Notes And Queries, Issue 190

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No. 190.

Saturday, June 18, 1853.

Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.

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Notes:—	Page
On the Use of the Hour-glass in Pulpits	589
The Megatherium Americanum in the British Museum	590
Remunerations of Authors, by Alexander Andrews	591
Coincident Legends, by Thomas Keightley	591
Shakespeare Readings, No. VIII.	592
Shakespeare's Use of the Idiom "No had" and "No hath not," by S. W. Singer, &c.	593
Minor Notes:—The Formation of the Woman, Gen. ii. 21, 22.—Singular Way of showing Displeasure—The Maids and the Widows—Alison's "Europe"—"Bis dat, qui cito dat:" "Sat cito, si sat bene"	593
Queries:—
House-marks	594
Minor Queries:—"Seductor Succo"—Anna Lightfoot—Queries from the "Navorscher"—"Amentium haud Amantium"—"Hurrah!" and other War-cries—Kissing Hands at Court—Uniforms of the three Regiments of Foot Guards, temp. Charles II.—Raffaelle's Sposalizio—"To the Lords of Convention"—Richard Candishe, M.P.—Alphabetical Arrangement—Saying of Pascal—Irish Characters on the Stage—Family of Milton's Widow—Table-moving	595
Minor Queries with Answers:—Form of Petition, &c.—Bibliography—Peter Francius and De Wilde—Work by Bishop Ken—Eugene Aram's Comparative Lexicon—Drimtaidhvrickhillichattan—Coins of Europe—General Benedict Arnold	596
Replies:—
Parish Registers: Right of Search, by G. Brindley Acworth	598
The Honourable Miss E. St. Leger, a Freemason, by Henry H. Breen	598
Weather Rules, by John Booker, &c.	599
Scotchmen in Poland, by Richard John King	600
Mr. Justice Newton	600
The Marriage Ring	601
Canada, &c.	602
Selling a Wife, by William Bates	602
Enough	603
Photographic Correspondence:—Mr. Wilkinson's Mode of levelling Cameras—Collodion Negative—Developing Collodion Process—An iodizing Difficulty	604
Replies To Minor Queries:—Bishop Frampton—Parochial Libraries—Pierrepont—Passage in Orosius—Pugna Porcorum—Oaken Tombs and Effigies—Bowyer Bible—Longevity—Lady Anne Gray—Sir John Fleming—Life—Family of Kelway—Sir G. Browne, Bart.—Americanisms, so called—Sir Gilbert Gerard, &c.	605
Miscellaneous:—
Notes on Books, &c.	610
Books and Odd Volumes wanted	610
Notices to Correspondents	610
Advertisements	611

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George Herbert says:

"The parson exceeds not an hour in preaching, because all ages have thought that a competency."—A Priest to the Temple, p. 28.

Ferrarius, De Ritu Concion., lib. i. c. 34., makes the following statement:

"Huic igitur certo ac communi malo (the evil of too long sermons) ut medicinam facerent, Ecclesiæ patres in concionando determinatum dicendi tempus fereque unius horæ spatio conclusum aut ipsi sibi præscribant, aut ab aliis præfinitum religiosè observabant."

Bingham, commenting on this passage, observes:

"Ferrarius and some others are very positive that they (their sermons) were generally an hour long; but Ferrarius is at a loss to tell by what instrument they measured their hour, for he will not venture to affirm that they preached, as the old Greek and Roman orators declaimed, by an hour-glass."—See Bingham, vol. iv. p. 582.

This remark of Bingham's brings me at once to the subject of my present communication. What evidence exists of the practice of preaching by the hour-glass, thus treated as improbable, if not ridiculous, by the learned writer just quoted? If the early Fathers of the church timed their sermons by any instrument of the kind, we should expect their writings to contain internal evidence of the fact, just as frequent allusion is made by Demosthenes and other ancient orators to the klepshydra or water-clock, by which the time allotted to each speaker was measured. Besides, the close proximity of such an instrument would be a constant source of metaphorical allusion on the subject of time and eternity. Perhaps those of your readers who are familiar with the extant sermons of the Greek and Latin fathers, may be able to supply some illustration on this subject. At all events there appears to be indisputable evidence of the use of the hour-glass in the pulpit formerly in this country.

In an extract from the churchwardens' accounts of the parish of St. Helen, in Abingdon, Berks, we find the following entry:

"Anno mdxci. 34 Eliz. 'Payde for an houre-glasse for the pulpit,' 4d."—See Hone's Table-Book, vol. i. p. 482.

Among the accounts of Christ Church, St. Catherine's, Aldgate, under the year 1564, this entry occurs:

"Paid for an hour-glass that hangeth by the pulpitt when the preacher doth make a sermon that he may know how the hour passeth away."—Malcolm's Londinium, vol. iii. p. 309., cited Southey's Common-Place Book, 4th Series, p. 471.

In Fosbrooke (Br. Mon., p. 286.) I find the following passage:

"A stand for an hour-glass still remains in many pulpits. A rector of Bibury (in Gloucestershire) used to preach two hours, regularly turning the glass. After the text the esquire of the parish withdrew, smoaked his pipe, and returned to the blessing."

The authority for this, which Fosbrooke cites, is Rudder's Gloucestershire, in "Bibury." It is added that lecturers' pulpits have also hour-glasses The woodcuts in Hawkins's Music, ii. 332., are referred to in support of this statement. I regret that I have no means of consulting the two last-mentioned authorities.

In 1681 some poor crazy people at Edinburgh called themselves the Sweet Singers of Israel. Among other things, they renounced the limiting the Lord's mind by glasses. This is no doubt in allusion to the hour-glass, which Mr. Water, the editor of the fourth series of Southey's Common-Place Book, informs us is still to be found, or at least its iron frame, in many churches, adding that the custom of preaching by the hour-glass commenced about the end of the sixteenth century. I cannot help thinking that an earlier date must be assigned to this singular practice. (See Southey's Common-Place Book, 4th series, p. 379.) Mr. Water states that one of these iron frames still exists at Ferring in Sussex. The iron extinguishers still to be found on the railing opposite large houses in London, are a similar memorial of an obsolete custom.

I trust some contributor to the "N. & Q." will be able to supply farther illustrations of this custom. Should it be revived in our own times, I fear most parishes would supply only a half-hour glass for the pulpit of their church, however unanimous antiquity may be in favour of sermons of an hour's duration. One advantage presented by this ancient and precise practice was, that the squire of the parish knew exactly when it was time to put out his pipe and return for the blessing, which he cannot ascertain under the present uncertain and indefinite mode of preaching. Fosbrooke (Br. Mon., p. 286.) states that the priest had sometimes a watch found for him by the parish. The authority cited for this is the following entry in the accounts of the Chantrey Wardens of the parish of Shire in Surrey:

"Received for the priest's watch after he was dead, 13s. 4d."—Manning's Surrey, vol. i. p. 531.

This entry seems to be rather too vague and obscure to warrant the inference drawn from it. This also may be susceptible of farther illustration.

A. W. S.

Temple.

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Amongst the most interesting specimens of that collection certainly ranges the skeleton of the above animal of a primæval world, albeit but a cast; the real bones, found in Buenos Ayres, being preserved in the Museum of Madrid. To imagine a sloth of the size of a large bear, somewhat baffles our imagination; especially if we ponder upon the size of trees on which such a huge animal must have lived. To have placed near him a nondescript branch (!!) of a palm, as has been done in the Museum here, is a terrible mistake. Palms there were none at that period of telluric formation; besides, no sloth ever could ascend an exogenous tree, as the simple form of the coma of leaves precludes every hope of motion, &c. I never can view those remnants of a former world, without being forcibly reminded of that most curious passage in Berosus, which I cite from memory:

"There was a flood raging then over parts of the world.... There were to be seen, however, on the walls of the temple of Belus, representations of animals, such as inhabited the earth before the Flood."

We may thence gather, that although the ancient world did not possess museums of stuffed animals, yet, the first collection of Icones is certainly that mentioned by Berosus. I think that it was about the times of the Crusades, that animals were first rudely preserved (stuffed), whence the emblems in the coats of arms of the nobility also took their origin. I have seen a MS. in the British Museum dating from this period, where the delineation of a bird of the Picus tribe is to be found. Many things which the Crusaders saw in Egypt and Syria were so striking and new to them, that they thought of means of preserving them as mementoes for themselves and friends. The above date, I think, will be an addition to the history of collections of natural history: a work wanting yet in the vast domain of modern literature.

A Foreign Surgeon.

Charlotte Street, Bloomsbury Square.

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In that varied and interesting of antiquarian and literary curiosities, "N. & Q.," perhaps a collection of the prices paid by booksellers and publishers for works of interest and to authors of celebrity might find a corner. As a first contribution towards such a collection, if approved of, I send some Notes made some years ago, with the authorities from which I copied them. With regard to those cited on the authority of "R. Chambers," I cannot now say from which of Messrs. Chambers's publications I extracted them, but fancy it might have been the Cyclopædia of English Literature. To any one disposed to swell the list of the remunerations of authors, I would suggest that Disraeli's Curiosities of Literature, Boswell's Life of Johnson, Johnson's Lives of the Poets and other works of every-day handling, would no doubt furnish many facts; but all my books being in the country, I have no means of searching, and therefore send my Notes in the fragmentary state in which I find them:—

Title of Work.	Author.	Publisher.	Price.	Authority.
Gulliver's Travels	Dean Swift	Molte	300l.	Sir W. Scott.
Tom Jones	H. Fielding	Miller	600l. and 100l. after	Ditto.
Amelia	Ditto	Ditto	1000l.	Ditto.
History of England	Dr. Smollett		2000l.	Ditto.
Memoirs of Richard Cumberland	Himself	Lackington	500l.	Ditto.
Vicar of Wakefield	Dr. Goldsmith	Newberry	50l.	Dr. Johnson.
Selections of English Poetry	Ditto		200l.	Lee Lewis.
Deserted Village	Ditto		100l.	Sir W. Scott.
Rasselas	Dr. Johnson		100l. and 24l. after	Ditto
Traveller	Dr. Goldsmith	Newberry	21l.	Wm. Irving
Old English Baron	Clara Reeve	Dilly (Poultry)	10l.	Sir W. Scott.
Mysteries of Udolpho	Ann Radcliffe	Geo. Robinson	500l.	Ditto
Italian	Ditto		800l.	Ditto
Mount Henneth	Robert Bage	Lowndes	30l.	Ditto
Translation of Ovid	John Dryden	Jacob Tonson	52l. 10s.	R. Chambers.
Ditto of Virgil	Ditto	Ditto	1200l. and subscriptions	Ditto
Fables and Ode for St. Cecilia's Day	Ditto	Ditto	250 guineas	Ditto
Paradise Lost	John Milton	Sam. Symmons	5l., 5l. 2nd edit., and 8l.	Sir W. Scott.
Translation of the Iliad	Alexander Pope		1200l.	R. Chambers.
Ditto of the Odyssey (half)	Ditto		600l.	Ditto.
Ditto ditto (remainder)	Ditto	Browne	500l.	Ditto.
Ditto ditto (ditto)	Ditto	Featon	300l.	Ditto.
Beggar's Opera (1st part)	John Gay		400l.	Ditto.
Ditto (2nd part)	Ditto		1100l. or 1200l.	Ditto.
Three abridged Histories of England	Dr. Goldsmith	Newberry	About 800l.	Ditto.
History of Animated Nature	Ditto	Ditto	850l.	Ditto.
Lives of the Poets	Dr. Johnson		210l.	Ditto.
Evelina	Miss Burney		5l.	Ditto.
History of England during the Reign of the Stuarts	David Hume		200l.
Ditto ditto (remainder)	Ditto		5000l.	Ditto.
History of Scotland	Robertson		600l	Creech.
History of Charles V.	Ditto		4500l.	Ditto.
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire	Gibbon		6000l.	R. Chambers.
Sermons (1st part)	Blair		200l.	Creech
Ditto	Tillotson		2500 guineas	R. Chambers
Childe Harold (4th canto)	Lord Byron		2100l.	Ditto.
Poetical Works (whole)	Ditto		15,000l.	Ditto.
Lay of the Last Minstrel	Sir W. Scott	Constable	600l.	Ditto.
Marmion	Ditto	Ditto	1050l.	Miss Seward.
Pleasures of Hope	Thos. Campbell	Mundell	1050l.	R. Chambers.
Gertrude of Wyoming	Ditto	Ditto	1500 guineas	Ditto.
Poems	Crabbe	Murray	3000l.	Ditto.
Irish Melodies	Thomas Moore		500l. a year	Ditto.
Spelling Book	Vyse		2200l. and 50l. a year	Ditto.
Philosophy of Natural History	Smellie		1050l., 1st edition and 50l. each after	Ditto
Various (aggregate)	Göthe		30,000 crowns	Ditto.
Ditto (ditto)	Chateaubriand		500,000 francs	Ditto.

I perfectly agree with the suggestion of one of your correspondents, that, in a publication like yours, dealing with historic facts, the communications should not be anonymous, or made under noms de guerre. I therefore drop the initials with which I have signed previous communications, and append my name as suggested.

Alexander Andrews.

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In the Scandinavian portion of the Fairy Mythology, there is a legend of a farmer cheating a Troll in an argument respecting the crops that were to be grown on the hill within which the latter resided. It is there observed that Rabelais tells the same story of a farmer and the Devil. I think there can be no doubt that these are not independent fictions, but that the legend is a transmitted one, the Scandinavian being the original, brought with them perhaps by the Normans. But what are we to say to the actual fact of the same legend being found in the valleys of Afghánistán?

Masson, in his Narrative, &c. (iii. 297.), when speaking of the Tájiks of Lúghmân, says,—

"They have the following amusing story: In times of yore, ere the natives were acquainted with the arts of husbandry, the Shaitán, or Devil, appeared amongst them, and, winning their confidence, recommended them to sow their lands. They consented, it being farther agreed that the Devil was to be a sherík, or partner, with them. The lands were accordingly sown with turnips, carrots, beet, onions, and such vegetables whose value consists in the roots. When the crops were mature the Shaitán appeared, and generously asked the assembled agriculturists if they would receive for their share what was above ground or what was below. Admiring the vivid green hue of the tops, they unanimously replied that they would accept what was above ground. They were directed to remove their portion, when the Devil and his attendants dug up the roots and carried them away. The next year he again came and entered into partnership. The lands were now sown with wheat and other grains, whose value lies in their seed-spikes. In due time, as the crops had ripened, he convened the husbandmen, putting the same question to them as he did the preceding year. Resolved not to be deceived as before, they chose for their share what was below ground; on which the Devil immediately set to work and collected the harvest, leaving them to dig up the worthless roots. Having experienced that they were not a match for the Devil, they grew weary of his friendship; and it fortunately turned out that, on departing with his wheat, he took the road from Lúghmân to Báríkâb, which is proverbially intricate, and where he lost his road, and has never been heard of or seen since."

Surely here is simple coincidence, for there could scarcely ever have been any communication between such distant regions in remote times, and the legend has hardly been carried to Afghánistán by Europeans. There is, as will be observed, a difference in the character of the legends. In the Oriental one it is the Devil who outwits the peasants. This perhaps arises from the higher character of the Shaitán (the ancient Akriman) than that of the Troll or the mediæval Devil.

Thos. Keightley.

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I have to announce the detection of an important misprint, which completely restores sense, point, and antithesis to a sorely tormented passage in King Lear; and which proves at the same time that the corrector of Mr. Collier's folio, in this instance at least, is undeniably in error. Here, as elsewhere (whether by anticipation or imitation I shall not take upon me to decide), he has fallen into just the same mistake as the rest of the commentators: indeed it is startling to observe how regularly he suspects every passage that they have suspected, and how invariably he treats them in the same spirit of emendation (some places of course excepted, where his courage soars far beyond theirs; such as the memorable "curds and cream," "on a table of green frieze," &c.).

I say that the error of "the old corrector," in this instance, is undeniable, because the misprint I am about to expose, like the egg-problem of Columbus, when once shown, demonstrates itself: so that any attempt to support it by argument would be absurd, because superfluous.

There are two verbs, one in every-day use, the other obsolete, which, although of nearly opposite significations, and of very dissimilar sound, nevertheless differ only in the mutual exchange of place in two letters: these verbs are secure and recuse; the first implying assurance, the second want of assurance, or refusal. Hence any sentence would receive an opposite meaning from one of these verbs to what it would from the other.

Let us now refer to the opening scene of the Fourth Act of King Lear, where the old man offers his services to Gloster, who has been deprived of his eyes:

Here one would suppose that the obvious opposition between means and defects would have preserved these words from being tampered with; and that, on the other hand, the absence of opposition between secure and commodious would have directed attention to the real error. But, no: all the worretting has been about means; and this unfortunate word has been twisted in all manner of ways, until finally "the old corrector" informs us that "the printer read wants 'means,' and hence the blunder!"

Now, mark the perfect antithesis the passage receives from the change of secure into recuse:

I trust I may be left in the quiet possession of whatever merit is due to this restoration. Some other of my humble auxilia have, before now, been coolly appropriated, with the most innocent air possible, without the slightest acknowledgment. One instance is afforded in Mr. Keightley's communication to "N. & Q.," Vol. vii., p. 136., where that gentleman not only repeats the explanation I had previously given of the same passage, but even does me the honour of requoting the same line of Shakspeare with which I had supported it.

I did not think it worth noticing at the time, nor should I now, were it not that Mr. Keightley's confidence in the negligence or want of recollection in your readers seems not have been wholly misplaced, if we may judge from Mr. Arrowsmith's admiring foot-note in last Number of "N. & Q.," p. 568.

A. E. B.

Leeds.

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(Vol. vii., p. 520.)

We are under great obligations to the Rev. Mr. Arrowsmith for his very interesting illustration of several misunderstood archaisms; and it may not be unacceptable to him if I call his attention to what seems to me a farther illustration of the above singular idiom, from Shakspeare himself.

In As You Like It, Act I. Sc. 3., where Rosalind has been banished by the Duke her uncle, we have the following dialogue between Celia and her cousin:

From wrong pointing, and ignorance of the idiomatic structure, the passage has hitherto been misunderstood; and Warburton proposed to read, "Which teacheth me," but was fortunately opposed by Johnson, although he did not clearly understand the passage. I have ventured to change am to are, for I cannot conceive that Shakspeare wrote, "that thou and I am one!" It is with some hesitation that I make this trifling innovation on the old text, although we have, a few lines lower, the more serious misprint of your change for the charge. I presume that the abbreviated form of the = y^e was taken for for y^r, and the r in charge mistaken for n; and in the former case of am for are, indistinctness in old writing, and especially in such a hand as, it appears from his autograph, our great poet wrote, would readily lead to such mistakes. That the correction was left to the printer of the first folio, I am fully persuaded; yet, in comparison with the second folio, it is a correct book, notwithstanding all its faults. That it was customary for men who were otherwise busied, as we may suppose Heminge and Condell to have been, to leave the correction entirely to the printer, is certain; for an acquaintance of Shakspeare's, Resolute John Florio, distinctly shows that it was the case. We have this pithy brief Preface to the second edition of his translation of Montaigne:

"To the Reader.

"Enough, if not too much, hath beene said of this translation. If the faults found even by myselfe in the first impression, be now by the printer corrected, as he was directed, the work is much amended: if not, know that through mine attendance on her Majesty, I could not intend it; and blame not Neptune for my second shipwracke. Let me conclude with this worthy man's daughter of alliance: 'Que t'ensemble donc lecteur?'

Still Resolute John Florio."

S. W. Singer.

Mickleham.

Shakspeare (Vol. vii., p. 521.).—May I ask whether there is any precedent (I think there can be no excuse) for calling Shakspeare's plays "our national Bible"?

A Clergyman.

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The Formation of the Woman, Gen. ii. 21, 22.—The terms of Matthew Henry on this subject, in his learned Commentary, have become quite commonplace with divines, when speaking of the ordinance of marriage:

"The woman was made of a rib out of the side of Adam: not made out of his head, to top him; nor out of his feet, to be trampled upon by him; but out of his side, to be equal with him; under his arm, to be protected; and near his heart, to be beloved."

Like many other things in his Exposition, this is not original with Henry. It is here traced to the Speculum Humanæ Salvationis of the earliest and rarest printed works. Some of your readers can probably trace it to the Fathers. The verses which follow are engraven in block characters in the first edition of the work named, and are copied from the fifth plate of specimens of early typography in Meerman's Origines Typographicæ: Hague, mdcclxv.:

O. T. D.

Singular Way of showing Displeasure.—

"The earl's regiment not long after, according to order, marched to take possession of the town (Londondery); but at their appearance before it the citizens clapt up the gates, and denyed them entrance, declaring their resolution for the king (William III.) and their own preservation. Tyrconnel at the news of this was said to have burnt his wig, as an indication of his displeasure with the townsmen's proceedings."—Life of James II., p. 290.

E. H. A.

The Maids and the Widows.—The following petition, signed by sixteen maids of Charleston, South Carolina, was presented to the governor of that province on March 1, 1733-4, "the day of the feast:"

"To His Excellency Governor Johnson.

"The humble Petition of all the Maids whose names are underwritten:

"Whereas we the humble petitioners are at present in a very melancholy disposition of mind, considering how all the bachelors are blindly captivated by widows, and our more youthful charms thereby neglected: the consequence of this our request is, that your Excellency will for the future order that no widow shall presume to marry any young man till the maids are provided for; or else to pay each of them a fine for satisfaction, for invading our liberties; and likewise a fine to be laid on all such bachelors as shall be married to widows. The great disadvantage it is to us maids, is, that the widows, by their forward carriages, do snap up the young men; and have the vanity to think their merits beyond ours, which is a great imposition upon us who ought to have the preference.

"This is humbly recommended to your Excellency's consideration, and hope you will prevent any farther insults.

"And we poor Maids as in duty bound will ever pray.

"P.S.—I, being the oldest Maid, and therefore most concerned, do think it proper to be the messenger to your Excellency in behalf of my fellow subscribers."

Uneda.

Alison's "Europe."—In a note to Sir A. Alison's Europe, vol. ix. p. 397., 12mo., enforcing the opinion that the prime movers in all revolutions are not men of high moral or intellectual qualities, he quotes, as from "Sallust de Bello Cat.,"

"In turbis atque seditionibus pessimo cuique plurima vis; pax et quies bonis artibus aluntur."

No such words, however, are to be found in Sallust: but the correct expression is in Tacitus (Hist., iv. 1.):

"Quippe in turbas et discordias pessimo cuique plurima vis; pax et quies bonis artibus indigent."

Sir A. Alison quotes, in the same note, as from Thucydides (l. iii. c. 39.), the following:

"In the contests of the Greek commonwealth, those who were esteemed the most depraved, and had the least foresight, invariably prevailed; for being conscious of this weakness, and dreading to be overreached by those of greater penetration, they went to work hastily with the sword and poniard, and thereby got the better of their antagonists, who where occupied with more refined schemes."

This paragraph is certainly not in the place mentioned; nor can I find it after a diligent search through Thucydides. Will Sir A. Alison, or any of his Oxford friends, be good enough to point out the author, and indicate where such a passage is really to be found?

T. J. Buckton.

Birmingham.

"Bis dat, qui cito dat" (Vol. vi., p. 376.).—"Sat cito, si sat bene."—The first of these proverbs reminded me of the second, which was a favourite maxim of Lord Chancellor Eldon. (See The Life of Lord Chancellor Eldon, vol. i. p. 48.) I notice it for the purpose of showing that Lord Eldon followed (perhaps unconsciously) the example of Augustus, and that the motto is as old as the time of the first Roman emperor, if it is not of more remote origin. The following is an extract from the Life of Augustus, Sueton., chap. xxv.:

"Nil autem minus in imperfecto duce, quam festinationem temeritatemque, convenire arbitrabatur. Crebrò itaque illa jactabat, Σπεῦδε βραδεως. Et:

'ἀσφαλὴς γὰρ ἐστ' αμείνων ἤ θρασὺς στρατηλάτης.'

Et, 'Sat celeriter fieri, quicquid fiat satis bene.'"

Perhaps T. H. can give us the origin of these Greek and Latin maxims, as he has of "Bis dat, qui cito dat" (Vol. i., p. 330).

F. W. J.

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Are there traces in England of what the people of Germany, on the shores of the Baltic, call Hausmärke, and what in Denmark and Norway is called bolmærke, bomærke? These are certain figures, generally composed of straight lines, and imitating the shape of the cross or the runes, especially the so-called compound runes. They are meant to mark all sorts of property and chattels, dead and alive, movable and immovable, and are drawn out, or burnt into, quite inartistically, without any attempt of colouring or sculpturing. So, for instance, every freeholder in Praust, a German village near Dantzic, has his own mark on all his property, by which he recognises it. They are met with on buildings, generally over the door, or on the gable-end, more frequently on tombstones, or on epitaphs in churches, on pews and old screens, and implements, cattle, and on all sorts of documents, where the common people now use three crosses.

The custom is first mentioned in the old Swedish law of the thirteenth century (Uplandslagh, Corp. Jur. Sveo-Goth., iii. p. 254.), and occurs almost at the same period in the seals of the citizens of the Hanse-town Lubeck. It has been in common use in Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Sleswick, Holstein, Hamburgh, Lubeck, Mecklenburgh, and Pomerania, but is at present rapidly disappearing. Yet, in Holstein they still mark the cattle grazing on the common with the signs of their respective proprietors; they do the same with the haystacks in Mecklenburgh, and the fishing-tackle on the small islands of the Baltic. In the city of Dantzic these marks still occur in the prayer-books which are left in the churches.

There are scarcely any traces of this custom in the south of Germany, except that the various towers of the city-wall of Nurnberg are said to bear their separate marks; and that an apothecary of Strasburg, Merkwiller, signs a document, dated 1521, with his name, his coat of arms, and a simple mark.

Professor Homeyer has lately read, before the Royal Academy of Berlin, a very learned paper on the subject, and has explained this ancient custom as significant of popular law, possibly intimating the close connexion between the property and its owner. I am sorry not to be able to copy out the Professor's collection of runic marks; but I trust that the preceding lines will be sufficient in order to elicit the various traces of a similar custom still prevalent, or remembered, in the British isles; an account of which will be thankfully received at Berlin, where they have lately been informed, that even the eyder-geese on the Shetlands are distinguished by the marks of their owners.

α.

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"Seductor Succo."—Will any of your readers oblige me by giving me either a literal or poetical translation of the following lines, taken from Foulis, Rom. Treasons, Preface, p. 28., 1681?

"Seductor Succo, Gallo Sicarius; Anglo Proditor; Imperio Explorator; Davus Ibero; Italo Adulator; dixi teres ore,—Suitam."

Clericus (D).

Anna Lightfoot.—T. H. H. would be obliged by any particulars relating to Anna Lightfoot, the left-handed wife of George III. It has been stated that she had but one son, who died at an early age; but a report circulates in some channels, that she had also a daughter, married to a wealthy manufacturer in a midland town. It is particularly desired to know in what year, and under what circumstances, Anna Lightfoot died.

Queries from the "Navorscher."—Did Addison, Steele, or Swift write the "Choice of Hercules" in the Tatler?

Was Dr. Hawkesworth, or, if not, who was, the author of "Religion the Foundation of Content," an allegory in the Adventurer?

In what years were born C. C. Colton, Pinnock, Washington Irving, George Long, F. B. Head; and when died those of them who are no longer among us?

Who wrote "Journal of a poor Vicar," "Story of Catherine of Russia," "Volney Becker," and the "Soldier's Wife," in Chamber's Miscellany?

Did Luther write drinking-songs? If so, where are they to be met with?

"Amentium haud Amantium."—I should be glad to ascertain, and perhaps it may be interesting to classical scholars generally to know, if any of your correspondents or readers can suggest an English translation for the phrase "amentium haud amantium" (in the first act of the Andria of Terence), which shall represent the alliteration of the original. The publication of this Query may probably elicit the desired information.

Fidus Interpres.

Dublin.

"Hurrah!" and other War-cries.—When was the exclamation "Hurrah!" first used by Englishmen, and what was the war-cry before its introduction? Was it ever used separately from, or always in conjunction with "H.E.P.! H.E.P.?" Was "Huzza!" contemporaneous? What are the known war-shouts of other European or Eastern nations, ancient or modern?

Cape.

Kissing Hands at Court.—When was the kissing of hands at court first observed?

Cape.

Uniforms of the three Regiments of Foot Guards, temp. Charles II.—Being very desirous to know where well authenticated pictures of officers in the regimentals of the Foot Guards during the reign of Charles II. may be seen, or are, I shall be greatly obliged to any reader of "N & Q." who will supply the information. I make no doubt there are, in many of the private collections of this country, several portraits of officers so dressed, which have descended as heir-looms in families. I subjoin the colonels' names, and dates of the regiments:

1st Foot Guards, 1660: Colonel Russell, Henry Duke of Grafton.

Coldstream Guards, 1650: General Monk.

3rd Guards, 1660: Earl of Linlithgow. 1670: Earl of Craven.

D. N.

Raffaelle's Sposalizio.—Will Digitalis, or any of your numerous correspondents or readers, do me the favour to say why, in Raffaelle's celebrated painting "Lo Sposalizio," in the gallery of the Brera at Milan, Joseph is represented as placing the ring on the third finger of right hand of the Virgin?

I noticed the same peculiarity in Ghirlandais's fresco of the "Espousals" in the church of the Santa Croce at Florence. This I remarked to the custode, an intelligent old man, who informed me that the connexion said to exist between the heart and the third finger refers to that finger of the right hand, and not, as we suppose, to the third finger of the left hand. He added, that the English are the only nation who place the ring on the left hand. I do not find that this latter statement is borne out by what I have seen of the ladies of continental Europe; and I suppose it was an hallucination in my worthy informant.

I must leave to better scholars in the Italian language than I am, to say whether "Lo Sposalizio" means "Betrothal" or "Marriage:" certainly this latter is the ordinary signification.

I have a sort of floating idea that I once heard that at the ceremony of "Betrothal," now, I believe, rarely if ever practised, it was customary to place the ring on the right hand. I am by no means clear where I gleaned this notion.

G. Brindley Acworth.

Brompton.

"To the Lords of Convention."—Where can I find the whole of the ballad beginning—

and also the name of the author?

L. Evans.

Richard Candishe, M.P.—Pennant (Tour in Wales, vol. ii. p. 48.) prints the epitaph of "Richard Candishe, Esq., of a good family in Suffolk," who was M.P. for Denbigh in 1572, as it appears on his monument in Hornsey Church. Who was this Richard Candishe? The epitaph says he was "derived from noble parentage;" but the arms on the monument are not those of the noble House of Cavendish, which sprung from the parish of that name in Suffolk. The arms of Richard Candishe are given as "three piles wavy gules in a field argent; the crest, a fox's head erased azure."

Buriensis.

Alphabetical Arrangement.—Can any one favour me with a reference to any work treating of the date of the collection and arrangement in the present form of the alphabet, either English, Latin, Greek, or Hebrew? or what is the earliest instance of their being used to represent numerals?

A. H. C.

Saying of Pascal.—In which of his works is Pascal's saying, "I have not time to write more briefly," to be found; and what are the words in the original?

W. Fraser.

Tor-Mohun.

Irish Characters on the Stage.—Would any of the contributors to "N. & Q." oblige me with this information? Who, or how many, of the old English dramatists introduced Irishmen into their dramatis personæ? Did Ben Jonson? Shadwell did. What others?

Philobiblion.

Family of Milton's Widow.—Your correspondent Cranmore, in his article on the "Rev. John Paget" ("N. & Q.," Vol. v., p. 327.), writes thus: "Dr. Nathan Paget was an intimate friend of Milton and cousin to the poet's fourth (no doubt meaning his third) wife, Elizabeth Minshall, of whose family descent, which appears to be rather obscure, I may at another time communicate some particulars."

Now, as more than a year has elapsed since the article referred to appeared in your valuable columns, without the subject of Elizabeth Minshall's descent having been farther noticed, I hope your correspondent will pardon my soliciting him to supply the information he possesses relative thereto, which cannot fail proving interesting to every admirer of our great poet.

V. M.

Table-moving.—Was not Bacon acquainted with this phenomenon? I find in his Sylva Sylvarum, art. Motion:

"Whenever a solid is pressed, there is an inward tumult of the parts thereof, tending to deliver themselves from the compression: and this is the cause of all violent motion. It is very strange that this motion has never been observed and inquired into; as being the most common and chief origin of all mechanical operations.

"This motion operates first in a round by way of proof and trial, which way to deliver itself, and then in progression where it finds the deliverance easiest."

C. K. P.

Newport, Essex.

---

Form of Petition, &c.—May I request the insertion of a Query, requesting some of your readers to supply the ellipsis in the form with which petitions to Parliament are required to be closed, viz.: "And your petitioners will ever pray, &c." To me, I confess, there appears to be something like impiety in its use in its present unmeaning state. Would a petition be rendered informal by any addition which would make it more comprehensible?

C. W. B.

Bibliography.—I am about to publish a brochure entitled Notes on Books: with Hints to Readers, Authors, and Publishers; and as I intend to give a list of the most useful bibliographical works, I shall feel much obliged to any one who will furnish me with a list of the various Printers' Grammars, and of such works as the following: The Author's Printing and Publishing Assistant; comprising Explanations of the Process of Printing, Preparation and Calculation of MSS., Paper, Type, Binding, Typographical Marks, &c. 12mo., Lond. 1840. I have met with Stower's Printers' Grammar, London, 1808.

Mariconda.

Peter Francius and De Wilde.—In a little work on my shelf, with the following title,

"Petri Francii specimen eloquentiæ exterioris ad orationem M. T. Ciceronis pro A. Licin. Archiâ accommodatum. Amstelædami, apud Henr. Wetstenium m dc xcvii.],"

occurs the following brief MS. note, after the text of the speech for Archias:

"Orationem hanc pro Archia sub Dno Petro Francio memoriter recitavi Wilhelmus de Wilde in Athenæi auditorio Majore, a.d. xviii kal. Januarias, aⁿⁱ 1699."

The volume is 12mo., containing about 200 pp.; the text of the speech occupying nearly 42 pp.

Who was Peter Francius? Did De Wilde ever distinguish himself?"

D.

Work by Bishop Ken.—

"A Crown of Glory the Reward of the Righteous; being Meditations on the Vicissitude and Uncertainty of all Sublunary Enjoyments. To which is added, a Manual of Devotions for Times of Trouble and Affliction: also Meditations and Prayers before, at, and after receiving the Holy Communion; with some General Rules for our Daily Practice. Composed for the use of a Noble Family, by the Right Reverend Dr. Thomas Kenn, late Lord Bishop of Bath and Wells. Price 2s. 6d."

I find the above in a list of "books printed for Arthur, Betterworth, &c.," at the end of the 7th edition of Horneck's Crucified Jesus: London, 1727. I do not remember to have seen any notice of this work in the recent biographies of the saintly prelate to whom it is here attributed.

E. H. A.

Eugene Aram's Comparative Lexicon.—This talented criminal is said to have left behind him collections for a dictionary of the Celtic, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and English languages, comprising a list of about 3000 words, which he considered them to possess in common. Was this ever published? and where are any notices of his works to be found?

E. S. Taylor.

Drimtaidhvrickhillichattan.—I should feel obliged through the medium of "N. & Q.," to be informed of the whereabouts of a locality in Scotland with the above euphonious name.

Alpha.

Coins of Europe.—Where can I find the fullest and most accurate tables showing the relative value of the coins in use in different parts of Europe?

Alpha.

General Benedict Arnold.—Can any of the readers of "N.& Q." inform me where General Arnold is buried? After the failure of his attempt to deliver up West Point to the English, he escaped, went to England, and never returned to his native country. I have heard that he died about forty years ago, near Brompton, England; and would be glad to have the date of his death, and any inscription which may be on his tomb.

W. B. R.

Philadelphia.

---

In Vol. iv., p. 473. a Query on this subject is inserted, to which, in Vol. v., p. 37., Mr. Chadwick replied.

The question, one of great importance to the genealogist, has recently been the subject of judicial decision, in the case of Steele v. Williams, reported in the 17th volume of the Jurist, p. 464. (the Number for Saturday, 28th May).

At the opening of the argument, the Court of Exchequer decided that the fees, &c. are regulated by the 6 & 7 Will. IV. c. 86., "An Act for registering Births, Deaths, and Marriages in England," which in the 35th section enacts—

"That every rector, vicar, curate, and every registrar, registering officer, and secretary, who shall have the keeping, for the time being, of any register book of births, deaths, or marriages, shall at all reasonable times allow searches to be made of any register book in his keeping, and shall give a copy, certified under his hand, of any entry or entries in the same, on payment of the fee hereinafter mentioned; that is to say, for every search extending over a period not more than one year, the sum of 1s., and 6d. additional for every additional year; and the sum of 2s. 6d. for every single certificate."

Mr. Chadwick seemed to consider this section only applied to "civil registration;" but this view is, I apprehend, now quite untenable.

The case was, whether a parish clerk had a right to charge 2s. 6d., where the party searching the register did not require "certified copies," but only made his own extracts; and it is decided he has no such right.

Mr. Baron Parke in his judgment says:

"I think this payment was not voluntary, because the defendant" [the parish clerk] "told the plaintiff, that if he did not pay him for certificates, in all cases in which he wanted to make extracts, he should not make a search at all. I think the plaintiff had at all events a right to make a search, and during that time make himself master, as he best might, of the contents of the book, and could not be prevented from so doing by the clerk in whose custody they were; who in the present case insisted that if he wanted copies he must have certificates with the signature of the incumbent. For the 1s. he paid, the applicant had a right to look at all the names in one year. He had no right to remain an unreasonable time looking at the book; nor perhaps, strictly speaking, was the parish clerk bound to put it into his hands at all: for the clerk has a right to superintend everything done, and might fairly say to a man, 'Your hands are dirty: keep them in your pockets.' The applicant could therefore only exercise his right of search during a reasonable time, and make extracts that way. If a man insists on taking himself a copy of anything in the books, that case is not provided for by the statute: but if he requires a copy certified by the clergyman, then he must pay an additional fee for it.

"It was consequently an illegal act in the defendant to insist that the plaintiff should pay 2s. 6d. for each entry in the book, of which he might choose to make an extract," &c.

Mr. Baron Martin says:

"With respect to the statute, counsel (Mr. Robinson) says, because taking extracts is not mentioned in the statute, it is competent for a parish clerk to take an extra payment for allowing them to be made. Where a man is allowed by statute to receive money, it is, as it were, by virtue of a contract that the statute makes for him, and he cannot make a contract for a different sum. The defendant here is bound by the entirety of the statute; he may be paid for a search, or for a certified copy, but there is no intermediate course."

This decision will, I hope, have the effect of removing the difficulties so often experienced in making searches for genealogical purposes. At all events, the person making such search can now safely make his own notes, none daring lawfully to make him afraid. I have to apologise for the length of this letter.

G. Brindley Acworth.

12. King's Bench Walk, Temple.

---

(Vol. iv., p. 234.)

There is an inquiry in Vol. iv., p. 234., as to whether there is any truth in the story, that the Honourable Miss E. St. Leger was made a freemason; and as no account of the circumstances has yet appeared in your pages, I send you the following statement, which has been extracted from The Patrician. Apart from its value as a record of this singular fact, it contains other particulars which you may deem worthy of preservation in "N. & Q."

"The Hon. Elizabeth St. Leger as the only female who was ever initiated into the ancient and honourable mystery of Freemasonry. How she obtained this honour we shall lay before our readers, having obtained the only genuine information from the best sources.

"Lord Doneraile, Miss St. Leger's father, a very zealous mason, held a warrant, and occasionally opened Lodge at Doneraile House, his sons and some intimate friends assisting; and it is said that never were the masonic duties more rigidly performed than by the brethren of No. 150, the number of their warrant.

"It appears that previous to the initiation of a gentleman to the first steps of masonry, Miss St Leger, who was a young girl, happened to be in an apartment adjoining the room generally used as a lodge-room; but whether the young lady was there by design or accident, we cannot confidently state. This room at the time was undergoing some alteration: amongst other things, the wall was considerably reduced in one part, for the purpose of making a saloon.

"The young lady having heard the voices of the Freemasons, and prompted by the curiosity natural to all, to see this mystery so long and so secretly locked up from public view, she had the courage to pick a brick from the wall with her scissors, and witnessed the ceremony through the first two steps. Curiosity gratified, fear at once took possession of her mind; and those who understand this passage, well know what the feelings of any person must be who could unlawfully behold that ceremony. Let them then judge what were the feelings of a young girl, under such extraordinary circumstances.

"Here was no mode of escape except through the very room where the concluding part of the second step was still being solemnised; and that being at the far end, and the room a very large one, she had resolution sufficient to attempt her escape that way, and with light but trembling step glided along unobserved, laid her hand on the handle of the door, and gently opening it, before her stood, to her dismay, a grim and surly tiler, with his long sword unsheathed. A shriek that pierced through the apartment alarmed the members of the lodge, who all rushing to the door, and finding that Miss St. Leger had been in the room during the ceremony, in the first paroxysm of their rage, it is said, her death was resolved upon; but from the moving and earnest supplication of her younger brother, her life was spared, on condition of her going through the two steps of the solemn ceremony she had unlawfully witnessed. This she consented to do, and they conducted the beautiful and terrified young lady through those trials which are sometimes more than enough for masculine resolution, little thinking they were taking into the bosom of their craft a member that would afterwards reflect a lustre on the annals of Masonry.

"Miss St. Leger was directly descended from Sir Robert De St. Leger, who accompanied William the Conqueror to England, and was of that high repute that he, with his own hand, supported that prince when he first went out of his ship to land in Sussex.

"Miss St. Leger was cousin to General Anthony St. Leger, Governor of St. Lucia, who instituted the interesting race and the celebrated Doncaster St. Leger stakes.

"Miss St. Leger married Richard Aldworth, Esq., of Newmarket, a member of a highly honourable and ancient family, long celebrated for their hospitality and other virtues. Whenever a benefit was given at the theatres in Dublin or Cork for the Masonic Orphan Asylum, she walked at the head of the Freemasons, with her apron and other insignia of Freemasonry, and sat in the front row of the stage box. The house was always crowded on those occasions.

"The portrait of this estimable woman is in the lodge room of almost every lodge in Ireland."

Henry H. Breen.

St. Lucia.

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(Vol. vii., p. 522.)

Your correspondent J. A., jun., invites further contributions on the subject to which he refers. Though by no means infallible, such prognostics are not without a measure of truth, founded as they are on habits of close observation:

Rendered thus:

To this I may add the French adage:

From a MS. now in my possession, dating two centuries back, I extract the following remarks on "Times and Seasons," as not wholly unconnected with the present subject:

"Easter-day never falleth lower than the 22nd of March, and never higher than the 25th of April."

"Shrove Sunday has its range between the 1st of February and the 7th of March."

"Whit Sunday between the 10th of May and the 13th of June."

"A rule of Shrovetide:—The Tuesday after the second change of the moon after New Year's-day is always Shrove Tuesday."

To these I may perhaps be permitted to add certain cautions, derived frown the same source:

"The first Monday in April, the day on which Cain was born, and Abel was slain.

"The second Monday in August, on which day Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed.

"The 31st of December, on which day Judas was born, who betrayed Christ.

"These are dangerous days to begin any business, fall sick, or undertake any journey."

We smile at the superstition which thus stamps these several periods as days of ill omen, especially when we reflect that farther inquiry would probably place every other day of the week under a like ban, and thus greatly impede the business of life—Friday, for instance, which, since our Lord's crucifixion on that day, we are strongly disinclined to make the starting-point of any new enterprise.

In many cases this superstition is based on unpleasing associations connected with the days proscribed. Who can wonder if, in times less enlightened than our own, undue importance were attached to the strange coincidence which marked the deaths of Henry VIII. and his posterity. They all died on a Tuesday; himself on Tuesday, January 28, 1547; Edward VI. on Tuesday, July 6, 1553; Mary on Tuesday, November 17, 1558; Elizabeth on Tuesday, March 24, 1603.

John Booker.

Prestwich.

It is a saying in Norwich,—

I think the observation is tolerably correct.

Anon.

---

(Vol. vii., p. 475.)

In the debates about a union with Scotland in 1606, the "multiplicities of the Scots in Polonia" formed one of the arguments of the opposing party, who thought that England was likely to be overrun in a similar fashion. According to Wilson (Hist. of James I., p. 34.), the naturalisation of the Scots—

"Was opposed by divers strong and modest arguments. Among which they brought in the comparison of Abraham and Lot, whose families joining, they grew to difference, and to those words, 'Vade tu ad dextram, et ego ad sinistram.' It was answered, That speech brought the captivity of the one; they having disjoined their strength. The party opposing said, If we admit them into our liberties, we shall be overrun with them; as cattle, naturally, pent up by a slight hedge, will over it into a better soil; and a tree taken from a barren place will thrive to excessive and exuberant branches in a better,—witness the multiplicities of the Scots in Polonia.

"To which it was answered, That if they had not means, place, custom, and employment (not like beasts, but men), they would starve in a plentiful soil, though they came into it. And what springtide and confluence of that nation have housed and familied themselves among us, these four years of the king's reign? And they will never live so meanly here as they do in Polonia; for they had rather discover their poverty abroad than at home."

This last "answerer" was Lord Bacon. In his speech "Of general Naturalisation" (Works, vol. v. p. 52.), he asserts that the "multiplication of Scots in Polonia" must of necessity be imputed

"To some special accident of time and place that draws them thither; for you see plainly before your eyes, that in Germany, which is much nearer, and in France, where they are invited with privileges, and with this very privilege of naturalisation, yet no such number can be found; so as it cannot either be nearness of place, or privilege of person, that is the cause."

What these "special accidents" were, it would be interesting to ascertain. Large bodies of men were levied in Scotland during the latter half of the sixteenth century, for the service of Sweden, and employed in the Polish wars. Can these have turned merchants, or induced others to follow them? In 1573, Charles de Mornay brought 5000 Scots to Sweden. In 1576, whilst they were serving in Livonia, a quarrel broke out between them and a body of Germans also in the Swedish pay, and 1500 Scots were cut down. (Geiger, ch. xii.)

I believe Mr. Cunningham will find some notices of Scottish merchants in Poland in Lithgow's Travels, which I have not at present by me.

Richard John King.

---

(Vol. vii., p. 528.)

Sir Richard Newton was Chief Justice of the Common Pleas from 1438 to 1444, and died Dec. 13th, 1444, and was buried in a chapel of Bristol Cathedral. (Collins's Baronage, vol. iii. p. 145.) He assumed the name of Newton, instead of Caradoc, from Newton in Powysland. (Collinson's Somersetshire, East Harptrie); and, as Camden, p. 60., says, the Newtons "freely own themselves to be of Welsh extraction, and not long ago to have been called Caradocks." These Caradocs were descended from the ancient kings of Wales. Sir Richard Newton was twice married: 1. to a daughter of Newton, of Crossland; and 2. to Emmett, daughter of John Harvey, of London, according to a MS. in the British Museum; but, according to Somersetshire and Gloucestershire Visitations, to Emma, daughter of Sir Thomas Perrott, of Islington. He had issue by both marriages, and from the second descended Sir John Newton, who was created a baronet 12 Car. II., and died in 1661. The baronetcy was limited in remainder, at its creation, to John Newton, of Hather, in Lincolnshire, and he became the second baronet. There are several pedigrees tracing the descent from Sir Richard to the first baronet; but I have not yet seen the descent to the second baronet, though there can be no doubt that he was also descended from Sir Richard, otherwise the baronetcy could not have been limited to him; and probably he was the next male heir of the first baronet, as that is the usual mode of limiting titles. In the Heralds' College there is a pedigree of Sir Isaac Newton, signed by himself, in which he traces his descent to the brother of the ancestor of the second baronet. It should seem, therefore, that Sir Isaac was himself descended from the Chief Justice. It would confer a great obligation on the writer if any of your readers could afford any assistance to clear up the pedigree of the second baronet.

As to the representatives of Sir Richard, I doubt whether his heir is discoverable, although there are many descendants now living who trace their descent through females.

C. S. G.

---

(Vol. vii., p. 332.)

I cannot agree with the answer given, under the above reference, to the question of J. P.: "How did the use of the ring, in the marriage ceremony, originate?" The answer given is taken from Wheatly's Rational Illustration, &c., and is in substance this:—The ring anciently was a seal, and the delivery of this seal was a sign of confidence; and as a ceremony in marriage, its signification is, that the wife is admitted to the husband's counsels. From this argument, and the supposed proofs of it, I beg to dissent; and I conceive that Wheatly has not thrown any light upon the origin of this beautiful ceremony. To bear out his view, it would be necessary to prove that a signet ring had originally been used for the wedding ring—a matter of no slight difficulty, not to say impossibility.

What I take to be the real meaning of the ring as a part of the marriage ceremony, I will now give. It has a far higher meaning in the ceremony, and a more important duty to perform than merely to signify the admission of the wife into the counsels of the husband. Its office is to teach her the duty she owes to her husband, rather than the privilege of admission into his counsels. The ring is a preacher, to teach her lessons of holy wisdom referring to her state of life.

A ring, whenever used by the church, signifies, to use the words of liturgical writers, "integritatem fidei," the perfection of fidelity, and is "fidei sacramentum," the badge of fidelity. Its form, having no beginning and no end, is the emblem of eternity, constancy, integrity, fidelity, &c.; so that the wedding ring symbolises the eternal or entire fidelity the wife pledges to her husband, and she wears the ring as the badge of this fidelity. Its office, then, is to teach and perpetually remind her of the fidelity she owes to her husband, and swore to him at the marriage ceremony.

The wedding ring is to the wife precisely what the episcopal ring is to the bishop, and vice versâ. The language used during the ceremony to the one is very similar to that used to the other, as the object of the ceremony and use of the ring is the same. A bishop's ring, as we read, signifies "integritatem fidei," i. e. that he should love as himself the church of God committed to him as his bride. When he receives the ring at his consecration, the words used are, "Accipe annulum, fidei scilicet signaculum, quatenus sponsam Dei, sanctum videlicet ecclesiam, intemerata fide ornatus illibate custodias:" (Receive the ring, the badge of fidelity, to the end that, adorned with inviolable fidelity you may guard without reproach the spouse of God, that is, His Holy Church).

Hence the office of the episcopal ring throws light upon the office of the wedding ring; and there can be no doubt whatever that its real meaning is, in the latter as in the former case, to signify the eternal fidelity and constancy that should subsist between the married couple.

That this is the correct view of the meaning of the wedding ring is farther confirmed by the prayer used in blessing the ring: "Benedic, Domine, annulum hunc ... ut quæ eum gestaverit, fidelitatem integram suo sponso tenens, in pace et voluntate tua permaneat, acque in mutua charitate semper vivat."—Rituale, &c.

Cyrep.

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(Vol. vii., pp. 380. 504.)

My former Note on the origin of this name suggests a question, which, if you think it worthy of a place in "N. & Q.," may interest many besides myself, viz. At what period and by whom was that part of North America called Canada?

To the French it appears always to have been known as "La Nouvelle France." La Hontan, who quitted the country 1690, I think, calls it Canada. Lajitan certainly does, as well as many other old authors.

In a map of North America, date 1769, the tract bordering on the St. Lawrence, lately called Upper and Lower Canada, is designated "The Province of Quebec;" whilst the region to the northward, lying between it and Hudson's Bay, has the word Canada in much larger letters, as if a general name of the whole. That the name is slightly altered from an Indian word is probable, but not so that it was used by the Indians themselves, who, in the first place, were not in the habit of imposing general names on large districts, although they had significant ones for almost every locality; the former were usually denominated the land of the Iroquois, of the Hurons, &c., i. e. of the people dwelling, on, and in possession of it. Even allowing that the Indians may have had a general name for the country, it is very unlikely that one so unmeaning as "Kanata" would have been imposed upon it by a people whose nomenclature in every other case is so full of meaning.

Moreover, although the Mic-macs of Gaspé may have called themselves Canadians according to Lescarbot, yet we are told by Volney, that—

"The Canadian savages call themselves 'Metoktheniakes' (born of the sun), without allowing themselves to be persuaded of the contrary by the Black Robes," &c.—Vol. ii. p. 438.

The following, to the same purpose, is from the Quarterly Review, vol. iv. p. 463.:

"'Tapoy,' which we understand from good authority to be the generic appellation by which the North American tribes distinguish themselves from the whites," &c.

Now I should imagine both Lescarbot and Champlain, knowing nothing of the language, and probably having very bad interpreters, must have made a great mistake in supposing the Gaspésiens called themselves Canadians, for I have questioned several intelligent Mic-Macs on the subject, and they have invariably told me that they call themselves "Ulnookh" or "Elnouiek," "Ninen elnouiek!—We are Men." But Mic-mac? "O, Mic-mac all same as Ulnookh." The latter word strictly means Indian-man, and cannot be applied to a white. Mic-mac is the name of their tribe, and, they insist upon it, always has been. Again, Kanata is said to be an Iroquois word, and, consequently, not likely to have been in use amongst a tribe of the Lenape family, which the Mic-macs are. It does not appear that we have any authority for supposing the country was ever called Canada by the Indians themselves.

It is curious enough that as Canada was said to derive from an exclamation, "Acá nada!" so the capital has been made to take its name from another; "Quel bec!" cried one of Champlain's Norman followers, on beholding Cape Diamond. As in the former case, however, so in this, we have evidence of more probable sources of the name, which I will enumerate as briefly as possible. The first, and a very probable one, is the fact, that the strait between Quebec and St. Levi side of the river, was called in the Algonquin language "Quebeio," i. e. a narrowing,—a most descriptive appellation, for in ascending the river its breadth suddenly diminishes here from about two miles to fourteen or fifteen hundred yards from shore to shore.

The little river St. Charles, which flows into the St. Lawrence on the northern side of the promontory, is called in the Indian language (Algonquin?) Kabir or Koubac, significant of its tortuous course, and it is from this, according to La Potherie, that the city derives its name of Quebec.

Mr. Hawkins, in his Picture of Quebec, &c., 1834, denies the Indian origin of the word, since, as he says, there is no analogous sound to it in any of their languages; and he assumes a Norman origin for it on the strength of "Bec" being always used by the Normans to designate a promontory in the first place; and secondly, because the word Quebec is actually found upon a seal of the Earl of Suffolk, of historical celebrity temp. Hen. V. and VI., which Mr. Hawkins supposes to have been the name of some town, castle, or barony in Normandy.

Such are the pros and cons, upon which I do not presume to offer any opinion; only I would observe, that if there are no analogous sounds in the Indian languages, whence come Kennebec and other similar names?

A. C. M.

Exeter.

Surely in the "inscription on a seal (1420), in which the Earl of Suffolk is styled 'Domine [?] de Hamburg et de Quebec,'" the last word must be a misprint for Lubec, the sister city of Hamburg. Mr. Hawkins's etymology seems to rest on no more substantial foundation than an error of the press in the work, whichever that may be, from which he quotes.

Jaydee.

---

(Vol. vii., p. 429.)

The popular idea that a man may legally dispose of his wife, by exposing her for sale in a public market, may not improbably have arisen from the correlation of the terms buying and selling. Your correspondent V. T. Sternberg need not be reminded how almost universal was the custom among ancient nations of purchasing wives; and he will admit that it appears natural that the commodity which has been obtained "per æs et libram"—to use the phrase of the old Roman law touching matrimony—is transferable to another for a similar consideration, whenever it may have become useless or disagreeable to its original purchaser. However this may be, the custom is ancient, and moreover appears to have obtained, to some extent, among the higher orders of society. Of this an instance may be found in Grimaldi's Origines Genealogicæ, pp. 22, 23. (London, 1828, 4to.) The deed, by which the transaction was sought to be legalised, runs as follows:

"To all good Christians to whom this writ shall come, John de Camoys, son and heir of Sir Ralph de Camoys, greeting: Know me to have delivered, and yielded up of my own free will, to Sir William de Paynel, Knight, my wife Margaret de Camoys, daughter and heiress of Sir John de Gatesden; and likewise to have given and granted to the said Sir William, and to have made over and quit-claimed all goods and chattels which the said Margaret has or may have, or which I may claim in her right; so that neither I, nor any one in my name, shall at any time hereafter be able to claim any right to the said Margaret, or to her goods and chattels, or their pertinents. And I consent and grant, and by this writ declare, that the said Margaret shall abide and remain with the said Sir William during his pleasure. In witness of which I have placed my seal to this deed, before these witnesses: Thomas de Depeston, John de Ferrings, William de Icombe, Henry le Biroun, Stephen Chamberlayne, Walter le Blound, Gilbert de Batecumbe, Robert de Bosco, and others."

This matter came under the cognisance of Parliament in 1302, when the grant was pronounced to be invalid.

Now, we may fondly believe that this transaction, which occurred five hundred and fifty years ago, was characteristic alone of that dark and distant period, and that no parallel can be found in modern times (at least in a decent class of society, and recognised by legal sanction) to justify the lively French dramatists in seizing upon it as a trait of modern English manners. A transaction, however, came before the public eye a month or two ago, which, should you think the following record of it worth preservation as a "curiosity of legal experience," may lead your readers to a different conclusion:

"A young man, named W. C. Capas, was charged at the Public Office, Birmingham, Jan. 31, 1853, with assaulting his wife. The latter, in giving her evidence, stated that her husband was not living with her, but was 'leased' to another female. Upon inquiry by the magistrate into this novel species of contract, the document itself was produced in court, and read. It ran as follows:

"'Memorandum of agreement made and entered into this second day of October, in the year of our Lord 1852, between William Charles Capas, of Charles-Henry Street, in the borough of Birmingham, in the county of Warwick, carpenter, of the one part, and Emily Hickson, of Hurst Street, Birmingham aforesaid, spinster, of the other part. Whereas the said William Charles Capas and Emily Hickson have mutually agreed with each other to live and reside together, and to mutually assist in supporting and maintaining each other during the remainder of their lives, and also to sign the agreement hereinafter contained to that effect: now, therefore, it is hereby mutually agreed upon, by and between the said William Charles Capas and Emily Hickson, that they the said, &c., shall live and reside together during the remainder of their lives, and that they shall mutually exert themselves by work and labour, and by following all their business pursuits, to the best of their abilities, skill, and understanding, and by advising and assisting each other, for their mutual benefit and advantage, and also to provide for themselves and each other the best supports and comforts of life which their means and income may afford. And for the true and faithful performance of this agreement, each of the said parties bindeth himself and herself unto the other finally by this agreement, as witness the hands of the said parties, this day and year first above written."

Here follow the signatures of the consenting parties. The girl Hickson was examined, and admitted that she had signed the document at the office of a Mr. Campbell, the lawyer(!) who prepared it, and that his charge for drawing up the same was, she believed, 1l. 15s. The latter promised her, at the same time, that if the wife of Capas gave her any annoyance he would put in that paper as evidence. The magistrates, considering the assault proved, fined Capas 2s. 6d., and "commented in very strong terms on the document which had that day been brought before them." (See Birmingham Journal, Jan. 5th, 1853.) Has a similar transaction come before the notice of your correspondents?

I may add that we are informed by the Birmingham Argus for March, 1834, that in that month a man led his wife by a halter to Smithfield Market in that town, and there publicly offered her for sale.

William Bates.

Birmingham.

---

(Vol. vii., p. 455.)

This word, when written or pronounced enow, is regarded as a plural, and relates to number. In this sense it is employed in Northampton and other Midland counties, and is found in old writers. If the word was always pronounced enow, it must be long since. The distinction above hinted at prevailed in Waller's time, and he conforms to it in the examples quoted. Butler, in Hudibras, has both:

Again, line 1153. of the same canto:

an apparent exception, but not really such. (See also canto 3. 117. 285., where it rhymes with "off," as also line 809. At line 739. it written enow, and rhymes with "blow.")

And again, 873:

Other examples may be quoted from the same author.

In a song, written upon the Restoration of Charles II., we have the following:

In the Lamentable Tragedy of Cambises, written early in the reign of Elizabeth, the word occurs:

In Lusty Juventus, a Morality, temp. Edward VI., is the following:

Here certainly the distinction disappears, as in the next and last example from Candlemas Day, "Ao. Do. 1512," where Joseph is speaking:

It would seem therefore, that this word has had its present pronunciation about three centuries. Its derivation is directly from the Saxon genoh, but the root is found in many other languages, as the German, Dutch, Danish, &c.

B. H. C.

Mr. Wright supposes there has been a change in the pronunciation of this word, and inquires when it took place. Now, if my conjecture be correct, there may have been no change, and these are two words,—not one pronounced differently. Both the instances quoted by him are in conformity with my opinion, viz. that where the sense is "a sufficient quantity," either in substance, quality, or action, we should make use of enough; yet where a sufficient number is intended, we should pronounce and write enow. I recollect (being a native of Suffolk) that I was laughed at by the boys of a school in a western county, nearly seventy years ago: but I was not then laughed out of my word, nor am I likely now to be argued out of it.

P.S.—I see that Johnson's Dictionary gives the same statement about enough and enow. This answer is therefore superfluous. Johnson gives numerous instances of the use of enow from our best authors.

H. C. R.

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Mr. Wilkinson's Mode of levelling Cameras.—As you have done me the honour to notice my simple invention for levelling cameras, which I have since had an opportunity of trying in the open air for a week, and find to succeed perfectly, I wish to correct some errors which appeared in the Photographic Journal, from which you copied my remarks, and which arose from the notes being taken down from my verbal observations. The first part is perfectly correct but after l. 9. col. 2. "N. & Q." (Vol. vii., p. 462.) it should read thus:

"The other perpendicular is then sought for; the back or front of the camera being raised or lowered until the thread cuts the perpendicular lines drawn upon the sides of the camera. By this means a perfectly horizontal plane is obtained, as true as with the best spirit-levels, and in less time. By tying three knots in the silk at twelve inches distance from the one bullet and from each other, we have a measure for stereoscopic pictures; and by making the thread thirty-nine inches and two-tenths long from one bullet to the centre of the other, we obtain a pendulum vibrating seconds, which is useful in talking portraits; as it will continue vibrating for ten minutes, if one bullet be merely hung over any point of suspension."

Thus we obtain a levelling instrument, a chronometer, and a measure of distances, at a cost considerably under one penny.

The above will more fully explain to your correspondent Φ. (Vol. vii., p. 505.) my reasons for the length of thread stated; and with respect to the diagonal lines on the ground glass, it is not material what may be the distance of the principal object, whether six feet or six hundred: for if the cross lines, or any other lines drawn on the glass, cut the central object in the picture at any particular part—for example, the window of any particular house, or the branch of any tree,—then the camera may be removed to higher or lower ground, several feet or inches, to the right or to the left, and the same lines be made to cut the same objects, previously noted; the elevation will then be the same, which completes all that is required.

In most stereoscopic pictures, the distances are too wide. For a portrait, two inches and half to three inches, at nine or twelve feet distant, is enough; and for landscapes much less is required than is generally given, for no very great accuracy is necessary. Three feet, at three hundred yards, is quite enough; and four to six feet, at a mile, will do very well. Let experiment determine: for every photographer must learn his profession or amusement; there is no royal road to be depended on. But a small aperture, a quarter of an inch diameter, may be considered a good practical size for a lens of three and a quarter inches, depending on light and time: the smaller the aperture, the longer the time; and no rules can be given by any one who does not know the size and quality of the lenses employed. Every one can make a few trials for himself, and find it out; which will be more satisfactory than any instructions derived from books or correspondence. I obtain all the information I can from every source, then try, and judge for myself. At worst, you only spoil a few sheets of paper, and gain experience.

I perfectly agree with Dr. Diamond, that it is much better not to wash the collodion pictures after developing; but pour on about one drachm of sat. sol. hypo. at once, and then, when clear, plenty of water; and let water rest on the surface for an hour or more, before setting on edge to dry.

Henry Wilkinson.

Collodion Negative.—Can you inform me how a collodion negative may be made? that is, how you can ensure the negative being always of a dense enough character to print from. This is rarely the case.

F. M.

Developing Collodion Process.—I use to develope my collodion pictures M. Martin's plan, i. e. a solution of common copperas made a little acid with sulphuric acid. This answers very well and gives to the pictures, after they have been exposed an hour or two to the atmosphere, a silver-like appearance: but this copperas solution seems to destroy the glass for using a second time, inasmuch as a haziness is cast upon the glass, and its former enamel seems lost, not to be regained even by using acids. The hyposulphite also seems to be affected by this manner of developing the pictures after a short time, which is not the case with pyrogallic acid. The hypo., when thus affected with the copperas, appears also to throw a mist over the picture, which new hypo. does not. I should esteem it a favour if any of your numerous readers could inform me the cause of this.

A. A. P.

An iodizing Difficulty.—May I request the favour, from some one of your numerous photographic correspondents, of a solution to the following apparent enigma, through the medium of "N. & Q."?

Being located in a neighbourhood where there is a scarcity of water in the summer months, I lately took advantage of a pool in a running stream, which ran at the bottom of the grounds of a friend, to soak my calotype papers in, subsequent to having brushed them over with the solution of iodide of silver, according to the process recommended by Sir W. Newton. One-half of the batch was removed in about two hours and a half, being beautifully clean, and of a nice light primrose colour; and in consequence of an unexpected call and detention longer than I had anticipated, the other half was left floating from two o'clock p.m. until seven or eight in the evening (nearly six hours), when, much to my chagrin, I found on their removal that they had all, more or less, become browned, or, rather, had taken on a dirty, deep, nankeen colour, those that had been first floated being decidedly the worst. I had previously thought that the papers must be left at least two and a half to three hours, a longer period having no other effect than that of softening the papers, or, at most, of allowing some slight portion of the iodide to fall off from their surface, whereas, from the above-described discoloration, an evident decomposition must have commenced, which I am quite at a loss to account for; neither can I conjecture what the chemical change can have been. I have several times before prepared good papers in trays filled with water from the same stream, but from the quantity running in the brook in the spring months, I never before have had the chance of floating them in the stream itself.

An explanation of the above difficulty from some obliging and better-informed photographist would be very thankfully received by

Henry H. Hele.

Ashburton, Devon.

P.S.—The pool of water was well shaded, consequently not a ray of bright sunlight could possibly impinge on the papers while floating.

I have always understood that pure iodide of silver was quite insensible to the action of light, or to any other chemical change, as far as the action of atmospheric air was concerned.

---

Bishop Frampton (Vol. iii., p 261.).—For some account of this excellent man, see chapter xxxi. of Mr. Anderdon's Life of Bishop Ken, where are given some very interesting letters, that are printed from the MSS. in the possession of Dr. Williams, Warden of New College, Oxford. Frampton appears to have been at one time chaplain to the British Factory at Aleppo. Mandeville, in the Dedication prefixed to his Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem, makes honourable mention of him, and attributes the highly creditable character of the society to the influence of that incomparable instructor. When the funeral procession of Christian, Countess of Devonshire, halted at Leicester, on the way to Derby, a sermon was preached on the occasion by Frampton, who was then chaplain to the Earl of Elgin, the Countess's near relative. In sending these scraps, allow me to express the hope that Mr. Evans has not laid aside his intention of favouring us with a Life of Frampton.

E. H. A.

Parochial Libraries (Vol. vi., p. 432; Vol. vii. passim).—At Dunblane the collection of books bequeathed by the amiable Leighton is still preserved. At All Saints, Newcastle-on-Tyne, I once saw, among some old books in the vestry, a small quarto volume of tracts, including Archbishop Laud's speech in the Star Chamber, at the censure of Bastwick, Burton, and Prynne. It had been presented by the Rev. E. Moise, M. A., many years lecturer of that church.

The old library at St. Nicholas, Newcastle-on-Tyne, contains many curious books and MSS., particularly the old Bible belonging to Hexham Abbey. This library was greatly augmented by the munificent bequest of the Rev. Dr. Thomlinson, rector of Whickham, prebendary of St. Paul's, and lecturer of St. Nicholas, who died at an advanced age, in 1748, leaving all his books to this church. In 1825 Archdeacon Bowyer presented a series of lending libraries—ninety-three in all—to the several parishes in the county of Northumberland. They are in the custody of the incumbent for the time being. Lastly, there is a very valuable library at Bamburgh Castle, the bequest of Dr. Sharp: the books are allowed to circulate gratuitously amongst the clergy and respectable inhabitants of the adjoining neighbourhood.

E. H. A.

The Honourable Mrs. Dudleya North died in 1712. Her choice collection of books in oriental learning were "by her only surviving brother, the then Lord North and Grey, given to the parochial library at Rougham, in Norfolk, founded by the Hon. Roger North, Esq., for the use of the minister of that parish, and, under certain regulations and restrictions, of the neighbouring clergy also, for ever. Amongst these there is, in particular, one very neat pocket Hebrew Bible in 12mo., without points, with silver clasps to it, and bound in blue Turkey leather, in a case of the same materials, which she constantly carried to church with her.... In the first leaf of all the books that had been hers, when they were deposited in that library," was a Latin inscription, setting forth the names of the late owner, and of the donor of these books. (Ballard's Memoirs of British Ladies. 8vo. 1775, p. 286.)

Anon.

Pierrepont (Vol. vii., p. 65.).—John Pierrepont, of Wadworth, near Doncaster, who died 1st July, 1653, is described on a brass plate to his memory, in the church at Wadworth, as "generosus." He was owner of the rectory and other property there. It appears from the register that he married, 18th April, 1609, Margaret, daughter and coheir of Michael Cocksonn, Gent., of Wadworth and Crookhill, and by her (who was buried 22nd July, 1620) he had

Mary (ultimately only daughter and heir), baptized at Wadworth, 27th July, 1612; married John Battie, of Wadworth, Gent., and had issue,

Francis Battie, of Wadworth, Gent., who died without issue, 1682; having married Martha, daughter of Michael Fawkes, Esq., of Farnley.

Elizabeth, wife of John Cogan, of Hull.

Margaret, wife of William Stephens, Rector of Sutton, Bedfordshire.

Frances, bap. 1st July, and bur. Aug. 12, 1616.

John, bap. 19th Aug., 1617; bur. Feb. 10, 1629-30.

George, bur. 26th Jan., 1631-2.

The arms on the memorial to John Pierrepont are—A lion rampant within eight roses in orle.

N.B.—By the second wife of the above John Battie there was issue, now represented by William Battie Wrightson, Esq., M.P. of Cusworth.

C. J.

Passage in Orosius (Vol. vii., pp. 399. 536.).—I cannot exactly subscribe to the three propositions of Mr. E. Thomson, which he deduces from his observations on "twam tyncenum" in Alfred's Orosius. In the first place, the sentence in which the word tyncenum occurs is perfectly gratuitous on the part of Alfred, or whoever paraphrased Orosius in Anglo-Saxon. No such assertion appears in Orosius, so that we have no means of comparing it with the original.

The occurrence, as recounted by both Orosius and Herodotus, is attributed to a horse (a sacred horse, Herod.), not to a horseman, knight, or thane. What is meant by the Anglo-Saxon text is, certainly, anything but clear, as it stands in Barrington's edition; and he himself confesses this, and does not admit it into his English translation.

Dr. Bosworth seems to have wisely omitted the word in the second edition of his dictionary; and Thorpe confesses he can make nothing of it, in his Analecta. We find no such word in Cædmon, Beowulf, or the Saxon Chronicle; and the only reference made by Dr. Bosworth, in his first edition, is to this very place in Alfred's Orosius, in which he seems to have followed Lye.

May it not have been an error in the earlier transcribers of the MS., and the real word have been twentigum, i. e. he ordered his thane to pass over the river with twenty men, since the thane, by himself, could have been but of little use on the other side the river? However this may be, the fact is not historical at all, and therefore, as respects history, is of little consequence.

John Orman, M.A.

Cambridge.

Pugna Porcorum (Vol. vii., p. 528.).—The author of this poem, as is generally believed (though its production has also been assigned to Gilbertus Cognatus or Cousin), was Joannes Leo Placentius, or Placentinus, of whom the following account is given in the Biographie Universelle:

"Jean-Leo Placentius ou Le Plaisant, n'est connu que comme l'auteur d'un petit poème tautogramme, genre de composition qui ne peut offrir que le frivole mérite de la difficulté vaincue. Né à Saint Trond, au pays de Liège, il fit ses études à Bois-le-Duc, dans l'école des Hiéronomytes; embrassa la vie religieuse, au commencement du seizième siècle, dans l'ordre des Dominicains, et fut envoyé à Louvain pour y faire son cours de théologie. Les autres circonstances de sa vie sont ignorées; et ce n'est que par conjecture qu'on place sa mort à l'année 1548. On peut consulter sur cet écrivain, la Bibl. Belgica de Foppens, et les Scriptores ordin. Prædicator. des PP. Quétif et Echard."

Ἀλιέυς.

Dublin.

This production appears to have been merely designed as a display of the writer's skill. Dr. Brown notices it in his Philosophy of the Mind, lect. 36; and Ebert: "Porcius, Pugna Porcorum, per P. Porcium, Poetam (J. Leonem), without place, 1530, 8vo., 8 leaves. Printed in Italics, and probably at Cologne or in Holland." He enumerates several other editions, the last of which is that of Walch, 1786.

B. H. C.

Oaken Tombs and Effigies (Vol. vii., p. 528.).—These are rare. Three of the latter exist at Little Horkesley, Essex. Two are figures of cross-legged knights in chain armour and surcoats: one is a female figure wimpled. They are supposed by Suckling to represent members of the Horkesley family, who held that manor from 1210 to 1322.

Another instance is the effigy of a cross-legged knight in chain mail at Danbury in the same county. An account of these will be found in vol. iii. of Weale's Architectural Papers.

At Ashwell, Rutland, is an effigy in wood of a cross-legged knight, also in chain mail, if I remember rightly. It is not quite evident, from the description in Weale's book, whether there are three effigies at Danbury or only one. Of the same material is the figure of Isabella of Angoulême at Fontevrault. A catalogue of these wooden effigies would be interesting.

Cheverells.

Bowyer Bible (Vol. vii., passim).—Relative to the history and various possessors of this curious Bible, I find the following notice in The Times, Oct. 14, 1840:

"There is at present, in the possession of Mrs. Parker of Golden Square, a copy of Macklin's Bible in forty-five large volumes, illustrated with nearly 7000 engravings from the age of Michael Angelo to that of Reynolds and West. The work also contains about 200 original drawings or vignettes by Loutherbourg.

"The prints and etchings include the works of Raffaelle, Marc Antonio, Albert Durer, Callot, Rembrandt, and other masters, consisting of representations of nearly every fact, circumstance, and object mentioned in the Holy Scriptures. There are, moreover, designs of trees, plants, flowers, quadrupeds, birds, fishes, and insects; such as, besides fossils, have been adduced in proof of the universal Deluge. The most authentic Scripture atlasses are bound up with the volumes. The Bible was the property of the late Mr. Bowyer the publisher, who collected and arranged the engravings, etchings, and drawings at great expense and labour; and he is said to have been engaged for upwards of thirty years in rendering it perfect. It was insured at the Albion Insurance Office for 3000l."

In the British Museum are several large works, particularly British topography, illustrated in a similar manner, and which thus contain materials of the rarest and most valuable description. Of these I would only at present mention Salmon's Hertfordshire illustrated by Baskerville, and Lysons's Environs, in the King's Library. A long list of such valuable works might be furnished from the Museum catalogues.

One of the most laborious collectors of curious prints of every kind was John Bagford, whose voluminous collections are amongst the Harleian MSS. in many folio volumes, in which will be found illustrations of topography to be met with nowhere else.

E. G. Ballard.

Longevity (Vol. vii., pp. 358. 504.).—Our friend A. J. is certainly not one of the "remnant of true believers." By way of aiding in the crusade to convert him to the faith, I hereunder quote a couple of instances, "within the age of registers," which I trust will in some degree satisfy his pagan incredulity. The parish registers of the township of Church Minshull, in Cheshire, begin in 1561, and in the portion for the year 1649 appears the following:

"Thomas Damme, of Leighton, buried the 26th of February, being of the age of seven score and fourteen."

This entry was made under the "Puritan dispensation," when the parish scribe was at any rate supposed to be an "oracle of truth." Here, however, is another instance, culled from the Register of Burials for the parish of Frodsham, also in Cheshire:

And again, on the very next day after—

I have met with other instances, but those now enumerated will probably suffice for my present purpose.

T. Hughes.

Chester.

John Locke, baptized 17th December, 1716, in the parish of Coney Weston, was buried in Larling parish, county of Norfolk, 21st July, 1823. He is registered as 110 years of age. He and his family always said that he was three years old when he was baptized. I saw and conversed with him in Jan. 1823.

F. W. J.

Lady Anne Gray (Vol. vii., p. 501.).—Referring to Sir John Harington's poem, I do not find that the Christian name of the Lady Gray is set down at all; the words of the stanza are,—

I find in the pedigrees, British Museum, a "Lady Anne Grey" (daughter to John Lord Grey of Pirgo, brother to Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk) married to "Henry Denny of Waltham," father to the Earl of Norwich of that name. She was his first wife, and dying without issue, he married again "Lady Honora Grey, daughter of Lord Grey de Wilton;" but I scarce think this Lady Anne Grey could have been the maid of honour to the princess. The number of Greys of different stocks and branches at that period, are beyond counting or distinguishing from each other, and yet the fall of a queen's maid of honour should be easily traceable. Isabella Markham, one of the six ladies, married Sir John Harington himself.

On referring to Lodge's Illustrations, I find the Lord John Grey one of those noblemen appointed to attend Queen Elizabeth on her entrée from Hatfield to London on her accession, so that his daughter may well have been one of her maids of honour; yet from comparison of dates I think she can scarce have been the wife of Henry Denny.

A. B. R.

Belmont.

Sir John Fleming (Vol. vii., p. 356.).—If Caret can obtain access to the pedigree of the Flemings of Rydal Hall, Westmoreland, I anticipate he will find that this Sir John was the third son of Sir Michael le Fleming, who came over at the instance of Baldwin, Earl of Flanders, to assist King William in his conquest of England. I may add that the Rydal family, honoured with a baronetcy, Oct. 4, 1704, bear for their arms—"Gules, a fret argent."

T. Hughes.

Chester.

Life (Vol. vii., p. 429.).—Campbell, in his lines entitled A Dream, writes:

Though everybody knows the line—

I think Campbell might have acknowledged his adoption of the words by marking them, and might have improved his own lines (with all deference be it said) if he had written—

F. James.

"I would not live my days over again if I could command them by a wish, for the snares of life are greater than the fears of death." (Penn's father, the Admiral.)

Penn himself said, that if he had to live his life over again, he could serve God, his neighbour, and himself better than he had done. Considering the history of the father and son's respective lives (and of those I before alluded to), though the latter's remarks may appear presumptuous, which showed the most wisdom is an open question. Does not H. C. K.'s professional experience enable him to give a more certain opinion of ordinary men's feelings than is expressed in "I fear not?"

A. C.

Family of Kelway (Vol. vii., p. 529.).—In reply to the Query as to this family in "N. & Q." of May 28, I beg to mention that in MS. F. 9. in the Heraldic MSS. in Queen's College library, Oxford, is a pedigree of the family of Kelway of Shereborne, co. Dorset, and White Parish, Wilts.

The arms are beautifully tricked. There is a bordure engrailed to the Kelway coat. With it are these quarterings: 2, a leopard's face g. entre five birds close s., three in chief, two in base. 3, az. a camel statant arg. Crest, on a wreath arg. and g. a cock arg. crested, beaked, wattled, az.

D. P.

Sir G. Browne, Bart. (Vol. vii., p. 528.).—The particulars given by Newbury, while introducing his Query, are extremely vague and inaccurate. In the first place, the individual he styles Sir George Browne, Bart., was in reality simple George Browne, Esq., of Caversham, Oxon, and Wickham, Kent. This gentleman, who would have been a valuable acquisition to any nascent colony, married Elizabeth (not Eleanor), second daughter of Sir Richard Blount, of Maple Durham, and had by her nineteen children, pretty evenly divided as to sex: for I read that of the daughters, three at least died young; other three became nuns and one married —— Yates, Esq., a Berkshire gentleman. Of the sons, three, as Newbury relates, fell gloriously fighting for Charles, their sovereign. Neither of these latter were married: indeed, the only sons who ventured at all into the bonds of wedlock were George, the heir, and John, a younger brother. George married Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Francis Englefield, Knt., a Popish recusant, and left two daughters, his co-heiresses. John, his brother, created a baronet May 19th, 1665, married Mrs. Bradley, a widow, and had issue three sons and three daughters. The sons, Anthony, John, and George, inherited the baronetcy in succession, the two former dying bachelors: the third son, Sir George, married his sister-in-law, Gertrude Morley, and left three sons, the first of whom, Sir John, succeeded his father; and with him the baronetcy became dormant, if not indeed extinct.

T. Hughes.

Chester.

Americanisms, so called (Vol. vi., p. 554.; Vol. vii., p. 51.).—Thurley Bottom, near Great Marlow, dear to "the Fancy," may be added to the list of J. S.'s.

F. James.

Sir Gilbert Gerard (Vol. v., pp. 511. 571.; Vol. vi., p. 441.).—Sir Gilbert Gerard, Master of the Rolls temp. Queen Elizabeth, died on the 4th of February, and was interred on the 6th of March, 1592 (Old Style), in Ashley Church, in Staffordshire. The style most probably led Dugdale into the error noticed by your learned correspondent Mr. Foss, in his last communication to "N. & Q.," relative to the probate of Sir Gilbert Gerard's will. I beg to forward you an extract taken from the Parish Register of Ashley, which, it will be seen, not only records the burial, but likewise, rather unusually, the precise day of his death, a little more than a month intervening between the two events, which possibly might be accounted for. On a careful examination of Sir Gilbert's tomb, I did not find (which agrees with Dugdale) any epitaph thereon,—a somewhat remarkable circumstance, inasmuch as Sir Thomas Gerard (Sir Gilbert Gerard's eldest son and heir, who was created Baron Gerard, of Gerard's Bromley, where his father had built a splendid mansion, a view of which is in Plot's History of Staffordshire, page 103., not a vestige of which beyond the gateway is now standing) is said by the Staffordshire historians to have erected a monument to the memory of his father at great expense; a drawing of which is given by Garner in his Natural History of Staffordshire, p. 120., with a copious description of the tomb.

Extract. Annus 1592.

"4 Die Februarii mortuus est Gilbert Gerard, Miles, et Custos Rotulorium Serenissimæ Reginæ Elizabethæ; et sepultus 6 die Martii sequentis."

T. W. Jones.

Nantwich.

Tombstone in Churchyard.—Arms: Battle-axe (Vol. vii., pp. 331. 390. 407. 560.).—It appears that I may conclude that 1600 is the oldest legible date on a tombstone inscription. That of 1601 is cut in relief round the edge of a long free-stone slab, raised on a course of two or three bricks, and is in Henllan, near Denbigh.

The battle-axes (three in fesse) are on the wall over it. I am obliged to J. D. S.; but in both my cases the arms appear as connected with Welsh families; but it is the above that I want to identify.

A. C.

A correspondent asks for instances of dates on tombstones earlier than 1601. I know of one, at Moore Church in the county of Meath, within five miles of Drogheda. It is as early as 1597; the letters, instead of being sunk, are in relief. I subjoin a copy of the inscription:

M. E.

Dublin.

Thomas Gage (Vol. vi., p. 291.).—Thomas Gage (formerly a Dominican friar, and author of the English American, 1648—as I saw the work entitled—subsequently a Puritan preacher), is, I imagine, identical with Thomas Gage, minister of the Gospel at Deal in Kent, whom your correspondent A. B. R. inquires about, p. 291. If so, he became chaplain to Lord Fairfax, and, according to Macaulay, was not unlikely to have married some dependent connexion of that family.

E. C. G.

Marriage in High Life (Vol. vi., p. 359.).—I have often heard a similar story, from an old relation of mine with whom I lived when a girl; and she had heard it from her father,—which would carry the time of its occurrence back to the date 1740, named by your correspondent. My informant's father knew the parties, and I have repeatedly heard the name of the bridegroom; but whether Wilbraham or Swetenham, I do not now remember. Both Wilbrahams and Swetenhams are old Cheshire families, and have intermarried. I am almost certain a Wilbraham was the hero of the story. I have had the house pointed out to me where he lived, and it was not above a couple of hours' drive from Chester, whither we were going in the old-fashioned way of carriage-conveyance. I am sure he was not a peer, though, if a Wilbraham, he might be related to the late (first) Lord Skelmersdale.

There is one other little circumstance, which the reference to those former times has reminded me of,—the pronunciation of the word obliged (as in the Prologue to the Satires, where Pope says:

which the old lady that I have referred to, maintained was the proper pronunciation for obleege, to confer a favour; whereas the harsher sound, to oblige, was discriminatively reserved for the equivalent, to compel. She was a well-educated woman, and had associated with the good society of London in her youth; and she always complained of the want of taste and judgment shown by the younger generation, in pronouncing the same word, with two distinct meanings, alike in both cases.

E. C. G.

Eulenspiegel (Vol. vii., p. 557.).—The German verses under Mr. Campkin's portrait of Eulenspiegel, rendered into English prose, mean:

From the orthography, I do not think that the lines are much anterior to the beginning of the eighteenth century. The names of the artist will be the safest guides for discovering the date of the print.

α.

"Wanderings of Memory" (Vol. vii., p. 527.).—The author of Wanderings of Memory, published by subscription at Lincoln in 1815, 12mo. pp. 151., was a young man "in his apprenticeship," of the name of A. G. Jewitt. He dedicates the book to his father, Mr. Arthur Jewitt, Kimberworth School, Yorkshire. Nearly the whole of the embellishments were engraved by a younger brother of the author, "who at the time had not attained his sixteenth year, and who had not the opportunity of profiting by any regular instructions."

There are some good lines in the poem, but not enough to rescue it from that fate which poetical mediocrity is irreversibly doomed to.

Jas. Crossley.

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The reputation which Mr. Finlay has acquired by his History of Greece, and his Greece under the Romans, will unquestionably be increased by his newly published History of the Byzantine Empire from dccxvi. to mlvii. The subject is one of great interest to the scholar; and the manner in which Mr. Finlay has traced the progress of the eastern Roman empire through an eventful period of three centuries and a half, and while doing so enriched his pages with constant reference to the original historians, has certainly enabled him to accomplish the object which he has avowedly had in view, namely, that of making his work serve not only as a popular history, but also as an index for scholars who may be more familiar with classic literature than with the Byzantine writers.

We understand that Her Majesty and Prince Albert, with that appreciation of the beautiful and the useful for which they are distinguished, have shown their opinion of the value of photography by becoming the Patrons of the Photographic Society.

The Camden Society is about to put to press a work which will be of great value to our topographical writers, as well as to historians generally, namely, The Extent of the Estates of the Hospitalers in England, taken under the direction of Prior Philip de Thame, a.d. 1338. The original MS. is at Malta; and though the transcript of it was made by a most competent hand, we have reason to believe that our correspondent at La Valetta (W. W.) would be doing good service both to the Society and to the world of letters, and one which would be most acceptable to the Transcriber, if he could find it convenient to revise the proof sheets with the original document.

Books Received.—Cyclopædia Bibliographica, a Library Manual of Theological and General Literature. Part IX. of this useful Library Companion extends from Göthe to Matthew Henry.—Reynard the Fox, after the German Version of Göthe, with Illustrations, by J. Wolf. Part VI. Contains Chap. VI. The Relapse.—Messrs. Longman have added to their Traveller's Library (in two parts) an interesting and cleverly written account of our Coal Mines, and those who live in them, which gives a graphic picture of the places and persons to whom we are all for so many months indebted for our greatest comfort.—Mr. Bohn continues his good work of supplying excellent books at moderate prices. We are this month indebted to him for publishing in his Scientific Library the third volume of Miss Ross' excellent translation of Humboldt's Personal Narrative of his Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America, which is enriched with a very copious index. In his Classical Library he has given us Translations of Terence and Phædrus; and in his Antiquarian Library, the second volume of what, in spite of the laches pointed out by one of our correspondents, we must pronounce a most useful work for the mere English reader, the second volume of Mr. Riley's translation of Roger de Hoveden's Annals of English History, which completes the work. Probably, however, the volume which Mr. Bohn has just published in his Standard Library is the one which will excite most interest. It is issued as a continuation of Coxe's History of the House of Austria, and consists (for the most part) of a translation of Count Hartig's Genesis of the Revolution in Austria.

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King on Roman Coins.

Lord Lansdowne's Works. Vol. I. Tonson, 1736.

James Baker's Picturesque Guide to the Local Beauties of Wales. Vol. I. 4to. 1794.

Webster's Dictionary. Vol. II. 4to. 1832.

Walker's Particles. 8vo. old calf, 1683.

Warner's Sermons. 2 Vols. Longman, about 1818.

Author's Printing and Publishing Assistant. 12mo., cloth, 1842.

Sanders' History of Shenstone in Staffordshire. J. Nichols, London. 1794. Two Copies.

Lombardi (Petri) Sententiarum, Lib. IV. Any good edition.

Herbert's Carolina Threnodia. 8vo. 1702.

Theobald's Shakspeare Restored. 4to. 1726.

Sermons by the Rev. Robert Wake, M.A. 1704, 1712, &c.

History of Ancient Wilts, by Sir R. C. Hoare. The last three Parts.

*** Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send their names.

*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be sent to Mr. Bell, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street.

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D. A. A. will find an answer to his Query, "Was St. Patrick ever in Ireland?" in our 5th Vol. p. 561., from the pen of that accomplished scholar, the Rev. Dr. Rock.

We have to apologise to many of our Shakspearian correspondents for the delay which has taken place in the insertion of their communications. A. E. B. will perceive that we have complied with his request in substituting for immediate publication the paper he sent this week, instead of one by him which has been in type for two or three weeks.

The coincident communications from two correspondents on Falstaff's death,—Mr. Singer's valuable emendation of a passage in Romeo and Juliet,—and Mr. Blink's and Mr. Rawlinson's respective communications, shall have our earliest attention.

We are also compelled to postpone our usual replies to Photographic Querists.

Mr. Merritt's Photographic specimens are very satisfactory. There can be no doubt that, with perseverance, he will accomplish everything that can be desired in this useful and pleasing art.

"Notes and Queries" is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country Booksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcels, and deliver them to their Subscribers on the Saturday.

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Just published, price 1s., free by Post 1s. 4d.,

THE WAXED-PAPER PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS of GUSTAVE LE GRAY'S NEW EDITION. Translated from the French.

Sole Agents in the United Kingdom for VOIGHTLANDER & SON'S celebrated Lenses for Portraits and Views.

General Depot for Turner's, Whatman's Canson Frères, La Croix, and other Talbotype Papers.

Pure Photographic Chemicals.

Instructions and Specimens in every Branch of the Art.

GEORGE KNIGHT & SONS, Foster Lane, London.

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PHOTOGRAPHY.—Collodion (Iodized with the Ammonio-Iodide of Silver).—J. B. HOCKIN & CO., Chemists, 289. Strand, were the first in England who published the application of this agent (see Athenæum, Aug. 14th). Their Collodion (price 9d. per oz.) retains its extraordinary sensitiveness, tenacity, and colour unimpaired for months; it may be exported to any climate, and the Iodizing Compound mixed as required. J. B. HOCKIN & CO. manufacture PURE CHEMICALS and all APPARATUS with the latest Improvements adapted for all the Photographic and Daguerreotype processes. Cameras for Developing in the open Country. GLASS BATHS adapted to any Camera. Lenses from the best Makers. Waxed and Iodized Papers, &c.

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PHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS MANUFACTORY, Charlotte Terrace, Barnsbury Road, Islington.

T. OTTEWILL (from Horne & Co.'s) begs most respectfully to call the attention of Gentlemen, Tourists, and Photographers, to the superiority of his newly registered DOUBLE-BODIED FOLDING CAMERAS, possessing the efficiency and ready adjustment of the Sliding Camera, with the portability and convenience of the Folding Ditto.

Every description of Apparatus to order.

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PHOTOGRAPHY.—HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous Views, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.

Portraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest Daguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.

Also every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c. used in this beautiful Art.—123. and 121. Newgate Street.

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PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.—A Selection of the above beautiful Productions (comprising Views in VENICE, PARIS, RUSSIA, NUBIA, &c.) may be seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured Apparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of Photography in all its Branches.

Calotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.

*** Catalogues may be had on application.

BLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument Makers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.

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PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.—Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's, Sanford's and Canson Frères' make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process. Iodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.

Sold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13. Paternoster Row, London.

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Established 1824.

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FIVE BONUSES have been declared; at the last in January, 1852, the sum of 131,125l. was added to the Policies, producing a Bonus varying with the different ages from 24½ to 55 per cent. on the Premiums paid during the five years, or from 5l. to 12l. 10s. per cent. on the Sum Assured.

The small share of Profit divisible in future among the Shareholders being now provided for, the ASSURED will hereafter derive all the benefits obtainable from a Mutual Office, WITHOUT ANY LIABILITY OR RISK OF PARTNERSHIP.

POLICIES effected before the 30th June next, will be entitled, at the next Division, to one year's additional share of Profits over later Assurers.

On Assurances for the whole of Life only one half of the Premiums need be paid for the first five years.

INVALID LIVES may be Assured at rates proportioned to the risk.

Claims paid thirty days after proof of death, and all Policies are Indisputable except in cases of fraud.

Tables of Rates and forms of Proposal can be obtained of any of the Society's Agents, or of

GEORGE H. PINCKARD, Resident Secretary.

99. Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, London.

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CITY OF LONDON LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY, 2. Royal Exchange Buildings, London.

Subscribed Capital, a Quarter of a Million.

This Society embraces every advantage of existing Life Offices, viz. the Mutual System without its risks or liabilities; the Proprietary, with its security, simplicity, and economy; the Accumulative System, introduced by this Society, uniting life with the convenience of a deposit bank; Self-Protecting Policies, also introduced by this Society, embracing by one policy and one rate of premium a Life Assurance, an Endowment, and a Deferred Annuity. No forfeiture. Loans with commensurate Assurances. Bonus recently declared, 20 per Cent.

EDW. FRED. LEEKS, Secretary.

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SPECTACLES.—WM. ACKLAND applies his medical knowledge as a Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company, London, his theory as a Mathematician, and his practice as a Working Optician, aided by Smee's Optometer, in the selection of spectacles suitable to every derangement of vision, so as to preserve the sight to extreme old age.

ACHROMATIC TELESCOPES, with the New Vetzlar Eye-pieces, as exhibited at the Academy of Sciences in Paris. The Lenses of these Eye-pieces are so constructed that the rays of light fall nearly perpendicular to the surface of the various lenses, by which the aberration is completely removed; and a telescope so fitted gives one-third more magnifying power and light than could be obtained by the old Eye-pieces. Prices of the various sizes on application to

WM. ACKLAND, Optician, 93. Hatton Garden, London.

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BENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION, No. 1. Class X., in Gold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may now be had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made Patent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4 guineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with Chronometer Balance, Gold, 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket Chronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully examined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and 4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.

BENNETT, Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the Board of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,

65. CHEAPSIDE.

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WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY.

3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.

Founded A.D. 1842.

VALUABLE PRIVILEGE.

POLICES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary difficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to suspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed in the Prospectus.

Specimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in three-fourths of the Profits:—

Age	£	s.	d.
17	1	14	4
22	1	18	8
27	2	4	5
32	2	10	8
37	2	18	6
42	3	8	2

ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.

Now ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions. INDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE ON BENEFIT BUILDING SOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in the Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a Mathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3. Parliament Street, London.

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BOLTON, LANCASHIRE,

RESPECTFULLY informs the Clergy, Architects, and Churchwardens, that he replies immediately to all applications by letter, for information respecting his Manufactures in CHURCH FURNITURE, ROBES, COMMUNION LINEN. &c., &c., supplying full information as to Prices, together with Sketches, Estimates, Patterns of Materials, &c., &c.

Having declined appointing Agents, MR. FRENCH invites direct communications by Post as the most economical and satisfactory arrangement. PARCELS delivered Free by Railway.

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This day is published, in 8vo. pp. 542, price 12s. 6d.

HISTORY OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE, from DCCXVI. to MLVII. By GEORGE FINLAY, ESQ., Honorary Member of the Royal Society of Literature.

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, Edinburgh and London.

Who have lately published, by the same Author,

GREECE UNDER THE ROMANS: A Historical View of the Greek Nation, from the time of its Conquest by the Romans until the Extinction of the Roman Empire in the East, b.c. 146—a.d. 717. 8vo., pp. 554, price 16s.

HISTORY OF GREECE, from its Conquest by the Crusaders to its Conquest by the Turks, and of the EMPIRE OF TREBIZOND, 1204—1461. 8vo. pp. 520, price 12s.

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This day is published, in 8vo., price 16s.,

DISSERTATION ON THE ORIGIN AND CONNECTION OF THE GOSPELS; With a SYNOPSIS of the PARALLEL PASSAGES in the ORIGINAL and AUTHORISED VERSION, and CRITICAL NOTES. By JAMES SMITH, Esq., of Jordanhill, F.R.S., &c., Author of the "Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul."

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD & SONS, Edinburgh and London.

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The Twenty-eighth Edition.

NEUROTONICS, or the Art of Strengthening the Nerves, containing Remarks on the influence of the Nerves upon the Health of Body and Mind, and the means of Cure for Nervousness, Debility, Melancholy, and all Chronic Diseases, by DR. NAPIER, M.D. London: HOULSTON & STONEMAN. Price 4d., or Post Free from the Author for Five Penny Stamps.

"We can conscientiously recommend 'Neurotonics,' by Dr. Napier, to the careful perusal of our invalid readers."—John Bull Newspaper, June 5, 1852.

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Now ready, Two New Volumes (price 28s. cloth) of

THE JUDGES OF ENGLAND and the Courts at Westminster. By EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A.

Lately published, price 28s. cloth,

"A book which is essentially sound and truthful, and must therefore take its stand in the permanent literature of our country."—Gent. Mag.

London: LONGMAN & CO.

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PHOTOGRAPHIC SCHOOL.—ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION.

The SCHOOL is NOW OPEN for instruction in all branches of Photography, to Ladies and Gentlemen, on alternate days, from Eleven till Four o'clock, under the joint direction of T. A. MALONE, Esq., who has long been connected with Photography, and J. H. PEPPER, Esq., the Chemist to the Institution.

A Prospectus, with terms, may be had at the Institution.

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Just published, 8vo., 7s. 6d., THE

TEXT OF SHAKSPEARE VINDICATED from the Interpolations and Corruptions advocated by JOHN PAYNE COLLIER, ESQ. in his Notes and Emendations. By SAMUEL WELLER SINGER.

Also, preparing for immediate Publication, in Ten Volumes, fcap. 8vo., to appear monthly, The Dramatic Works of WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE, the text completely revised, with Notes, and various Readings. By SAMUEL WELLER SINGER.

WILLIAM PICKERING, 177. Piccadilly.

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TO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS.

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY)

Of Saturday, June 11, contains Articles on

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THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to the above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool prices, with returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool, and Seed Markets, and a complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the transactions of the week.

ORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London.

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HEAL & SON'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF BEDSTEADS, sent free by post. It contains designs and prices of upwards of ONE HUNDRED different Bedsteads; also of every description of Bedding, Blankets, and Quilts. And their new warerooms contain an extensive assortment of Bed-room Furniture, Furniture Chintzes, Damasks, and Dimities, so as to render their Establishment complete for the general furnishing of Bed-rooms.

HEAL & SON, Bedstead and Bedding Manufacturers. 196. Tottenham Court Road.

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8vo., price 21s.

SOME ACCOUNT of DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE in ENGLAND, from the Conquest to the end of the Thirteenth Century, with numerous Illustrations of Existing Remains from Original Drawings. By T. HUDSON TURNER.

"What Horace Walpole attempted, and what Sir Charles Lock Eastlake has done for oil-painting—elucidated its history and traced its progress in England by means of the records of expenses and mandates of the successive Sovereigns of the realm—Mr. Hudson Turner has now achieved for Domestic Architecture in this country during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries."—Architect.

"The writer of the present volume ranks among the most intelligent of the craft, and a careful perusal of its contents will convince the reader of the enormous amount of labour bestowed on its minutest details, as well as the discriminating judgment presiding over the general arrangement."—Morning Chronicle.

"The book of which the title is given above is one of the very few attempts that have been made in this country to treat this interesting subject in anything more than a superficial manner.

"Mr. Turner exhibits much learning and research, and he has consequently laid before the reader much interesting information. It is a book that was wanted, and that affords us some relief from the mass of works on Ecclesiastical Architecture with which of late years we have been deluged.

"The work is well illustrated throughout with wood-engravings of the more interesting remains, and will prove a valuable addition to the antiquary's library."—Literary Gazette.

"It is as a text-book on the social comforts and condition of the Squires and Gentry of England during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, that the leading value of Mr. Turner's present publication will be found to consist.

"Turner's handsomely-printed volume is profusely illustrated with careful woodcuts of all important existing remains, made from drawings by Mr. Blore and Mr. Twopeny."—Athenæum.

JOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.

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Literary and Musical Curiosities, the Collection of Richard Clark, Esq., Gentleman of H.M. Chapels Royal, Author of "An Account of the National Anthem," &c.

PUTTICK AND SIMPSON, Auctioneers of Literary Property, will SELL by AUCTION, at their Great Room, 191. Piccadilly, on Saturday, June the 25th, the LITERARY AND MUSICAL COLLECTIONS of RICHARD CLARK, ESQ., including many Works on the History and Theory of Music; Musical Works by the best composers; the Organ-Book of Dr. John Bull, the original manuscript; attested copies of the Charter of Westminster Abbey (not otherwise accessible); prints, pictures, curiosities, musical relics, some beautiful objects, made from the wood of Caxton's printing-office, recently demolished; the well-known anvil and hammer of Powell, the blacksmith, with which was beat the accompaniment to his air, adopted by Handel, and since called "The Harmonious Blacksmith;" and many other interesting items. Catalogues will be sent on application; if in the country, on receipt of four stamps.

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Printed by Thomas Clark Shaw, of No. 10. Stonefield Street, in the Parish of St. Mary, Islington, at No. 5. New Street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and published by George Bell, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. Dunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet Street aforesaid.—Saturday, June 18, 1853.

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