PSYCHOLOGY: A STUDY OF MENTAL LIFE

About this eBook

Author

Woodworth, Robert Sessions, 1869-1962

Title

Psychology : A study of mental life

Credits

Produced by Don Kostuch

Language

English

LoC Class

BF: Philosophy, Psychology, Religion: Psychology, Philosophy, Psychoanalysis

Subject

Psychology

Category

Text

eBook-No.

31382

Project Gutenberg

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31382

Release Date

February 25, 2010

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.Header 1
2. 2.Header 2 — Header 3 — Header 4 — PSYCHOLOGY
3. 3.A STUDY OF MENTAL LIFE — PREFACE — CONTENTS — PSYCHOLOGY — CHAPTER I WHAT PSYCHOLOGY IS AND DOES
4. 4.THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF THE SCIENCE, ITS PROBLEMS AND ITS METHODS
5. 5.Varieties of Psychology — Differential psychology. — Applied psychology. — General psychology.
6. 6.Psychology as Related to Other Sciences — Psychology and sociology. — Psychology and biology. — Psychology and physiology.
7. 7.The Science of Consciousness
8. 8.The Science of Behavior
9. 9.Introspection
10. 10.Objective Observation
11. 11.General Laws of Psychological Investigation.
12. 12.Summary and Attempt at a Definition
13. 13.EXERCISES
14. 14.REFERENCES — CHAPTER II REACTIONS
15. 15.REFLEXES AND OTHER ELEMENTARY FORMS OF REACTION, AND HOW THE NERVES OPERATE IN CARRYING THEM OUT
16. 16.The Reaction Time Experiment
17. 17.Reflex Action
18. 18.The Nerves in Reflex Action
19. 19.Internal Construction of the Nerves and Nerve Centers
20. 20.The Synapse
21. 21.COÖRDINATION
22. 22.Reactions in General
23. 23.EXERCISES
24. 24.REFERENCES — CHAPTER III REACTIONS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS
25. 25.HOW SENSATIONS, PERCEPTIONS AND THOUGHTS MAY BE CONSIDERED AS FORMS OF INNER RESPONSE, AND HOW THESE HIGHER REACTIONS ARE RELATED IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO THE SIMPLER RESPONSES OF THE REFLEX LEVEL.
26. 26.Different Sorts of Stimuli
27. 27.The Motor Centers, Lower and Higher
28. 28.How The Brain Produces Muscular Movements
29. 29.Facilitation and Inhibition
30. 30.Super-motor Centers in the Cortex
31. 31.Speech Centers
32. 32.The Auditory Centers
33. 33.The Visual Centers
34. 34.Cortical Centers for the Other Senses
35. 35.Lower Sensory Centers
36. 36.The Cerebellum
37. 37.Different Levels of Reaction
38. 38.EXERCISES
39. 39.REFERENCES — CHAPTER IV TENDENCIES TO REACTION
40. 40.HOW MOTIVES INFLUENCE BEHAVIOR, AND HOW THEY FIT INTO A PSYCHOLOGY WHICH SEEKS TO ANALYZE BEHAVIOR INTO REACTIONS.
41. 41.Purposive Behavior
42. 42.Organic States that Influence Behavior
43. 43.Preparation for Action
44. 44.Preparatory Reactions
45. 45.What the Preparatory Reactions Accomplish
46. 46.What a Tendency Is, in Terms of Nerve Action
47. 47.Motives
48. 48.EXERCISES
49. 49.REFERENCES — CHAPTER V NATIVE AND ACQUIRED TRAITS
50. 50.SOME RESPONSES ARE PROVIDED BY NATURE, WHILE OTHERS HAVE TO BE LEARNED BY EXPERIENCE
51. 51.The Source of Native Traits
52. 52.Reactions Appearing at Birth Must Be Native
53. 53.Reactions That Cannot Be Learned Must Be Native
54. 54.Experimental Detection of Native Reactions
55. 55.Is Walking Native or Acquired?
56. 56.Universality as a Criterion of Native Reactions
57. 57.Some Native Traits Are Far from Being Universal
58. 58.Why Acquired Traits Differ from One Individual to Another
59. 59.What Mental Traits Are Native?
60. 60.EXERCISES
61. 61.REFERENCES — CHAPTER VI INSTINCT
62. 62.CONDUCT AS DETERMINED BY NATIVE REACTION-TENDENCIES
63. 63.The Difference Between an Instinct and a Reflex
64. 64.An Instinct Is a Native Reaction-Tendency
65. 65.Fully and Partially Organized Instincts
66. 66.Instincts Are Not Ancestral Habits
67. 67.Instincts Not Necessarily Useful in the Struggle for Existence
68. 68.The So-called Instincts of Self-preservation and of Reproduction
69. 69.EXERCISES
70. 70.REFERENCES — CHAPTER VII EMOTION
71. 71.VARIOUS ORGANIC STATES, AND THE CONSCIOUS STATES THAT GO WITH THEM
72. 72.Organic States That Are Not Usually Classed as Emotions
73. 73.How These Organic States Differ from Regular Emotions
74. 74.The Organic State in Anger
75. 75.Glandular Responses During Emotion
76. 76.The Nerves Concerned in Internal Emotional Response
77. 77.The Emotional State as a Preparatory Reaction
78. 78."Expressive Movements," Another Sort of Preparatory Reactions
79. 79.Do Sensations of These Various Preparatory Reactions Constitute the Conscious State of Emotion?
80. 80.The James-Lange Theory of the Emotions
81. 81.Emotion and Impulse
82. 82.Emotion Sometimes Generates Impulse
83. 83.Emotion and Instinct
84. 84.The Higher Emotions
85. 85.EXERCISES
86. 86.REFERENCES — CHAPTER VIII INVENTORY OF HUMAN INSTINCTS AND PRIMARY EMOTIONS
87. 87.A LIST OF THE NATIVE STOCK OF TENDENCIES AND OF THE EMOTIONS THAT SOMETIMES GO WITH THEM.
88. 88.Classification
89. 89.Responses to Organic Needs — Instincts connected with hunger. — Breathing and air-getting. — Responses to heat and cold. — Shrinking from injury. — Crying. — Fatigue, rest and sleep.
90. 90.Instinctive Responses to Other Persons — The herd instinct or gregarious instinct. — The mating instinct. — The parental or mothering instinct.
91. 91.The Play Instincts — Playful activity. — Locomotion. — Vocalization. — Manipulation. — Exploration or curiosity. — Tendencies running counter to exploration and manipulation. — Laughter. — Fighting. — Self-assertion. — Submission.
92. 92.EXERCISES
93. 93.REFERENCES — CHAPTER IX THE FEELINGS
94. 94.PLEASANTNESS AND UNPLEASANTNESS, AND OTHER STATES OF FEELINGS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON BEHAVIOR
95. 95.Pleasantness and Unpleasantness Are Simple Feelings
96. 96.Feeling-Tone of Sensations
97. 97.Theories of Feelings
98. 98.Sources of Pleasantness and Unpleasantness
99. 99.Primary Likes and Dislikes
100. 100.Other Proposed Elementary Feelings — Wundt's tri-dimensional theory of feeling.
101. 101.EXERCISES
102. 102.REFERENCES — CHAPTER X SENSATION
103. 103.AN INVENTORY OF THE ELEMENTARY SENSATIONS OF THE DIFFERENT SENSES
104. 104.The Sense Organs — Accessory sense-apparatus.
105. 105.Analysis of Sensations
106. 106.The Skin Senses
107. 107.The Sense of Taste
108. 108.The Sense of Smell
109. 109.Organic Sensation
110. 110.The Sense of Sight
111. 111.Simpler Forms of the Color Sense
112. 112.Visual Sensations as Related to the Stimulus
113. 113.Color Mixing
114. 114.What Are the Elementary Visual Sensations?
115. 115.Theories of Color Vision
116. 116.Adaptation
117. 117.Rod and Cone Vision
118. 118.After-Images
119. 119.Contrast
120. 120.The Sense of Hearing
121. 121.Comparison of Sight and Hearing
122. 122.Theory of Hearing
123. 123.Senses of Bodily Movement
124. 124.EXERCISES
125. 125.REFERENCES — CHAPTER XI ATTENTION
126. 126.HOW WE ATTEND, TO WHAT, AND WITH WHAT RESULTS
127. 127.The Stimulus, or What Attracts Attention
128. 128.The Motor Reaction in Attention
129. 129.The Shifting of Attention
130. 130.Laws of Attention and Laws of Reaction in General
131. 131.Sustained Attention
132. 132.Distraction
133. 133.Doing Two Things at Once
134. 134.The Span of Attention
135. 135.Summary of the Laws of Attention
136. 136.Attention and Degree of Consciousness
137. 137.The Management of Attention
138. 138.Theory of Attention
139. 139.EXERCISES
140. 140.REFERENCES — CHAPTER XII INTELLIGENCE
141. 141.HOW INTELLIGENCE IS MEASURED, WHAT IT CONSISTS IN AND EVIDENCE OF ITS BEING LARGELY A MATTER OF HEREDITY
142. 142.Intelligence Tests
143. 143.Performance Tests
144. 144.Group Testing
145. 145.Some Results of the Intelligence Tests
146. 146.Limitations of the Intelligence Tests
147. 147.The Correlation of Abilities
148. 148.General Factors in Intelligence
149. 149.Special Aptitudes
150. 150.Heredity of Intelligence and of Special Aptitudes
151. 151.Intelligence and the Brain
152. 152.EXERCISES
153. 153.REFERENCES — CHAPTER XIII LEARNING AND HABIT FORMATION
154. 154.THE DEPENDENCE OF ACQUIRED REACTIONS UPON INSTINCT AND REFLEX ACTION, AND THE MODIFICATION OF NATIVE REACTIONS BY EXPERIENCE AND TRAINING.
155. 155.Acquired Reactions Are Modified Native Reactions
156. 156.Acquired Tendencies
157. 157.Animal Learning — The negative adaptation experiment. — The conditioned reflex experiment. — The signal experiment. — The maze experiment. — The puzzle-box experiment.
158. 158.Summary of Animal Learning
159. 159.Human Learning
160. 160.Human Compared With Animal Learning
161. 161.Learning by Observation
162. 162.The Learning of Complex Practical Performances
163. 163.Higher Units and Overlapping
164. 164.Moderate Skill Acquired in the Ordinary Day's Work
165. 165.Habit
166. 166.EXERCISES
167. 167.REFERENCES — CHAPTER XIV MEMORY
168. 168.HOW WE MEMORIZE AND REMEMBER, AND IN WHAT RESPECTS MEMORY CAN BE MANAGED AND IMPROVED
169. 169.The Process of Memorizing — Short-circuiting.
170. 170.Economy in Memorizing — The value of recitation in memorizing. — Spaced and unspaced repetition. — Whole versus part learning.
171. 171.Unintentional Learning
172. 172.Retention
173. 173.Recall — Difficulties in recall. — Helps in recall.
174. 174.Recognition — Recognition described in terms of stimulus and response.
175. 175.Memory Training
176. 176.EXERCISES
177. 177.REFERENCES — CHAPTER XV ASSOCIATION AND MENTAL IMAGERY
178. 178.SOMETHING ABOUT THINKING AS RELATED TO MEMORY
179. 179.What Can Be Recalled
180. 180.Memory Images
181. 181.Limitations of Imagery
182. 182.The Question of Non-Sensory Recall
183. 183.Hallucinations — Synesthesia.
184. 184.Free Association
185. 185.Controlled Association
186. 186.Examples of Controlled Association
187. 187.EXERCISES
188. 188.REFERENCES — CHAPTER XVI THE LAWS OF ASSOCIATION
189. 189.AN ATTEMPT TO REDUCE THE LEARNING PROCESS TO ITS ELEMENTS
190. 190.The Law of Exercise
191. 191.The Law of Effect
192. 192.Limitations of the Law of Exercise
193. 193.Association by Similarity
194. 194.Association by Contiguity
195. 195.The Law of Combination
196. 196.I. SUBSTITUTE STIMULUS EXPLAINED BY THE LAW OF COMBINATION — A. Substitute Stimulus Originally Unnecessary for Arousing the Response — 1. Conditioned reflex. — 2. Learning the names of things. — B. Substitute Stimulus Originally an Essential Member Of A Team of Stimuli That Aroused the Response — 1. Observed grouping or relationship. — 2. Response by analogy and association by similarity.
197. 197.II. SUBSTITUTE RESPONSE EXPLAINED BY THE LAW OF COMBINATION — C. Substitute Response, but not in Itself a New Response — 1. Trial and error. — 2. Learning to balance on a bicycle. — D. Substitute Response, the Response Being a Higher Motor Unit — 1. The brake and clutch combination in driving an automobile. — 2. The word-habit in typewriting
198. 198.The Law of Combination in Recall
199. 199.The Laws of Learning in Terms of the Neurone
200. 200.EXERCISES
201. 201.REFERENCES — CHAPTER XVII PERCEPTION
202. 202.MENTAL LIFE CONSISTS LARGELY IN THE DISCOVERY OF FACTS NEW TO THE INDIVIDUAL, AND IN THE RE-DISCOVERY OF FACTS PREVIOUSLY OBSERVED
203. 203.Some Definitions
204. 204.The Difference Between Perception and Sensation
205. 205.Perception and Image
206. 206.Perception and Motor Reaction
207. 207.What Sort of Response, Then, Is Perception?
208. 208.Practised Perception
209. 209.Corrected Perception
210. 210.Sensory Data Serving as Signs of Various Sorts of Fact
211. 211.The Perception of Space
212. 212.Esthetic Perception
213. 213.Social Perception
214. 214.Errors of Perception
215. 215.Illusions — 1. Illusions due to peculiarities of the sense organs. — 2. Illusions due to preoccupation or mental set. — 3. Illusions of the response-by-analogy type. — 4. Illusions due to imperfect isolation of the fact to be perceived.
216. 216.The Müller-Lyer Illusion
217. 217.EXERCISES
218. 218.REFERENCES — CHAPTER XVIII REASONING
219. 219.THE PROCESS OF MENTAL, AS DISTINGUISHED FROM MOTOR EXPLORATION
220. 220.Reasoning Culminates in Inference
221. 221.Varieties of Reasoning — 1. Reasoning out the solution of a practical problem. — 2. Rationalization or self-justification. — 3. Explanation. — 4. Application. — 5. Doubt. — 6. Verification.
222. 222.Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
223. 223.Psychology and Logic
224. 224.EXERCISES
225. 225.REFERENCES — CHAPTER XIX IMAGINATION
226. 226.MENTAL AS DISTINGUISHED FROM MOTOR MANIPULATION
227. 227.Beginnings of Imagination in the Child
228. 228.Preliminary Definition of Imagination
229. 229.Play
230. 230.The Play Motives
231. 231.Empathy
232. 232.Day Dreams
233. 233.Worry
234. 234.Dreams
235. 235.Freud's Theory of Dreams
236. 236.Autistic Thinking
237. 237.Invention and Criticism
238. 238.The Enjoyment of Imaginative Art — The appeal of art is partly emotional. — Art makes also an intellectual appeal. — Empathy in art enjoyment.
239. 239.The Psychology of Inventive Production
240. 240.Imagination Considered in General
241. 241.EXERCISES
242. 242.REFERENCES — CHAPTER XX WILL
243. 243.PLANNED ACTION, ACTION IN SPITE OF INTERNAL CONFLICT, AND ACTION AGAINST EXTERNAL OBSTRUCTION
244. 244.Voluntary and Involuntary Action
245. 245.Development of Voluntary Control
246. 246.Ideomotor Action
247. 247.Conflict and Decision
248. 248.Obstruction and Effort
249. 249.Thought and Action
250. 250.Securing Action
251. 251.The Influence of Suggestion
252. 252.EXERCISES
253. 253.REFERENCES — CHAPTER XXI PERSONALITY
254. 254.THE INDIVIDUAL AS A WHOLE, INTEGRATED OR PARTIALLY DISSOCIATED
255. 255.Factors in Personality
256. 256.The Self
257. 257.Integration and Disintegration of the Personality
258. 258.The Unconscious, or, the Subconscious Mind
259. 259.Unconscious Wishes and Motives
260. 260.EXERCISES
261. 261.REFERENCES — INDEX

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