Prehistoric Men

About this eBook

Author

Braidwood, Robert J. (Robert John), 1907-2003

Credits

E-text prepared by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan, Charlie Howard, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team ( www.pgdp.net)

Language

English

LoC Class

GN: Geography, Anthropology, Recreation: Anthropology

Subject

Prehistoric peoples

Category

Text

Project Gutenberg

eBook-No. 52664

Release Date

July 28, 2016

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.Prehistoric Men
2. 2.Preface — Preface to the Third Edition
3. 3.Contents
4. 4.HOW WE LEARN about Prehistoric Men — SCIENTISTS WHO FIND OUT ABOUT PREHISTORIC MEN — ARCHEOLOGISTS — SOME OTHER SCIENTISTS — HOW THE SCIENTISTS FIND OUT — ARCHEOLOGICAL INFORMATION — EVERYTHING BEGINS TO FIT TOGETHER
5. 5.THE CHANGING WORLD in which Prehistoric Men Lived — CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENT — GLACIERS CHANGE THE WEATHER — OTHER CHANGES
6. 6.Prehistoric Men THEMSELVES — DO WE KNOW WHERE MAN ORIGINATED? — MEN AND APES — BRAINS, HANDS, AND TOOLS — WHEN SHALL WE CALL MEN MEN? — THE EARLIEST MEN WE KNOW — PEKING MEN AND SOME EARLY WESTERNERS — WHAT HAPPENED TO JAVA AND PEKING MEN — TWO ENGLISHMEN WHO WEREN’T OLD — TYPICAL “CAVE MEN” — OTHER MEN CONTEMPORARY WITH THE NEANDERTHALOIDS — EARLY MODERN MEN — THE FIRST MODERNS — DIFFERENCES IN THE EARLY MODERNS — WHAT THE DIFFERENCES MEAN — SUMMARY OF PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF FOSSIL MEN
7. 7.Cultural BEGINNINGS — WHAT IS CULTURE? — SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE — PREHISTORIC CULTURES — WHY LITTLE HAS LASTED FROM EARLY TIMES — “EOLITHS” — THE ROAD TO STANDARDIZATION — PEBBLE TOOLS — CORE-BIFACE TOOLS — FLAKE TOOLS — CHOPPERS AND ADZE-LIKE TOOLS — DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE TOOL-MAKING TRADITIONS — THE MEANING OF THE DIFFERENT TRADITIONS — AN OLDER INTERPRETATION OF THE WESTERN TRADITIONS — TRADITIONS ARE TOOL-MAKING HABITS, NOT CULTURES — LIFE IN EARLIEST TIMES — WHAT THE PEKING CAVE-FINDS TELL US
8. 8.MORE EVIDENCE of Culture — THE CAVE LAYERS — AN “INDUSTRY” DEFINED — THE EARLIEST EUROPEAN CAVE LAYERS — THE ACHEULEAN INDUSTRY — FLAKE INDUSTRIES FROM THE CAVES — THE LEVALLOISIAN AND MOUSTERIAN — THE MIXING OF TRADITIONS — OTHER SUGGESTIONS OF LIFE IN THE EARLY CAVE LAYERS — TOOLS FROM AFRICA AND ASIA ABOUT 100,000 YEARS AGO — CULTURE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE LAST GREAT GLACIAL PERIOD
9. 9.EARLY MODERNS — A NEW TRADITION APPEARS — BLADE TOOLS — THE EARLIEST BLADE TOOLS — SPECIAL TYPES OF BLADE TOOLS — OTHER KINDS OF TOOLS — THE BEGINNING OF ART — CAVE PAINTINGS — LIFE AT THE END OF THE ICE AGE IN EUROPE — MICROLITHS — LATER BLADE-TOOL INDUSTRIES OF THE NEAR EAST AND AFRICA — NETHER AFRICA — THE FAR EAST — THE NEW WORLD BECOMES INHABITED — THE NEW ERA
10. 10.End and PRELUDE — CHANGES AT THE END OF THE ICE AGE — THE READJUSTMENTS COMPLETED IN EUROPE — SOUTH AND CENTRAL EUROPE PERHAPS AS READJUSTED AS THE NORTH — HOW MUCH REAL CHANGE WAS THERE? — CHANGES IN OTHER AREAS? — REAL CHANGE AND PRELUDE IN THE NEAR EAST — QUESTIONS ABOUT CAUSE — PRECONDITIONS FOR THE REVOLUTION — CULTURAL “RECEPTIVENESS” AND PROMISING ENVIRONMENTS — AN OLD THEORY AS TO THE CAUSE OF THE REVOLUTION — THE OLD THEORY TOO SIMPLE FOR THE FACTS — ABOUT STAGES AND ERAS — THE TWO EARLIEST ERAS OF THE FOOD-PRODUCING STAGE — NUCLEAR AREAS — THE NUCLEAR NEAR EAST — THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE NUCLEAR NEAR EAST — THE ERA OF INCIPIENT CULTIVATION AND ANIMAL DOMESTICATION — INCIPIENT ERAS AND NUCLEAR AREAS — ARCHEOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES IN SEEING THE INCIPIENT ERA — SITES WITH ANTIQUITIES OF THE INCIPIENT ERA — THE NATUFIAN, AN ASSEMBLAGE OF THE INCIPIENT ERA — NATUFIAN ANTIQUITIES IN OTHER MATERIALS; BURIALS AND PEOPLE — THE KARIM SHAHIR ASSEMBLAGE — WERE THE NATUFIAN AND KARIM SHAHIR PEOPLES FOOD-PRODUCERS? — SUMMARY
11. 11.THE First Revolution — THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FOOD-COLLECTORS AND FOOD-PRODUCERS — THE FOOD-PRODUCING ECONOMY — WAS FOOD-PRODUCTION A “REVOLUTION”? — GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE NEAR EAST — EARLIEST SITES OF THE VILLAGE FARMERS — THE GAP BETWEEN KARIM SHAHIR AND JARMO — JARMO, IN THE KURDISH HILLS, IRAQ — ARCHITECTURE: HALL-MARK OF THE VILLAGE — HASSUNA, IN UPPER MESOPOTAMIAN IRAQ — OTHER EARLY VILLAGE SITES IN THE NUCLEAR AREA — THE IRANIAN PLATEAU AND THE NILE VALLEY — SPREAD IN TIME AND SPACE — THE SPREAD OF THE VILLAGE-FARMING COMMUNITY WAY OF LIFE INTO EUROPE — THE WAYS TO EUROPE — THE EARLIEST FARMERS OF ENGLAND — THE EUROPEAN ACHIEVEMENT
12. 12.THE Conquest of Civilization — WHAT “CIVILIZATION” MEANS — CIVILIZATION IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT FOOD-PRODUCTION — WHY DIDN’T CIVILIZATION COME TO ALL FOOD-PRODUCERS? — WHERE CIVILIZATION FIRST APPEARED IN THE NEAR EAST — THE HILLY-FLANKS ZONE VERSUS THE RIVER LANDS — THE RIVERS MUST BE CONTROLLED — CONTROL OF THE RIVERS THE BUSINESS OF EVERYONE — THE GERM OF CIVILIZATION IN EGYPT AND MESOPOTAMIA — THE ARCHEOLOGICAL SEQUENCE TO CIVILIZATION IN IRAQ — CLASSIC SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA FIRST OCCUPIED — THE UBAIDIAN ACHIEVEMENT — THE WARKA PHASE IN THE SOUTH — THE DAWN OF CIVILIZATION — ART AND WRITING — FROM PREHISTORY TO HISTORY
13. 13.End of PREHISTORY — METAL USERS REACH ENGLAND — MORE INVASIONS — “THIS ENGLAND” — CREMATION BURIALS BEGIN — REVERBERATIONS FROM CENTRAL EUROPE — THE COMING OF IRON — HILL-FORTS AND FARMS — THE SECOND PHASE — THE THIRD PHASE — THE END OF PREHISTORY — BRITAIN AS A SAMPLE OF THE GENERAL COURSE OF PREHISTORY IN EUROPE
14. 14.Summary — THE DRAMA OF THE PAST — THE SECOND ACT — THE FIRST GREAT CLIMAX OF THE SECOND ACT — THE THIRD ACT — WHY BOTHER WITH PREHISTORY?
15. 15.List of Books — BOOKS OF GENERAL INTEREST — GEOCHRONOLOGY AND THE ICE AGE — FOSSIL MEN AND RACE — GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY — GENERAL PREHISTORY — THE NEAR EAST
16. 16.Index
17. 17.Transcriber’s Note

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