and seem to straddle the flexor tendons running below.

On noting the structural difference, the cause or function of these papillae at once becomes a point of interest. Why have these two pads been modified into long papillae (.12 inch in a dried specimen), and provided with a solid core? Now the foot of Accipiter is so constructed that the first toe opposes the second toe, and their claws move in nearly parallel arcs. This is not the case with the third and fourth toes, which are longer and not opposable to one another. Thus the claws can be opposed to nothing except the middle portions of the toes to which they belong. But when the claw is thus flexed a small space well adapted for grasping twigs and feathers is formed by the papillae, the penultimate phalanx and the claw, the point projecting beyond resembling the feet of certain crustacea and lice. Hence the function of the papillae would seem to be to aid the third and fourth claws in grasping small objects, and it is an interesting point to notice that the foot of Accipiter fuscus is thus drawn in North American Birds, by Baird, Brewer and Ridgway.

How far the same considerations hold in other species I cannot say, but as mentioned above, allied forms seem to possess the character to a less degree.—J. Amory Jeffries, Boston, Mass.

Supplementary Notes on two Texas Birds.—In a recent paper^[64] on a collection of birds made in southwestern Texas, I referred a series of Hylocichla unalascæ to the restricted form, with the remark that several specimens closely approached var. auduboni. Upon reading the article, an esteemed correspondent wrote me that one of these aberrant examples, which had passed into his hands, appeared to him to be true auduboni. In this opinion, after a reëxamination of the specimen, I concur. The bird in question has a wing of 3.82 inches, which, though decidedly under the average of auduboni, is more than should be allowed unalascæ proper.^[65] Here, then, is another species, besides those previously cited, which is represented by two distinct varieties in the tract of country explored.

The single specimen of Coturniculus passerinus taken in the same locality represents the western variety perpallidus, under which, by an oversight, it was not included.—Nathan Clifford Brown, Portland, Me.

128Addenda to the Preliminary List of Birds ascertained to occur in the Adirondack Region, Northeastern New York.^[66]—

178. Dendrœca striata (Forst.) Baird. Black-poll Warbler.—In the collection of the late A. Jenings Dayan (of Lyons Falls, N. Y.) is a female of this species that he killed in the town of Lyonsdale in Lewis Co., May 23, 1877.

179. Dendrœca pinus (Wilson) Baird. Pine-creeping Warbler.—Mr. Dayan took a full-plumaged male D. pinus at Lyonsdale, Lewis Co., May 8, 1877. I have never observed the species within the limits of the Adirondack Region, and it must be regarded as a rare bird here.

180. Asio accipitrinus (Pallas) Newton. Short-eared Owl.—I have seen two specimens of the Short-eared Owl that were taken within the limits of the Adirondack Region, in Lewis County. They were both killed east of the Black River Valley—one in the town of Greig, and the other in Lyonsdale.

181. Nyctiardea grisea nævia (Bodd.) Allen. Night Heron.—I have seen a Night Heron that was shot at Crown Point (in Essex Co.) on Lake Champlain. There were two of them together, and both were killed.

182. Calidris arenaria (Linn.) Illig. Sanderling.—On the 5th of October, 1881 Mr. O. B. Lockhart killed, from a flock, four Sanderlings at Lake George, in Warren Co. (Dr. A. K. Fisher.)

183. Chen hyperboreus (Pallas) Boie. Snow Goose.—Dr. A. K. Fisher writes me that he saw a flock of one hundred and fifty or two hundred Snow Geese on Lake George (in Warren County) Nov. 19, 1881. In company with Mr. O. B. Lockhart he rowed out to within a hundred yards of them, when they were frightened by another boat and took flight, showing plainly the black tips of their primaries as they left.

184. Phalacrocorax dilophus (Sw. and Rich.) Nuttall. Double-crested Cormorant.—Mr. F. H. Knowlton, from Brandon, Vermont, writes me: “I shot, on September 24, 1879, at St. Regis’ Lake [Franklin County], two miles from Paul Smith’s, a young female example of Graculus dilophus. The bird was not wild and was easily shot from the shore.”

185. Dytes auritus (Linn.) Ridgway. Horned Grebe.—On Little Tuppers Lake (Hamilton Co.), Oct. 22, 1881. Dr. A. K. Fisher and I saw about eight Horned Grebes and I killed one of them. While crossing Raquette Lake, the same day, Dr. Fisher shot another. At Big Moose Lake (in Hamilton and Herkimer Counties) we saw this species every day from Oct. 26 to Nov. 8, 1881. Nov. 5 I shot one out of a flock of nine. They were all in the plain fall dress, so that the size alone enabled us to distinguish young from old. In all the iris was of a bright orange red. They are excellent divers and can remain under water an astonishingly long period.—C. Hart Merriam, M.D., Locust Grove, N. Y.

In Vol. VII, page 26, line 6, for “An indistinct, dusky” read “A black.” Same page, foot note, for “οὐκέω” read “οἰκέω.”

Bull. Nutt. Ornith. Club., Vol. VII., No. 3. Plate 7.

Jeffries & Blake, del.       The Heliotype Printing Co. 211 Tremont St. Boston

BULLETIN OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. VOL. VII. July, 1882. No. 3. — THE COLORS OF FEATHERS. — EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. — ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS LATELY MADE BY MR. F. STEPHENS IN ARIZONA. — NOTES ON THE SUMMER BIRDS OF THE UPPER ST. JOHN. — A SKETCH OF THE HOME OF HYLOCICHLA ALICIÆ BICKNELLI , RIDGWAY, WITH SOME CRITICAL REMARKS ON THE ALLIES OF THIS NEW RACE. — SHORT NOTES ON THE BIRDS OF BAYOU SARA, LOUISIANA. — LIST OF BIRDS OBSERVED AT HOUSTON, HARRIS CO., TEXAS, AND IN THE COUNTIES MONTGOMERY, GALVESTON AND FORD BEND. — Recent Literature. — General Notes. — Errata.

Feathers have been studied from the earliest days of the microscope, indeed long before the modern microscope came into existence. Malpighei, Hooke and Leeuwenhoek all wrote on the subject, and not a little of our knowledge dates from their time. Since then authors have constantly written on feathers and their colors, until the papers on the subject may be counted by hundreds. Accordingly little that is new can be expected from this short article, nor even a history of the literature of the subject. My only object is to give an idea, so far as is known, how the colors of feathers are produced, the literature of the subject being out of the track of most American ornithologists.

Color may be the result of any one or more of the following causes: a pigment, interference and diffraction of light in their various phases, fluorescence, and phosphorescence. Of these causes only three have been called upon to explain the colors of feathers, the last two apparently playing no part. The fluorescence noted by Dr. Krukenberg in solutions of certain feather-pigments probably plays no part, or at most an insignificant one, in the colors of feathers. Pigments act by absorbing all rays of light but those which enter into their color, that is turn them into heat.

130Interference acts in several different ways, all of which are based on the same principle, and so films may be taken as an example. If a beam of light, xy (figure 1), is allowed to fall on any thin plate, or film, part of the rays will be reflected in the direction yz, the angles byx and ayz being equal. The rest of the rays will pass through the film to the other surface, being slightly refracted in their course. Here part will be reflected, and being again refracted at the first surface, will emerge in a line wz′ nearly coincident with yz, the balance passing out into the air. Now the waves composing the white light of two beams yz and wz′ will run together and partially obliterate each other, after the manner of ripples on water. Accordingly certain waves will be obliterated, and since white light is due to the blending of waves of the different colors, the light reflected from the film will be that of the colors not interfered with, the waves thus obliterated depending upon their length and the thickness of the film traversed. So as we look at the film from different points the conditions vary, and with them the resultant color.

Interference may also produce colored light by means of fine particles diffused through another substance, as milk in water, the particles in the air, and the like. Colored light produced in this way is known as opalescent, the transmitted light tending to the red end of the spectrum, and the reflected to the other portions. This result can be obtained by mixing black and white grains, an experiment which all have tried as school boys, by soaking chalk in ink, the result being a bluish color.

Diffraction acts apparently by bending the light rays different amounts, and thus spreading out the spectrum. Explanations of the various phenomena of this sort are difficult, and need not be entered into here.

Feathers are classed, according to their appearance, into ordinary, metallic and iridescent, the peculiarities of which are well known and so need not delay us.

The ordinary feathers are colored by simple pigments, by contrast of light and darkness and mechanically, as in the case of the Bluebird (Sialia sialis). Pigments of various colors are known to occur in feathers, and have received special names, as turacin, zoönerythrin, zoöfulvin, zoöxanthin, zoöchlorin, zoömelanin. These evenly distributed, as turacin, zoönerythrin, and zoöfulvin, or in patches, as zoömelanin, impart their respective colors to the 131feather parts in which they exist.^[67] The color of the mass of the feather may, however, owing to various colors in the small feather parts, be different from that of any part.

Of these pigments none seem to be peculiar except turacin. This pigment is altered by wetting the feathers, and comes from the feathers into the water in which the birds bathe, a fact of considerable interest, since the birds maintain their normal color, thus necessitating a new supply of pigment.

White feathers are the result of the light being reflected as a whole from the finely divided feather parts. Some grays are the result of small black nodes in the barbules, which nodes are of considerable size, and do not disperse the light, being distributed along the barbules. Other grays are the result of a small quantity of black pigment.

Yellow feathers colored with zoöfulvin receive their hue from this pigment, which is pretty evenly distributed through the texture like a dye.

Red feathers, as those of the Flamingo, Cardinal Bird, and the like, are so colored by a red pigment similar to the yellow one. Brown feathers are colored by a brown pigment in the feathers, which is for the most part collected in patches within the cells of the feather.

Violet pigments are said by some to exist, while others have never been able to extract them, so the causes of this color still remain in doubt.

Green feathers owe their color to various causes. In some it is due to a green pigment, as Turacoverdin or zoöchlorin, in others it is said to be due to a mixture of yellow and blue dots. The olive-greens are sometimes produced by a yellow pigment overlying a dark brown or black.

132All the above pigments seem to be blended and used in gaudily colored birds much after the manner of paints by artists. So that a great variety of colors may be produced from a few pigments by the skilful hand of nature.

Metallic feathers, properly speaking, are those which partake of the characters shown by the red crests of the Woodpeckers. The metallic appearance is limited to the barbs, the barbules not showing this peculiarity, and being quickly shed. If a feather from the crest of a Woodpecker, say Picus pubescens, be examined, it will at once be noticed that the red barbs have few if any barbules, and that the barbs themselves are enlarged. Such barbules as are present, are not red but black, and only serve to diminish the effects of the red parts. They would seem accordingly to be properly classed among useless hereditary organs. That the red color is due to a pigment is proved by dissolving it out and by its persistence when examined by transmitted light. But what causes the brilliancy which has led to their being called metallic? This is due to the extreme smoothness of the barbs, the horn-cells of which they are composed being fused together and solid. Thus the unabsorbed rays of the beam of light which strikes them are reflected as a whole, instead of being sent in every direction by the walls of the cells as in most cases. The metallic feathers differ from ordinary feathers in the same way that window or glass paintings differ from ordinary pictures. They simply give off much more light, and thus produce more marked effects on our eyes.

The colors of metallic feathers seem to be limited to the red end of the spectrum, the colors varying from yellow or orange to red; blue, green or purple feathers constructed on this principle do not seem to abound.

So far we have only had to deal with pigments, and all has been plain sailing, but the various accidental colors shown by feathers are far more difficult of explanation. Not only are the parts extremely small, but the entire subject of accidental colors as regards organic structures has been in large part dealt with from a theoretical point of view. The question has not been how is the feather part made, but what kinds of structures will produce such color effects. Accordingly divers opinions have been expressed on the subject, the most probable of these we shall now endeavor to sketch out.

133Blue colors seem to be accidental, that is, the result of other causes than pigments. Not only have all efforts to extract the pigments failed, but blue feathers appear gray when examined by transmitted light. Again, no blue can be found in transverse sections of blue feather parts. This method of studying the colors of feathers is worthy of more extended use than it has yet had. By this means all physical effects of the outer coat are avoided, and the exact position of the pigments can be seen. Sections are quickly prepared by fastening the feather on to a piece of pith with collodion, and mounting sections pith and all. The pith keeps the sections on end, a result otherwise difficult to obtain.

Gray-blues, such as those seen in Dendrœca cœrulescens, are due to opalescence. The feather is full of fine granules of black or darkish pigment, which in a manner already described produces a blue color.

Brilliant blues, as those shown by Sialia sialis, Cyanospiza cyanea, Cœreba lucida, and the like, do not seem to be susceptible of a like explanation. The color is too intense and pure to be produced in such a small space by opalescence. So most authors have simply ascribed it to some other form of interference, as a thin outer plate, which would seem on examination to be the true cause. Figure 2, drawn from a section of a Bluebird’s barb enlarged about one thousand diameters, will give an idea of the structure found in such cases. The central cells are full of some dark pigment, probably zoömelanin, while the surface is bounded by a transparent layer of horn varying from ¹⁄₃₀₀₀₀ to ¹⁄₁₀₀₀₀ of an inch in thickness. Thus we have a contrivance not ill adapted to the production of interference colors, the black pigment absorbing all rays which are not reflected by the horn coat on the outside. Yet there are decided difficulties in this view. Thin as it is, the outer horn coat is thick compared to the length of light waves, and again the blue color is constant. However, in spite of these objections, the color must be ascribed to the action of the outer coat of cells. The structure of other bright blue feathers is much the same, though differences in minutiae exist. Thus the outer layer of cells, the external walls of which form the outer coat of the barb, are devoid of pigment in the Blue Jay. (Fig. 3.)

134Here it is of interest to note that the barbs of the brown female Indigo bird differ but slightly from the bright blue barbs of the male. In the female the pigment is more diffuse, and the outer horny coat is thicker and less dense and lustrous.

The above feathers with their smooth outer coat are connected with true iridescent feathers by an intermediate group. I refer to the highly-colored blue and green feathers of such birds as Chlorophanes atrocristatus (Fig. 2) and Cœreba lucida. In these the ends of the barbs are enlarged and the barbules reduced to a minimum, after the manner of the Woodpeckers; unlike them, however, the surface is rough, each cell being rounded out. When examined under a microscope such barbs appear as if covered with a mosaic of gems. Sections show, whatever may be the shape of the barb, that the walls of the iridescent parts are extremely thin, so thin that exact measurements cannot be made with the instruments at my disposal. The thickness got when reduced to fractions of an inch, is approximately ¹⁄₁₀₀₀₀₀₀ of an inch, a film sufficiently thin for all purposes of interference. Many of these feathers when magnified show that the color is not uniform, but that all the colors contribute their quota to the final color. The figure of a section of a barb of Chlorophanes atrocristatus will give some idea of such a feather. In this case the final color seems to be the result of mixing the light reflected from the dark end with that from the yellow triangular part.

We now naturally come to the true iridescent feathers, of which the Peacock may be taken as an example. The iridescent barbules are made up of flat, wonderfully thin cells, arranged end to end, as shown in figure 5. When examined with transmitted light, they are seen to be films full of a brownish pigment more or less evenly dispersed through the mass. When cut in sections and looked at on edge they resemble, even under quite high powers, the edge of a piece of paper. Here we have the most admirable contrivance for the production of iridescent light, the plates being fully thin enough, and all white light which may get through the walls being taken up by the brown pigment within. All the parts of the eye are constructed on the same plan, and only provided with brownish pigments, hence the color must be due to variations in the thickness. Here it is well to notice that the colors are quite constant.

135The brilliant colors of these feathers have often been ascribed to irregularities of surface, the traces of the cell cavities being mistaken for pits on the surface. That this is an error is at once shown by examining a section.

Before leaving the subject I cannot refrain from calling attention to the wonderful diversity of means employed, as well as their complexity in the production of feather colors. Among the Parrots we have the most skilful painting combined with accidental colors. Yet all ornithologists base specific differences on slight variations of color, and this in spite of the fact that birds may change their color according as they are wet or dry, owing to the nature of their food, or to slight differences in the quantity of pigment.

In this they are no doubt often right, but when we come to varieties based on the very faintest distinctions of color and form, we may well pause till more is known of avian physiology.

Fig. 1. Diagramatic representation of the effect of a film on light.

Fig. 2. Transverse section of a barb of Chlorophanes atrocristatus; Hartnack 3–9 im. the light part yellow, the dark part dark brown.

Fig. 3. Transverse section of a barb of Cyanocitta cristata. Hart. 3–9 im.

Fig. 4. Same of Cyanospiza cyanea ♂.

Fig. 5. Two sections of a barbule of a Peacock.

Fig. 6. Section of barb of Sialia sialis much magnified.

33. Peucedramus olivaceus (Giraud) Coues. Olive-headed Warbler.—The Olive-headed Warbler, one of Giraud’s famous “sixteen” Texas species, has found an unquestioned place in our fauna only on the strength of three Arizona specimens, taken by Mr. Henshaw at Mount Graham, in September, 1361874. Accordingly, the acquisition of the fine series catalogued below can scarcely fail to be a matter of much interest. As will appear from the accompanying data, Mr. Stephens met with the bird in only a single locality in the Chiricahua Mountains where it was apparently not uncommon in March: but he writes of a previous specimen (an adult male) taken among the Santa Catarina Mountains, in February, 1880, a date which seems to imply that the species winters in the latter range. His observations throw no light on its still unknown breeding haunts.

The specimens obtained during the past season were found in pine woods on the mountain sides at an elevation of from ten to twelve thousand feet. Although individuals often occurred not far from one another, two were rarely seen in actual companionship. The only exception to this is noted under date of March 24, when a small flock was met with on a steep slope near the summit of one of the mountains. In their actions these Warblers reminded Mr. Stephens of Dendrœca occidentalis. They spent much of their time at the extremities of the pine branches where they searched among the bunches of needles for insects, with which their stomachs were usually well filled. Occasionally one was seen to pursue a falling insect to the ground, where it would alight for a moment before returning to the tree above. The only song heard consisted of “a few low notes” which were rarely uttered, but a peculiar “cheerp” was repeated at frequent intervals.

The examples before me illustrate a fact which I do not find mentioned by previous writers, viz., that during the first year the males wear a plumage similar to that of the females. I have three in this condition; two of them, although in unworn dress, are absolutely undistinguishable from adults of the opposite sex; the third (No. 77), however, has the throat appreciably tinged with the brownish-saffron of the adult male. The females show some variation in respect to the dusky patch on the side of the head. In most of them it is confined to the auriculars, and even there is much mixed with yellow; but No. 46 has a continuous, dull-black stripe extending from the bill through the eye, and spreading over the auriculars in a broad, well-marked patch. Nos. 94 and 101 differ from the others in having the crown so slightly washed with olive-green that the whole upper surface is nearly uniform, a condition which I take to be the immature one of this sex. The adult males show but little individual variation. Both sexes and all ages have the basal half of the lower mandible light brown.

44. ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, Chiricahua Mountains, March 14, Length, 5.10; extent, 9; wing, 3.12; tail, 2.35; culmen, .56; tarsus, .72.

13745, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5.40; extent, 9.20; wing, 3.16; tail, 2.55; culmen, .55; tarsus, .69. Iris dark brown.

72, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 19. Length, 5.40; extent, 8.90.

91, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 24. Length, 5.40; extent, 9; wing, 3.08; tail, 2.50; culmen, .55; tarsus, .75.

92, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5.20; extent, 8.90.

102, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 25. Length, 5.30; extent, 8.80; wing, 3.10; tail, 2.44; culmen, .56; tarsus, .75.

77, ♂ im., Morse’s Mill, March 20. Length, 5.20; extent, 8.90; wing, 3.03; tail, 2.37; culmen, .55; tarsus, .77. In plumage of the ♀.

90, ♂ im., Morse’s Mill, March 24. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.50; wing, 2.85; tail, 2.30; culmen, .56; tarsus, .71. Same remarks.

103, ♂ im., Morse’s Mill, March 25. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.50; wing, 2.90; tail, 2.33; culmen, .57; tarsus, .67. Same remarks.

46, ♀ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 14. Length, 5.20: extent, 8.50; wing, 2.93; tail, 2.35; culmen, .56; tarsus, .73.

47, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5; extent, 8.30; wing, 2.87; tail, 2.18; culmen, .58; tarsus, .73.

81, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 21. Length, 5; extent, 8.50; wing, 2.76; tail, 2.35; culmen, defective; tarsus, .72.

93, ♀ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 24. Length, 5.20; extent, 8.80.

94, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5; extent, 8.20: wing, 2.84; tail, 2.18; culmen, defective; tarsus, .71.

101, ♀ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 25. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.50: wing, 2.87; tail, 2.22; culmen, .58; tarsus, .75.

34. Dendrœca æstiva (Gmel.) Baird. Yellow Warbler.

210, ♂ ad., Cienega Station, April 16. Length, 5; extent, 7.50; wing, 2.75; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .74. “Iris dark brown; bill dark horn color above, lighter below; legs pale brown. Common in the migrations.”

35. Dendrœca coronata (Linn.) Gray. Yellow-rumped Warbler.—Chiricahua Mountains; a single specimen, taken March 26.

From its general dispersion over North America, the Yellow-rumped Warbler was of course to be expected in Arizona, at least as a visitor, but I cannot learn that it has been previously detected within the limits of that Territory. Mr. Stephens, however, sends me an adult female which must be referred to coronata, although it is in some respects peculiar, if not intermediate between that species and auduboni. The wing-bands are as distinctly separated as in coronata (with females and immature males of both species this character is not always well-defined), and the throat, generally, is equally white, but on its left side, adjoining the maxillary line, there is a small patch of the faintest possible yellow. The light superciliary stripes, which should be at least indicated in female coronata, are also entirely wanting.

114, ♀ ad., Chiricahua Mountains, March 26. Length, 5.50; extent, 8.70; wing, 2.98; tail, 2.52. “Iris brown.”

13836. Dendrœca auduboni (Towns.) Baird. Audubon’s Warbler.

343, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 7. Length, 5.80; extent, 9.52; wing, 3.05; tail, 2.75. “Iris dark brown; bill and legs black.”

37. Dendrœca nigrescens (Towns.) Baird. Black-throated Gray Warbler.—On April 1, Mr. Stephens secured five males of this species among the Chiricahua Mountains. The only additional specimens in the collection are two females taken late in the season (No. 203, ♀ ad., Cienega Station, April 15. No. 357, Santa Rita Mountains, May 12.).

38. Dendrœca townsendi (Nutt.) Baird. Townsend’s Warbler.

2.98, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 28. Length, 5.10; extent, 7.70; wing, 2.45. “Iris dark brown; bill and legs black; soles of the feet yellow. Among mesquites.”

373, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 13. Length, 5.30; extent, 8.10; wing, 2.64.

374, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 4.90; extent, 7.40; wing, 2.44. “Iris dark brown; soles of feet yellowish. Water oaks of foot-hills; very fat.”

Even the most adult males of this species seem to have the throat-patch slightly sprinkled with yellow. At least I have yet to see one with the black absolutely pure and unmixed.

39. Siurus nævius (Bodd.) Coues Northern Water Thrush.—A single specimen taken May 4, at Tucson. It was among willows on the borders of a stream.

This example differs from New England ones in being darker above and less yellowish beneath. In these respects, as well as some minor ones, it resembles a rather peculiar style from West Virginia to which I once called attention.^[68] Mr. Ridgway kindly furnishes the following opinion regarding its relationship with S. notabilis. “The Siurus from Tucson is very different in proportions from the type of notabilis, with which I have compared it, but it may be a small individual of that form. The wing is about the same length, but the bill and tail are very much shorter, and the tarsi more slender. The color above is grayer, the streaks beneath much narrower, and the spots on the throat much smaller.” Notabilis, based as it is on a single specimen, and instituted in a species which varies to an unusual degree in size, color and markings, seems to me, however, to be, at best, a very doubtful race.

329, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 4. Length, 6.20; extent, 9.50; wing, 3.10; tail, 2.32; tarsus, .85; culmen, .64. “Iris brown; bill black above, brown below; legs light brown. Very fat. Stomach contained insects.”

13940. Geothlypis macgillivrayi (Aud.) Baird. Macgillivray’s Warbler.—Two specimens collected at Tucson (♀ April 20, ♂ June 8). “I have not found it common in either Arizona or New Mexico.”

41. Geothlypis trichas (Linn.) Caban. Maryland Yellow-throat.—Mr. Stephens found this species “abundant along streams,” an experience at variance with that recorded by Mr. Henshaw, who met with it but twice while in Arizona.

The only specimen taken agrees closely with some examples from the Truckee River, Nevada, and differs from my eastern representatives, in having the upper parts yellowish-olive instead of olive-green; the crown-band much broader and creamy white in color; the wings and tail longer; the yellow beneath richer, and extending more over the abdomen. Mr. Ridgway has already called attention^[69] to some of these differences which, as he now writes me, would be enough to warrant the varietal separation of the western bird, were it not that specimens from both sections of the country occasionally vary in such a manner as to invalidate any characters that could at present be proposed. With the acquisition of better series, however, it is probable that the representatives of two regions, as yet undefined, will be found to present sufficiently constant characteristics to deserve distinctive names.

219, ♂ ad., Cienega Station, April 17. Length, 5.40; extent, 6.90; wing, 2.16; tail, 2.40; culmen, .55. “Iris brown; bill black, bluish beneath; legs pale brown.”

42. Icteria virens longicauda (Lawr.) Coues. Long-tailed Chat.—This bird was observed only in the vicinity of Tucson. The first specimen was taken April 30, and it soon afterwards became abundant.

310, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 30. Length, 7.50; extent, 9.40; wing, 3.12; tail, 3.52. “Bill and legs black.”

318, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 3. Length, 7.70; extent, 9.60; wing, 3.05; tail, 3.61.

335, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 5. Length, 7.30; extent, 9.70; wing, 3.12; tail, 3.45.

521, ♂ ad., Tucson, June 11. Length, 7.10; extent, 9.40; wing, 3.15; tail, 3.36.

43. Myiodioctes pusillus pileolatus (Pall.) Ridgw. Pileolated Warbler.

Although Mr. Henshaw referred all his Arizona Black-capped Flycatchers to pusillus, mine are absolutely typical of pileolatus; in fact they are brighter than some specimens from Nicasio (California), the yellow below being richer, and the upper surface more yellowish, while the bill is equally

140narrow and several shades lighter in color. Compared with eastern examples they of course present an even greater contrast. Dr. Coues was undoubtedly right in saying (Birds of the Colorado Valley, p. 327) that pileolatus “is not confined to the Pacific coast region”; but I cannot agree with him in thinking it an inconstant form. On the contrary, I find its characters, as proposed by Mr. Ridgway, so well maintained that any one of my western birds can be separated at a glance when placed in a series of twenty-one specimens from the Atlantic States.

221, ♂ ad., Cienega Station, April 17. Length, 4.70; extent, 6.80; wing, 2.17; tail, 2.23; width of bill below nostrils, .12. “Iris brown; bill dark above, pale brown below. Common here in willows and underbrush along streams.”

257, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 21. Length, 4.90; extent, 7; wing 2.27; tail, 2.30; width of bill below nostrils, .12.

44. Setophaga picta Swains. Painted Redstart.—During the past season this beautiful species was met with only among the Chiricahua and Santa Rita Mountains, but in 1876 Mr. Stephens found it in New Mexico, a Territory from which I believe it has not previously been reported. In the Chiricahua Mountains it was not uncommon after March 21, and many specimens were taken near Morse’s Mill, at an elevation of fully seven thousand feet. They occurred most numerously among pines, in a cañon where they had been previously observed in April, 1880. This experience, it will be observed, differs somewhat from that recorded by Mr. Henshaw, who says: “It appears not to inhabit the high mountains nor the extreme lowlands, but to occupy an intermediate position, and to find the rocky hills covered with a sparse growth of oak most congenial to its habits.”

In the Santa Rita Mountains, where it was rather common in May, Mr. Stephens had the good fortune to find its previously unknown nest and eggs. The nest, which is now before me, is large, flat and shallow. It is composed of bark, coarse fibres from weed-stalks, and fine, bleached grasses, the latter, with a few hairs, forming a simple lining. The cup measures 2.10 inches in width by 1 inch in depth; while the external diameter of the whole structure is rather more than 5 inches, and its depth about 1.50. The eggs, which were three in number, measure respectively .64×.51; .64×.50; and .66×.49. They are clear, dead white, delicately spotted with light reddish-brown, the markings being sparsely distributed over the general surface of the egg, and handsomely wreathed about its larger end. Neither nest 141nor egg resembles that of S. ruticilla. But a greater surprise is the character of the nesting-site, which was “under a projecting stone, in a bank near a small stream.” This position is so unexpected that, from an unproved collector, I should hesitate to accept the accompanying evidence of identification, which is a simple statement that the parent was sitting, and was distinctly seen. But knowing as well as I do Mr. Stephens’ unusual accuracy and conscientiousness in such matters I cannot doubt the correctness of his determination, especially as the Painted Redstart is a bird of such striking colors and markings that it could not possibly be mistaken by one who is so familiar with its appearance in life.^[70] After all the case is not more peculiar than that presented among Helminthophilæ by Lucy’s warbler which, as has just been shown, departs from the normal nesting habits of the genus and builds in holes, behind loose bark and in all sorts of unexpected places. The nest above described was taken May 18, when the eggs were sufficiently advanced in incubation to show that the clutch was complete.

Mr. Henshaw comparing the sexes, says: “The adult plumage of the sexes differs little, though the coloration in the female is quite perceptibly duller throughout. The black is less lustrous; the wings are blackish brown instead of pure black; the white on the wing confined to the coverts, and only just visible on the edges of the secondaries.” These differences, however, are not always maintained for one of the two adult females before me is quite as bright as the average male, while the black is not less lustrous, and the white edging on the secondaries is even broader. The other is more like those examined by Mr. Henshaw, but seems to be peculiar in having the sides, with a broad collar across the nape, fine stone-gray.

14245. Vireo gilvus (Vieill.) Bonap. Warbling Vireo.—Found among all the well-timbered mountains visited, but nowhere as a common bird.

Of the several characters which are said to distinguish var. swainsoni from gilvus proper, I can appreciate only the slightly different shape of the bill. The relative length of the wing-quills is an absolutely inconstant characteristic with birds from any of the localities represented in my series, while I do not find that western specimens—at least California and Arizona ones—are either paler or grayer than many we get in the Atlantic States. Indeed, nearly the darkest one in my whole suite comes from Arizona. In view of these facts I cannot regard swainsoni as worthy of varietal recognition.

46. Vireo solitarius cassini (Xantus) Ridgw. Cassin’s Vireo.—Common among the foot-hills of the mountains.

Mr. Henshaw has so satisfactorily defined^[71] the characters which respectively distinguish the Cassin’s and Plumbeous Vireos from solitarius proper, as well as from each other, that there is no room for any further remarks on what, previous to his examination, was a very tangled problem. The specimens mentioned below are all unmistakably referable to cassini, although one or two of them present slight approaches to plumbeus. It is a singular fact that Mr. Stephens did not meet with any typical examples of the latter race.

209, ♂ ad., Cienega Station, April 16. Length, 5.40; extent, 8.70. “Iris brown; bill dark horn-color above, lighter below; legs dark bluish.”

214, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5.60; extent, 9.10; wing, 3; tail, 2.44.

236, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 5.60; extent, 8.70; wing, 2.89; tail, 2.41.

316, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 2. Length, 5.30; extent, 8.50; wing. 2.71; tail, 2.26.

346, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 7. Length, 5.30; extent, 9; wing, 2.76; tail, 2.23. “Very fat. Would not have laid for a long time.”

354, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 11. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.80; wing, 2.82; tail, 2.27. “Iris brown; bill nearly black, bluish at base below; legs lead-color.”

47. Vireo huttoni stephensi var. nov. Stephens’ Vireo.

Ch. Sp.—♂ ♀ Similis V. huttoni sed rostro robustiori, alis longioribus. Supra griseo-cinereus, infra fusco-albidus. Uropygio et marginibus caudæ sordide virenti-olivaceis. Alis albo bifasciatis; remigibus albo-marginatis. Loris et orbe circum-oculari (macula fusco-brunnea in palpebra superiori excepta), cinereo-albis.

Adult ♂ (No. 5,728, author’s collection—collector’s No. 41—Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, March 14, 1881. F. Stephens). Bill stout; wings from .30 to .40 inches longer than tail. Above grayish-ash; the crown, 143vertex and sides of head and neck nearly pure; the back faintly tinged with olive; the rump and an edging on the tail feathers, dull olive-green. Wings with two nearly confluent bands on the coverts, and the outer edges of the inner secondaries, broadly white; outer quills edged more narrowly with the same color. Beneath brownish or smoky-white, with a mere wash of yellowish on the sides and crissum. Upper eyelid dusky brown; remainder of orbital region, with the lores, ashy-white in decided contrast with the nearly clear cinereous of the head generally. Lining of wings white.

Dimensions. Length, 5.20; extent, 8.50; wing, 2.90; tail, 2.25; culmen, .50.

Habitat. Arizona and New Mexico.

Four additional specimens offer no variations affecting any of the characters above detailed.

In its generally dull, grayish coloration, with little trace of olive or yellow shades, this Vireo is curiously like V. pusillus, but the under parts are obscured with brownish, while the differences in size and proportions are too evident to require detailed comparison. From the smaller, much brighter-colored V. huttoni, which is unmistakably its nearest United States relative, it may be distinguished by the following diagnoses.

V. huttoni.—Wing, 2.28 to 2.37. Olive-green above and olivaceous-yellowish beneath. No clear white anywhere.

V. huttoni stephensi.—Wing, 2.55 to 2.90. Grayish-ash above with no decided olive-green excepting on the rump and tail. Beneath brownish-white, untinged with yellowish excepting on the sides and crissum. Wing-bands pure white and nearly confluent.

It will be observed that the above differences are closely parallel to those which separate Vireo belli and V. pusillus, while they are in no respect less important. Indeed were I disposed to emphasize certain peculiarities presented in the wing-formula of my type, it would not be difficult to make out an equally good case of specific distinctness, but unfortunately, the relative length of the wing-quills (including the spurious primaries) proves to be quite as variable in V. huttoni and its Arizona race, stephensi, as I find it to be in V. pusillus and V. belli, and, I might add, in all closely allied species which I have so far studied. In short, I am convinced that this feature, if ever of any diagnostic value, is so with only a small proportion of the birds to which it has been so freely and confidently applied.

In naming this Vireo after its discoverer, Mr. F. Stephens, I have paid but a deserved compliment to that gentleman’s zeal and energy as a field ornithologist. He notes the bird as “not uncommon in scrub oaks” among both the Chiricahua and Santa Rita Maintains. He also writes me that he has taken specimens in New Mexico, where, near Fort Bayard, a nest with four eggs was obtained in 1876. In both Territories it seems to be confined to the mountain ranges, where it undoubtedly breeds in all suitable localities.

14441, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, Chiricahua Mountains, March 14. Length, 5.20; extent, 8.50; wing, 2.90; tail, 2.25; tarsus, .73; culmen, .50; depth of bill at nostrils, .15. “Iris brown.”

50, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 16. Length, 4.90; extent, 8; wing, 2.55; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .73; depth of bill at nostrils, .15.

118, ♂ ad., Morse’s Mill, March 28. Length, 5; extent, 7.90; wing, 2.68; tail, 2.30; tarsus, .70; culmen, .50; depth of bill at nostrils, .15.

140, ♂ ad., Chiricahua Mountains, March 31. Length, 5.10; extent, 8.40; wing, 2.65; tail, 2.25; tarsus, .73; culmen, .49; depth of bill at nostrils, .15.

353, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 11. Length, 5; extent, 8.10; wing, 2.74; tail, 2.25; tarsus, .70; culmen, .48; depth of bill at nostrils, .15.

Seven California specimens of V. huttoni measure as follows:—

1443, ♂, Nicasio. Wing, 2.35; tail, 2.20; tarsus, .75; culmen, .50; depth of bill, .11.

1445, ♂, Nicasio. Wing, 2.31; tail, 2.15; tarsus, .76; culmen, .51; depth of bill, .11.

1444, ♀, Nicasio. Wing, 2.35; tail, 2.25; tarsus, .76: culmen, .49; depth of bill, .10.

1446, ♀, Nicasio. Wing, 2.32; tail, 2.28; tarsus, .74; culmen, .50; depth of bill, .14.

6800, ♂, Berkeley Co. Wing, 2.37; tail, 2.30; tarsus, .75; culmen, .46; depth of bill, .11.

6801, ♀, Berkeley Co. Wing, 2.28; tail, 2.15; tarsus, .75; culmen, .51; depth of bill, .11.

6339, ♀, Riverside. Wing, 2.34; tail, 2.14; tarsus, .75; culmen, .52; depth of bill, .14.

48. Vireo pusillus Coues. Least Vireo.—An abundant summer species frequenting willows along streams and, near Tucson, thickets of mesquites. “It is active, restless and very noisy.”

Numerous nests were taken. The only one sent me is a shallower, but nevertheless rather more elaborate structure, than that of V. belli to which, however, it bears a strong resemblance. It is mainly composed of fibrous shreds, apparently obtained from the stalks of some herbaceous plant. The lining is of delicate, bleached grasses, which are very neatly arranged. The eggs are white with a cluster of small black spots about the larger ends. The clutch comprised three, a number which was not exceeded in any of the other nests. The notes relating to this set are as follows: “Tucson, June 11. Nest pensile between the forks of a small mesquite branch, about five feet from the ground, in a 145thicket of weeds and brush. Incubation commenced. Female shot. This species seems to abandon a nest if it is found before any eggs are laid.”

205, ♂ ad., Cienega Station, April 15. Length, 5; extent, 7.10; wing, 2.21; tail, 2.25. “Iris dark brown; bill dark above, light below; legs dark.”

235, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 5.10; extent, 7.30; wing, 2.23; tail, 2.25.

262, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 22. Length, 6; extent, 7.10; wing, 2.28; tail, 2.34.

275, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 25. Length, 5; extent, 7; wing, 2.21; tail, 2.25.

276, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 4.90; extent, 6.90; wing, 2.18; tail, 2.25.

282, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5; extent. 7.10; wing, 2.30; tail, 2.30.

461, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, May 31. Length, 5; extent, 6.90; wing, 2.21; tail, 2.25. “Laying.”

499, ♀ ad., Tucson, June 7. Length, 5; extent, 6.90. Skin lost.

589, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, June 24. Length, 4.80; extent, 6.80; wing, 2.21; tail, 2.25.

49. Vireo vicinior Coues. Gray Vireo.—The only individuals met with were a male and female—apparently a mated pair—which were taken at Tucson, on April 26. “They were in low brush and were very shy.”

286, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 26. Length, 5.60; extent, 8.20; wing, 2.63; tail, 2.67; tarsus, .80.

287, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5.60; extent, 8.30; wing, 2.58; tail, 2.70; tarsus, .80. “Iris dark brown; bill plumbeous, darkest above; legs light plumbeous.”

50. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides (Sw.) Coues. White-rumped Shrike.—“Common and generally distributed.”

It is unfortunate that so much prominence has been given to the white rump of excubitorides as a distinguishing character, for I have yet to see a good series of Shrikes from any Western locality, excepting, possibly, Arizona, which did not afford a considerable percentage of dark-rumped birds; and conversely, it is by no means difficult to find light-rumped specimens in the East. The same instability also affects most of the other characters which have been assigned to excubitorides, as is sufficiently shown by the various conflicting rulings of the authorities regarding the precise definition and limits of distribution of this troublesome race. The only differential points which seem to me to hold good with any number of specimens, are the lighter, purer ash of the upper parts as compared with those of ludovicianus, and the smaller and very much weaker bill. 146But if these alone are to be depended upon, it becomes necessary to limit the distribution of ludovicianus proper to the Gulf States, Georgia and the Carolinas, if not strictly to Florida, and to refer all representatives from the United States at large, east of California, to excubitorides: and this course, I believe, will ultimately have to be adopted. The proper position of the dark California form which is so curiously like ludovicianus remains to be satisfactorily determined.

51. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.) Baird. Cedar Waxwing.—Met with but once, at Galeyville, where on January 12, 1881, several were shot from a small flock. Mr. Henshaw took a single specimen near Camp Apache, in September, 1873.

52. Progne subis (Linn.) Baird. Purple Martin.—“Common.”

438, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 26. Length, 7.6; extent, 15.7; wing, 5.45. “Iris dark brown; bill black; legs blackish.”

53. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say) Lawr. Cliff Swallow.—At Yuma. “They were breeding abundantly along a bluff above the town.”

54. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.) Caban. White-bellied Swallow.—“Common in the migrations.”

195, ♂ ad., Cienega Station, April 15. “Iris dark brown; bill black; legs brown.”

55. Tachycineta thalassina (Swains.) Caban. Violet-green Swallow. “Common.”

212, ♀ ad., Cienega Station, April 16. “Iris dark brown; bill and legs black.”

56. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.) Baird. Rough-winged Swallow.—Common. Breeds.

211, ♀ ad., Cienega Station, April 16. “Iris and legs dark brown.”

57. Pyranga ludoviciana (Wils.) Bp. Louisiana Tanager.—Santa Rita Mountains. “They frequent oaks, and are not very common.”

408, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 18. Length, 7.30; extent, 7.60; wing, 3.80; tail, 3.17. “Iris dark brown; bill blackish horn-color above, greenish-yellow below.”

58. Pyranga hepatica Swains. Liver-colored Tanager.—This Tanager was not uncommon in the Santa Rita Mountains, where the first specimen was taken on May 12. “They range from the foot-hills, through the oaks to the lower pines on the mountains.”

359, ♀ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 12. Length, 7.80; extent, 12.10; wing, 3.75. “Bill black above, bluish horn-color below; legs lead-color; iris brown.”

147377, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 14. Length, 8.20; extent, 12.70; wing, 4.20.

380, ♀ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 14. Length, 8.10; extent, 12.40; wing, 4.07. “This bird would have laid in about ten days.”

386, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 15. Length, 8.20; extent, 12.80; wing, 4.10.

59. Pyranga æstiva cooperi Ridgw. Cooper’s Tanager.—Mr. Stephens found this bird rather common at a point about five miles south of Tucson, where it frequented the cottonwoods along a small river. He also informs me that in May, 1875, he took several specimens on the Rio Grande River, between Albuquerque and Mesilla, and some others on the Gila, in New Mexico, during May and June.

227, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 8.10; extent, 12.40; wing, 3.83; tail, 3.50. “Iris brown; bill pale horn-color; legs pale brown. Skin very tender. The first seen this season.”

268, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 23. Length, 8.20; extent, 12.40.

297, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 27. Length, 7.90; extent, 12.20; wing, 4; tail, 3.60.

515, ♂ ad., Tucson, June 10. Length, 8.10; extent, 12.20; wing, 3.85; tail, 3.60.

522, ♂ im. Tucson, June 11. Length, 8; extent, 12.20; wing, 3.78; tail, 3.46. In mixed yellow and red plumage.

526, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 8.10; extent, 12.50; wing, 3.89; tail, 3.45.

579, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 23. Length, 8; extent, 11.60; wing, 3.99; tail, 3.58.

339, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 7. Length, 7.90; extent, 12.20; wing, 3.75; tail, 3.39.

41. Carpodacus purpureus (Gm.) Bd. Purple Finch.—Common.

42. Astraga1inus tristis (Linn.) Cab. Goldfinch.—Common. Though somewhat beyond the limits of my subject, I quote the following from Mr. McLeod’s notes: “This winter [1876–77] they have been abundant, although the season is very severe. I have seen them at this time of year but once before.” The Goldfinch has been supposed not to winter north of Massachusetts.

14843. Chrysomitris pinus (Wils.) Bp. Pine Finch.—Seen in May at Grand Falls. Mr. H. A. Purdie tells me that he observed it at Houlton in June, 1878.

44. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.) Ridgw. Savanna Sparrow.—Common in the pastures at Grand Falls. At Fort Fairfield it was common. It was found in grassy fields, especially along the roadsides.

45. Poœcetes gramineus (Gm.) Bd. Grass Finch.—Common at Fort Fairfield. Some seen in the open fields at Grand Falls.

46. Melospiza fasciata (Gm.) Scott. Song Sparrow.—Abundant at Grand Falls. It was common at Fort Fairfield.

47. Melospiza palustris (Wils.) Bd. Swamp Sparrow.—“Not common” at Houlton. Not found at Fort Fairfield or Grand Falls.

48. Junco hyemalis (Linn.) Scl. Black Snowbird; “Bluebird.”—Very common at Fort Fairfield. At Grand Falls it was very abundant everywhere.

49. Spizella socialis (Wils.) Bp. Chipping Sparrow.—This bird was quite abundant at Grand Falls. The nests found were not the loose structures they are in Massachusetts, but were well lined with hair. It was rather common at Fort Fairfield.

50. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gm.) Bp. White-throated Sparrow.—Very abundant at Grand Falls wherever there was dead wood on the ground. At Fort Fairfield also it was very abundant; this bird and Junco hyemalis were the commonest species. The nests were apt to be in a clearing near the edge of woods, and frequently were in damp places. They were often under a fallen branch, or at the foot of a sapling, and were but slightly concealed.

The White-crowned Sparrow is probably only a migrant through this section. With regard to its abundance, however, I quote the following from Mr. McLeod’s notes: “These Sparrows make their first appearance from May 10th to 18th. Some seasons they are very abundant, scores of them at a time feeding in my garden. By June 1 they have disappeared. In the autumn I have seen but one flock of them.”

51. Zamelodia ludoviciana (Linn.) Coues. Rose-breasted Grosbeak.—Common in low hard woods at Grand Falls. Rather common at Fort Fairfield, apparently more so than in eastern Massachusetts. Rather common at Houlton.

52. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.) Swains. Bobolink.—Apparently not rare at Fort Fairfield. Found in grassy fields and meadows near the river. Not observed at Grand Falls. At Houlton “arrives by the 25th of May, common by June 15.” July 2, on our return from Fort Fairfield, Mr. Dwight and I saw them at several places along the St. John River above Fredericton.

53. Agelæus phœniceus (Linn.) Vieill. Red-winged Blackbird.—“Quite common at Eel River, ten miles from Houlton” (R. R. McL.). It does not occur at Fort Fairfield or Grand Falls.

14954. Quiscalus purpureus æneus Ridgw. Crow Blackbird.—Common at Fort Fairfield, in the town, along the river, and about a small pond back in the woods. At Grand Falls it was not uncommon about the town. “Very common” at Houlton.

55. Corvus corax Linn. Raven.—Rare at Grand Falls. Not met with at Fort Fairfield. “Very rare” at Houlton.

56. Corvus americanus Aud. Crow.—Common.

57. Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.) Strickl. Blue Jay.—Common at Grand Falls. At Fort Fairfield it was rather common, but shy and seldom seen.

58. Perisoreus canadensis (Linn.) Bp. Canada Jay.—At Houlton: “very common. These birds do not often appear in the thickly settled part of the town, but are very abundant around the lumber camps in this vicinity.” This no doubt explains the fact that the species was not seen by any of us at Grand Falls and Fort Fairfield.^[72]

59. Tyrannus carolinensis (Linn.) Bd. Kingbird.—Rather common at Fort Fairfield. At Grand Falls several were seen, but it was not common.

60. Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.) Caban. Great Crested Flycatcher.—In June, 1878, Messrs. H. A. Purdie and Ruthven Deane observed a pair nest-building at a point in New Brunswick about six miles east of Houlton.

61. Sayornis fuscus (Gm.) Bd. Pewee.—One was observed at Fort Fairfield, June 28. “Very rare” at Houlton.

62. Contopus borealis (Swains.) Bd. Olive-sided Flycatcher.—Common in the woods at Grand Falls. This species was rather common at Fort Fairfield. We usually saw them perched on the tops of tall dead trees in clearings. They were rather shy.

63. Contopus virens (Linn.) Caban. Wood Pewee.—At Fort Fairfield it appeared to be not uncommon. It was not met with, however, at Grand Falls.

64. Empidonax flaviventris Bd. Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.—At Fort Fairfield this species was rather common in wet evergreen woods, especially in those that had small streams flowing through them. It was not observed at Grand Falls. Messrs. Purdie and Deane found it rather common at Houlton in June, 1878.^[73]

65. Empidonax trailli (Aud.) Bd. Traill’s Flycatcher.—Not common at Grand Falls. They were to be found mostly where there were scattered dead trees. We did not find it at Fort Fairfield. Mr. H. A. Purdie informs me that it was not uncommon at Houlton in June, 1878.

66. Empidonax minimus Bd. Least Flycatcher.—Very abundant in hard woods at Grand Falls. At Fort Fairfield it was rather common.

67. Caprimulgus vociferus Wils. Whip-poor-will.—Mr. McLeod 150notes that there are a few at Houlton during the summer. The species was neither seen nor heard at Fort Fairfield and Grand Falls.

68. Chordeiles popetue (Vieill.) Bd. Nighthawk.—Very abundant at Grand Falls. At Fort Fairfield it was common; they frequented burnt lands.

69. Chætura pelasgica (Linn.) Bd. Chimney Swift.—At Fort Fairfield they were common, breeding both in chimneys and in hollow trees. Common in the burnt country at Grand Falls. Not many were breeding in chimneys, the people disliking to have them there.

70. Trochilus colubris Linn. Ruby-throated Hummingbird.—Common at Grand Falls. At Fort Fairfield it was apparently rather common—we saw several.

71. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.) Boie. Belted Kingfisher.—Rather common at Fort Fairfield. At Grand Falls it was to be seen wherever there was good fishing ground.

72. Picus villosus Linn. Hairy Woodpecker.—Common.

73. Picus pubescens Linn. Downy Woodpecker.—At Fort Fairfield this species was much less common than P. villosus. It was not uncommon at Grand Falls.

74. Picoides arcticus (Swains.) Gray. Black-backed Three-toed Woodpecker.—Common at Grand Falls in burnt cedar swamps. At Fort Fairfield we shot two, all we saw.

75. Sphyropicus varius (Linn.) Bd. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.—Common—the commonest Woodpecker—at Fort Fairfield. They were generally found about recent clearings, or in the more open mixed woods. At Grand Falls they were common in hard woods.

76. Hylotomus pileatus (Linn.) Bd. Pileated Woodpecker.—At Grand Falls half a dozen pairs were seen. Probably there is too little of the heavy forest left in the immediate neighborhood of Fort Fairfield to suit their tastes, as we did not meet with them. “Common” at Houlton.

77. Colaptes auratus (Linn.) Sw. Golden-winged Woodpecker.—Rather common at Fort Fairfield. Not common at Grand Falls.

78. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.) Bd. Black-billed Cuckoo.—Mr. McLeod records this bird in his notes, but without comments. It was not seen at Fort Fairfield or Grand Falls.

79. Strix nebulosa Forst. Barred Owl.—“Very common” at Houlton. We were shown a mounted specimen by Mr. Frank P. Orcutt at Fort Fairfield. He considered it the commonest Owl.

80. Nyctale acadica (Gm.) Bd. Saw-whet Owl.—This bird is not uncommon at Houlton. Mr. Frank P. Orcutt told us that it was tolerably common at Fort Fairfield.

81. Bubo virginianus (Gm.) Bd. Great Horned Owl.—“Very common” at Houlton. Mr. Orcutt said it was rather common at Fort Fairfield.

82. Circus hudsonius (Linn.) Vieill. Marsh Hawk.—Rare at Houlton. One seen at Fort Fairfield.

83. Accipiter cooperi Bp. Cooper’s Hawk.—Not common at Grand Falls. Not observed at Fort Fairfield or Houlton.

15184. Accipiter fuscus (Gm.) Bp. Sharp-shinned Hawk.—“Not common” at Houlton.

85. Falco sparverius Linn. Sparrow Hawk.—Commonest Hawk at Grand Falls. Not met with at Houlton or Fort Fairfield, though Mr. Orcutt considers it common at the latter place.

86. Buteo borealis (Gm.) Vieill. Red-tailed Hawk.—Not common at Grand Falls. Not observed at Fort Fairfield. “Common” at Houlton.

87. Buteo pennsylvanicus (Wils.) Bp. Broad-winged Hawk.—Not common at Grand Falls. It was found breeding at Houlton, but not met with at Fort Fairfield.

88. Haliæetus leucocephalus (Linn.) Savig. Bald Eagle.—“Not common” at Houlton.

89. Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.) Sw. Wild Pigeon.—Breeding at Grand Falls, but not common.

90. Canace canadensis (Linn.) Bp. Spruce Partridge.—At Houlton “mostly found in the deep fir thickets, or in the swamps of firs and cedars.” Not met with at Fort Fairfield and Grand Falls, though of course it occurs there.

91. Bonasa umbellus (Linn.) Steph. Ruffed Grouse.—Rather common at Fort Fairfield. At Grand Falls only a few were seen—in the hard woods.

92. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron.—“Common” at Houlton.

93. Nyctiardea grisea nævia (Bodd.) Allen. Night Heron.—“Not common” at Houlton.

94. Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.) Steph.—Bittern.—“Common” at Houlton. One seen at Grand Falls.

95. Philohela minor (Gm.) Gray. Woodcock.—One seen on Little River Flats near Grand Falls. At Fort Fairfield we saw a specimen in the collection of Mr. Frank P. Orcutt, who considered it rare in that neighborhood. “A few breed in the vicinity” of Houlton.

96. Rhyacophilus solitarius (Wils.) Cass. Solitary Sandpiper.—At Grand Falls some were seen along the river June 9 (J. A. J.).

97. Tringoides macularius (Linn.) Gray. Spotted Sandpiper.—At Fort Fairfield it was very numerous along the Aroostook River, and was also noticed in one or two other places. It was abundant along the rivers at Grand Falls. At Houlton too it was very common.

98. Porzana carolina (Linn.) Bd. Carolina Rail.—One seen at Fort Fairfield, June 20, in a wet meadow partly grown up with alder bushes (J. D.).

99. Anas obscura Gm. Black Duck.—“Very common, breeding” at Houlton.

100. Aix sponsa (Linn.) Boie. Wood Duck.—“Quite common” at Houlton.

101. Clangula glaucium americana (Bp.) Ridgw. Golden-eye.—A few seen at Grand Falls.

152102. Mergus merganser americanus (Cass.) Ridgw. Sheldrake.—Not uncommon at Grand Falls.

103. Mergus serrator Linn. Red-breasted Merganser.—“Very common, breeding,” at Houlton.

104. Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues. Herring Gull.—At Houlton it is common on the neighboring lakes, where it breeds.

105. Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.) Lawr. Pied-billed Grebe.—Rare, breeds, Houlton.

That there remained unrecognized at this late day a bird regularly inhabiting one of the must populous portions of our country; or, indeed, that a species of eminently boreal habitat during its breeding season, and not known to occur at all at such time within the limits of the United States, should have a representative race regularly breeding in our midst, are facts for which we were little prepared. Mr. Ridgway’s recent paper^[74] announcing these facts being necessarily of a technical nature, and confined to a formal description of the new Thrush, it has been thought well on the present occasion to allude more particularly to the character of the locality inhabited by the bird, and to some of its associates there, in connection with other sequential considerations. As the general physical character of the Catskill Mountains and the faunal features of the region will be treated by the writer elsewhere, it will be unnecessary to extend the range of the present relation from the summit of Slide Mountain in Ulster Co.,^[75] where the new race was discovered.

On June 15, 1881, nearing the summit of this mountain, the forests of a more northern latitude were forcibly suggested. A shower had fallen during the ascent, and the sun was still obscured, 153while a sharp wind from the northwest piercing the wet woods and sighing among the balsams, blasted and weather beaten, heightened an impression of remoteness and desolation. The evergreens, constituting the principal arboreal growth, extended off on all sides, clothing the rocky and moss-grown slopes, and presenting the striking contrast of a young and fragrant second growth clustering about the branchless and spiny trunks of their sires tottering in decay; or, with tangled and matted branches outlined here and there, as we approached the summit, against a gray and cheerless sky. Owing to the comparatively short life of these trees, that high portion of the mountain where their tribe had pitched was brought into grim contrast with its surroundings. Old age and death, continually present invading their ranks, had everywhere left their traces; flourishing clusters had been stricken in their fellowship, groups and gatherings had been divided and scattered, and like a contagion the destroyer had spread among their hosts. But the younger generations are continually forming their associations, and with green and fragrant grouping filling in deserted chambers and screening the devastation that has gone before, although only to furnish material for its continuance in the future. All this, with an occasional undergrowth of greater or less luxuriance, gave a diversified and somewhat open character to the surroundings, entirely dissimilar to that of the environing forest; conditions, which, in conjunction with humidity and elevation, have brought this mountain top into some relation with the swampland of a more northern region.

Reaching a more elevated portion of the ridge where the ground was more level and the surface less rocky, that north-woods tree, the Paper Birch (Betula papyracea) occasionally appeared, and more abundantly the Mountain Ash. Almost the only remnant of the dense mountain forests below was the Yellow Birch (Betula lutea) which, joining the undergrowth, persisted with small and stunted stature to the summit. On all sides were to be seen the white blossoms of Viburnum lantanoides which, though also found in the valley woodlands, had there long since flowered and was now bearing green fruit. Another characteristic shrub was Amelanchier canadensis oligocarpa; lower down had been found the var. botryapium, but here, the northern form was well marked, seeming almost specifically distinct. In the deep, damp moss, covering and filling in the rocks beneath the balsam growth, 154and relieving the ruggedness of the slopes, northern plants were growing in greater or less profusion. The Dwarf Cornel (Cornus canadensis) grew in such close luxuriance in congenial spots, that its snowy bracts imparted an almost uniform whiteness to whole beds. With, or near it, blossomed the Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) with delicately violet-veined petals, and the appropriately-named Gold-thread (Coptis trifolia) of evanescent bloom but shining evergreen leaves, and the little Star Flower (Trientalis americana) were often also associates. Excepting the pale yellow bells of Clintonia borealis, and the purplish tinge, or veining, of the blossoms of several other species, all the plants noticed in bloom at this time upon the mountain bore flowers of some shade of white. The more open ground about our course along the ridge supported a luxuriant and graceful growth of that lovely fern Aspidium spinulosum, and with it, in openings about the summit, grew abundantly the Mountain Golden-rod (Solidago thyrsoidea) which, although yet many weeks from bloom, heralded a royal emblem to light the mountain’s brow ere the white locks of winter should again possess it.

At the elevation where these plants first appeared the trees nowhere attained more than a medium stature, those which seemed best to have surmounted the difficulties of their situation, the Balsam and the Paper Birch, never rising to a height of more than, perhaps, twenty-five feet. This growth completely encompassed the range of vision, but an occasional scantiness in the foliage permitted glimpses of surrounding mountains rolling off like huge green billows into the blue distance.

From these evergreens came the leisurely call of the Canada Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis), and on closer approach the low, plaintive notes of the little Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax flaviventris). The brief warble of the Black-and-Yellow Warbler (Dendrœca maculosa) told of the presence of its unseen author in the surrounding trees, while among the undergrowth the less frequent, but louder and more sustained song of the Mourning Ground-warbler (Geothlypis philadelphia) showed that this species, which had been left at the foot of the mountain, had here reappeared. At intervals, faintly mingling with these songs, from some hidden fastness below, came the fantasia of the Winter Wren, a melody that seemed to pass from the spirit of unclaimed nature, voicing some mystery of the mountains. 155The clamor of a party of Blue Jays occasionally arose and died away in the forest, but here, in this mountain solitude, their screams seemed more subdued than in less primitive regions, and lacked that suggestion of consciousness which individuals constantly within human hearing, seem to acquire. Busily roaming Chickadees (Parus atricapillus) at times came about our path, and the Snowbird (Junco hyemalis) was present with its simple song. Olive-backed Thrushes (Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni) too, were constantly to be heard, and finally, guided by its near song, one was followed up and secured. A moment later another Thrush darted across the path, and disappearing through a young balsam growth, immediately began to sing a few rods off. The song was different from that of the bird which had just been shot, so much so, in fact, as to be remarked even by my guide. It seemed to be more uniform in character, with less variation and definition of the notes; as I wrote in my note-book at the time—more suggestive of the song of H. fuscescens. A conspicuous point of difference was that it was more subdued in tone, in fact of a somewhat ventriloquous nature. On examining the bird, in hand, although I had thought myself familiar with all our eastern Hylocichlæ, I must confess to having been puzzled. It was obviously neither the Olive-backed nor the Hermit Thrush, the only species of our own smaller Thrushes which from the distribution of their group (as then understood) could possibly be expected to occur. I at once noted its general resemblance to the Gray-cheeked Thrush, but it seemed impossible that this Hudsonian bird could be found so far south at this season; and though a second specimen pointed more strongly toward it, it was not until I had reached home and made actual comparisons, that I could feel satisfied that its true relationship was with that species. I had long noticed certain somewhat constant differences between examples of aliciæ occurring at New York on their migrations, and incited by these specimens went carefully over my series of seventeen examples and found them separable into two forms, characterized by slight differences in coloration and a notable difference in size. The examples from the Catskills were more closely allied to the smaller of the two forms, and these, with, subsequently, my entire series, were submitted to Mr. Ridgway, the result being the recognition of a new bird, belonging to our eastern fauna.

156But to return to the mountain. It would hardly be justifiable to make a positive statement about a difficult song that had been but once identified, but I feel positive that the Thrushes which were last heard that evening about our camp on the extreme summit of the mountain were of the new form. Night was rapidly falling, and the valleys were in darkness, when one sang several times near the camp, and for some time afterwards a single call-note was occasionally heard, and the varying distance of the sound showed that the birds were still active. Excepting these sounds, the last bird notes heard were those of the Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

The sharp northwest wind continued late, and the night became clear and cold. Shortly after midnight the bright moon showed the temperature, by a thermometer which I had hung beside the camp, to be 35°, and at sunrise it stood at 32°. Before daylight I was standing on a boulder of conglomerate on the dim mountain’s brow listening for the awakening of the birds. The first songs heard were those of the Hermit Thrush, Snowbird, and Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, which began almost simultaneously, followed a little later by those of the Olive-backed Thrush and the Mourning Warbler, but H. bicknelli was not heard, or at least not near enough to be distinguished among the other species.

The increasing light upon the mountain seemed to attract the birds from below, whither, perhaps, they had retired for the night, and soon many different notes were to be heard about the camp; not, however, in that boisterous chorus with which the day is often announced about our homes, in which the notes of many individuals of many species are blended in such confused medley that separate voices are almost indistinguishable, but simply the association of a few vocalists, the very isolation of whose position endowed their voices with an additional interest and charm.

After those already mentioned the Black-poll Warbler (Dendrœca striata) began its unpretending notes, which always to me suggest a short dotted line, and this song, with that of the Black-and-Yellow Warbler, occasionally alternated about us in agreeable contrast. Now and then a Canada Nuthatch, on its morning tour, tarried to inspect some dead trunk or thinly clothed tree, upon the projecting apex of which, or that of some companion, 157a solitary Purple Finch occasionally alighted, and with a few wild fugitive notes was gone, to other mountain tops or the forests of the descending slopes.

But to revert to the Thrushes. The two specimens of the new form which were obtained were both males, and were unquestionably breeding,^[76] though no nest known to belong to their species was found.

It remains to briefly consider some facts furnished by the birds’ occurrence as narrated. These facts bear directly on the long contested question of the relationship which H. aliciæ and H. swainsoni bear to one another, and it can scarcely be denied that the present evidence on this point is conclusive. Not only have we representatives of both birds preserving their respective identities at the same locality, under identical conditions of environment, but examples of each taken under these circumstances, display, except in size, even a greater dissimilitude than those which occur together on their migrations. There is but one tenable interpretation of these facts: the birds—Hylocichla aliciæ and H. ustulata swainsoni—are wholly and entirely distinct. Any theory of dichromatism which might be advanced, aside from its extreme unlikelihood, would be shown inadequate by the relative differences in proportions of parts which the two birds exhibit. These differences, as well as those of color are illustrated by the Catskill birds. A specimen of H. swainsoni taken at the top of Slide Mountain was in every way typical of its species, and conspicuously unlike the examples of bicknelli taken at the same time. Aside from differences in the proportions of parts, the two birds were strikingly different in color, the decided grayish olive tinge of the superior surface of swainsoni contrasting strongly with the much darker brownish cast of its congener. One example of the latter instead of showing indications of a buffy tinge about the sides of the head and on the breast, which under the circumstances we should expect to be the case, were it in any way specifically related to swainsoni, has absolutely no indications whatever of this shade about the sides of the head, and actually less on the breast than any specimens 158of true aliciæ that I have seen, and this little most evident low down where the corresponding shade in swainsoni begins to pale. It seems probable that this newly recognized race of aliciæ is responsible for much of the ambiguity which the discussion of both species by different writers has occasioned. Indeed, it seems to occupy the same position relative to aliciæ proper which, by some, swainsoni was supposed to hold, viz., the more southern-born individuals of the species, but that it represents a link specifically connecting the two, the facts already presented refute. As it occurs with true aliciæ on the autumn migration most specimens of the new form are paler and more brownish in color above, and their general size is nearly that of swainsoni,^[77] and these differences may be regarded by some as approaches towards the latter species. In both species there is a wide individual variation, but the closest approach of each towards the other never exceeds that limit within which each may vary without its specific distinctness being compromised. I have yet to see a specimen of either which would admit of the slightest question as to its identity. I speak thus of adult birds. In such closely related species the young must almost necessarily approximate, and to these we must appeal for light on the things that have been—on the question of origin—whether one has been derived from the other, or both species from a common ancestor. Such obscure insight into this point as I have been permitted seems to indicate that the latter alternative will be found to be the more correct, but, for the present, from lack of the necessary data this important subject is proscribed.

It is unnecessary here to repeat the diagnosis of the new form of Hylocichla aliciæ given by Mr. Ridgway in the paper before cited. As this writer states, the race breeds “probably in other mountainous districts of the northeastern United States” than the single locality where it was discovered, and it seems very singular that up to the present time we have no knowledge of its occurrence in the summer season elsewhere, even in regions where the two congeneric species with which it was here associating—H. 159nanus^[78] and H. swainsoni—are well known to be common summer residents. The occurrence of a representative of H. aliciæ in the United States at all during its breeding season is a matter of surprise, especially when we recollect the boreal distribution of the typical form during that period, and read^[79] that so far towards the north as the Yukon and the Great Slave Lake it occurs “only as a bird of passage to and from more northern breeding grounds.” Additional information respecting the distribution of the new race will be awaited with great interest.

As the avian fauna of the lower Mississippi Valley is now receiving some attention,^[80] it seems well that I should contribute my mite of information to the general fund.

Bayou Sara and the adjoining town of St. Francisville, in the parish of West Feliciana, are situated on the east bank of the Mississippi River, 170 miles above New Orleans by that stream and about 80 miles in an air line northwest of it. It is 30 or 40 miles north of Baton Rouge, near which place Dr. Langdon made his observations in April, 1881. The following notes were made principally on and near “Wyoming,” two miles from the river, the plantation of Ex-Gov. R. C. Wickliffe, a place possessing peculiarly agreeable ornithological associations on account of its former owner, Gen. Dawson, having entertained Audubon as his guest for several months. It will be remembered that the type specimen of Buteo harlani was captured here.

160The topography is much more interesting, and is quite different from that farther south and that immediately opposite on the west side of the river. A level plateau, 100 feet above the levee, begins about a quarter of a mile from the river and extends back into the State of Mississippi. This plateau is deeply cut by numerous creeks and ravines, the banks of which are generally densely wooded, with water oak, sweet-gum, cedar, prickly ash, magnolias, etc. All of the level ground on top is in a state of cultivation; cotton being the principal crop. A few miles farther up the high ground does not extend so near the river, the intervening space being occupied by several small lakes and swamps—a great resort for water birds of all kinds. On account of the high water I did not have an opportunity of visiting this interesting field.

My observations extended only over a period of five days from April 15th to 19th, 1882, inclusive, but a great deal of ground was canvassed in that time; nearly the whole of each day being spent in the field. A good many birds were shot, but few were preserved, as taxidermy was necessarily subordinated to field-work. Dr. Langdon in his interesting paper particularly remarks the absence of the Catbird, Black-and-White Creeper, White-browed Yellow-throat, Kentucky Warbler, Large-billed Water Thrush, and the Redstart, but I found all of these at “Wyoming,” together with many others not noted by either him or Mr. Hay, the Catbird and Kentucky Warbler being particularly abundant.

The writer was greatly assisted in his work by Mr. Robert Wederstraudt of “Wyoming,” a young man whose unusually close and accurate observations of birds and bird life rendered his help peculiarly valuable. Many of the following notes are credited to him entirely. I have followed the nomenclature of the Smithsonian list of 1881.

1. Hylocichla mustelina (Gm.) Bd. Wood Thrush.—Common in woodland, and several seen in the yard near the house.

2. Merula migratoria (L.) Sw. and Rich. American Robin.—Not observed. They appear here in large numbers early in February to feed on the fruit of the “wild peach,” and hundreds are shot for the table. They leave early in March.

3. Mimus polyglottus (L.) Boie. Mockingbird.—Very abundant, both in the town about gardens and yards, and in the country. Frequenting open ground exclusively. Four sets of eggs were taken; two perfectly fresh, and two about half incubated. Mr. Wederstraudt called my attention to a curious foraging habit of this bird. We noticed one hopping 161along the ground in an open grassy place, pausing at every three or four hops to extend and close its wings. It repeated this several times until a grasshopper was flushed, when the bird immediately “reached” for it, and having captured it, made off to a neighboring bush to eat it. Mr. Wederstraudt says that he has observed this interesting performance many times.

4. Galeoscoptes carolinensis (L.) Cab. Catbird.—Abundant in the shrubbery in the creek bottoms. None were seen near the dwellings.

5. Harporhynchus rufus (L.) Cab. Brown Thrasher.—Abundant in same places as the last. Three clutches of three eggs each were taken, in one of which incubation was very far advanced, and on the 19th a nest was found containing two young nearly able to fly.

6. Sialia sialis (L.) Haldem. Bluebird.—Observed several pairs in town and in the country. Not as common as in Kentucky.

7. Polioptila cærulea (L.) Scl. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.—A common, and, on account of its active and noisy habits, conspicuous bird.

8. Lophophanes bicolor (L.) Bp. Tufted Titmouse.—Not very common. Frequenting principally the tops of trees.

9. Parus carolinensis Aud. Carolina Chickadee.—But few observed. A pair bred in a hole in a cedar post within twenty yards of the house last year.

10. Thryothorus ludovicianus (Gm.) Bp. Carolina Wren.—Very abundant everywhere. A clutch of three eggs was taken on the 19th from a nest in a small recess formed by the junction of several timbers, under the piazza, which was frequented at all times of the day. The nest was empty on the 16th, one egg was deposited on the 17th, one on the 18th, and one on the 19th. I saw neither of the old birds about the place at all, and it was only by capturing the female on the nest at night, that the eggs were positively identified. A pair have bred about this piazza for many years, I am informed.

11. Mniotilta varia (L.) V. Black-and-white Creeper.—A male, the only one seen at all, was captured in a dense wood on the 17th.

12. Parula americana (L.) Bp. Blue-yellow-backed Warbler.—Very abundant. A persistent but weak vocalist.

13. Dendrœca æstiva (Gm.) Bd. Summer Yellowbird.—Common in open places.

14. Dendrœca blackburniæ (Gm.) Bd. Blackburnian Warbler.—Common in large trees about open ground.

15. Dendrœca dominica albilora Bd. White-browed-yellow-throated Warbler.—A male, the only one seen, was shot out of a magnolia tree on the 10th. In all of my Kentucky specimens of this bird the anterior portion of the superciliary line has a trace of yellow. In this one no yellow is perceptible.

16. Dendrœca pinus (Wils.) Bd. Pine-creeping Warbler.—Apparently not uncommon. Preferring open ground. In song.

17. Siurus auricapillus (L.) Sw. Golden-crowned Thrush.—One specimen captured in a thicket on the 15th.

18. Siurus motacilla (V.) Coues. Large-billed Water Thrush.—Heard 162one singing in a densely wooded ravine on the 17th. Mr. Wederstraudt has often seen them in pairs along the smaller water-courses.

19. Oporornis formosa (Wils.) Bd. Kentucky Warbler.—One of the most abundant inhabitants of the dense growth along the ravines. Two or three were often heard singing at the same time.

20. Geothlypis trichas (L.) Cab. Maryland Yellow-throat.—Abundant in the usual places.

21. Icteria virens (L.) Bd. Yellow-breasted Chat.—Very abundant. In full song.

22. Myiodioctes mitratus (Gm.) Aud. Hooded Warbler.—Found in same places, and almost as abundant as the Kentucky Warbler. An inhabitant of the undergrowth principally. In song; its note being uttered at intervals of 15 or 20 seconds as it hops from branch to branch in pursuit of insects.

23. Setophaga ruticilla (L.) Sw. Redstart.—A single specimen, a male, captured in a swamp. It was in company with a female.

24. Vireosylvia olivacea (L.) Bp. Red-eyed Vireo.—Very abundant everywhere.

25. Vireosylvia gilva (V.) Cass. Warbling Vireo.—Heard one singing in a shade tree in Bayou Sara on the 15th.

26. Vireo noveboracensis (Gm.) Bp. White-Eyed Vireo.—Very abundant and voluble everywhere.

27. Lanius ludovicianus L. Loggerhead Shrike.—Not observed. Mr. Wederstraudt says that they are not uncommon here in the fall. He once saw one kill and devour a small bird in a thorn tree.

28. Ampelis cedrorum (V.) Bd. Cedar Waxwing.—Observed several small flocks. Said to be very abundant here in winter when numbers are shot for the table. Known here as the “ortolan”—the fourth bird, I believe, embraced under that comprehensive name.

29. Progne subis (L.) Bd. Purple Martin.—Common about Bayou Sara and St. Francisville.

30. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.) Bd. Rough-winged Swallow.—Very abundant. Beginning to breed. Several holes examined but no eggs found. One was shot out of a dead tree.

31. Pyranga æstiva (L.) V. Summer Redbird.—Abundant about dwellings and open ground. In song.

32. Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.) Ridgw. Savanna Sparrow.—Common in old wet fields. One individual captured, a female, had a very large tumor on the bill and several smaller ones on the toes.

33. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gm.) Bp. White-throated Sparrow.—Abundant in parties of six or eight in the undergrowth about open places in the low lands.

34. Peucæa æstivalis illinoensis Ridgw. Oak-woods Sparrow.—Two specimens of this interesting form were taken; both males. One was shot from the top of a small bush near the edge of an old corn field; the other from the top of an isolated pine on the edge of a cotton field. 163Both were singing when shot. No others were observed. This, I believe, is the most southeasterly “record” of the form.

35. Melospiza palustris (Wils.) Bd. Swamp Sparrow.—Not uncommon in the usual places.

36. Pipilo erythrophthalmus (L.) V. Chewink; Towhee.— Abundant. Locally known as the “Joree.”

37. Cardinalis virginianus (Briss.) Bp. Cardinal Grosbeak.—Very abundant. Took a set of three fresh eggs on the 17th. Nest as usual.

38. Passerina cyanea (L.) Gray. Indigo Bunting.—Rather common about open places, but very shy. Not in song.

39. Passerina ciris (L.) Gray. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil.—First seen on the 16th. A male in full song captured on the 19th—the only two seen. Mr. Wederstraudt, who has trapped them, using a captive male as a decoy, says that the same individual is always to be found within a few hundred feet of the place where first observed. I saw several males in confinement in New Orleans, and observed that the red of the underparts was heavily blotched and obscured by yellow, and attributed it to immaturity, but was informed that it was due to the confinement. They are called “Pops” here, the derivation of which name I could not make out.

40. Agelæus phœniceus (L.) V. Red-and-buff-shouldered Blackbird.—Abundant in swampy places.

41. Sturnella magna (L.) Sw. Meadow Lark.—Common in old fields. Their note seemed to me to be different from that of the Kentucky bird.

42. Icterus spurius (L.) Bp. Orchard Oriole.—Common about open ground.

43. Icterus galbula (L.) Coues. Baltimore Oriole.—Observed several singing in shade trees in Bayou Sara and St. Francisville.

44. Quiscalus purpureus (Bartr.) Licht. Purple Grackle.—A common Grackle about the river and bayou at Bayou Sara is referred to this form, as the one found forty or fifty miles down the river is according to Dr. Langdon the Purple, and not the Bronzed Grackle.

45. Corvus frugivorus Bartr. Common Crow.—Common.

46. Cyanocitta cristata (L.) Strickl. Blue Jay.—Common.

47. Tyrannus carolinensis (L.) Temm. Kingbird; Bee Martin.—Common.

48. Myiarchus crinitus (L.) Cab. Great-crested Flycatcher.—A common and conspicuous inhabitant of yards and orchards.

49. Contopus virens (L.) Cab. Wood Pewee.—Common in dense timber.

50. Empidonax acadicus (Gm.) Bd. Acadian Flycatcher.—Common in same places as last.

51. Trochilus colubris L. Ruby-throated Hummingbird.—Very abundant about cultivated ground.

52. Chætura pelasgica (L.) Boie. Chimney Swift.—Common.

53. Antrostomus carolinensis (Gm.) Gould. Chuck-will’s-widow.—Heard but one, on the night of the 19th, near the house, but I am told that they are quite common.

16454. Chordeiles popetue (V.) Bd. Night Hawk.—Saw one about dusk on the evening of the 19th, high in air, giving the peculiar call common to the males during the breeding season.

55. Picus pubescens (L.) Downy Woodpecker.—Only two individuals were observed during my visit.

56. Hylotomus pileatus (L.) Bd. Pileated Woodpecker.—Not observed, but it is said to be common in heavy timber along the borders of the swamp.

57. Centurus carolinensis (L.) Bp. Red-bellied Woodpecker.—Rather common. At the time of my departure a pair had begun digging a hole for their nest in a large china tree within thirty yards of the house.

58. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (L.) Sw. Red-headed Woodpecker—A familiar and common bird here; preferring open to densely wooded country.

59. Colaptes auratus (L.) Sw. Yellow-shafted Flicker.—Not observed. Mr. Wederstraudt and others pronounce it an abundant bird here.

60. Ceryle alcyon (L.) Boie. Belted Kingfisher.—Common in open places along Alexander’s Creek and its branches. A clutch of six fresh eggs was taken from a hole in a perpendicular bank on the 16th. The orifice was about thirty-five feet from the bottom, and three and a half from the top of the bank. The hole extended horizontally into the bank for a distance of six feet. The old birds circled around a few times after we began digging for the eggs, and then flew off, apparently unconcerned at our operations.

61. Coccyzus americanus (L.) Bp. Yellow-billed Cuckoo.—One individual observed on the 19th in a large live-oak near the house. In song.

62. Conurus carolinensis (L.) Kuhl. Carolina Parakeet.—Not seen by me. Gov. Wickliffe says that twenty years ago it was quite common here at times in large flocks, and Mr. Wederstraudt has several times observed it within the last few years, but never more than two or three together at a time. About eighteen months ago he saw one in an orchard near “Wyoming.”

63. Scops asio (L.) Bp. Little Screech Owl.—Found here, according to Mr. Wederstraudt.

64. Bubo virginianus (Gm.) Bp. Great horned Owl.—Given as a common inhabitant by Mr. Wederstraudt.

65. Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis (Gm.) Ridgw. American Osprey; Fish Hawk.—Often seen here, according to the natives.

66. Haliaëtus leucocephalus (L.) Savig. Bald Eagle.—Said to occasionally occur here.

67. Cathartes aura (L.) Illig. Turkey Buzzard.—Common.

68. Catharista atrata (Wils.) Less. Black Vulture; Carrion Crow.—Very abundant. I flushed thirty or forty, one day, from the carcass of a dead horse.

16569. Zenaidura carolinensis (L.) Bp. Mourning Dove.—Abundant about open places. I took a clutch of two fresh eggs on the 19th from a nest on a horizontal limb of a water oak, eight feet from the ground.

70. Ortyx virginianus (L.) Bp. Bob white; American Quail.—Abundant in pairs about cultivated ground. They are not much hunted here as the shooting is very difficult, for when flushed they immediately make for the thickets.

71. Ardea herodias (L.) Great Blue Heron.—One was seen on the 19th flying towards the swamp

72. Herodias alba egretta (Gm.) Ridgw. American Egret.—A flock of eight was observed on the 19th flying towards the swamp.

73. Butorides virescens (L.) Bp. Green Heron.—A common bird about the creeks and ponds.

74. Oxyechus vociferus (L.) Reich. Killdeer.—Saw a party of eight on the creek. They were very tame.

75. Philohela minor (Gm.) Gray. American Woodcock.—Not observed. Said to be common here in the fall, when they are hunted in the cotton fields at night with torches.

76. Gallinago media wilsoni (Temm.) Ridgw. Wilson’s Snipe.—Not observed, but said to be common here in early spring.

77. Rhyacophilus solitarius (Wils.) Cass. Solitary Sandpiper.—Two individuals were several times noted about a pond of stagnant water.

78. Tringoides macularius (L.) Gray. Spotted Sandpiper.—Several times observed along the creeks.

79. Rallus elegans Aud. Red-breasted Rail.—One several times seen in a small pond thickly overgrown with small trees, water-lillies etc.

80. Rallus virginianus L. Virginia Rail.—One seen in same place as the last. Both eluded capture.

81. Fulica americana Gm. American Coot.—Not observed, but said to be common here in fall and early spring. Known here by the Creole name of “Poulette d’Eau.”

82. Anas boschas L. Mallard.—Not observed, but it is said to be common here during the migrations.

83. Querquedula discors (L.) Steph. Blue-winged Teal.—Two were shot out of a flock of eight on the 16th on Alexander’s Creek.

84. Aix sponsa (L.) Boie. Wood duck; Summer Duck.—Not observed, but common in the swamp, I am informed.

85. Pelecanus fuscus (L.) Brown Pelican.—Said to breed in the lakes above Bayou Sara.

86. Podilymbus podiceps (L.) Lawr. Thick-billed Grebe.—Not observed, but well known here.

87. Molothrus ater Gray. Cowbird.—Very abundant throughout the year. They come in large flocks into the streets of the city in the winter months to search for food; they also associate at that season with Scolecophagus cyanocephalus Cab. I have never seen anywhere else such numbers of these birds as here, and in the breeding season most of the nests of our small birds contain eggs of this parasite.

87a. Molothrus ater obscurus Coues. Dwarf Cowbird.—A common bird during the breeding season. It is smaller than its near relative, and quicker in its motions. Moves usually in flocks of from two to ten. I first observed the bird when it was just leaving the nest of Lanivireo flavifrons Bd., and found its egg in it, besides four of the Vireo’s. The egg is smaller and not so thickly sprinkled as that of the common Cowbird.

88. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus Bd. Yellow-headed Blackbird.—Very common in marshy localities from the latter part of October to March and April. I think some remain to breed, as I observed small flocks during May in the low prairie districts overgrown with reeds and other water plants. The best opportunity I ever had to study the breeding habits of this beautiful but very locally distributed Blackbird was in the Calumet Marshes near Kensington, about eighteen miles south of Chicago, where I discovered in a single day about fifty nests among the reeds. During the winter months they associate with Molothrus ater, Agelæus phœniceus, and Scolecophagus cyanocephalus; many migrate further south, and in cold winters only a few remain near Houston.

89. Agelæus phœniceus Vieill. Red-winged Blackbird.—Common in swamps, but not so abundant as I have found these birds to be in Wisconsin and Illinois. May 6, 1881, I discovered a nest in a somewhat strange position, in a blackberry-bush (Rubus villosus) on the edge of a thicket; there was no swamp within a mile. This was in the northern part of Harris County. Only a few remain to winter, the greater part migrating farther south.

90. Sturnella magna Swains. Meadow Lark.—Common summer sojourner, and very abundant during winter; many thousands are killed in the latter season by pot hunters. During summer the Meadow Lark is strictly a prairie bird, always to be looked for on the open grassy savannas; 167I never found the bird breeding in a cotton field or corn field. In winter, however, they change their habits, and in large flocks visit the sugar-cane, cotton, and corn fields.

91. Icterus spurius Bp. Orchard Oriole.—Common during migrations.

91a. Icterus spurius affinis Coues. Southern Orchard Oriole.—Very common summer sojourner; breeds in all suitable localities, especially in peach gardens. The bird is decidedly smaller than the northern variety; it is also more active and quicker in its motions. The song is much more varied, and louder, quicker and more beautiful, reminding one of the song of the Baltimore Oriole. The nest is smaller, but it is built of the same materials—green grasses, lined with cotton. May 8, 1881, I discovered a very curious but not quite finished nest near Spring Creek, only a few yards from a dwelling. For several days I had observed a pair of these birds carrying fresh green grasses to a laurel oak (Quercus imbricaria), that was densely covered with large hanging bunches of Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides); they disappeared every time into a bunch of moss, yet I could see no nest. At last, on taking down the bunch of moss, I was surprised to find a beautiful structure in my hands. The grasses and moss were all woven firmly together; the entrance was on the side.

92. Scolecophagus ferrugineus Swains. Rusty Blackbird.—Very rare. A few seen in March, 1881, among flocks of the following species.

93. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus Cab. Brewer’s Blackbird.—During winter the most common of the family Icteridæ. They are very abundant in Houston from the early part of November to April, when they disappear for the north; by the end of that month only a few remain to breed in suitable localities. I found several nests May 5, 1881, in thick, small oaks near the Rose Hill Post Office in the northern part of Harris County. They were built in the tops of young post oaks (Quercus obtusiloba), about twelve to fifteen feet from the ground, and contained from two to five eggs each. The nests were composed exteriorly of strong slender plant stems and coarse grasses, and were lined with fine grasses. These birds are very unsuspicious and bold during winter, running about in even the most crowded city streets, and also frequenting door-yards. On cold days they are easily caught. I had a pair over a year in a cage; they soon became reconciled to confinement, and were lively, interesting pets.

94. Quiscalus purpureus æneus Ridgw. Bronzed Grackle.—The most abundant of all the Blackbirds during the breeding season, arriving from their more southern winter quarters early in March. None remain, so far as my observations go, during winter. They breed abundantly in the larger gardens of Houston, especially in the mountain cedars (Juniperus occidentalis texana), and the live and water oaks (Quercus virens et Q. aquatica). In the thick young oak grove near Rose Hill Post Office I found a large colony of about two hundred pairs breeding and in their company also the Boat-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus major) and Brewer’s Blackbirds (Scolecophagus cyanocephalus), but each species had its own 168limited nesting range. Every nest was built in the top of a slender oak and all the nests examined were neat, strong, and large structures; they were constructed of plant stems, slender grasses, fragments of corn-husks, intermingled with sheep’s wool, and lined with finer grasses. In some nests a layer of mud was also to be found.

95. Quiscalus major Vieill. Boat-tailed Grackle.—Quite regularly distributed over the coast region of Texas. I found the birds breeding in the colonies of the Little Blue Heron (Florida cærulea) and the Snowy Heron (Garzetta candidissima), on the button bushes (Cephalanthus occidentalis) standing in the water. May 6, 1881, I observed a colony of about twenty pairs near Rose Hill Post Office. They were all busily engaged in building their nests in the tops of young oaks. Only a few nests were finished, and only one contained eggs, four in number. Nest composed of weed-stalks, grasses and sheep’s wool, lined with finer grasses; cavity very shallow if compared with nests of Quiscalus purpureus æneus and Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. The male has a few very fine songlike notes, different from those of every other Blackbird.

96. Corvus frugivorus Bartr. Common Crow.—In winter numbers are to be observed on Galveston Bay, near bayous, and on the sugar cane fields near the Brazos. In spring they scatter over the country, breeding in all suitable localities, but they are then nowhere common in the coast region.

97. Cyanocitta cristata Strickl. Blue Jay.—A very common resident; breeds abundantly in all woody localities; also often in gardens on mountain cedars and sometimes on the beautiful Japan medlars (Eriobotrya japonica). Very bold and tame when well treated, coming then into door-yards and even into houses.

98. Milvulus forficatus Sw. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher; “Texan Bird of Paradise”; “Fork-tail.”—Very common summer sojourner; breeds frequently in the “bosquets” on the prairies, on the borders of woods, on isolated trees in the fields, and even in gardens. As the nest in this part of Texas is in most cases placed in trees, densely covered with Tillandsia, it is almost impossible to discover it. These beautiful birds are not at all retiring in their habits; in many instances they are so tame as to breed in close proximity to dwellings. They arrive from their winter quarters late in March, sometimes in the first days of April. Very often two broods are raised yearly. I found fresh eggs as late as July 4. The nests in the coast region are built partly of grasses but especially of gray Spanish moss. In September, after the breeding season, they gather in large flocks, visiting the cotton fields, where multitudes of cotton worms (Aletia argillacea) and their moths abound, on which they, with many other small birds, eagerly feed; early in October they depart for the South.

99. Tyrannus carolinensis Temm. Kingbird.—Common summer resident. Arrives from the South late in March or early in April, when the beautiful native yellow jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) fills the air with its pleasant odor. Nests commonly in the honey locust (Gleditschia 169triacanthos) and also in the common locust (Robinia pseudacacia). In many cases two broods are raised yearly.

100. Myiarchus crinitus Cab. Great-crested Flycatcher.—Common summer sojourner, even in Houston, where it sometimes breeds in bird-boxes, but more commonly in knot-holes of the cedar and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and in old Woodpeckers’ holes. Their loud whistling cries are almost always to be heard from early April till the latter part of August; departs for winter quarters early in October. It is not a shy bird, but knows well how to escape danger. They are, with Kingbirds and other species, very busy during the time the Magnolia grandiflora is in bloom, about which millions of various insects abound.

101. Sayornis fuscus Bd. Phoebe Bird; Pewee.—Common in winter, from December to March, especially in the gardens of Houston. The common notes I heard were quite different from their familiar pewee, sounding like tsip, tsip, tsip, zewee. None remain to breed.

102. Sayornis sayus Brd. Say’s Pewee.—This Pewee I have observed only in April, on the borders of thickets and in the shrubbery near woods, and always singly.

103. Contopus virens Cab. Wood Pewee.—Common summer sojourner in open woods, particularly in the “post oak,” where its loud characteristic notes can be heard throughout the summer. Although this bird is common, I did not succeed in finding a nest. Arrives early in April; departs early in October.

104. Empidonax acadicus Bd. Acadian Flycatcher.—Common summer resident, and the only one of this attractive genus that breeds in this part of Texas. They are common in all the woods, particularly where a beautiful light green lichen (Usnea barbata) hangs from the trees. In all the deciduous woods of Harris County, and also in the mixed bottom woods near Spring Creek, they are common, but I was not so fortunate as to discover the nest, although I always kept a diligent lookout for it.

105. Empidonax trailli Bd. Traill’s Flycatcher.—Common during migrations, but none, I think, remain to breed.

106. Empidonax minimus Bd. Least Flycatcher.—Common during migrations in April and October.

107. Trochilus colubris Linn. Ruby-throated Hummingbird.—Very common summer sojourner. I observed them from early April to the middle of October. Very abundant when the Wistaria chinensis, Lonicera japonica, Gardenia florida, Pittosporum tobira, Cydonia japonica, etc., are in flower.

I have several times seen another species of Hummingbird, but I did not succeed in securing it.

108. Chætura pelasgica Bd. Chimney Swift.—On August 20, 1880, I saw numbers on the borders of woods near Spring Creek. During May, June and July I have seen only a few pairs.

109. Antrostomus carolinensis Gld. Chuck-will’s-widow.—Common during the breeding season in dry woods, with much undergrowth. Arrives late in April from its winter quarters; the time of departure I do 170not know. They remain silent during day-time, and commence their peculiar cries soon after dusk of evening. The eggs are laid on the bare ground in dry places, and are commonly well hidden by thick shrubbery. In the dry woods near Spring Creek they are common, but not in the wet wooded tracts near Houston.

110. Chordiles popetue Bd. Nighthawk.—Seen in very large numbers. I saw thousands during a cloudy, rainy day in the early part of May, near the borders of woods. They all soon disappeared.

111. Chordiles acutipennis texensis Ridgw. Texan Nighthawk.—A regular but somewhat rare summer sojourner. Differs from the preceding in many respects. They are more retiring in their habits; they also sail very low over ponds and pools of water, where myriads of insects, especially mosquitoes, abound. Four to six are often seen together, flying quite near each other. I never heard them utter a sound, and do not know where they breed, but I think they have their nests on the shrubby borders of woods, where they are most commonly to be observed when flying. They are readily distinguishable from their near relatives, our familiar northern Nighthawk, by their peculiar, low, and quiet sailing, and also by their smaller size.

112. Campephilus principalis Gray. Ivory-billed Woodpecker.—Very rare; I have found it only in the large and dense pine forests in the northern part of Harris County and in Montgomery County far from human habitations. Very shy and not easy to approach.

113. Picus villosus Linn. Hairy Woodpecker.—Frequently seen during winter, but only a few times during the breeding season.

114. Picus scalaris Wagl. Texas Woodpecker.—This beautiful little Woodpecker is quite numerous in all wooded districts; it comes often during winter into the gardens of Houston, and is then very unsuspicious. I can give no particulars about its nesting habits, as I have never found a nest.

115. Picus pubescens Linn. Downy Woodpecker.—Common; breeds in all wooded districts, but is by no means so abundant as I have found it to be in Wisconsin.

116. Picus borealis Vieill. Red-cockaded Woodpecker.—The Picus querulus of Wilson is resident in all the large pine woods; it is very shy, restless, and noisy. The male is very wary during the breeding season, and every pair has its own limited breeding range. I discovered a nest in an old high pine stump, but it was out of reach. These birds are not rare in heavily wooded districts. I never have seen one in the deciduous woods.

117. Sphyropicus varius Bd. Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.—Winter resident from November to March, and then not uncommon. Always seen singly.

118. Hylotomus pileatus Bd. Pileated Woodpecker.—Common resident in all the wooded tracts, in the “post oak” as well as in the bottom and pine forests. A very noisy species; its drumming is almost as loud as that of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker. It is not a shy and retiring 171species, but, on the contrary, is very often seen near farm houses. Especially abundant where during the previous winter or spring many trees have been cut down; these they search for worms, and very soon have all the bark hammered away from them. They often excavate a hole for their nest in a post oak, in a sycamore, and also in elms, often at a considerable height. The cavity is from 10 to 20 inches deep and so large that a man can easily put his hand into it. The eggs, from four to six, are of a brilliant white color. Only one brood is raised, and the young follow their parents till late in the fall.

119. Centurus carolinus Bonap. Red-bellied Woodpecker.—Another very common Woodpecker. Its loud, harsh croaks, sounding like crirrk, are almost continually to be heard in the woods. Prefers deciduous woods. It is resident throughout the year, and is not shy or of retiring habits, but often visits the larger gardens. In the winter months I have often observed them on the ground searching for insects, but it can not walk as easily as Colaptes auratus. Breeds usually on the borders of woods, and raises only one brood yearly.

120. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Sw. Red-headed Woodpecker.—The most abundant of its family in and near Houston; breeds commonly in the city in sycamores, water and swamp oaks, and in magnolias along Buffalo Bayou. Very confiding and tame; hammers often on houses and stables, on church towers, telegraph posts, etc. Two broods are raised each season. I have seen, late in August, young just from the nest. Once I discovered the nest in a sycamore in a street, about fifteen feet from the ground, the tree standing only a few yards from a house. Resident throughout the year. Many are killed by negro boys with so-called “nigger-shooters,” and not only this species, but also numberless other birds are thus destroyed by them.

121. Colaptes auratus Sw. Golden-winged Woodpecker; “Flicker.”—Rare during the breeding season, abundant in the winter months. Frequently seen in pairs and small companies of from four to ten, and even more. Spends its time during this season mostly on the ground, where it searches for food. The first companies arrive late in October, and they steadily increase in numbers till December, when they are exceedingly abundant. They begin to migrate northward late in February.

122. Ceryle alcyon Boie. Belted Kingfisher.—Seen only occasionally. In the western part of Texas, where the rivers and creeks have clear water, the bird is evidently more common.

123. Coccyzus americanus Bonap. Yellow-billed Cuckoo.—Common summer sojourner; breeds abundantly in the thickets on the edges of woods, and is in this part of our country a very unsuspicious bird, as it is not only often seen in gardens, but sometimes breeds in them, in pomegranate bushes, in Banksia and Cherokee-rose thickets, etc. The first nests I found late in April, the last, July 5. This, a typical nest for this region, was placed in a young sweet-gum tree (Liquidambar styraciflua), about ten feet above the ground, and was almost hidden among Smilax laurifolia, with which the tree was overgrown. It was built of 172sticks, fragments of leaves, Spanish moss and a few grass-stems lined with the leaves of the loblolly pine (Pinus tæda). It contained two eggs, one somewhat advanced in incubation, the other quite fresh. I think two broods are, in many cases, reared each season.

124. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus Bd. Black-billed Cuckoo.—Common during the middle of April, but I do not think that any remain to breed.

125. Strix flammea americana Coues. American Barn Owl.—More or less common in all suitable localities. Breeds usually in hollow stumps, but last year (May 6, 1881) I discovered a nest in the side of a high bank of a “gully” near Spring Creek. The nest was about two feet from the entrance and nearly horizontal; a few feathers were the only lining. Eggs, three in number, dirty white.

126. Brachyotus palustris Gld. Short-eared Owl.—Not uncommon late in autumn and during winter near thickets and marshes, where many little birds associate, on which it feeds almost entirely. Very shy, and not easily secured.

127. Syrnium nebulosum Gray. Barred Owl; “Hoot Owl”; “Bottom Owl.”—Very common, especially in all the bottom woods and in the thick woods bordering Buffalo Bayou. Their curious notes are heard every night from the dusk of evening till dawn, and also in dark cloudy and rainy days. These notes are easily imitated, and often three or four of the birds may be thus attracted. During night time they come fearlessly near farm houses, and, with their loud, laughing, unearthly sounds, make a terrible noise. I have often heard four or five at one time near a house. Their flight is easy and quick. In Texas where the hens, turkeys, etc., roost on trees, this Owl is very destructive. They do not kill old poultry, but like half-grown chickens, and soon depopulate a whole poultry-yard. The nest is usually built high up in trees, mostly in pin oaks (Quercus palustris) and elms, sometimes also in pines, of strong twigs and sticks, without a lining. They also use old Crow’s and Hawk’s nests, which they repair a little.

128. Scops asio maccalli Ridgw. Texan Screech Owl.—This little Owl seems to be quite common. If they are disturbed, they hide in the hollow of a tree or stump. All their movements are exceedingly quick and elegant, and the flight gliding and noiseless. I have never had an opportunity to examine a nest.

129. Bubo virginianus Bonap. Great Horned Owl.—Common; resident; breeds. Nests abundantly in all the large woods; especially common in dense bottom woods. Their loud cries are to be heard not only during the nights, but also in the day-time, when the weather is cloudy and rainy. They are very destructive to the poultry; they, like the Barred Owls, come near the farm houses and commence their ludicrous cries about nine o’clock in the evening; they utter their cries only during the breeding season; later they are almost silent. The flight is very quick and easy. The nest is placed from thirty to seventy feet from the ground in the top of a large forest tree; it is composed of sticks and 173twigs, and is sometimes lined with a bunch of Spanish moss, but this may be accidental.

130. Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa Ridgw. Burrowing Owl.—This little Owl is every year increasing in numbers. Breeds in the higher prairies, and also in waste fields, in holes. They also breed in the burrows of the salamander, a species of Geomys, probably Geomys pinetis. I have not seen their eggs.

131. Falco mexicanus polyagrus Coues. Prairie Falcon.—This noble bird is resident on the borders of woods near prairies, but it is by no means a common bird. Its flight is graceful, but always low; its food is said to consist especially of Prairie Chickens and domestic fowl.

132. Æsalon columbarius Kaup. Pigeon Hawk.—Common in fall and winter, as soon as the large flocks of Blackbirds and different Finches appear from the north, among which it makes great havoc. None remain to breed. They disappear quite early, usually in the first days of March.

133. Tinnunculus sparverius Vieill. Sparrow Hawk.—Common in fall and winter, but never observed during the breeding season. This bird also does great harm among our small birds.

134. Polyborus cheriway Cab. Caracara Eagle; Mexican Eagle; “Mexican Buzzard.”—Regularly distributed, but in this part of Texas is not so common as farther in the interior. It is a very showy bird, and the flight is extremely elegant and quick. Although it is very shy and not easily to be approached, it often builds its nest in trees not far from farm houses. The farmers say they are as harmless as Turkey Buzzards. The nest is usually from twenty-five to thirty feet above the ground and is built of sticks, sometimes lined with bits of cotton and Spanish moss; the cavity is shallow. Often the birds, commonly single individuals, are to be observed with Vultures feeding together on carrion.

135. Elanoïdes forficatus Ridgw. Swallow-tailed Kite; Fork-tailed Kite.—Abundant summer sojourner from the first part of March to October. A beautiful bird, and one of the most characteristic species of this locality. Especially abundant in the bottom woods near prairies or fields. Nest very high in slender trees in the river and creek bottoms; it is built of sticks and Spanish moss. I never had an opportunity to collect eggs of this bird as the nests, in almost every case, were out of reach. In August and September the birds are often seen in cotton fields, where they feed on cotton worms and other insects. They are particularly fond of small snakes, such as Leptophis, Rhinostoma coccinea, lizards (Anolius carolinensis and Ameiva sex-lineata). I never have seen them take a bird or a small quadruped.

136. Elanus glaucus Coues. White-tailed Kite.—This rare and beautiful bird I have seen several times sailing over cotton fields. Its flight is easy and graceful, but not rapid; sometimes it stops a few moments and then descends with great velocity to the ground to capture a lizard or a snake. It is not shy, and is easily recognized by its white tail.

137. Ictinia subcærulea Coues. Mississippi Kite.—Not a common summer resident, and very shy and retiring in its habits. It is generally 174found in the same localities with Elanoïdes forficatus. Its sailings are extremely beautiful and sometimes the bird is so high in the air as to be almost invisible. Like the Swallow-tailed Kite, it is often seen about cotton fields, where it feeds on the cotton worms and on small snakes and lizards. I have a few times seen the nest high up in the top of gigantic pines, pin oaks and sycamores, entirely out of my reach.

138. Circus hudsonius Vieill. Marsh Hawk.—Common resident in the marshy prairies in the northern part of Harris County; also common near the sugar-cane fields on the Brazos. It is very destructive to all the smaller prairie birds, but it also feeds on snakes, frogs and lizards. I never found a nest.

139. Accipiter cooperi Bonap. Cooper’s Hawk.—This very common and impudent robber is the most destructive of the Raptores to the barnyard fowls; in a short time all the young chickens, turkeys, and ducks are killed by it. It is so bold as to seize the poultry before the farmer’s eyes, and in only few cases can the bird be punished, as it is very difficult to shoot. The flight is easy, very quick, and usually low. Nests found in April had already half-grown young. They were similar to Crows’ nests, built of twigs in the tops of middle sized trees, and lined with bunches of Tillandsia.

140. Accipiter fuscus Bonap. Sharp-shinned Hawk.—Common in winter.

141. Buteo pennsylvanicus Bonap. Broad-winged Hawk.—Not uncommon during the winter months, and a few remain to breed, nesting in the high trees near the rivers and creeks.

142. Buteo swainsoni Bonap. Swainson’s Hawk.—Not uncommon during the breeding season; often seen on the prairies near woods. Many are killed, as they commit great havoc among the poultry. The nest is built in the tallest trees, in an almost inaccessible position.

143. Haliaëtus leucocephalus Savig. Bald Eagle; White-headed Eagle.—This is not a common bird, but is known to breed in certain parts of this region. They build their nests in the tallest trees of the river bottoms. Two young, taken out of a nest in the spring of 1880, became very tame pets.

144. Cathartes aura Illig. Turkey Buzzard.—Very abundant, and resident throughout the year. Nests on the ground.

145. Catharista atrata Less. Black Vulture; Carrion Crow.—Common but not abundant; about one-twentieth as common as the Turkey Buzzard. Breeds on the ground in the grassy prairies.

146. Ectopistes migratoria Sw. Passenger Pigeon.—Occasionally common during the migrations. In September and October, 1881, I saw immense numbers in the post oak woods, where they were feeding on acorns.

147. Zenaidura carolinensis Bonap. Mourning Dove.—Very abundant, and resident throughout the year. In very cold winters many migrate farther south. They raise, at least in this part of the country, three broods yearly. On the prairies the nest is not unfrequently placed upon the ground.

175148. Chamæpelia passerina Sw. Ground Dove.—A rare summer sojourner. Have never seen more than two together.

149. Meleagris gallopavo (americana Coues?). Wild Turkey.—I can not state with certainty whether the Wild Turkey under consideration is the Meleagris gallopavo americana or M. gallopavo, but I think it is the first-named variety. I have found the bird abundant in all the heavily wooded districts, especially common in the thick woods with much underbrush near Spring Creek. Eggs are often put under a tame hen, but the young are not easily domesticated; as soon as they are grown they become very wild, and many go off again to their favorite woods. Early in May I have seen the mother bird with about a dozen young ones, but they were so extremely wild that they suddenly disappeared among the almost impenetrable thickets of blackberries (Rubus villosus) and Smilax (Smilax laurifolia and S. lanceolata). When the pecans are ripe, they assemble in flocks of from ten to twenty and even thirty, and feed particularly on these nuts. Later in the season they feed on several kinds of acorns, and in winter when food becomes scarce, they eat the berries of the myrtle-holly (Oreophila myrtifolia) and other berries.

150. Cupidonia cupido Bd. Prairie Hen.—Common resident on all the flat grassy prairies. Is becoming scarcer every year.

151. Ortyx virginiana Bonap. American Quail; “Bob white.”—Very abundant resident. Two broods are raised yearly. They are exceedingly tame and confiding, breeding sometimes in close proximity to the habitations of men. In winter from fifty to one hundred are usually seen in cotton and sugar-cane fields.

Bailey’s Index to Forest and Stream.^[81]—The newspaper thus indexed as to the bird-matter contained in its first twelve volumes has always given much space to ornithological articles, which have become of late years more valuable from a scientific standpoint than newspaper pieces generally are, being authenticated by the signatures of the writers instead of some silly pen-name, and being on the whole scarcely below or not below the grade of the bird notes that one finds in periodicals of professed technical character. No one who has had any experience in hunting for what he wants through the scantily indexed pages of a weekly issue can 176fail to appreciate the good office Mr. Bailey has rendered us all; and every one upon whom the bibliographical blight has descended knows what an immense amount of industry that curse entails. The author has our hearty sympathy in the latter, and our best thanks for the former. His work is more than a mere alphabetical list of names, followed by reference figures; for it includes, as the title says, a summary of each article indexed—often giving just the points wanted, thus rendering it unnecessary to look up the reference. The Index also includes authors’ names, and among these the authorship of many pseudonyms and initial-signatures are for the first time properly exposed. The summation of the bird-matters seems to be quite complete, and is certainly extensive, in the cases of some common game birds occupying several pages. We presume the work is not free from faults and errors of all sorts, because nothing of the kind can be; but we have found it more reliable than its mechanical execution would lead one to expect. Considering how great a favor Mr. Bailey has conferred upon the publishers, and how much good his Index will do the paper, by “setting it up” in the estimation of working ornithologists higher even than it was before, his work might have been better dressed.—E. C.

Chamberlain’s Catalogue of the Birds of New Brunswick.^[82]—As many of our readers are doubtless aware, Mr. Montague Chamberlain has been engaged, for some time past, in investigating the bird fauna of New Brunswick, and an interesting result of his labors is now before us in the form of a catalogue of the birds of that Province. This paper, which forms by far the most important one in the publication of which it is a part, comprises some forty-three pages which are divided into two sections; “Section A” being restricted to “species which occur in St. John and King’s Counties”; while “Section B” embraces “species which have not been observed in Saint John or King’s Counties but which occur in other parts of the Province.”

The former division treats of a region to which the author has evidently paid special attention, and the text, being mainly based on his personal observations or investigations, includes many interesting and several important notes and records. From these we gather that the rather marked Alleghanian tinge which is known to pervade the bird-fauna of the entire coast region of Maine, as far as Eastport and Calais, extends still further eastward. Thus the Catbird, White-eyed Vireo, Towhee Bunting, Cowbird, Meadow Lark, Baltimore Oriole, Carolina Dove, Least Bittern, Florida Gallinule, and a few others scarcely less characteristic of the more southern fauna, have been found within the area treated by the present paper, but all are marked as rare, and the greater number as merely accidental visitors. Many of the more important records have already been published elsewhere.

177The annotations in this section are often full and always interesting. The author writes clearly and simply and his style is characterized by a modest frankness that is very attractive. We fear, however, that some of his views respecting the distribution of races are hardly orthodox. Thus he thinks that “two races of Loon spend the summer in New Brunswick, and breed here. They have plumage of similar colors and markings, but one is smaller than the other, being some six inches less in length. The larger bird is common on the lakes and rivers in all sections of the Province, seldom seeking the salt water until the rivers freeze over, while the smaller is rarely found away from the sea shore”; and again that a light form of the Ruffed Grouse “resembling the descriptions given of umbelloides” occurs with typical umbellus and that it is “not improbable that both the Brown and Gray varieties are represented here, with numerous hybrids”; a condition of affairs which, if true, is certainly deplorable.

“Section B” is almost wholly compiled, the authorities mainly drawn on being Boardman, Herrick, and Dr. A. Leith Adams. Several of the records left by the latter writer are, in the light of our present knowledge, of very doubtful value.

Mr. Chamberlain’s work, so far as it has gone, has evidently been done carefully and well, a fact which makes it the more to be regretted that the publication of his report could not have been longer delayed, for in many respects it lacks the completeness that is desirable in a paper of its kind. Any adequate exploration of a region so extensive as that embraced within the limits of New Brunswick cannot be accomplished in one or two seasons only. It is rather the task of a lifetime. But we must bear in mind that the present “Catalogue” is offered simply as a “starting point,” to be “supplemented by additions and revisions as opportunity for further investigation occurs”; and considered from this standpoint it is in every way a highly creditable production. That its author is qualified to carry out an undertaking which he has so satisfactorily begun can be a matter admitting of no doubt, and we shall look for many interesting developments in the field which he has chosen.—W. B.

Krukenberg on the Coloring Matter of Feathers. Second Part.^[83]—Turacoverdin, a green pigment which occurs in the green feathers of the Musophagidæ is first considered. This pigment is soluble in alkalies, such as soda and the like, but is insoluble in acids, chloroform, ether and the alcohols. Concentrated sulphuric acid added to the pigment in solution turns it violet red. Turacoverdin in solution emits a weak red fluorescent light, and when examined by the spectroscope shows an absorption band near D. It contains a considerable quantity of iron, but little copper or manganese, and probably, like Turacin, lacks sulphur and nitrogen. A point of considerable interest is its identity with a green 178pigment procured by Church by boiling a solution of Turacin for a long time.

Zoörubin, a red-brown pigment occurring in Cicinnurus regius is next described. In solubility it much resembles the preceding, but has no absorption band, though all of the spectrum beyond D is absorbed. When treated with a very small quantity of copper-sulphate, Zoörubin instantly becomes cherry-red, a characteristic reaction. This pigment occurs in the brown female paradise bird though not in other brown birds, as Strix flammea and Alcedo ispida. As regards the colors of Eclectus polychlorus, where green, blue, red, yellow and brown may all be found, the author has brought out some very interesting points. The blue and green are mechanical, or rather the blue is mechanical and the green is the result of a yellow pigment overlying a brown one. The true pigments of the feathers are brown, yellow, and red. If the feathers be blackened on their under surfaces with lampblack or sepia, they become blue. If the yellow feathers are treated in a similar way, they become green. The yellow pigment is Zoöfulvin, the red probably Zoönerythrin.

Lastly the author describes the yellow pigment, Coriosulfurin, found in the tarsus of the birds of prey. This substance is unlike any known to occur in feathers. It has three absorption bands between F and G.—J. A. J.

Stejneger’s Nomenclatural Innovations.^[84]—Proposing to use “the oldest available name in every case,” the author shows that many of our current names must give way if the “inflexible law of priority” is to be observed. For ourselves, we believe that the surest way out of the nomenclatural difficulties that beset us is to be found in some such simple rule as this, and that to upset every name that can be upset according to any recognized principle is really the shortest road to that fixity of nomenclature for which we now all sigh like furnaces. Still such a paper as this makes us wish, as so many others have done, that some counteractive “statute of limitation” could come into operation, by which a bird resting in undisturbed enjoyment of its name for, say, a century or half a century, should not be liable to eviction under the common law of priority. Human welfare and happiness on the whole is the final cause of all law, and in the case of titles to real estate it is we believe statutory that undisturbed possession for a certain period shall exempt property-holders from litigation on account of any adverse claim, however otherwise sound, which is not presented within a certain number of years. This seems to be necessary for the security of any title and to proceed upon the theory that if owners don’t take the trouble to make good their title in due time they ought to forfeit it. The logic of a bird’s right to its name and a possessor’s right to any other property is the same in theory, and might properly be carried into effect. Fifty years of unchallenged usage might do, and a 179hundred certainly would suffice, to eliminate the factor of “contemporaneous courtesy,” and the shades of a few departed greatnesses might not be offended by being invited to yield a point now and then for the benefit of the many whom natural selection has not yet eliminated from the struggle for existence.

Stejneger’s points seem to be well taken in the main; and though we have not yet had opportunity of verifying them, we presume the restitutions and substitutions he proposes are available if not indeed necessary under the priority statute. But has he in all cases taken up names which rest upon diagnosis? Does indication of a type-species make a generic name valid? Some other objections might also be raised. We pass no judgment, pendente lite, but simply note the following propositions advanced:—Phænicurus Forst., 1817, for Ruticilla Naum., 1822.—Cinclus merula Schäff., 1789, for C. aquaticus Bechst.—Regulus cristatus V., 1807, for R. satrapa Licht., 1823.—Chelidon Forst., 1817, for Hirundo L. et auct. (rustica, etc.).—Hirundo L., 1758, for Chelidon Boie, 1822.—Clivicola sive Riparia Forst., 1817, for Cotile Boie, 1822.—Calcarius Bechst., 1803, for the birds now commonly called Centrophanes, and Plectrophenax, g. n., for “Plectrophanes” nivalis.—Otocoris Bp., 1839, for Eremophila, preocc. in botany, and by Eremophilus in ichthyology.—Archibuteo norvegicus Gunnerus, 1767, for A. lagopus Gm. (but there is A. lagopus Brünn, 1764).—Morinella M. & W., 1810, for Strepsilas Ill., 1811.—Vanellus capella Schäff., 1789, for V. cristatus M. & W., 1803.—Ægialitis alexandrinus, L., 1758, for Æ. cantianus Lath., 1790.—Gallinago cælestis Freuzel, 1801, for G. media Leach, 1816.—Totanus nebularius Gunnerus, 1767, for the Greenshank.—Pavoncella Leach, 1816, for Machetes Cuv., 1817.—Tadorna dameatica Hasselq., 1762, for T. cornuta Gm., 1788.—Harelda hyemalis L., 1758, for H. glacialis L., 1766.—Eniconetta Gray, 1840, for Polysticta Eyt., 1836, preocc. by Polysticte Smith, 1835, and for “Stellaria”! Bp., 1838, preocc. in botany.—Gavia Boie, 1822, for Pagophila Kaup, 1829, and the species G. alba (Gunn., 1767, for P. eburnea) Phipps, 1774.—(Larus hyperboreus Gunnerus, 1767, for L. glaucus Brünn, 1764.)—Hydrochelidon nigra (L., 1758, p. 137) for H. lariformis (Ibid., p. 153).—The short and long-tailed Jägers to be respectively Stercorarius parasiticus (L., 1758, p. 136), and S. longicaudatus (V., 1819).—Urinator Cuv., 1799, for Colymbus auct., nec Briss., 1760; U. immer (Brünn, 1764, p. 38) instead of U. torquatus (id., ibid., p. 41) and U. lumme Brünn, 1764, for C. septentrionalis L., 1766.—E. C.

Ingersoll’s Birds’-Nesting.^[85]—This little book is intended for a guide to the beginner, and as such it will no doubt be of service. The book may be summarized as a readable account of the various modes of collecting birds’ eggs and nests. There are, however, a few points which we regard with suspicion, as the contrivances for descending cliffs; such things in 180careless hands would become instruments of self-destruction. A long account of the various paraphernalia for blowing and marking eggs is given. To the novice such things may be amusing, but are sure sources of disaster. A keen eye, accuracy of hand and a mind to govern, not patent scissors and forceps, are the requisites for blowing eggs.

The list of unknown nests, which does not claim to be free from faults of omission, contains faults of admission, though these are not numerous. Finally, we would heartily indorse all advice for absolute identification of eggs and the avoidance of gummed labels.—J. A. J.

Note on Mimus polyglottus.—In the summer of 1879 I found on the Platte River, about a mile west of Fort Fetterman, Wyoming, in Lat. 42° 23′ 35″ N. and Long. 105° 21′ 4″ W., a pair of Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottus) breeding; the nest was placed in a low cottonwood, very near the river bank. In the following year these birds, undoubtedly the same pair, returned and reared a brood in identically the same place. This time I secured the male bird; and the specimen is now in my private collection.

In the “Birds of the Colorado Valley” Dr. Coues tells us, when referring to the limits of Mimus, that “the northermost records generally quoted fix the limit in Massachusetts; but Dr. Brewer speaks of a single individual seen near Calais, Me., by Mr. George A. Boardman. Another record from an extreme point, given by Dr. P. R. Hoy, is above quoted; the extension of the bird to Wisconsin, as there indicated, has been commonly overlooked. Other States in which the bird is known to have occurred are New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and Kansas. The parallel of 40° N. has been named as its usual or normal limit.”

In view of these facts, and what I have learned from other ornithologists, it seems to me that this case is entitled to record, as another interesting instance, extending the limits of this bird.—R. W. Shufeldt. Washington, D. C.

The Nest of the House Wren.—Some writer speaks of the well known habit of the House Wren of filling up any cavity within which it builds its nest with sticks and rubbish, as a “survival” of an old habit for which there would seem to be no present use. I think I have seen this statement in some of the writings of Dr. Elliott Coues, though I cannot refer to the book or page. Possibly it may have been stated by some one else. But it is a generally recognized fact that if a box holds half a peck the little birds will fill it up full! It seems to me, however, that while this 181may be really a “survival,” it is still a most useful habit. When a hole or space is so filled the nest proper is generally built on the side of the mass of rubbish opposite to the entrance and as far as possible from it. Manifestly there is a clear purpose in this—viz: that of protection from any enemy seeking an entrance. I have observed many nests, in large cigar boxes, and in the majority find this state of things to exist. The interior space will be filled with sticks, leaving a little passage way over the top, through which the bird can reach the nest on the back side of the rubbish. It seems to me that this is clearly a defensive habit, necessary at this time. When they build a nest in the skull of a horse or ox, it will be found that they follow the same rule, and that it will be very difficult to get at the nests.

But their practices are sometimes varied. If a box is not too large, and the hole is only large enough to admit of the passage of the birds, they will often carry in only just enough material to build the nest, leaving the space all open above. I have often known them to pursue this course in building in a cigar box where a small hole had been made at the middle of one of the sides. But if the box is a large one with a large hole cut through the end near the top, as it is suspended on a tree or the side of a building, then they will carry in “fully a peck of rubbish,” and build the soft nest down on the side opposite the entrance.—Charles Aldrich, Webster City, Iowa.

Remarkable Plumage of the Orchard Oriole.—There is in the collection here a very curiously marked specimen of the Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius) from Columbia, Pa. It is evidently a male bird in the transition stage of plumage from young to that of the adult. Young males of this species usually exhibit “confused characters of both sexes,” but in this case the male plumage is confined to the right side of the bird, and the female plumage to the left side, the two colorations uniting on median lines above and below. So distinctly is this peculiarity marked, that a bilateral section of the bird would divide the phases about equally. The left side, however, shows very slight traces of black and chestnut, yet not so distinct as to lessen the general yellowish-olive appearance of the female. There is more of the white on the coverts of the left wing than usual.—Charles H. Townsend, Acad. Nat. Science, Philadelphia, Pa.

The Nest and Eggs of Perisoreus Canadensis.—The nest upon which the following description is based was found by Mr. P. S. Glasier on April 7th, 1881, twenty-three miles from Grand Falls, New Brunswick. It was built in a small fir tree with few branches, about ten feet from the ground. The tree was in “mixed land” beside a brook, on the south side of a hill and near a lumber camp. From the men in the camp it was learned that the bird built the nest about the middle of March, and had been sitting for ten days. The parent bird was found on the nest, shot, and forwarded to me, so that there can be no doubt of identity.

182The nest is rather a large structure, between nine and ten inches in diameter and five inches deep. The cavity is slightly oval, measuring three and six-tenths by three and two-tenths, and is two inches deep.

The bottom is formed of large pieces of rotten wood, which must have been torn from some neighboring stump, while the sides are supported by a scraggy structure of long twigs. The walls are formed of strips of bark and the subjacent rotten wood, apparently of cedars, cocoons, the remains of wasp nests, lichens and the like. All this material is closely packed together, but not woven, so that were it not for the outer coat of twigs the whole would quickly fall apart. On one side, snarled up among the twigs, is a long piece of white twine, which shows that the neighboring camp was called upon to pay its tribute. The lining is quite thick, and offers a decided contrast to the walls. Rootlets of various kinds form the greater part, though grass and the remains of wasp nests form the floor. A few feathers are scattered throughout the structure and about as many more are to be found inside. By far the greater part of these are from the Jays themselves, and they might be regarded as of accidental occurrence were it not for a few from some species of Grouse. As a whole the nest is a substantial structure, admirably adapted to keep the eggs and nestlings warm.

The eggs were three in number, and are of about the same size and form as those of the Blue Jay. Their ground-color is a light green of much the same color as the Field Sparrow’s egg. Two of the eggs are thickly covered with fine spots of lavender and light brown, the spots being most abundant at the large end. The third has less lavender and more brown, while the spots are of considerable size and evenly distributed.—J. Amory Jeffries, Boston, Mass.

Notes on the Plumage of Nephœcetes niger borealis.—An examination of ten birds of this species, taken at Howardsville, Colorado, in 1880 and 1881, leads me to believe that four years are necessary for them to acquire their complete plumage. A young male of the year, taken Sept. 17, was marked as follows. General color dull black, every feather tipped with white, scarcely appreciable on upper back and throat, broader on upper tail-coverts and rump. Crissum almost pure white. In birds of the second year the general plumage has a brownish cast; feathers of back tipped with brown, the head whitish, belly feathers yet broadly tipped with white. The third year the color is black, with a very faint edging of white on under tail-coverts. In the fourth year pure black, forehead hoary, neck with a brownish wash. Feathers bordering the black loral crescent whitish.

Tail in young of first year, rounded; in second year, slightly rounded; in third year slightly emarginate, feathers becoming more acute. In adult, forked, outer feathers three-eighths of an inch longer than inner.

I do not know when they come—some time late in June—but they remain until long after the Violet-green Swallows leave. They always hunt in flocks, range far above 13,000 feet and breed up to at least 11,000 feet. Those I have shot have had their crops filled with Ephemeridæ, and it 183is only when a cloud of insects is discovered low down that the birds come within gunshot range. Often one will sweep down almost to the earth and, swinging on in the same ellipse, soar far up entirely out of sight.

Measurements from dried skins of eight specimens give an average length of six and seven-sixteenths inches, with extremes of seven and one-half inches—an adult male, and five and seven-eighths inches—a young female; and an average wing of six and five-sevenths inches, with extremes of six and seven-eighths and six and three-eighths inches.—Frank M. Drew, Bunker Hill, Ill.

Plumage of the Young of Eclectus Polychlorus.—Dr. A. B. Meyer in the P. Z. S. for 1877, p. 801, says in an article on Eclectus polychlorus: “Formerly I discussed the question whether the young bird in both sexes is plain green or not; but I now believe that it is red in both sexes, i.e. bears the dress which the female keeps during its whole life.” This conclusion would seem to be incorrect, since among a series of these birds in the possession of Prof. H. A. Ward, there is one bird so young as not to be fully fledged, but which is nevertheless of the same bright green color as the adult males. This substantiates the statement of the Rev. George Brown that the young birds have the same colored plumage as the adults.—F. A. Lucas, Rochester, N. Y.

[This is a large Parrot found in the Malacca and Papuan Islands. The occurrence of “young red-and-blue birds” has already been recorded (see Ibis for 1878).—J. Amory Jeffries.]

An Owl’s Egg Laid in Confinement.—The history of my Acadian Owl, given in a late number of this Bulletin,^[86] has an interesting sequel. On February 4, 1882, the bird (then but nine months old) astonished its friends—and perhaps itself as well—by laying an egg in the bottom of its cage. This, when first brought to me, was of normal size and shape, but soft and leathery to the touch, like the egg of a turtle. One side was fractured; and soon afterward the shell around the edges of the hole began to curl inward until, in a short time, the whole egg became shrivelled and distorted. Finally, in the course of a day or two, the shell crumbled and scaled off in small fragments leaving only the half-dried yelk and albumen.

Of course more eggs were looked for, and in anticipation, the floor of the cage was lined with saw-dust and a hollow stump even supplied to serve as a nesting-place. But despite these attentions the bird obstinately refused to gratify our hopes. For several days after the removal of her egg she was restless and irritable, continually flying from perch to perch, and fiercely attacking any one who ventured to approach her. Indeed, it was two or three weeks before she recovered her wonted gentleness.

184I cannot now recall an instance of the breeding of Owls in confinement, but the present occurrence would apparently indicate that it might be accomplished with Saw-whets, which, as captives, seem to be more animated and cheerful than most of the members of their sedate family.—William Brewster, Cambridge, Mass.

Buteo brachyurus—A Correction.—An inaccuracy, comparatively so unimportant that I have hitherto neglected to call attention to it, will be found in the paper “On a Tropical American Hawk to be added to the North American Fauna” (this Bulletin, Vol. VI, p. 207). The Hawk in question was shot Feb. 22., 1881—not Feb. 1, as stated in the article referred to. I was at Palatka at the time, and saw the bird in the flesh the day it was shot. It was secured on the outskirts of the town, early in the morning, by a young taxidermist, Mr. Wm. Dickinson, since deceased. We could not determine the species, and he would not part with the specimen, a very fine one, but “set it up” for himself. A short time afterwards he presented it to Mr. G. A. Boardman.—J. Dwight, Jr., New York City.

The Turkey Buzzard in New Hampshire.—A specimen of Cathartes aura was shot this spring near Hampton Falls, N. H., by Mr. Frank Percell. The bird was killed April 6th or 7th. and received by Mr. C. I. Goodale on the 8th. When I examined it on the 10th it was still quite fresh.—Charles B. Cory, Boston. Mass.

Rapacious Birds in Confinement.—In the winter of 1874 I spent several months with a friend who had a number of rapacious birds in confinement. There were a couple of Barred Owls, a Great Horned Owl, and a Rough-legged Hawk, living together upon excellent terms in one apartment; in another, half a dozen Mottled Owls; and in another a superb Bald Eagle. Most of these birds became quite tame after a short period of captivity, tolerating our presence in their quarters, taking food from our hands, and even submitting to caresses. One little Scops developed especial docility. My friend, who was a taxidermist, used to place it upon a perch at his side and copy strigine attitudes from nature. The accommodating bird would sit content for half an hour at a time, and never objected to any sort of gentle handling. One of its brethren. however, was vicious and untameable. He nipped our fingers whenever occasion offered, snapped and spat if even approached, and finally sealed his own doom by decapitating his gentle associate.

We did not succeed in cultivating a spirit of great tractability in the Eagle. Aside from the amusement he occasionally afforded in tackling living quarry, generally some superfluous cat, he was a rather uninteresting captive. One morning we omitted his breakfast, but in the course of the forenoon introduced a kitten into his apartment. He eyed her sharply for a few moments, then persistently ignored her and in the evening she was removed unscathed. Upon this we instituted upon the royal bird a brief 185course of starvation, and then submitted the unfortunate kitten again. This time her reception was very different. At sight of her he manifested great excitement, and in a very few minutes left his perch with a jump and a flop, and seized the poor beast in his talons. He struck her very nicely, pinning fore paws and head together with one foot, the hind paws together with the other, thus preventing the slightest resistance. My remorse at this stage of the proceedings was somewhat alleviated by the fact that the kitten did not even quiver, having apparently been instantly killed by the force of the blow. However, the Eagle at once put an end to what little life may have been left by breaking her spine with his beak. He thereupon tore a hole in her abdomen, and cast the intestines daintily aside. The contents of the stomach were examined and, with the exception of a single tid-bit which appeared to be a piece of bread, rejected. The rest of the body was then rapidly devoured. On the following morning a full-grown tom-cat was turned loose in the cage. The Eagle attacked him several times but was valiantly repelled, and up to the end of the third day, when he made his escape, Thomas remained master of the situation. Dissatisfied with this experiment, my friend subsequently introduced the cat in a half-stunned condition, and after getting well scratched the Eagle succeeded in overcoming him.—Nathan Clifford Brown, Portland, Maine.

Note on Mareca Americana.—I shot at Wayland, Mass., October 1, 1881, a young male Widgeon (Mareca americana). It was flying in company with a flock of twelve others, apparently of the same species.—A. Thorndike, Brookline, Mass.

Destruction of Birds by the Cold Wave of May 21st and 22nd.—It seems worthy of note that, judging from indications in this vicinity, the destruction of bird life by the recent cold wave must have been very considerable.

On the morning of May 21st, a specimen of Helminthophila peregrina was picked up so nearly chilled to death that it died shortly afterwards. The same was also true of a specimen of Dendræca pennsylvanica On the morning of May 22nd, three other specimens of the following species were picked up here which had apparently died of cold: Dendrœca maculosa, Myiodioctes pusillus, and Empidonax minimus.

These facts suggest that the abundance of bird life may, to a considerable extent, be influenced by sudden extreme changes of temperature, as well as by heavy gales.—F. H. King, River Falls, Wis., May 24, 1882.

A “Tidal Wave” of Birds in Washington.—In the twenty-five years during which I have paid more or less attention to birds hereabouts I have never seen anything like the “wave” that rolled up in the second and third weeks of May of this year. The highest spring “season” is usually the month from April 20 to May 20, at which latter date the tide has usually ebbed equably from its greatest height at the middle of May. This year the birds seemed to be held back by the cold and wet, and such 186an accumulation has seldom if ever been seen before. The streets and parks were full of the birds, and the daily papers all had their say upon the unwonted apparition. In the Smithsonian Grounds, for example, I saw one day a flock of a hundred or more Orchard Orioles, mixed with Baltimores. There were flocks of Scarlet Tanagers, Rose-breasted Grosbeaks, etc., and any quantity of Thrushes, Vireos, Flycatchers and Warblers—among the latter the rare beauty Dendrœca tigrina. Of the latter Dr. Prentiss took several—the only ones we have known to be captured here for many years. The cause of this gathering of the clans was doubtless the cold wave Mr. King speaks of in the preceding paragraph.—Elliott Coues, Washington, D. C.

More Definite Statistics Needed in Regard To the Abundance of Birds.—It is deeply to be regretted, it seems to me, that we have so little specific information in regard to the abundance of birds in the various portions of the United States from which lists of species have been published.

Such terms as “common”, “not common,” “abundant,” “rare,” “rather rare,” etc., may have such different values in the minds of different observers, as to render them of but little value for any but the most general considerations. They are absolutely valueless in the discussion of such economic questions as, Can birds ever become abundant in thickly settled districts? and, What birds, if left to themselves, are likely to become most abundant in thickly settled sections?

The table given below indicates the character and kind of information which is much needed in the discussion of many important ornithological questions.

The first four columns are compiled from notes made in Jefferson County, Wisconsin, between July 31 and August 7, 1877; those in the last four columns are from notes taken in the vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y., in 1878.

In each column, opposite the name of the species, is given the number of individuals which were observed in travelling the distance indicated near the foot of each column. The item, “birds seen or heard but not named.” includes those individuals which were known to exist in the territory passed over, but which for various reasons could not be identified with certainty.

The salient features of the two localities, briefly stated, are these:—

In the vicinity of Ithaca, there is a long, deep, and narrow valley, having somewhat rolling, glen-cut sides: in it lies Cayuga Lake, deep and weedless, stretching, like a broad river, to the northward. Its east and west banks are abrupt and rocky and cut, at intervals, by deep wooded glens. A small grass swamp, bearing a few trees, at the south end of the lake and running up into the city, is about the only low land in the vicinity. Formerly a mixed deciduous and evergreen forest covered the hills. Now, mere remnants stand near together upon small closely packed farms on both sides of the valley. The houses are numerous, the orchards large, and there are few fields not having some trees standing in them.

187In the portion of Jefferson County where the notes were taken, the country is nearly level, with gentle undulations, and is traversed by Bark and Rock Rivers. The streams make a sharp line between prairies and openings on one side and heavy hard and soft-wood timber on the other. Marshes trend along the streams, and shallow reedy ponds are common. Compared with the vicinity of Ithaca, the farms are larger, the houses less numerous, the orchards smaller, the woods and groves larger, and but few trees stand in the fields.

Route 1 led from a point about half a mile north of Bark River out across cultivated fields. Routes 2 and 3 each led east from Rock River, north of Jefferson, alternately through pieces of heavy timber and across dry cultivated fields. Route 4 led from the Crayfish west upon the prairie southwest of Aztelan, traversing dry treeless fields and leading through two small groves. Route 5 led from the University buildings west across the valley, leading through a pasture, through the north end of the city, through the swamp, and up the railroad, bordered on one side by cultivated fields, and by tangled thickets on the other. Route 6 led directly east from the campus to Varna, and then southwest along the railroad. On this trip only cultivated fields were crossed and one small piece of woods traversed. Route 7 led up the valley from Ithaca along the east side, and then across to Enfield Falls. On this tramp we passed in turn along the railroad, bordered with small scattering thickets on both sides, across the inlet through low fields, and then past cultivated fields and small pieces of woods. Route 8 lay ten miles east of Ithaca, and led from McLean off to the southeast of Dryden, and then through Dryden to Freeville. A branch of Fall Creek was crossed twice, and, with the exception of a small marsh near Freeville, only cultivated fields and small pieces of wood were passed.

Total average number of birds per mile in Jefferson County is about thirty-three.

Total average number per mile in the vicinity of Ithaca is about fifty-seven.

189The notes from which these tables are prepared were obtained by walking continuously over the routes named, without retracing steps in any case. When a bird was observed a record was made in the form of a dot placed against the name of the bird. The dots were placed for convenience in groups of five each separated by straight lines.

It seems a little remarkable that the four averages of the two localities should so nearly coincide. The fact that they do coincide so closely suggests that, unless we have here an unusual recurrence of figures, the averages represent a tolerably definite factor of the bird population of the two localities at the time the observations were made. The statistics do not indicate the actual bird-population in the two localities; but they do show, it seems to me, the relative abundance in the two sections, and, to a large extent, the relative abundance of the various species in each locality.

It is to be observed that the notes from the vicinity of Ithaca were taken in June before many of the young birds were upon the wing, while those from the other locality were made after the breeding season. The two localities should not be compared, therefore, without taking this fact into account. For instance, all the Bobolinks observed on trip 8 were, with two exceptions, males. Hence the figures probably show only about one-half the number of birds of this species that existed in the territory at the time of the visit.

In July, 1878, about the middle of the month, I went over route 5 and 6 a second time to see what effect upon the average the addition of the young birds would have. The whole number of birds observed was a little more than double that observed in June.

Perhaps some one will suggest a better method of obtaining the facts recorded in this connection.—F. H. King, River Falls, Wis., May 24, 1882.

Remarks on Five Maine Birds.—It appears that no formal announcement of the occurrence of the Gray-cheeked Thrush (Hylocichla aliciæ) in the State of Maine has ever been made, though the course the bird is known to pursue in its migrations renders such an announcement of slight importance. It may be stated, however, for the benefit of compilers, that this Thrush is a regular, not very common, spring and fall migrant in southern Maine, reaching Portland in spring about the middle of May, and in autumn about September 20.

Apropos of Dr. Coues’ recent prediction^[87] that the Titlark (Anthus ludovicianus) will yet be ascertained to breed occasionally along the Maine coast, is there anything but inferential evidence to indicate that it occurs there at all in spring or summer? Being known to pass through Massachusetts in spring and to occur on the island of Grand Manan^[88] at that 190season, it is fair to suppose that the Titlark also touches at favorable points in Maine while en route to its breeding grounds. Nevertheless neither my own observations nor the records of other observers substantiate this hypothesis.

The once prized Ipswich Sparrow (Passerculus princeps) must now take its place among the common autumnal migrants of southern Maine, though restricted, so far as I am aware, to the sea-coast. In spring, however, it is uncommon if not rare. Since the capture of the first Maine specimen,^[89] March 20, 1875, I have seen but two other spring specimens. These I found upon Old Orchard Beach, March 28, 1882, and one of them is now in my collection. In their autumnal migration the birds reach Cumberland County about Oct. 13, remaining at least until Nov. 6, later than which I have never looked for them. Upon almost any day between these dates the collector may find a dozen or more individuals along the sandy shore between Scarborough Beach and the Saco River.

In the Proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History for April, 1882, I spoke of the Ring-necked Duck (Fulix collaris) as having but once been taken in the vicinity of the city within my experience. On the very morning upon which my paper left the press, I found in one of the city markets two adult males which were killed in the Presumpscot River, March 31, 1882. On April 12 I found another male in the market; the next day I purchased a pair from a sportsman in Deering; and on April 17 detected another male in the market. That the bird’s occurrence in such numbers is very unusual there can be no doubt. In fact, so far as I have been able to learn, our most experienced hunters of wild fowl either knew the species only by tradition, before this year, or else were wholly unacquainted with it.

Mr. Brewster has more than once advanced good evidence to the effect that the Short-tailed Tern (Hydrochelidon lariformis) should be considered a regular and not uncommon visitor to suitable localities on the New England coast.^[90] Specific records for Maine are, notwithstanding, few as yet.^[91] Two recent specimens should go on the list. One of these was killed in Scarborough, the other at Wells Beach, York County, in the autumn of 1881.—Nathan Clifford Brown, Portland, Maine.

Maine Notes.—Oporornis agilis (Wils.) Baird. Connecticut Warbler.—Mr. Nathan Clifford Brown, in a paper read before the Portland Society of Natural History April 3, 1882, gives this bird for the first time a place in the Maine fauna. He met with it Aug. 30, 1878, on Cape Elizabeth. I would record a specimen which I took in August, 1879, at Ebeme Lake. This makes the second record for this State.

Hylocichla unalascæ pallasi (Caban.) Ridgw. Hermit Thrush.—These birds breed commonly with us every year (Bangor). Their eggs 191are usually taken early in June, but I find among my notes the record of a set taken August 5, 1873, at Dedham, Maine, the eggs being but slightly incubated. This would seem to be presumptive evidence for the belief that these birds raise two broods in a season.

Lomvia arra brünnichi (Scl.) Ridgw. Brünnich’s Guillemot; and Lomvia troile (Linn.) Brandt. Common Guillemot.—These birds are found on our coast in the winter season, Brünnich’s Guillemot being quite numerous, while the Common Guillemot is more rare. Some idea of their comparative numbers may perhaps be obtained from the fact that during the past two years I have procured some thirty specimens from different points on our coast (from Grand Manan to South Bristol) and out of this number only one was a representative of the Common Guillemot (L. troile.) The experience of Mr. N. A. Eddy of this city is exactly similar, and out of about an equal number of specimens he has obtained but a single example of troile. Other collectors in this vicinity who have received numbers of Guillemots have not obtained a specimen of Lomvia troile.

Actodromas fuscicollis (Vieill.) Ridgw. Bonaparte’s Sandpiper.—This bird is not given as a resident of our State in Hamlin’s, Verrill’s or Maynard’s lists, but is still a not uncommon autumnal migrant along our coast. They are seldom met with in the interior, and the only records of their capture away from the coast, so far as I can learn, are here given. Nathan C. Brown furnishes me the first record from his notes as follows: “Oct. 16, 1876. During the past two weeks our party has taken only three specimens of this bird at Lake Umbagog. One was shot about Oct. 2, the two others upon Oct. 14.” On October 23, 1881, I came upon a flock of four at a small pool near this city (Bangor), and obtained three of them. Mr. N. A. Eddy afterwards took one at the same place.—Harry Merrill. Bangor, Maine.

Stray Notes From Lookout Mountain, Tenn.—The following notes were taken on Lookout Mountain, Tenn., from March 17 to April 4, 1882. The “Mountain,” so-called, is a ridge, some twenty miles or more in length, extending nearly due north and south. Its altitude ranges from 2200 to 2450 feet above the sea, and from 1500 to 1750 feet above the Tennessee River, which touches the base at its most northern point: its width, at the top, is from half a mile to two miles. About two miles of its northern end is in Tennessee, the rest being in Georgia. My collecting was done mostly on the Tennessee portion, but occasionally I went into Georgia, my longest trip into that State being five miles. The country is, for the most part, heavily wooded, although towards the northern end a great deal of the timber was destroyed during the late war and the new growth is still quite small. There are numerous streams in the ravines, along the banks of which laurels, blackberries, etc., grow luxuriantly. On the east side of the ridge there are, for half a mile, huge boulders, and the trees, principally pines, on and around them, were, I found, a favorite resort 192for the smaller birds. The whole number of species noted during my stay was fifty, but I give only such notes as may, perhaps, be of general interest.

1. Sitta canadensis Linn. Red-bellied Nuthatch.—Met with but once, on March 29, in a partial clearing.

2. Dendrœoa virens (Gmel.) Baird. Black-throated Green Warbler.—First seen March 19. Taken March 20. After this date it was not at all uncommon, and could be heard singing at almost any hour of the day.

3. Peucæa æstivalis illinoensis Ridgw. Oak-wood Sparrow.—First noted April 3. Two males procured April 4, both in song. These were both well-marked examples of illinoensis, one, indeed, carrying the differentiation to an extreme degree. In this specimen the back was of a reddish-brown color, entirely without streaks, and exactly resembled extreme specimens from Illinois. The other had the back distinctly streaked with black, and closely resembled a specimen from Alabama, taken by Mr. N. C. Brown. I found these birds both in groves of small pines and in open fields where there were plenty of brush-piles. They seemed to be quite common, as I heard several singing, at the same time, in different parts of the field. I was enabled to compare my specimens with those of the Smithsonian Institution through the kindness of Mr. R. Ridgway, and for this and many other favors I wish to tender him my grateful thanks.

4. Corvus corax carnivorus (Bartr.) Ridgw. American Raven.—Quite common. Said to breed on the cliffs. I have seen as many as eight or ten chasing each other through the air at one time.

5. Catharista atrata (Wils.) Less. Carrion Crow.—Quite common. Breeds. They seem to keep in flocks more than Cathartis aura.

6. Bonasa umbella (Linn.) Steph. Ruffed Grouse.—Once seen and once heard “drumming.” The local sportsmen report them as being quite scarce.—W. H. Fox, Washington, D. C.

Vol. VII, page 119, line 8, for “struggling” read “straggling”; page 122, line 9 from bottom, for “Rellon” read “Redlon”; page 123, line 28, for “Before” read “Upon.”

BULLETIN OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. VOL. VII. October, 1882. No. 4. — ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS LATELY MADE BY MR. F. STEPHENS IN ARIZONA. — NOTES UPON THE OSTEOLOGY OF CINCLUS MEXICANUS . — LIST OF BIRDS OBSERVED AT HOUSTON, HARRIS CO., TEXAS, AND IN THE COUNTIES MONTGOMERY, GALVESTON AND FORD BEND. — NOTES ON SOME BIRDS COLLECTED BY CAPT. CHARLES BENDIRE, AT FORT WALLA WALLA, WASHINGTON TERRITORY. — List of Species and Varieties represented in the Collection. — Species and Varieties calling for Special Consideration. — LIST OF BIRDS ASCERTAINED TO OCCUR WITHIN TEN MILES FROM POINT DE MONTS, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC, CANADA; BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE NOTES OF NAPOLEON A. COMEAU. — Recent Literature. — General Notes.

60. Carpodacus frontalis (Say) Gray. House Finch.

571, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, June 22.

61. Loxia curvirostra mexicana (Strickl.) Baird. Mexican Crossbill.—Chiricahua Mountains; most numerous on the eastern side. Young just able to fly were taken March 7.

All of the following specimens are referable to true mexicana.

16, ♂ ad., Chiricahua Mountains, March 6. Length, 7.10; extent, 11.90; wing, 4; tail, 2.73; culmen, .87.

17, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 7.10; extent, 11.80; wing, 3.88; tail, 2.75; culmen, .85. “Iris dark brown. The jaw muscles were extraordinarily developed on the side toward which the lower mandible crossed.”

24, ♀ ad., Chiricahua Mountains, March 7. Length, 6.80; extent, 11.40; wing, 3.70; tail, 2.52; culmen, .81.

25, ♀ juv., first plumage, same locality and date. This bird had been out of the nest but a few days and the tips of the mandibles had not begun to cross.

116, ♂ juv., first plumage, Chiricahua Mountains, March 26. Length, 6.90; extent, 12; wing, 4; tail, 2.75: culmen. .65. Wings and tail fully grown; mandibles decidedly crossed.

19462. Chrysomitris psaltria (Say) Bp. Arkansas Goldfinch.—“Common in only a few localities. I have not found much difference among the examples that occur here and have taken few that answered the description of var. arizonæ. California specimens are almost identical with those from New Mexico.”

130, ♂ ad., Chiricahua Mountains, March 30. Length, 4.50; extent, 7.80; wing, 2.65; tail, 1.90. “Iris brown.”

63. Chrysomitris pinus (Wils.) Bp. Pine Finch.—Common among the Chiricahua Mountains.

20, ♂ ad., Chiricahua Mountains, March 7. Length, 5; extent, 8.90; wing, 2.91; tail, 2.20.

128, ♂ ad., Chiricahua Mountains, March 29. Length, 4.90; extent, 8.60; wing, 2.96; tail, 2.14; “Iris dark brown.”

64. Poœcetes gramineus confinis Baird. Western Grass Finch.—“Common on prairies.”

The utility of recognizing this race of the Grass Finch seems to me questionable, although the western bird certainly possesses slight differential characters; these, however, are so largely comparative that they are difficult of adequate description, and any one attempting to determine examples by the books without the aid of large series of specimens, will be likely to abandon the task in despair.

158, ♀ ad., Sulphur Spring Valley, April 4. Length, 6.20; extent, 10.20; wing, 3.20; tail, 2.90.

164, ♂ ad., near Tombstone, April 5. Length, 6.40; extent, 10.80; wing, 3.35; tail, 3.04.

65. Spizella socialis arizonæ Coues. Western Chipping Sparrow.—Noted only at Cave Creek. “A large flock; they keep much among trees.”

11, ♂ ad., Cave Creek, March 5. Length, 5.50; extent, 8.90. “Iris dark brown; bill dark flesh-color; legs pale brownish.”

66. Spizella breweri Cass. Brewer’s Sparrow.—Four specimens, all taken April 5, near Tombstone. Eight were killed by one shot into a flock which had gathered about a water-hole, but they were in such ragged plumage, owing to the progress of the spring moult, that half of them had to be thrown away.

67. Junco oregonus (Towns.) Scl. Oregon Snowbird.—A single specimen obtained March 5, on Cave Creek.

68. Junco cinereus caniceps^[92] (Woodh.) Coues. Gray-headed Snowbird.

19510, ♂ ad., Cave Creek, March 5. Length, 6.20; extent, 9.20. Iris dark brown; bill and legs flesh-color.

15, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 6.30; extent, 9.

141, ♀ ad., Chiricahua Mountains, March 31. Length, 6.10; extent, 9.30. Iris dark brown.

69. Junco cinereus dorsalis (Henry) Henshaw. Red-backed Snowbird.

108, ♀ ad., Chiricahua Mountains, March 26. Length, 6.50; extent, 9.50; wing, 3.05; tail, 3.18. “Not as plenty here as J. cinereus.”

70. Junco cinereus (Swains.) Caban. Mexican Snowbird.—Nine specimens, all taken during March, in the Chiricahua Mountains.

71. Amphispiza bilineata (Cass.) Coues. Black-throated Sparrow.—Mr. Stephens found this Sparrow on barren plains sparsely covered with low bushes; he considers it a permanent resident in Arizona.

Juv., first plumage ♂ (No. 613, Camp Lowell, June 28). Crown, lores, orbital region and sides of head generally, dull brownish-ash; a white superciliary line as in the adult; back faded brown with shaft-stripes of a darker shade on most of the feathers; wing-coverts and outer webs of inner secondaries, reddish-buff; beneath dull white with the breast and sides of the abdomen thickly but finely streaked with dull black.

In addition to the bird just mentioned the collection includes five adults from the following localities: San Pedro River (♂, Dec. 25); Sulphur Spring Valley (♂, April 4); Tucson (♀, May 3); Santa Rita Mountains (♀, May 20); Camp Lowell (♂, May 30).

72. Peucæa cassini (Woodh.) Baird. Cassin’s Sparrow.—Although special efforts were made to obtain specimens of this species, only one was secured during the trip. “The song of the male is peculiar; about midway it drops several notes and is finished on one key. Several others seen. They were all very wild.”

159, ♀ ad., Sulphur Spring Valley, April 4. Length, 6.30; extent, 7.80; wing, 2.50; tail, 2.82. “Iris brown.”

73. Peucæa carpalis Coues. Rufous-winged Sparrow.—Found sparingly about Tucson and Camp Lowell. It inhabited the mesquite thickets, keeping closely hidden in the bunches of “sacaton” grass, from which, when flushed, it flew into the branches above.

233, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 5.70; extent, 7.90; wing, 2.42; tail, 2.82.

234, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 5.90; extent, 8; wing, 2.57; tail, 3. “Iris brown; bill dark brown above, paler below; legs pale brown.”

196432, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 25. Length, 5.80; extent, 7.80; wing, 2.46; tail, 2.75. With nest and three eggs.

442, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 27. Length, 5.80; extent, 8; wing, 2.58; tail, 3.

582, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 24. Length, 5.90; extent, 8.20; wing, 2.55; tail, 2.91.

74. Peucæa ruficeps boucardi (Scl.) Ridg. Boucard’s Sparrow.—These Sparrows were met with at Cave Creek, near Morse’s Mill, and in the Santa Rita Mountains. Among some notes taken at the first-named place I find the following: “I saw five of these Sparrows to-day [March 4] but two of them escaped me. They were in scrub oaks on rocky hillsides, and were apparently mated. They acted somewhat like Wrens, hiding among the rocks and flushing from the grass at a point some distance beyond where I would mark them down. Two went into the low branches of the oaks, from which I easily shot them. I have not found the species before in Arizona, but I took several near Fort Bayard, New Mexico, in 1876.” A specimen taken near the end of March was shot “on a ridge among thick brush,” while two others, obtained in the Santa Rita Mountains in May, occurred at a high elevation on similar ground.

1, ♂ ad., Cave Creek, March 4. Length, 6.60; extent, 8.30; wing, 2.80; tail, 3.29.

2, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 6.40; extent, 7.90; wing, 2.60; tail, 3.02.

3, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 6.50; extent, 8.20. “Iris brown; legs pale flesh-color; bill dark bluish slate-color.”

138, ♂ ad., Chiricahua Mountains, March 31. Length, 6.50; extent, 8.30; wing, 2.56; tail, 3.15.

387, ♀ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 16. Length, 6.10; extent, 8.10; wing, 2.58; tail, 2.95. “Iris brown; bill blackish above, light bluish below; legs pale flesh-color.”

413, ♀ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 20. Length, 6.30; extent, 7.80; wing, 2.50; tail, 3.

The specimens enumerated above represent true boucardi and are readily separable from Texas examples by the characters which my friend Mr. Brown has lately pointed out^[93] in his diagnosis of the new race, eremœca.

75. Melospiza fasciata fallax Baird. Western Song Sparrow.—Rather common about Tucson where they haunted willow thickets and tall marsh grass near water.

258, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 21. Length, 6.30; extent, 8.20; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.98; culmen, .58. “Iris dark brown; bill dark above, light below; legs light brown. With nest and three eggs.”

197270, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 23. Length, 6.10; extent, 7.90; wing, 2.42; tail, 2.86; culmen, .54.

319, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 3. Length, 6.30; extent, 8.40; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.99; culmen, .55.

338, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 6. Length, 6.10; extent, 7.80; wing, 2.52; tail, 2.97; culmen, .53. “With nest and three eggs: set completed.”

510, ♂ ad., Tucson, June 8. Length, 6.50; extent, 8.40; wing, 2.74; tail, 3.16; culmen, .52.

76. Melospiza lincolni (Aud.) Baird. Lincoln’s Finch.—“Common along streams” in March. Two specimens (Cave Creek, March 5).

77. Passerella townsendi schistacea (Baird) Coues. Slate-colored Sparrow.—None were met with during 1881, but I have a specimen taken by Mr. Stephens near Tucson, in February, 1880.

78. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx (Baird) Coues. Spurred Towhee.—Two males, Chiricahua Mountains, March 26 and 28. “Common in brush, usually along streams. They have a variety of calls, some of which resemble those of the Catbird. The song, uttered while the bird is sitting on a tree, sounds like jack-jacksonii.”

The North American Towhees of the maculatus group are at present involved in much confusion. The trouble seems to be that each locality furnishes a race of its own which either possesses certain slight individual characteristics, or combines, in varying degrees, the characters of two or more recognized forms. The case, however, is not peculiar; for to a greater or less extent the same state of things obtains among the Song Sparrows, Shore Larks, and several other species, in which the forces of evolution are still actively working.

79. Pipilo chlorurus (Towns.) Baird. Green-tailed Towhee.—Several specimens taken late in April. “Not common; usually found in low brush.”

80. Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus (Baird) Ridgw. Cañon Towhee.—“Common in rocky localities on plains, and in valleys.” A nest containing three eggs was taken June 15 at a point about twenty-five miles north of Tucson. The eggs are grayish-white with numerous, short, zigzag lines of black about the larger end and occasional spots or dashes of brown and dull lavender scattered over the general surface of the shell. They measure respectively .91 × .69, .94 × .69, and .92 × .69. The nest, which was placed about four feet above the ground in a “cat-claw” mesquite, is firmly and rather compactly built of fibrous shreds 198from the stalks of herbaceous plants, with a few twigs and whole stems supporting the outside, and a scanty lining of horse-hair. Its external diameter is about five inches; its depth two. The cavity is two inches wide and one and a half deep. Both nest and eggs differ somewhat from California examples of crissalis in my collection, the eggs being smaller and whiter, the nest softer and more compact.

177, ♂ ad., Tombstone, April 7. Length, 8.80; extent, 11.60. “Iris light brown.”

186, ♀ ad., Tombstone, April 9. Length, 8.10; extent, 10.90; wing 3.50; tail, 4.15.

416, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 20. Length, 8.50; extent, 11.50; wing, 3.73; tail, 4.45.

81. Pipilo aberti Baird. Abert’s Towhee.—“I have found this species common along the Colorado and Gila Rivers, and I took several on the San Pedro in December, 1880. They appear to be restricted to the vicinity of streams and usually to thick brush, although they frequent trees more than most of the members of this genus. I have seen them hunting insects in the bark of large trees in a manner similar to that of Wrens. They are rather shy. The usual note is a sharp chirp. The song is difficult to describe; it is rapid and near the middle rises to a higher key, quickly falling again and ending on the initial note. The nest is rather bulky; it is sometimes built in bushes near the ground, and again in trees. I found one in a bunch of mistletoe at a height of at least thirty feet.”

A nest found May 28, at Tucson, was built on the top of a mesquite stump, where it was kept in place by the surrounding sprouts. It contained three fresh eggs which measure respectively .91 × .72, .92 × .72, and .90 × .71. They are elliptical in shape, and in the character and distribution of their markings they resemble the above described eggs of P. mesoleucus from which, however, they differ in having a faint but decided bluish cast. The nest is large and loosely built. It is composed mainly of broad strips or ribbons of bark with which are mingled small, pliant twigs and the green stems and leaves of the mesquite(?). The whole structure is homogeneous and, strictly speaking, it has no lining, but the materials surrounding the cavity are rather softer than the rest, while they are arranged with some regard to smoothness. The external diameter of this nest is about seven inches; its depth three. The cavity is three inches wide and two deep.

199Juv., first plumage (No. 520, Tucson, June 10). Above uniform light brown; wing-coverts, outer edges of the inner secondaries and a narrow tipping on the tail, brownish-ochraceous; beneath brownish-fulvous with an ochraceous tinge on the throat, abdomen, and crissum, and a broad band of coarse but obscure black spots extending across the breast; head markings as in the adult, but duller.

Eight specimens were collected. “Iris light brown; bill brownish horn-color above, bluish beneath; legs brown.”

82. Cardinalis virginianus igneus (Baird) Coues. Saint Lucas Cardinal.—Found only at Tucson, where it occurred sparingly in low brush, usually near streams.

269, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 23. Length, 9.40; extent, 12.40; wing, 4.12; tail, 4.92; longest feathers of crest, 1.35. “Iris dark brown; legs brown.”

83. Pyrrhuloxia sinuata Bonap. Texan Cardinal.—In the latter part of April three of these Cardinals were taken near Tucson, and several others were seen in the same place during March, 1880. They were found among mesquites, along brush fences and in the shrubbery of an arroya. “Iris dark brown; bill yellowish horn-color; legs pale brown. Food seeds, green buds and insects.”

84. Zamelodia melanocephala (Swains.) Coues. Black-headed Grosbeak.—Common at high elevations among the mountains.

367, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 13. Length, 8.10; extent, 12.90; wing, 4.17; tail, 3.75. “Iris dark brown; legs light plumbeous.”

391, ♀ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 16. Length, 8.40; extent, 12.80; wing, 4.28; tail, 3.70.

In addition to being considerably larger than any of my more northern specimens, these examples are peculiar in having the interscapular feathers so broadly edged with brownish-orange (brownish-yellow in the ♀) that the back appears to be about equally streaked with light and dark color.

85. Guiraca cœrulea (Linn.) Swains. Blue Grosbeak.—Only a few were seen during the present trip, but Mr. Stephens found them common on the Gila River in 1876. “They are late migrants.”

445, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 28. Length, 7.20; extent, 11.10; wing, 3.60; tail, 3.27. “Iris dark brown; bill black above, bluish below; legs black.”

86. Passerina amœna (Say) Gray. Lazuli Bunting.—Two specimens, obtained April 25, at Tucson, are noted as “the first ones seen.” One of them, a male, has the blue almost completely obscured by rufous, which forms a broad tipping on all the feathers of the upper parts. The throat, however, remains nearly pure blue.

20087. Calamospiza bicolor (Towns.) Bonap. Lark Bunting.—Several large flocks were seen April 13, in the neighborhood of Tombstone. Most of the males were in parti-colored dress, not above one per cent having put on the black breeding-plumage. The stomachs of all which were killed contained “buds and seeds.”

88. Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmel.) Coues. Dwarf Cowbird.

277, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 25. Length, 7.30; extent, 12.40; wing, 4.02; tail, 3.20. “Iris dark brown.”

417, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 20. Length, 7.10; extent, 12.10; wing, 4.01; tail, 3.17.

89. Agelæus phœniceus (Linn.) Vieill. Red-winged Blackbird.

511, ♀ ad., Tucson, June 8. Length, 8.10; extent, 13.20; wing, 4.22; tail, 3.40.

90. Icterus parisiorum Bonap. Scott’s Oriole.—Although this Oriole was oftenest seen among the foot-hills it occasionally occurred on the most barren plains, where it seemed content with the scanty shelter afforded by the cactus thickets. In the hill country it frequented the oak belt, and was seldom observed at a high elevation. During the breeding season it was seen near Tucson, as well as among the Santa Rita Mountains, but no nests were found in either locality.

Juv., first plumage (♀. No. 528, Tucson, June 14). Generally like the adult, but with all the wing feathers edged and tipped with white, the wing-bands yellowish, the tail tipped with yellow, the breast obscured with brownish, and the yellow of the under parts paler and greener.

Only a small proportion of the males collected by Mr. Stephens have the adult plumage perfected. A female (No. 189, Tombstone, April 10) has a black throat-patch extending from the chin to the breast, and small, sagittate black spots on the crown.

“Iris dark brown; bill black, bluish at base below; legs dark bluish. Food, insects.”

91. Icterus cucullatus Swains. Hooded Oriole.—An uncommon species, found only in the valleys, where it seemed to prefer cottonwoods to other trees.

The specimens taken are all adults, with the exception of a male which, although evidently a bird of the previous year, differs from the females only in having a black throat-patch and several concealed black spots on the interscapulars. One of the females is also peculiar in having many half-concealed black spots on the throat and jugulum. Some of the richest-colored males have the interscapular feathers tipped with yellow.

20192. Icterus bullocki (Swains.) Bonap. Bullock’s Oriole.—Only two of these Orioles were taken during 1881: but in the previous summer Mr. Stephens found them not uncommon in the foot-hills of the Chiricahua Mountains.

93. Corvus corax carnivorus (Bartr.) Ridgw. American Raven.—Incidentally mentioned as common about Tucson.

94. Corvus cryptoleucus Couch. White-necked Raven.—A small proportion of the Ravens seen about Tucson were recognized as belonging to this species. Their notes differed widely from those of the common Raven, and “at times sounded somewhat like the quacking of a Duck.”

324, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 4. Length, 19.90; extent, 40.70; wing, 14.06; tail, 8.94. “Iris dark brown.”

95. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha (Baird) Ridgw. Long-crested Jay.—Five specimens, Chiricahua Mountains, March 24 to 26. “These Jays are common in the pines well up the mountain sides, but they are wary and difficult of approach. When pursued they fly from one tree to the lower branches of the next and jumping from limb to limb, take flight again as soon as they reach the top. If one can follow fast enough to get within range before the bird reaches the top of the tree he may obtain a shot, but it is necessary to keep behind some object while accomplishing this. They are noisy and have a variety of calls, some of which are disagreeably harsh. I think they are shyer here than in other localities where I have met with them.” One of Mr. Stephens’ specimens (No. 106) has the crest strongly tinged with blue, thus approaching var. diademata of Mexico.

96. Aphelocoma woodhousii (Baird) Ridgw. Woodhouse’s Jay.—One specimen, Galeyville. January 29, 1881.

97. Aphelocoma sordida arizonæ Ridgw. Arizona Jay.—Mr. Stephens met with this Jay in the Chiricahua and Santa Rita Mountains, and judging from the number of specimens obtained it must be rather abundant in both ranges. “They go in flocks of from five to twenty, and are generally seen in the foot-hills. They are restless, and in most localities shy, but around mills, where they congregate to feed on the grain in horse droppings, they become used to the presence of human beings and are more easily approached. Their food is chiefly broken acorns.”

A nest found May 16, in the Santa Rita Mountains, is a bulky structure composed chiefly of yellowish rootlets with some coarse 202dead twigs protecting its exterior and a scanty lining of fine grasses. The female was sitting on four eggs. which were on the point of hatching. The only specimen saved measures 1.13 × .82. It is pale greenish-blue, absolutely without markings, and closely resembles a Robin’s egg. “The others were similar, as were three eggs of a set taken in 1876, and two of one found in 1880.”

Of the fifteen specimens collected only four have the bill wholly black. With all the others there is more or less flesh-color, which, although usually confined to the base and tip of the lower mandible, sometimes spreads over nearly the whole of the bill below as well as encroaching on the maxilla at the tomia, and occasionally even occupies a narrow central space along the ridge of the culmen above the nostrils. Mr. Henshaw has remarked on this feature, which he considers peculiar to young birds. If this view be correct it must require several years for the bill to become unicolor.

98. Eremophila alpestris chrysolæma (Wagl.) Coues. Mexican Shore Lark.—The only Shore Lark in the collection, a young bird in first plumage, taken on the plains at the base of the Santa Rita Mountains, has been referred by Mr. Ridgway to the above race.

99. Tyrannus verticalis Say. Arkansas Flycatcher.—Although this species was much less numerous than the following, especially after the spring migrants had gone, a few pairs were found breeding about Camp Lowell, where a nest containing three slightly incubated eggs was taken on June 20. The collection includes skins from Tucson and Camp Lowell.

100. Tyrannus vociferans Swains. Cassin’s Flycatcher.—“Abundant in summer. Neither verticalis nor vociferans winters in Arizona.” Specimens were collected at Tombstone, Tucson, and among the Santa Rita Mountains.

The peculiar attenuation of the primaries in this species has been freely commented on by authors, but no one seems to have noticed that this character, at least as applied in diagnoses, is to be found in only the male of T. vociferans. Nevertheless this is true of the somewhat large series of specimens before me, among which there is a decided and very constant sexual difference in the shape of the outer four primary feathers. All the adult males have them abruptly and deeply notched on the inner webs about half an inch from the tip, the emargination extending more than half-way to the shaft and reducing the width of the feather, terminally, to about .12 of an inch. In the females these feathers show no well-defined notching, the tips being simply tapered, usually with a slightly concave outline, although the outline is sometimes actually rounded. A young male from Riverside, 203California (No. 6380, Sept. 19, 1881), taken during its first autumnal moult, has the old primaries (1–2) almost without attenuation, their tips being only slightly tapered, while the new ones (3–5) are as deeply notched as in any of the adults. Hence it is probable that males in first plumage will be found to have the primaries shaped like those of the female.

The sexes of T. verticalis differ in a similar manner but less markedly, for the first primary of the female, although broader than that of the male, usually has the same falcate shape. I have one or two females, however, which, by the wing characters alone, can with difficulty be distinguished from females of vociferans.

101. Myiarchus mexicanus cooperi^[94] (Kaup) Baird. Cooper’s Flycatcher.—This large Myiarchus which, as I lately announced,^[95] Mr. Stephens has the credit of first finding within our boundaries, was ascertained to be a common summer resident about Camp Lowell. Of its occurrence in New Mexico, also, I now have positive evidence, a previously undetermined specimen, taken by Mr. Stephens near the Gila River, June 12, 1876, proving on comparison to be identical with the Arizona ones.

The collector’s notes relating to the habits of this Flycatcher are disappointingly brief. It frequented low mesquites and was tame and rather noisy, having a variety of loud calls, some of which resembled those of M. cinerescens, while others were “almost Thrasher-like.” Its food seemed to consist largely of beetles. On June 27 a nest was found at Camp Lowell. “Both parents were distinctly seen and positively identified. The nest was in an old Woodpecker’s hole in a giant cactus about eighteen feet from the ground. It was lined with soft, downy weed-seeds, and contained two young just hatched and an addled egg.” The egg, unfortunately, is so badly broken that accurate measurements are impossible, but an approximation would be 1.04 × .74. In ground-color and markings it closely resembles eggs of M. crinitus, the shell being a dull clayey-buff over which are numerous longitudinal lines and dashes of purplish-brown or lavender. 204These markings are pretty evenly distributed, but are coarsest at the larger end of the egg.

462, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, May 31. Length, 9.90; extent, 14.10; wing, 4.40; tail, 4.40; culmen, 1.15. “Iris brown; bill and legs black.”

468, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 1. Length, 10; extent, 14.30; wing, 4.35; tail, 4.44; culmen, 1.10.

472, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 2. Length, 9.90; extent, 14.10; wing, 4.40; tail, 4.37; culmen, 1.27.

473, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 10; extent, 14.20; wing, 4.40; tail 4.60; culmen, 1.25.

491, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 4. Length, 9.60; extent, 14.20; wing, 4.40; tail, 4.40; culmen, 1.13.

492, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 9.80; extent, 14.30; wing, 4.38; tail, 4.49; culmen, 1.15.

558, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 21. Length, 9.80; extent, 14.30; wing, 4.37; tail, 4.47; culmen, 1.16.

592, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 25. Length, 9.80; extent, 13.80; wing, 4.23; tail, 4.35; culmen, 1.16.

463, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, May 31. Length, 9.60; extent, 13.70; wing, 4.12; tail, 4.34; culmen, 1.10.

464, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 9.50; extent, 13.60; wing, 4.16; tail, 4.32; culmen, 1.11.

493, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, June 4. Length, 9.60; extent, 13.70; wing, 4.16; tail, 4.16; culmen, 1.10.

559, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, June 21. Length, 9.40; extent, 13.40; wing, 4.04; tail, 4.10; culmen, 1.10.

591, ♀ ad., Camp Lowell, June 25. Length, 9.40; extent, 13.60; wing, 4.15; tail, 4.10; culmen, 1.12.

102. Myiarchus cinerescens Lawr. Ash-throated Flycatcher.—Specimens were obtained at Tombstone, Tucson, and Camp Lowell. In the latter locality the bird was common through June and was presumably breeding, although no nests were actually found. At all the points in Arizona where they were observed these Flycatchers frequented the timber in valleys and along streams, none being seen among the denser forests of the mountains.

103. Myiarchus lawrencii (Giraud) Baird. Lawrence’s Flycatcher.—This pretty Myiarchus, scarcely larger than our common Phoebe, was met with only among the Santa Rita Mountains, where it was apparently not uncommon, although its distribution seemed to be very local, most of Mr. Stephens’ specimens being taken in a single cañon. They haunted the banks of streams, perching on dead limbs and taking frequent flights after insects. The only note heard was a short, mournful 205“peeúr.” No nests were found, but a female shot May 17 was laying.

In my preliminary announcement^[96] of the occurrence of this species in Arizona I inadvertently gave the number of specimens as eight, whereas nine were really obtained. These show little variation in color or markings, but the females are slightly smaller than the males. The characters which separate M. lawrencii from its respective allies, M. tristis of Jamaica and M. nigricapillus of Central America, are well maintained in this series.

360, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 12. Length, 7.20; extent, 10.50; wing, 3.25; culmen, .76; tail, 3.38. “Iris dark brown; bill and legs black.”

361, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 7.20; extent, 10.30; wing, 3.25; culmen, .80; tail, 3.43.

364, ♂ ad., same locality and date. Length, 7.30; extent, 10.30; wing, 3.20; culmen, .80; tail, 3.35.

400, ♂ ad., same locality, May 17. Length, 7.10; extent, 10.20; wing, 3.20; culmen, .77; tail, 3.36.

412, ♂ ad., same locality, May 19. Length, 7.30; extent, 10.50; wing, 3.26; culmen, .82; tail, 3.32.

388, ♀ ad., same locality, May 16. Length, 7.10; extent, 10; wing, 3.20; culmen, .81; tail, 3.20.

401, ♀ ad., same locality, May 17. Length, 7; extent, 10; wing, 3.05; culmen, .74; tail, 3.05.

402, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 7.10; extent, 10.

403, ♀ ad., same locality and date. Length, 7; extent, 9.80; wing, 3.10; culmen, .85; tail, 3.16. “Laying.”

104. Sayiornis sayi (Bonap.) Baird. Say’s Pewee.—“Common on prairies; usually found singly, perching on weed-stalks. They do not frequent timber. Iris dark brown; bill and legs black.” Several specimens collected.

105. Sayiornis nigricans (Swains.) Bonap. Black Pewee.—Found more or less abundantly along streams, but rarely at a great elevation in the mountains. “The nest is similar to that of S. fusca, and is built under bridges or sometimes in deserted dwellings. Iris dark brown; bill and legs black.” Several specimens taken.

106. Contopus borealis (Swains.) Baird. Olive-sided Flycatcher.—Two specimens were obtained in May in the Santa Rita Mountains, where it was “not very common.”

107. Contopus pertinax Caban. Coues’s Flycatcher.

392, ♀ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 16. Length, 7.70; extent, 12.50; wing, 4.12; tail, 3.30; culmen, .78. “Iris dark brown; bill black above, yellow below with dusky tip; legs black.”

206108. Contopus virens richardsoni (Swains.) Coues. Western Wood Pewee.

371, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 13. Length, 6.40; extent, 10.70. “Iris dark brown; bill black above, dusky below.”

109. Empidonax flaviventris difficilis Baird. Western Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

Both of the following specimens are more decidedly ochraceous than are my California examples, the latter, like many Pacific Coast birds, showing a closer approach to the eastern form. Difficilis, however, seems to be a pretty strongly characterized race, if not, as Mr. Ridgway has lately ranked it, a distinct species.

484, ♂ ad., Camp Lowell, June 3. Length, 5.50; extent, 8.10; wing, 2.60; tail, 2.46.

517, ♀ ad., Tucson, June 10. Length, 5.50; extent, 8.10; wing, 2.46; tail, 2.52.

110. Empidonax pusillus (Swains.) Baird. Little Flycatcher.—A common bird about Tucson, where it inhabited willow thickets near water. Numerous nests were taken: the one sent me is a loosely woven structure composed chiefly of dry grasses, with a neat lining of horse-hair. It agrees closely with northern New England nests of E. trailli, and like them differs widely from the compact, Yellow-Warbler-like nests which trailli builds in the region about Columbus, Ohio, and at St. Louis, Missouri.^[97]

The series of skins is a full one, and the specimens uniformly sustain the characters ascribed to pusillus, a race which seems to me quite as constant as many which have been regarded with less suspicion and disfavor.

111. Empidonax hammondi (Xantus) Baird. Hammond’s Flycatcher.

172, ♀ ad., near Tombstone, April 12. Length, 5.40; extent, 8.90.

237, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 19. Length, 5.40; extent, 8.70.

363, ♀ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 12. Length. 5.30; extent, 8.30.

No. 237 has the outer web of the external rectrices as white as in average specimens of E. obscurus. I have Colorado examples also which cannot be separated from obscurus by this character alone.

112. Empidonax obscurus (Swains.) Baird. Wright’s Flycatcher.—This species was noted only in the vicinity of Tombstone, where a few were found early in April among scattered clumps of trees.

The four specimens collected have the lower mandible pale orange. 207passing into dusky at the tip, and in this respect differ from some more northern ones in which the part is flesh-color.

113. Empidonax fulvifrons pallescens Coues. Buff-breasted Flycatcher.—A single specimen from the Santa Rita Mountains is accompanied by the following remarks: “Rare here; more numerous in the Chiricahua Mountains last season [1880]; and rather common near Fort Bayard, New Mexico, in 1876. One of its notes is a chirp similar to a Warbler’s.”

395, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 17. Length, 5.10; extent, 7.90. “Iris dark brown; bill black, yellow below; legs black.”

114. Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus (Scl.) Coues. Vermilion Flycatcher.—This beautiful species was found at Cienega Station in April; near Tucson and among the Santa Rita Mountains during May; and about Camp Lowell in early June. In all these localities it was abundant among undergrowth, usually near water. “Their motions resemble those of other Flycatchers, excepting that they have a habit of poising over one spot for several seconds at a time, maintaining their position by a rapid fluttering of the wings very nearly in the manner of a Sparrow Hawk.”

A nest taken April 25, at Tucson, was placed in the horizontal fork of a stout mesquite branch to which it was attached in such a manner that its upper surface was flush with that of the embracing supports. This nest is composed outwardly of small twigs, and is lined with horse and cow hair and a few feathers. It entirely lacks the exterior coating of lichens spoken of by Dr. Merrill,^[98] but in other respects it agrees well with his description of the Fort Brown (Texas) specimen. The three eggs which it contained are creamy white with rounded blotches of brown and pale lilac wreathed about their larger ends. They measure respectively .72 × .53, .71 × .53, .70 × .52. Mr. Stephens found other nests similar in construction and position to the present one. He considers three eggs the full complement.

Juv., first plumage, ♂ (No. 6153 (Coll.’s No. 466) Camp Lowell, June 1). Above similar to the adult female, but with the rump golden brown; the wing-coverts and outer webs of the secondaries, brownish-fulvous; and the feathers of the occiput, nape and interscapular region tipped with brownish-white; beneath white with a tinge of lemon-yellow on the 208sides and crissum; the breast and sides of the abdomen thickly marked with rounded spots of clear brown.

The series of adults is a very full one and includes several interesting styles of plumage. Some of the males have the brown of the back mixed with ashy, which has a tendency to form a collar on the nape, and gives the interscapular region a patched appearance. In others the red of the under parts as well as that of the crown is replaced by orange; while one specimen has a large patch of lemon-yellow on the right side of the breast, which shows in striking contrast with the otherwise clear carmine of the lower surface. These variations present a curious analogy to certain similar ones which occur in the Scarlet Tanager and Summer Redbird.

115. Ornithium imberbe ridgwayi, var. nov. Ridgway’s Beardless Flycatcher.

Ch. Sp. ♂ Similis O. imberbi, sed rostro robustiore; colore obscuriore ac magis cinerario.

Adult ♂ (No. 6000, author’s collection—collector’s No. 313. Tucson, May 1, 1881. F. Stephens). Above ashy brown; crown nearly pure brown in decided contrast with the back; rump pale brown with a faint olive tinge; wings and tail brown, edged with ashy-white; greater and middle wing-coverts tipped with fulvous, forming two wing-bars; edge of wing and under wing-coverts pale lemon-yellow; lores and sides of head posteriorly, ashy; a narrow frontal line continued backward above and nearly around the eye, ashy-white; under parts ash, shading posteriorly to ashy-white on the belly, and with the faintest possible lemon tinge on the jugulum and crissum; bill stout; upper mandible much curved, brown; under mandible slightly curved, brown at tip, brownish-orange at base; commissure reddish-orange.

Dimensions. Length, 4.60; extent, 7.20; wing, 2.23; tail, 1.96; culmen, .42; tarsus, .56; depth of bill at nostrils, .15.

Adult ♀ (No. 6133, author’s collection—collector’s No. 446. Tucson, May 28, 1881. F. Stephens). Smaller than the male, slightly more yellowish below and with a faint tinge of olive on the back.

Dimensions. Length, 4.50; extent, 6.70; wing, 2.04; tail, 1.78; culmen, .40; tarsus, .52; depth of bill at nostrils, .14.

Juv., first plumage, ♂ (No. 6138, author’s collection—collector’s No. 451. Tucson, May 29, 1881. F. Stephens). Crown plumbeous; back olive-brown; wing and tail-coverts, outer edges of secondaries, and a broad tipping on all the rectrices, dull brownish-chestnut; beneath delicate ashy-buff, shading to yellowish-white on the belly and crissum; bill orange, dusky at tip of upper mandible.

Habitat, Arizona.

The chief points of difference between the above race and imberbe proper may be briefly expressed as follows:

O. imberbe.—Depth of bill at nostrils, .11 to .13. Above olivaceous-ash; entire under parts strongly tinged with lemon-yellow.

209O. imberbe ridgwayi.—Depth of bill at nostrils, .14 to .15. Above ashy brown; beneath ash or ashy-white with scarcely any yellowish.

In the present connection I have examined seven specimens of O. imberbe. Five of these, from the collection of the National Museum, represent the following localities: Texas (Rio Grande Valley), Mexico (Mazatlan and Tehuantepec) and Yucatan (Merida). The remaining two, in my own cabinet, were taken at Lomita Ranch, Texas, in March, 1880. The result of a careful comparison of this material is that the Texas examples prove to be identical with those from Mexico and Central America, while the Arizona birds differ very constantly from all the others in respect to the points mentioned above. The entire series is, of course, a small one, but its evidence seems sufficient to warrant the varietal separation of the Arizona form.

The detection of this Flycatcher in Arizona is perhaps the most interesting discovery resulting from Mr. Stephens’ late trip. O. imberbe has only recently been added to our fauna by Mr. Sennett, and the locality of his single specimen—Lomita, Texas—was so far beyond the previously known range of the species that its occurrence seemed hardly likely to prove more than a mere accident. In 1880, however, Mr. M. A. Frazar secured additional specimens at Lomita, and now an allied, but apparently distinct race, turns up in Arizona.

Mr. Stephens found the curious little bird only at Tucson, where his first specimen was taken April 28. Afterwards others were shot in the same locality, but they were by no means common. The males had a habit of perching on the tops of the tallest trees in the vicinity of their haunts, and at sunrise occasionally uttered a singular song which Mr. Stephens transcribes as “yoop-yoop-yoopeédeedledeè, the first half given very deliberately, the remainder rapidly.” A commoner cry, used by both sexes in calling to one another, was a shrill “piér pièr pièr pièr, beginning in a high key and falling a note each time.” They were very shy, and specimens were obtained only at the expense of much trouble and perseverance. Their loud calls were frequently heard, but when the spot was approached the bird either relapsed into silence or took a long flight to resume its calling in another direction. In their motions they resembled other small Flycatchers, but their tail was less frequently jerked.

On May 28 Mr. Stephens met with a young bird which had but just left the nest. It was accompanied by the female parent, who showed much solicitude and frequently uttered her shrill cries, to which the offspring responded in nearly similar tones. Both 210individuals were secured, but neither the nest nor the remainder of the brood—if indeed there were any more—could be found. On the following day this episode was repeated, a second female being found in attendance on another young bird of nearly the same age as that obtained on the previous occasion.

308, ♂ ad., Tucson, April 29. Length, 4.80; extent, 7.20; wing, 2.28; tail, 2.04; culmen, .40; tarsus, .55. “Iris dark brown; bill black, basal half of lower mandible reddish-brown; legs black. Contents of stomach worms and insects.”

313, ♂ ad., Tucson, May 1. Length, 4.60; extent, 7.20; wing, 2.23; tail, 1.96; culmen, .42; tarsus, .56.

446, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 28. Length, 4.50; extent, 6.70; wing, 2.04; tail, 1.78; culmen, .40; tarsus, .52. Parent of the next.

447, ♂ juv., first plumage, same locality and date.

450, ♀ ad., Tucson, May 29. Length, 4.30; extent, 6.80. Parent of the following.

451, ♂ juv., first plumage, same locality and date.

116. Trochilus alexandri Bourc. & Muls. Black-chinned Hummingbird.—The first specimen met with was a female which, with a nest and two eggs, was taken at Tucson on April 23. The species was also found breeding among the Santa Rita Mountains, as well as near Camp Lowell. At all these points it was decidedly the most abundant of the Hummingbirds.

Six of the seven examples collected are females, and Mr. Stephens remarks on the apparent absence of the males during the breeding season.

The nest just mentioned, and another obtained April 28 in the same locality, are now in my possession. Both were built in willows, one being saddled on a small branch, while the other rested lightly in the fork of a slender twig. Their construction is homogeneous, the only material used being a creamy-white down, probably from willow catkins. One nest, however, has a few delicate, faded leaves attached to its exterior. The eggs are indistinguishable from those of T. colubris. The first set was fresh, the second slightly incubated.

117. Calypte costæ (Bourc.) Gould. Costa’s Hummingbird.

289, ♀ ad., Tucson, April 26. Length, 3.70; extent, 4.60. “Iris dark brown; bill and legs black.”

294, ♂ im., Tucson, April 27. Length, 3.55; extent, 4.52. This specimen lacks the ruffs of the adult male, but has a patch of violet feathers on the centre of the throat.

211118. Selasphorus platycercus (Swains.) Bonap. Broad-tailed Hummingbird.

366, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 13. Length, 4; extent, 5.50. “Iris dark brown; bill black; feet black, their soles lighter.”

385, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 15. Length, 4.70; extent, 5.90.

119. Iache latirostris (Swains.) Elliot. Broad-billed Hummingbird.—From the known fact of its occurrence among the Chiricahua Mountains, as ascertained by Mr. Henshaw in 1874, it was of course to be expected that this Hummer would eventually be found, under similar conditions, in other parts of Arizona, a probability which Mr. Stephens has confirmed by the capture of five specimens in the Santa Rita Mountains. In addition to these, several others were seen at various times during his short stay in that range, and I infer from his notes that the birds were not uncommon there. They were always found near water, and usually along the streams which flowed through cañons, high among the mountains. They seemed to prefer sycamores to other trees, and invariably perched on dead twigs where they could command an open view. “Their notes were flat and differed from those of other Hummers.”

356, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 12. Length, 4.10; extent, 5.05; wing, 2.11; bill, .91. “Iris dark brown; point of bill below, with terminal third above, black; rest of upper mandible reddish-brown; of lower, purplish-red; feet black.”

365, ♀ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 13. Length, 3.95; extent, 5.05; wing, 1.98; bill, .92. “Bill above, and its tip below, black; remainder of lower mandible reddish. Not near laying.”

382, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 14. Length, 4; extent, 5.02.

405, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 18. Length, 3.88; extent, 4.98; wing, 1.99; bill, .88.

411, ♀ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 19. Wing, 2.03; bill, .90.

120. Cypselus saxatilis Woodh. White-throated Swift.—In some notes made at Cave Creek, under date of March 4, Mr. Stephens incidentally refers to this Swift as follows: “We camped here last night chiefly for the purpose of investigating some caves said to contain large quantities of bird-droppings. I went to one of the largest of these to-day and found the floor covered with tons of bat droppings as well as a little from birds. There were also a few feathers (primaries and rectrices) of Cypselus saxatilis and some of Falco sparverius.”

121. Antrostomus vociferus arizonæ Brewster. Stephens’ Whip-poor-will.—During 1881 this Whip-poor-will was 212again met with in Arizona among the Santa Rita Mountains, where, however, it was less numerous than it had been in the Chiricahua range in 1880. The only specimen obtained was an adult male which was shot, by moonlight, in oaks near a stream.

Through Mr. Stephens’ kindness I am now enabled to present descriptions of the female and egg alluded to in a letter quoted in connection with the original description^[99] of the race.

Adult ♀ (6309, author’s collection, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, July 4, 1880. F. Stephens). General coloring similar to that of the male, but lighter, the ground tints more ochraceous; the white of the tail replaced by reddish-fulvous which forms a narrow tipping on the outer three pairs of rectrices; the tawny gular crescent continued around the sides of the neck, the ends meeting behind and forming an uninterrupted collar.

Dimensions. Length, 9.60; extent, 18.80; wing, 6.27; tail, 5.03; culmen, .80; tarsus, .70; longest rictal bristle, 1.40.

This specimen differs even more widely from the female, than does my type from the male of A. vociferus. The ochraceous of the lores, superciliary-stripe, and neck-collar, spreads over the entire plumage both above and beneath, giving it a tawny tinge which overlies and obscures the usual dark markings. On the shoulders, breast, lores and throat this color deepens to a fine reddish-chestnut, and elsewhere it replaces the ashy, dirty white and other light tints of the eastern birds. In its general coloring the plumage strikingly resembles that of the brown phase of Scops asio kennicotti. The ochraceous neck-collar is also present in the male from the Santa Rita Mountains, but it is less distinctly defined, being somewhat obscured, especially on the nape, by dusky mottling. In all other respects this example agrees closely with my type.

The egg is white with a dull gloss. At first sight it appears to be immaculate, but a closer inspection reveals a few faint blotches of the palest possible purple, so faint indeed that they might pass for superficial stains were it not for the fact that they underlie the external polish. The absence of well-defined markings may probably be explained by the assumption that the bird had laid one or more clutches earlier in the season, thus exhausting her supply of coloring pigment. The specimen measures 1.17 × .87.

355, ♂ ad., Santa Rita Mountains, May 11. Length, 9.90; extent, 18.70; wing, 6.50; tail, 5.15; culmen, .76; tarsus, .70; longest rictal bristle, 1.73.

It has never been my good fortune to enjoy the opportunity of studying the habits and manners of our American Dipper in its native haunts, but this seems to have been due more to my ill-luck, than to any neglect on my part to seize upon every chance to visit the localities where this bird, one that I have so often longed to see alive, certainly should have occurred; I refer to the rocky, mountain streams that course down the gorges of the Big Horn Mountains and the Laramie Hills. Many a time I have scrambled alone up through the rocky cañon that marked the bed of one of these noisy, bounding torrents with the vain hope of finding Cinclus, but, like many a naturalist before me, I was obliged to leave the country where these birds undoubtedly occur without ever having seen one of them. So that of my own personal experience I have nothing to add, so far as its life history is concerned, to the many beautiful descriptions of this bird given in our standard ornithologies, familiar to all lovers of the science, and to those read in its literature.

Of skins of Cinclus I have examined many a score, as has every one who from time to time has gone through large collections, but the very nearest, the most intimate acquaintance that I can boast of ever having made with this little bird, was with a pair and three young that had been stowed away by themselves in alcohol for several years in the large collection at the Smithsonian Institution. Of this material I was kindly allowed to avail myself, or of so much of it at least as was necessary to develop the facts that I now have the pleasure of presenting to my reader in this paper.

I did very little with the viscera, and this part of its anatomy has been laid aside for some future study, my attention having been directed more particularly to the skeleton, and to the extremely interesting points that it presented for consideration. These I shall endeavor to describe, as minutely and elaborately as the limits of this article will permit, at the same time suppressing 214as many of the technicalities in terms, as is compatible with exactness, and in accord with the tastes of those who have not devoted themselves especially to anatomical reading and work.

In studying the skeletons of birds, or of anything else for that matter, the student must keep the fact ever present in his mind, that the great value of such studies and the descriptions that may follow them, rests almost entirely upon the comparisons that he makes; the more carefully and minutely he compares the form he may have under consideration with nearly related forms, the greater will be the value of his results; to this end tend all the studies of biologists of the present day.

With respect to the skull of Cinclus, our space will not permit us to enter upon the engaging part of the subject as to the mode of formation of this part of the skeleton in the adult from the many segments found in the cranium of the chick, it being enough for us to say that the usual bones ossify, unite, and leave the ordinary ones free, as the pterygoids, the ossa quadrata, and the lower jaw. The superior mandible is drawn out into a sharp point, and the bony nostril on either side occupies considerable space, being long and elliptical in outline; as in all nearly related genera these apertures are not separated by a bony partition or septum, but below we detect a delicate vomer in the median plane.

The eye-cavities or orbits are well shut off from the nasal chambers beyond them by broad bony walls composed of the usual elements, and here each is of a quadrate figure, as seen in so many genera of birds. The upper and outer angles of these osseous partitions are rounded. The almost complete separation existing between the two cavities just referred to by no means exists between the orbits themselves, for here we find an extremely deficient septum, and a large aperture leading into the brain-case at the usual site of the exit of the nasal nerves, the openings for the optic nerves being circular and entire.

On the inferior aspect of the skull we find maxillo-palatines, of a more or less spongy composition, existing between maxillaries and the delicate palatines, which latter are slightly bent downwards from the horizontal plane. The pterygoids are very slender, and articulate in the usual manner with the quadrates and the palatines.

215The external form of the brain-case is more or less globular, the supra-occipital prominence being well developed behind. Above in the median line a shallow furrow is carried forward as far as the fronto-maxillary suture.

There is but little of interest to note in the lower mandible, to illustrate the points we have in view.

From this slight sketch of this part of the skeleton we are prepared to look a little into how Cinclus compares with other forms of near kin. The writer, to illustrate his remarks, offers the student the four accompanying cuts of the superior aspects of the skulls of birds chosen with the view of showing the comparable points.

A is of Oreoscoptes montanus, B of Sialia mexicana, C of Cinclus itself, and D of Siurus nævius.

In the figures, the angle formed at l, l′, b, and b′ is due to the lachrymal bone on that side; viewed from above in such forms as Sialia, Turdus grayi, Oreoscoptes, Hylocichla unalascæ, and no doubt Merula and Mimus, less so in Harporhynchus, this projection is markedly angular; while in Siurus, the Wrens, and rather less so in Anthus, it is rounded, as shown in Siurus and also in Cinclus itself.

Of the forms we have examined, Siurus appears to be closer to the Dipper in this respect than any other genus, the Wrens (Salpinctes) next, and Anthus next. This also applies to the manner in which the median furrow at the summit of the cranium approaches the fronto-maxillary suture, also shown in C 216and D in the cuts, this feature in the opposed forms mentioned above occupying a position between the superior orbital margins.

There is still another very marked distinction among the birds we have thus far compared, and that is in the general external form of the brain-case proper. A and B show the form assumed by the genera we mentioned above in connection with them; smooth, large, and globular, all indicating the possession of a brain of no mean size as compared with the owner. In Cinclus, Siurus, and the Troglodytinæ the prominence of the supra-occipital eminence causes depressions to exist at d and d′ that are not present in A and B at c and c′.

With regard to this last characteristic the outline assumed by Siurus seems to claim the nearer place, over the other forms mentioned.

So much for the skull, and the writer must reluctantly and with as good grace as possible allow the student to observe other interesting points of difference for himself, though he would be only too glad to assist him in this part of the skeleton.

There are fourteen cervical vertebræ in Cinclus, the last two bearing each a pair of free ribs, the ultimate pair possessing uncinate processes; this arrangement holds good in Siurus and Salpinctes, but we remember that in Eremophila^[100] we found only thirteen cervical vertebræ; the number of ribs varied however. Cinclus also possesses, in common with the form mentioned, four dorsal ribs; these are connected with the sternum by sternal ribs, the first sacral vertebra possessing an additional pair, but its sternal ribs only articulate along the hind border, on either side of the true sternal and last pair. This condition obtains, we know, in very many birds.

If we do not include the pygostyle or last coccygeal vertebræ, we observe that Cinclus has seven caudal vertebræ, Siurus and Salpinctes each only five, Oreoscoptes having six, so that the number of these segments may vary more or less among the genera we have quoted above.

The general pattern of the pelvis of the Dipper, the Wrens, the Thrushes, and Sialia is pretty much the same for all, that is it would be very hard to point out decided differences among them upon casual examinations; of course they are proportionate 217in size to that of their respective owners, and we might, in extensive series of each, by exceedingly careful measurements, detect relative differences. These remarks cannot be applied to the genus Harporhynchus, as the pelvis there has a very striking form, best expressed by saying that it is more angular than the others cited, the processes are more pronounced and sharper. In Cinclus, as in other forms noted, the bone is broad across, with the distal extremities of the pubic bones and ischia flaring well outwards; the ilio-neural canals open; the sacral vertebræ very broad, with numerous foramina or openings existing among them.

What we have just said in regard to the pelvis applies with equal force to the shoulder girdle and sternum; indeed, this latter bone is singularly alike among the various genera that I have referred to; the shape it assumes is that described by Professor Owen in his Anatomy of Vertebrates, as the “Cantorial sternum,” it being the pattern allotted to the vast majority of the class Aves. In front we find the manubrium bifurcated, and supported upon a stout and produced base, directed upwards and outwards. The body behind is 1–notched, the lateral xiphoidal processes thus formed having dilated ends. The keel is deep, convex below, sharp and concave in front, forming an acute cardinal angle at the point of meeting. The costal processes are very lofty, broad and directed forwards, having the facets for the sternal ribs placed along their posterior borders, which meet on either side the xiphoidal borders at a very obtuse angle. The “merry-thought” of Cinclus is delicately formed, having expanded upper extremities and a median plate below.

Our subject has, in addition to the usual number of bones in the pectoral limb, quite a sizable sesamoid, to be found at the back of the elbow; this bonelet is likewise found in Oreoscoptes and may be a common character of other birds we have mentioned. The arm seems to be completely non-pneumatic, indeed I have failed to find the apertures for the entrance of air in any of the bones composing it. Several months ago my attention was directed to a note, I think in the Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London, in which some English observer says the same of the European Dipper. This non-pneumatic condition of the long bones, not only of the upper but also of the lower extremities, seems to hold good among all the other forms and genera we have thus far referred to in this article.

218The proximal extremity of the humerus is very much expanded, and rather abruptly bent in the direction of the bird’s body, the member being considered in a position of rest. The “crest” we know curls over the usual site of the pneumatic fossa, which depression is divided by a bony partition from a lesser cavity above. This characteristic is also more or less strongly marked in the Rock Wren, Siurus, and others, and is feebly shown in Harporhynchus.

The articular cavity of the shoulder joint is increased in the Dipper by a good sized os humero-scapalare, a sesamoid that we are aware is to be found among other orders.

We will present the reader here with a table showing the relative lengths, etc., of some of the bones we have thus far examined, in order that a study of their comparative development may be made. (The measurements are given in centimeters.)

A great many points of extreme interest and of the highest importance reward the ornithotomist’s study of the pelvic limb of Cinclus; some of these the writer has already remarked upon in papers now in press, but he offers them here again, confident of the fact that they will be of interest to ornithologists generally, 219particularly to those whose aim it is to pursue the study more than “skin deep.”

In the adult Dipper the pelvic limb, as far as its skeleton is concerned, is made up of the most usual number of bones; the thigh having the femur, the leg the tibia and fibula, a patella, the tarsus the bone tarso-metatarsus, and finally a foot arranged upon the plan of four toes, with first, second, third, and fourth digit composed of 2, 3, 4, and 5 joints respectively.

I have already said that these bones are non-pneumatic, they are also of lengths proportionate to the size of the bird, the claws being curved about as much as they are in a typical Thrush. Anatomists have described certain general points for examination on these long bones composing the leg; many of these are present, but we shall only call the student’s attention to a few of them, so as to make clear what we have to point out hereafter. Nothing of striking variance marks the femur, as distinguishing it from the common form of the bone among birds of this class. The same might be said of the tibia, but we must note the two large flaring processes at the anterior and upper end of this, the larger bone of the leg; in this bone, too, the condyles are well developed below. The tarso-metatarsus, or the bone of the tarsus, we observe in the old bird, has rather a slender shaft, presenting for examination at its upper end the usual dilatation, crowned by a smooth, undulating surface to articulate with the tibia; behind this, at the same end, we find a tuberous process that has given comparative anatomists no little trouble to name; but we will speak of this further on. The lower end of the tarso-metatarsus has the little lateral facet for the diminutive first tarsal bone, and the three trochleæ for the other toes.

Let us now, after this brief survey of the bones in the adult take up the young of this species. We find first that the femur has grown in the usual manner, its lower end bearing the two large condyles has been formed by one epiphysis which included both of these articulate surfaces. Nothing of particular interest is to be observed in the development of the fibula or the small “splint bone” of the leg. The superior end of the tibia has been formed by the epiphysis including the two large processes that I spoke of above. These plates are called the procnemial and the ectocnemial processes, the inner and outer one respectively. They are turned slightly outwards, springing abruptly 220from the shaft in the adult, very much as I figured them in Lanius.

Such of my readers as have read my account of the development of Centrocercus in the Osteology of the Tetraonidæ, will remember what we had to say in regard to the lower end of the tibia and its growth, and also all that Professor Morse has done for us in that direction. The specimen we have of the young of Cinclus does not admit of the demonstration of the intermedium; the fibulare and the tibiale seem to ossify separately, however. We must admit, then, that in this instance we are no nearer solving the problem of the homologies of the avian tarsal segments than we were before, but a little light at least is thrown on the subject when we come to examine the next bone, the tarso-metatarsus.

In nearly all birds this bone has at the back part of its upper end a tuberous process, amalgamated with the shaft in the adult, that assumes various forms in different members of the class. This bony process has long been regarded with suspicion, as to whether it was one of the ankle or rather tarsal bones or not. Let us hear what a few of the authorities have to say in this matter. Professor Owen tells us in Vol. II of his Anatomy of the Vertebrates, when speaking in general terms of this process, that: “One or more longitudinal ridges at the back of the upper end of the metatarsal are called ‘calcaneal’; they intercept or bound tendinal grooves which, in some instances, are bridged over by bone and converted into canals; the ridges may be expanded and flattened.” This would lead one to think that the Professor might regard this process as the homologue of the os calcis, a tarsal bone.

Professor Huxley, in his Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals, page 254, tells us, in speaking of this process, that: “Again in most birds, the posterior face of the proximal end of the middle metatarsal, and the adjacent surface of the tarsal bone, grow out a process, which is commonly, but improperly, termed “calcaneal.” The inferior surface of this hypo-tarsus is sometimes simply flattened, sometimes traversed by grooves or canals, for the flexor tendons of the digits.”

Mivart says, when referring to birds: “Thus no projection corresponding with the tuberosity of the os calcis exists in this compound bone.” (Elementary Anatomy, p. 206.)

221Coues, in his Osteology of Colymbus torquatus, leaves no doubt in our mind how he regards this projection of the tarso-metatarsus; this author says:—“The process of bone representing the os calcis, rises at the superior end of the bone, on its posterior aspect, as a very conspicuous crest.”

Professor Morse, in his Tarsus and Carpus of Birds (Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., Vol. X, 1872), speaks of the centrale, but not in connection with this process.

In the chick of Centrocercus I found that the centrale did not include this process, consequently in my Osteology of the Tetraonidæ (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., Vol. VI) I declared that this process had nothing whatever to do with the os calcis, and in the osteology of Lanius, termed it the tendinous process, from the fact that the flexor tendons in so many birds either pass over or through it. Now our young of Cinclus mexicanus, just before it leaves the nest, has its metatarsal bones still ununited, and crowned by a separate segment that has apparently ossified from one single centre, a segment that not only includes the centrale, but the entire process of which we have been speaking. So between Cinclus and Centrocercus we must still look for other forms to throw light upon this problem. The subject is an extremely engaging one for the ornithologist to look into and investigate.

The shaft of the tarso-metatarsus of this bird develops after the usual rule set forth in works upon the subject, and the same may be said of the phalanges.

The writer only hopes that his sketch, necessarily brief, and far from being exhaustive, will have at least the tendency to induce other ornithologists to record their observations upon this subject whenever the opportunity offers.

Our studies, as far as we have carried them, seem to point pretty conclusively to the fact that our American Dipper is quite closely related to the genus Siurus, and not far removed from some of the Wrens.

152. Ægialites vociferus Bonap. Killdeer Plover.^[101]—Common resident throughout the year, but most abundant during the spring and fall migrations.

153. Ægialites semipalmatus Bonap. Semipalmated or Ring Plover.—Rare and only observed during migrations.

154. Ægialites wilsonius Ord. Wilson’s Plover.—Common during the breeding season, but I did not succeed in finding a nest.

155. Strepsilas interpres Illig. Turnstone.—Seen on Galveston Bay and on the Gulf Coast.

156. Recurvirostra americana Gmel. Avocet.—Winters, but not noticed in summer.

157. Gallinago wilsoni Bonap. Wilson’s Snipe.—Common during migrations; arriving from the north usually in the middle of October, sometimes earlier, sometimes later. I think none remain here to breed, and all go farther south to winter. The time of arrival from their winter quarters is unknown to me.

158. Tringa maculata Vieill. Jack Snipe; Grass Snipe.—Common in September and again in April. None remain to winter or to breed.

159. Tringa minutilla Vieill. Least Sandpiper.—Not uncommon in winter.

160. Actiturus bartramius Bonap. Bartramian Sandpiper; Upland Plover.—Abundant on the prairies during March and April and again in October. None remain to breed or to winter.

161. Limosa fœda Ord. Marbled Godwit.—Rare; seen only in March and October.

162. Totanus semipalmatus Temm. Willet; Tattler.—This well-known bird is also common in this region in all suitable localities. Resident throughout the year; breeds.

163. Numenius longirostris Wils. Long-billed Curlew.—Common during migrations; occasionally seen during the breeding season.

164. Tantalus loculator Linn. Wood Ibis.—This bird is common in all marshy localities near the Gulf Coast. I have seen it frequently in the marshes and ponds near Spring Creek and the Brazos, in company with Herons and other water fowl.

165. Platalea ajaja Linn. Roseate Spoon-bill.—Common in the breeding season. Never seen in companies, but always singly, associated 223with Herons, Ducks, etc. Particularly common on the prairie ponds in the northern part of Harris County, Texas.

166. Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron.—Quite regularly distributed, but nowhere common; breeds on trees near ponds in the woods.

167. Herodias egretta Gray. White Heron; Great White Egret.—Abundant summer resident; breeds. This beautiful bird is to be observed in numbers in all the prairie ponds. They breed in communities on bushes in swamps. The nests are bulky, built of sticks; the nesting cavity is very flat; eggs three or four in number. The birds begin to breed in the latter part of April.

168. Garzetta candidissima Bonap. Snowy Heron; Little White Heron.—Exceedingly abundant during a large part of the year. I have seen these birds by thousands in the marshes near the Brazos River and on the Gulf Coast. Large colonies breed in the marshes near Spring Creek, where they build their nests on bushes, or, more frequently, in the lower horizontal branches of forest trees, bordering ponds and marshes. None remain to winter.

169. Florida cœrulea Bd. Little Blue Heron.—This beautiful bird is exceedingly abundant in all suitable localities. Many are resident throughout the year, but most migrate further south in winter. They nest in large colonies in swamps and marshes overgrown thickly with bushes. I have always found the nest in the top of button-bushes (Cephalanthus occidentalis). Eggs three or four, in one case five, in number. I have seen hundreds of nests in one pond. They are built entirely of sticks without any lining. In the second week of May many eggs were already hatched.

170. Butorides virescens Bonap. Green Heron.—Common summer resident; breeds; never observed in flocks, but always in pairs or singly.

171. Hydranassa tricolor ludoviciana Ridgw. Louisiana Heron.—One specimen, shot May, 1880, on Spring Creek. Seems to be not very common. Breeds in the swampy woods.

172. Nyctiardea grisea nævia Allen. Black-crowned Night Heron.—Not common and very shy. Breeds in the swamps where other Herons have their nests.

173. Botaurus lentiginosus Steph. American Bittern.—Occurs during migrations; none observed in the breeding season or in winter.

174. Ardetta exilis Gray. Least Bittern.—Common during migrations; rare in summer; breeds in the marshes of tule reeds and water shrubs, such as Cephalanthus occidentalis and Pinckneya pubescens, in company with Herons and other water fowl.

175. Grus americana Temm. Whooping Crane.—From November to the end of March these beautiful birds are exceedingly abundant on all the low prairies in the vicinity of Houston. Very shy.

176. Grus canadensis Temm. Sandhill Crane.—Even more abundant than the preceding. Observed flocks of many hundreds on the low prairies in the western and northern parts of Harris County. Very shy.

177. Porzana carolina Bd. Carolina Rail; Sora.—Seen in summer, breeds. but I have not discovered the nest.

224178. Porzana noveboracensis Cass. Little Yellow Rail.—Very rare during migrations.

179. Porzana jamaicensis Cass. Little Black Rail.—One taken April 29, 1879.

180. Gallinula galeata Bonap. Florida Gallinule.—Common during the breeding season in all marshes where reeds and bushes grow, but especially so where the magnificent Nymphæa odorata (Water-Lily) opens its fragrant flowers, and where Nuphar advena (Yellow Pond Lily) and another beautiful aquatic, Nelumbium luteum (Water Chinquepin), are found; over the broad leaves of which plants the little Florida Gallinule runs with exceeding quickness, searching for water insects and other food.

181. Fulica americana Gmel. American Coot; Mud Hen.—Decidedly more numerous than the preceding. Especially common in the large prairie swamps.

182. Cygnus buccinator Rich. Trumpeter Swan.—Every winter there are large numbers on Galveston Bay and on the Gulf of Mexico near the coast.

183. Cygnus americanus Sharp. American or Whistling Swan.—Sometimes these birds winter abundantly on Galveston Bay.

184. Anser hyperboreus Pall. Snow Goose; White Brant.—Exceedingly abundant on Galveston Bay, also on the rivers and bayous near the Gulf Coast in winter.

185. Anser albifrons gambeli Coues. American White-fronted Goose.—This is the first Goose to arrive from the north in autumn, but they all migrate farther south.

186. Bernicla canadensis Boie. Canada Goose.—Exceedingly abundant during winter. Large flocks are to be observed on the wet prairies in company with Cranes.

187. Anas boscas Linn. Mallard.—Very common during migrations and in winter.

188. Anas obscura Gmel. Black Duck; Dusky Duck.—Common during the breeding season. A pair of these Ducks are seen in almost every pond among Herons, Roseate Spoonbills, Anhingas, Gallinules, and Blackbirds (Agelæus phœniceus).

189. Dafila acuta Bonap. Pintail Duck.—Common during migrations.

190. Chaulelasmus streperus Gray. Gadwall.—Exceedingly abundant during winter.

191. Mareca americana Steph. American Widgeon.—Common during migrations.

192. Querquedula carolinensis Steph. Green-winged Teal.—Very common in autumn and spring, rather rare in winter.

193. Querquedula discors Steph. Blue-winged Teal.—Very common during migrations but all pass further south.

194. Querquedula cyanoptera Cass. Cinnamon Teal.—Not common during migrations; none remain to winter.

195. Spatula clypeata Boie. Shoveller; Spoon-bill Duck.—Abundant in winter.

225196. Aix sponsa Boie. Wood Duck; Summer Duck.—Common during migrations; some remain to breed.

197. Fulix marila Bd. Scaup Duck.—Common in winter on Galveston Bay.

198. Fulix affinis Bd. Little Black-head.—Very common in winter.

199. Aythya vallisneria Boie. Canvas-back.—Abundant in winter on Galveston Bay and on all marshy districts near the Gulf Coast.

200. Bucephala albeola Bd. Butter-ball; Buffle-head.—Abundant in winter near the coast.

201. Erismatura rubida Bonap. Ruddy Duck.—Very common during migrations; none remain to winter, but many breed.

202. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Gmel. American White Pelican.—Common during winter, especially near the coast.

203. Pelecanus fuscus Linn. Brown Pelican.—Common during the breeding season on all the rivers, creeks, and bayous near the coast.

204. Plotus anhinga Linn. American Anhinga; Snake-Bird; “Water Turkey.”—Breeds in all marshy localities and is very common.

205. Larus atricilla Linn. Laughing Gull.—Abundant near the Gulf Coast; breeds on the small sand islands in Galveston Bay.

206. Sterna anglica Montag. Gull-billed Tern.—Breeds abundantly on the islands of Galveston Bay.

207. Sterna regia Gambel. Royal Tern.—Breeds in considerable numbers on the islands of Galveston Bay.

208. Sterna cantiaca acuflavida Ridgw. Cabot’s Tern, and—

209. Sterna forsteri Nutt. Forster’s Tern.—These and a few other Terns breed in abundance on the islands near the coast, especially on the sand-bars of Galveston Bay, where they lay their eggs on the bare sand. It was impossible for me to distinguish the eggs, as the birds all leave the nests as soon as they are approached.

The following paper is based on a collection of about two hundred and fifty birds obtained in the immediate vicinity of Fort Walla Walla during the autumn and winter of 1881–82, and submitted to me for determination by Capt. Bendire, who has kindly consented to my publishing any notes respecting them, that seem of sufficient interest.

226As an exponent of the workings of geographical variation in species easily modified by their surroundings, this material is especially instructive. The region represented apparently constitutes a sort of neutral ground between the Pacific and Middle Provinces and naturally its fauna is a mixed one. Setting aside species not subject to geographical modification, and migrants from the north which have only an indirect bearing on the general question, we find the collection divisible into three classes: (1) Forms identical with or most nearly like Pacific coast types; (2) Forms about intermediate between representatives inhabiting the Pacific and Middle Provinces; (3) Forms to a certain extent intermediate between Pacific and Middle Province representatives, but differing from both in certain original characteristics. The locality seems to be nearly lacking in typical representatives of the Middle Province; and its fauna, on the whole, must be regarded as closely related to that of the coast region.

The third class, although least numerous, includes many of the most interesting birds. The majority of these are resident forms, a fact which sufficiently explains many of their peculiarities, for it is well known that sedentary species are, of all others, the most subject to local variation.

But while the philosophic bearing of this material is not doubtful, there are certain systematic difficulties in the way of its satisfactory presentation. I refer to the naming of these intermediate forms. The practice has been to use the name of the race to which the bird seems most nearly related, and this I have been forced to adopt in default of a better way. But the method obviously fails to meet the requirements of such cases, while to a certain extent it is unscientific and inaccurate. The evil, however, is not likely to be remedied, for it is difficult to conceive of a system of nomenclature that would adequately designate the numberless intermediate and local types.

In the present connection I would gratefully mention the assistance received from my friend, Mr. Ridgway, who, during my study of the collection, has given me every facility for examining the matchless series in the National Museum, and to whom I am further indebted for many valuable suggestions. My obligations to Capt. Bendire are greater than I can adequately express, for, in addition to other kind attentions, he has generously 227presented me with many valuable specimens included among those about to be discussed.

1.

Turdus migratorius.^[102]

2.

Turdus migratorius propinquus.

3.

Sialia arctica.

4.

Myiadestes townsendi.

5.

Regulus satrapa olivaceus.

6.

Parus atricapillus occidentalis.

7.

Telmatodytes palustris paludicola.

8.

Anthus ludovicianus.

9.

Lanius borealis.

10.

Ampelis garrulus.

11.

Ampelis cedrorum.

12.

Hesperophona vespertina.

13.

Chrysomitris tristis.

14.

Passerculus sandvicensis alaudinus.

15.

Zonotrichia gambeli intermedia.

16.

Spizella monticola ochracea.^[103]

17.

Junco oregonus.

18.

Melospiza fasciata guttata.

19.

Pipilo maculatus megalonyx.^[104]

20.

Agelæus phœniceus.

21.

Sturnella neglecta.

22.

Scolecophagus cyanocephalus.

23.

Corvus americanus.^[105]

24.

Pica rustica hudsonica.

25.

Cyanocitta stelleri annectens.

26.

Eremophila alpestris.^[106]

27.

Picus pubescens gairdneri.

28.

Melanerpes torquatus.

29.

Colaptes auratus hybridus.^[107]

30.

Colaptes auratus mexicanus.

31.

Ceryle alcyon.

32.

Asio americanus.

33.

Asio accipitrinus.

34.

Scops asio kennicotti.^[108]

35.

Bubo virginianus subarcticus.^[109]

36.

Bubo virginianus saturatus.

37.

Nyctea scandiaca.

38.

Falco columbarius suckleyi.

39.

Falco richardsoni.

40.

Falco sparverius.

41.

Accipiter fuscus.

42.

Astur atricapillus.

43.

Astur atricapillus var. ——?^[110]

44.

Buteo borealis calurus.

45.

Buteo swainsoni.

46.

Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis.

47.

Archibuteo ferrugineus.

48.

Zenaidura carolinensis.

49.

Bonasa umbella sabinii.

50.

Pediœcetes phasianellus columbianus.

51.

Charadrius dominicus.