EXTRACTS FROM INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS.
UNITED STATES ARMY, 1911.
[Corrected to April 15, 1917.]
Alignment: A straight line upon which several elements are
formed, or are to be formed; or the dressing of several elements
upon a straight line.
Base: The element on which a movement is regulated.
Battle Sight: The position of the rear sight when the leaf
is laid down.
Center: The middle point or element of a command.
Column: A formation in which the elements are placed one
behind another.
Deploy: To extend the front. In general to change from
column to line, or from close order to extended order.
Depth: The space from head to rear of any formation,
including the leading and rear elements. The depth of a man is
assumed to be 12 inches.
Distance: Space between elements in the direction of depth.
Distance is measured from the bark of the man in front to the
breast of the man in rear. The distance between ranks is 40
inches in both line and column.
Element: A file, squad, platoon, company, or larger body,
forming part of a still larger body.
File: Two men, the front-rank man and the corresponding man
of the rear rank. The front-rank man is the file leader.
A file which has no rear-rank man is a blank file. The
term file applies also to a single man in a single-rank
formation.
File closers: Such officers and noncommissioned officers
of a company as are posted in rear of the line. For convenience,
all men posted in the line of file closers.
Flank: The right or left of a command in line or in
column: also the element on the right or left of the line.
Formation: Arrangement of the elements of a command. The
placing of all fractions in their order in line, in column, or
for battle.
Front: The space, in width, occupied by an element, either
in line or in column. The front of a man is assumed to be 22
inches. Front also denotes the direction of the enemy.
Guide: An officer, noncommissioned officer, or private upon
whom the command or elements thereof regulates its march.
Head: The leading element of a column.
Interval: Space between elements of the same line. The
interval between men in ranks is 4 inches, and is measured from
elbow to elbow. Between companies, squads, etc., it is measured
from the left elbow of the left man or guide of the group on the
right to the right elbow of the right man or guide of the group
on the left.
Left: The left extremity or element of a body of troops.
Line: A formation in which the different elements are
abreast of each other.
Order, close: The formation in which the units, in double
rank, are arranged in line or in column with normal intervals and
distances.
Order, extended: The formation in which the units are
separated by intervals greater than in close order.
Pace: Thirty inches; the length of the full step in quick
time.
Point of rest: The point at which a formation begins.
Specifically, the point toward which units are aligned in successive
movements.
Rank: A line of men placed side by side.
Right: The right extremity or element of a body of troops.
PART I.--DRILL.
1.[4] Success in battle is the ultimate object of all
military training; success may be looked for only when the
training is intelligent and thorough.
2. Commanding officers are accountable for the proper
training of their respective organizations within the limits
prescribed by regulations and orders.
The excellence of an organization is judged by its field efficiency.
The field efficiency of an organization depends primarily upon
its effectiveness as a whole. Thoroughness and uniformity in
the training of the units of an organization are indispensable
to the efficiency of the whole; it is by such means alone that
the requisite teamwork may be developed.
3. Simple movements and elastic formations are essential
to correct training for battle.
4. The Drill Regulations are furnished as a guide. They
provide the principles for training and for increasing the
probability of success in battle.
In the interpretation of the regulations, the spirit must be
sought. Quibbling over the minutiæ of form is indicative of failure
to grasp the spirit.
5. The principles of combat are considered in Part II of
these regulations. They are treated in the various schools
included in Part I only to the extent necessary to indicate the
functions of the various commanders and the division of
responsibility between them. The amplification necessary to a
proper understanding of their application is to be sought in
Part II.
6. The following important distinctions must be observed:
(a) Drills executed at attention and the ceremonies
are disciplinary exercises designed to teach precise and
soldierly movement, and to inculcate that prompt and subconscious
obedience which is essential to proper military control. To this
end smartness and precision should be exacted in the execution of
every detail. Such drills should be frequent, but short.
(b) The purpose of extended order drill is to teach
the mechanism of deployment, of the firings, and, in general, of
the employment of troops in combat. Such drills are in the nature
of disciplinary exercises and should be frequent, thorough, and
exact in order to habituate men to the firm control of their
leaders. Extended order drill is executed at ease. The company is
the largest unit which executes extended order drill.
(c) Field exercises are for instruction in the
duties incident to campaign. Assumed situations are employed.
Each exercise should conclude with a discussion, on the ground,
of the exercise and principles involved.
(d) The combat exercise, a form of field exercise
of the company, battalion, and larger units, consists of the
application of tactical principles to assumed situations,
employing in the execution the appropriate formations and
movements of close and extended order.
Combat exercises must simulate, as far as possible, the battle
conditions assumed. In order to familiarize both officers and men
with such conditions, companies and battalions will frequently
be consolidated to provide war-strength organizations. Officers
and noncommissioned officers not required to complete the full
quota of the units participating are assigned as observers or
umpires.
The firing line can rarely be controlled by the voice alone;
thorough training to insure the proper use of prescribed signals
is necessary.
The exercise should be followed by a brief drill at attention
in order to restore smartness and control.
7. In field exercises the enemy is said to be
imaginary when his position and force are merely assumed;
outlined when his position and force are indicated by a
few men; represented when a body of troop acts as such.
General Rules for Drills and Formations.
8. When the preparatory commands consists of more
than one part its elements are arranged as follows:
(1) For movements to be executed successively by the subdivisions
or elements of an organization: (a) Description of the movement;
(b) how executed, or on what element executed.
(2) For movements to be executed simultaneously by the subdivisions
of an organization: (a) The designation of the subdivisions;
(b) the movement to be executed.
9. Movements that may be executed toward either flank are
explained as toward but one flank, it being necessary to substitute
the word "left" for "right," and the reverse, to have the
explanation of the corresponding movement toward the other flank.
The commands are given for the execution of the movements toward
either flank. The substitute word of the command is placed within
parentheses.
10. Any movement may be executed either from the halt or when
marching, unless otherwise prescribed. If at a halt, the command
for movements involving marching need not be prefaced by forward,
as 1. Column right (left), 2. MARCH.
11. Any movement not specially excepted may be executed in
double time.
If at a halt, or if marching in quick time, the command double
time precedes the command of execution.
12. In successive movements executed in double time the
leading or base unit marches in quick time when not
otherwise prescribed; the other units march in double time
to their places in the formation ordered and then conform to the
gait of the leading or base unit. If marching in double time,
the command double time is omitted. The leading or base
unit marches in quick time; the other units continue at
double time to their places in the formation ordered
and then conform to the gait of the leading or base unit.
13. To hasten the execution of a movement begun in quick
time, the command: 1. Double time, 2. MARCH, is
given. The leading or base unit continues to march in quick
time, or remains at a halt if already halted; the other units
complete the execution of the movement in double time and then
conform to the gait of the leading or base unit.
14. To stay the execution of a movement when marching,
for the correction of errors, the command: 1. In place,
2. HALT, is given. All halt and stand fast, without
changing the position of the pieces. To resume the movement
the command: 1. Resume, 2. MARCH, is given.
15. To revoke a preparatory command, or, being at a halt
to begin anew a movement improperly begun, the command, AS
YOU WERE, is given, at which the movement ceases and the
former position is resumed.
16. Unless otherwise announced, the guide of a company or
subdivision of a company in line is right; of a battalion in
line or line of subdivisions or of a deployed line, center; of
a rank in column of squads, toward the side of the guide of the
company.
To march with guide other than as prescribed above, or to change
the guide: Guide (right, left, or center).
In successive formations into line, the guide is toward the point
of rest; in platoons or larger subdivisions it is so announced.
The announcement of the guide, when given in connection with a
movement, follows the command of execution for that movement.
Exception: 1. As skirmishers, guide right (left or center),
2. MARCH.
17. The turn on the fixed pivot by subdivisions
is used in all formations from line into column and the reverse.
The turn on the moving pivot is used by subdivisions of
a column in executing changes of direction.
18. Partial changes of direction may be executed:
By interpolating in the preparatory command the word half,
as column half right (left), or right (left) half
turn. A change of direction of 45° is executed.
By the command: INCLINE TO THE RIGHT (LEFT). The guide,
or guiding element, moves in the indicated direction and the
remainder of the command conforms. This movement effects slight
changes of direction.
19. The designations line of platoon, line of companies,
line of battalions, etc., refer to the formations in which
the platoons, companies, battalions, etc., each in column of
squads, are in line.
20. Full distance in column of subdivisions is such that in
forming line to the right or left the subdivisions will have their
proper intervals.
In column of subdivisions the guide of the leading subdivision is
charged with the step and direction; the guides in rear preserve
the trace, step, and distance.
21. In close order, all details, detachments, and other
bodies of troops are habitually formed in double rank.
To insure uniformity of interval between files when falling in,
and in alignments, each man places the palm of the left hand
upon the hip, fingers pointing downward. In the first case the
hand is dropped by the side when the next man on the left has
his interval; in the second case, at the command front.
22. The posts of officers, noncommissioned officers, special
units (such as band or machine-gun company), etc., in the various
formations of the company, battalion, or regiment, are shown in
plates.
In all changes from one formation to another involving a change
of post on the part of any of these, posts are promptly taken
by the most convenient route as soon as practicable after the
command of execution for the movement; officers and noncommissioned
officers who have prescribed duties in connection with the movement
ordered, take their new posts when such duties are completed.
As instructors, officers and noncommissioned officers go wherever
their presence is necessary. As file closers it is their duty
to rectify mistakes and insure steadiness and promptness in the
ranks.
23. Except at ceremonies, the special units have no fixed
places. They take places as directed; in the absence of directions,
they conform as nearly as practicable to the plates, and in
subsequent movements maintain their relative positions with respect
to the flank or end of the command on which they were originally
posted.
24. General, field, and staff officers are habitually
mounted. The staff of an officer forms in single rank 3 paces in
rear of him, the right or the rank extending 1 pace to the right
of a point directly in rear of him. Members of the staff are
arranged in order from right to left as follows: General staff
officers, adjutant, aids, other staff officers, arranged in each
classification in order of rank, the senior on the right. The
flag of the general officer and the orderlies are 3 paces in
rear of the staff, the flag on the right. When necessary to
reduce the front of the staff and orderlies, each line executes
twos right or fours right, as explained in the Cavalry Drill
Regulations, and follows the commander.
When not otherwise prescribed, staff officers draw and return
saber with their chief.
25. In making the about, an officer, mounted, habitually
turns to the left.
When the commander faces to give commands, the staff, flag, and
orderlies do not change position.
26. When making or receiving official reports, or on meeting
out of doors all officers will salute.
Military courtesy requires the junior to salute first, but when
the salute is introductory to a report made at a military ceremony
or formation, to the representative of a common superior (as,
for example, to the adjutant, officer of the day, etc.), the
officer making the report, whatever his rank, will salute first.
The officer to whom the report is made will acknowledge by saluting
that he has received and understood the report.
27. For ceremonies, all mounted enlisted men of a regiment
or smaller unit, except those belonging to the machine-gun
organizations, are consolidated into a detachment. The senior
present commands if no officer is in charge. The detachment is
formed as a platoon or squad of Cavalry in line or column of
fours. Noncommissioned staff officers are on the right or in the
leading ranks.
28. For ceremonies, such of the noncommissioned staff
officers as are dismounted are formed 5 paces in rear of the
color in order of rank from right to left. In column of squads
they march as file closers.
29. Other than for ceremonies, noncommissioned stare
officers and orderlies accompany their immediate chiefs unless
otherwise directed. If mounted, the noncommissioned staff
officers are ordinarily posted on the right or at the head of
the orderlies.
30. In all formations and movements a noncommissioned
officer commanding a platoon or company carries his piece as the
men do, if he is so armed, and takes the same post as an officer
in like situation. When the command is formed in line for ceremonies
a noncommissioned officer commanding a company takes post on the
right of the right guide after the company has been aligned.
31. Commands only are employed in drill at attention.
Otherwise either a command, signal, or order
is employed, as best suits the occasion, or one may he used in
conjunction with another.
32. Signals should be freely used in instruction, in order
that officers and men may readily know them. In making firm signals
the saber, rifle, or headdress may be held in the hand.
33. Officers and men fix their attention at the first word
of command, the first note of the bugle or whistle, or the first
motion of the signal. A signal includes both the preparatory
command and the command of execution: the movement commences as
soon as the signal is understood, unless otherwise prescribed.
34. Except in movements executed at attention,
commanders or leaders of subdivisions repeat orders, commands, or
signals whenever such repetition is deemed necessary to insure
prompt and correct execution.
Officers, battalion noncommissioned staff officers, platoon leaders,
guides, and musicians are equipped with whistles.
The major and his staff will use a whistle of distinctive tone;
the captain and company musicians a second and distinctive whistle;
the platoon leaders and guides a third distinctive whistle.
35. Prescribed signals are limited to such as are essential
as a substitute for the voice under conditions which render the
voice inadequate.
Before or during an engagement special signals may be agreed
upon to facilitate the solution of such special difficulties
as the particular situation is likely to develop, but it must
be remembered that simplicity and certainty are indispensable
qualities of a signal.
36. In these regulations an order embraces
instructions or directions given orally or in writing in terms
suited to the particular occasion and not prescribed herein.
Orders are employed only when the commands
prescribed herein do not sufficiently indicate the will of
the commander.
Orders are more fully described in paragraphs 378 to 383,
inclusive.
37. In these regulations a command is the will of the
commander expressed in the phraseology prescribed herein.
38. There are two kinds of commands:
The preparatory command, such as forward,
indicates the movement that is to be executed.
The command of execution, such as MARCH,
HALT, or ARMS, causes the execution.
Preparatory commands are distinguished by italics,
those of execution by CAPITALS.
Where it is not mentioned in the text who gives the commands
prescribed, they are to be given by the commander of the unit
concerned.
The preparatory command should be given at such an interval
of time before the command of execution as to admit of
being properly understood; the command of execution should
be given at the instant the movement is to commence.
The tone of command is animated, distinct, and of a loudness
proportioned to the number of men for whom it is intended.
Each preparatory command is enunciated distinctly, with
a rising inflection at the end, and in such manner that the
command of execution may he more energetic.
The command of execution is firm in tone and brief.
39. Majors and commanders of units larger than a battalion
repeat such commands of their superiors as are to be executed by
their units, facing their units for that purpose. The battalion
is the largest unit that executes a movement at the command of
execution of its commander.
40. When giving commands to troops it is usually best to
face toward them.
Indifference in giving commands must be avoided, as it leads
to laxity in execution. Commands should be given with spirit at
all times.
41. The authorized bugle signals are published in Part V of
these regulations.
The following bugle signals may be used off the battle field,
when not likely to convey information to the enemy:
Attention: Troops are brought to attention.
Attention to orders: Troops fix their attention.
Forward, march: Used also to execute quick time from double
time.
Double time, march.
To the rear, march: In close order, execute squads
right about.
Halt.
Assemble, march.
The following bugle signals may be used on the battlefield:
Fix bayonets.
Charge.
Assemble, march.
These signals are used only when intended for the entire firing
line; hence they can be authorized only by the commander of a unit
(for example, a regiment or brigade) which occupies a distinct
section of the battle field. Exception: Fix bayonet. (see
par. 318.)
The following bugle signals are used in exceptional cases on
the battle field. Their principal uses are in field exercises
and practice firing.
Commence firing: Officers charged with fire direction and
control open fire as soon as practicable. When given to a firing
line, the signal is equivalent to fire at will.
Cease firing: All parts of the line execute Cease
firing at once. These signals are not used by units smaller
than a regiment, except when such unit is independent or detached
from its regiment.
42. Attention to orders. A short blast of the whistle.
This signal is used on the march or in combat when necessary to fix
the attention of troops, or of their commanders or leaders,
preparatory to giving commands, orders, or signals.
When the firing line is firing, each squad leader suspends firing
and fixes his attention at a short blast of his platoon
leader's whistle. The platoon leader's subsequent commands or
signals are repeated and enforced by the squad leader. If a squad
leader's attention is attracted by a whistle other than that of
his platoon leader, or if there are no orders or commands to
convey to his squad, he resumes firing at once.
Suspend firing. A long blast of the whistle.
All other whistle signals are prohibited.
43. The following arm signals are prescribed. In making
signals either arm may be used. Officers who receive signals,
on the firing line "repeat back" at once to prevent
misunderstanding.
Forward, march. Carry the hand to the shoulder; straighten
and hold the arm horizontally, thrusting it in direction of march.
This signal is also used to execute quick time from double time.
Halt. Carry the hand to the shoulder; thrust the hand
upward and hold the arm vertically.
Double time, march. Carry the hand to the shoulder; rapidly
thrust the hand upward the full extent of the arm several times.
Squads right, march. Raise the arm laterally until horizontal;
carry it to a vertical position above the head and swing it several
times between the vertical and horizontal positions.
Squads left, march. Raise the arm laterally until horizontal;
carry it downward to the side and swing it several times between
the downward and horizontal positions.
Squads right about, march (if in close order) or, to the
rear, march (if in skirmish line). Extend the arm vertically
above the head; carry it laterally downward to the side and swing
it several times between the vertical and downward positions.
Change direction or column right (left), march. The hand
on the side toward which the change of direction is to be made
is carried across the body to the opposite shoulder, forearm
horizontal; then swing in a horizontal plane, arm extended,
pointing in the new direction.
As skirmishers, march. Raise both arms laterally until
horizontal.
As skirmishers, guide center, march. Raise both arms
laterally until horizontal; swing both simultaneously upward
until vertical and return to the horizontal; repeat several times.
As skirmishers, guide right (left), march. Raise both arms
laterally until horizontal; hold the arm on the side of the guide
steadily in the horizontal position; swing the other upward until
vertical and return it to the horizontal; repeat several times.
Assemble, march. Raise the arm vertically to its full
extent and describe horizontal circles.
Range, or change elevation. To announce range,
extend the arm toward the leaders or men for whom the signal is
intended, fist closed; by keeping fist closed battle sight is
indicated; by opening and closing the fist, expose thumb and
fingers to a number equal to the hundreds of yards; to add 50
yards describe a short horizontal line with forefinger. To
change elevation, indicate the amount of increase or
decrease by fingers as above; point upward to indicate increase
and downward to indicate decrease.
What range are you using? or what is the range?
Extend the arms toward the person addressed, one hand open, palm
to the front, resting on the other hand, fist closed.
Are you ready? or I am ready. Raise the hand,
fingers extended and joined, palm toward the person addressed.
Commence firing. Move the arm extended in full length,
hand palm down, several times through a horizontal arc in front
of the body.
Fire faster. Execute rapidly the signal "Commence firing."
Fire slower. Execute slowly the signal "Commence firing."
To swing the cone of fire to the right, or left. Extend
the arm in full length to the front, palm to the right (left);
swing the arm to right (left), and point in the direction of
the new target.
Fix bayonet. Simulate the movement of the right hand in
"Fix bayonet" (par. 95).--(C. I. D. R., No. 14, May 18,
1916.)
Suspend firing. Raise and hold the forearm steadily in a
horizontal position in front of the forehead, palm of the hand
to the front.
Cease firing. Raise the forearm as in suspend firing
and swing it up and down several times in front of the face.
Platoon. Extend the arm horizontally toward the platoon
leader; describe small circles with the hand. (See par. 44.)
Squad. Extend the arm horizontally toward the platoon
leader; swing the hand up and down from the wrist. (See par. 44.)
Rush. Same as double time.
44. The signals platoon and squad are
intended primarily for communication between the captain and his
platoon leaders. The signal platoon or squad
indicates that the platoon commander is to cause the signal
which follows to be executed by platoon or squad.
45. The signal flags described below are carried by the
company musicians in the field.
In a regiment in which it is impracticable to make the permanent
battalion division alphabetically, the flags of a battalion are
as shown; flags are assigned to the companies alphabetically,
within their respective battalions, in the order given below.
| First battalion: |
| |
Company A. Red field, white square. |
| |
Company B. Red field, blue square. |
| |
Company C. Red field, white diagonals. |
| |
Company D. Red field, blue diagonals. |
| Second battalion: |
| |
Company E. White field, red square. |
| |
Company F. White field, blue square. |
| |
Company G. White field, red diagonals. |
| |
Company H. White field, blue diagonals. |
| Third battalion: |
| |
Company I. Blue field, red square. |
| |
Company K. Blue field, white square. |
| |
Company L. Blue field, red diagonals. |
| |
Company M. Blue field, white diagonals. |
46. In addition to their use in visual signaling, these
flags serve to mark the assembly point of the company when
disorganized by combat, and to mark the location of the company
in bivouac and elsewhere, when such use is desirable.
47. (1) For communication between the firing line and the
reserve or commander in the rear, the subjoined signals (Signal
Corps codes) are prescribed and should be memorized. In
transmission, their concealment from the enemy's view should be
insured. In the absence of signal flags, the headdress or other
substitute may be used.
| Letter of alphabet |
If signaled from the rear to the firing line. |
If signaled from the firing line to the rear. |
|---|
| A M |
Ammunition going forward. |
Ammunition required. |
| C C C |
Charge (mandatory at all times). |
Am about to charge if no instructions to the
contrary. |
| C F |
Cease firing. |
Cease firing. |
| D T |
Double time or "rush". |
Double time or "rush". |
| F |
Commence firing. |
Commence firing. |
| F B |
Fix bayonets. |
Fix bayonets. |
| F L |
Artillery fire is causing us losses. |
Artillery fire is causing us losses. |
| G |
Move forward. |
Preparing to move forward. |
| H H H |
Halt. |
Halt. |
| K |
Negative. |
Negative. |
| L T |
Left. |
Left. |
| O (Ardois and semaphore only.) |
What is the (R. N., etc.?) Interrogatory. |
What is the (R. N., etc.)? Interrogatory. |
| O (All methods but ardois and semaphore.) |
...do... |
Do. |
| P |
Affirmative. |
Affirmative. |
| R |
Acknowledgment. |
Acknowledgment. |
| R N |
Range. |
Range. |
| R T |
Right. |
Right. |
| S S S |
Support going forward. |
Support needed. |
| S U F |
Suspend firing. |
Suspend firing. |
| T |
Target. |
Target. |
(See illustrations in chapter XII.)
48. The instructor explains briefly each movement, first
executing it himself if practicable. He requires the recruits to
take the proper positions unassisted and does not touch them for
the purpose of correcting them, except when they are unable to
correct themselves. He avoids keeping them too long at the same
movement, although each should be understood before passing to
another. He exacts by degrees the desired precision and
uniformity.
49. In order that all may advance as rapidly as their
abilities permit, the recruits are grouped according to
proficiency as instruction progresses. Those who lack aptitude
and quickness are separated from the others and placed under
experienced drill masters.
50. For preliminary instruction a number of recruits,
usually not exceeding three or four, are formed as a squad in
single rank.
POSITION OF THE SOLDIER, OR ATTENTION.
51. Heels on the same line and as near each other us
the conformation of the man permits.
Feet turned out equally and forming an angle of about 45°.
Knees straight, without stiffness.
Hips level and drawn back slightly; body erect and resting equally
on hips; chest lifted and arched; shoulders square and falling
equally.
Arms and hands hanging naturally, thumb along the seam of the
trousers.
Head erect and squarely to the front, chin drawn in so that the
axis of the head and neck is vertical; eyes straight to the front.
Weight of the body resting equally upon the heels and balls of
the feet.
THE RESTS.
52. Being at a halt, the commands are: FALL OUT; REST;
AT EASE; and, 1. Parade, 2. REST.
At the command fall out, the men may leave the ranks, but
are required to remain in the immediate vicinity. They resume
their former places, at attention, at the command fall in.
At the command rest each man keeps one foot in place, but
is not required to preserve silence or immobility.
At the command at ease each man keeps one foot in place and is
required to preserve silence but not immobility.
53. 1. Parade, 2. REST. Carry the right foot
6 inches straight to the rear, left knee slightly bent; clasp the
hands, without constraint, in front of the center of the body,
fingers joined, left hand uppermost, left thumb clasped by the
thumb and forefinger of the right hand; preserve silence and
steadiness of position.
54. To resume the attention: 1. Squad, 2.
ATTENTION.
The men take the position of the soldier.
EYES RIGHT OR LEFT.
55. 1. Eyes, 2. RIGHT (left), 3.
FRONT.
At the command right, turn the head to the right oblique,
eyes fixed on the line of eye of the men in, or supposed to be
in, the same rank. At the command front, turn the head and eyes
to the front.
FACINGS.
56. To the flank: 1. Right (left), 2. FACE.
Raise slightly the left heel and right toe; face to the right
turning on the right heel, assisted by a slight pressure on the
ball of the left foot; place the left foot by the side of the
right. Left face is executed on the left heel in the
corresponding manner.
Right (left) half face is executed similarly, facing
45°.
"To face in marching" and advance, turn on the ball of either foot
and step off with the other foot in the new line of direction;
to face in marching without gaining ground in the new direction,
turn on the ball of either foot and mark time.
57. To the rear: 1. About, 2. FACE.
Carry the toe of the right foot about a half foot-length to the
rear and slightly to the left of the left heel without changing
the position of the left foot; face to the rear, turning to the
right on the left heel and right toe; place the right heel by
the side of the left.
SALUTE WITH THE HAND.
58. 1. Hand, 2. SALUTE.
Raise the right hand smartly till the tip of the forefinger touches
the lower part of the headdress or forehead above the right eye,
thumb and fingers extended and joined, palm to the left, forearm
inclined at about 45°, hand and wrist straight; at the same
time look toward the person saluted. (TWO) Drop the arm
smartly by the side.
For rules governing salutes, see "Honors and Salutes," paragraphs
758-765.
STEPS AND MARCHINGS.
59. All steps and marchings executed from a halt, except
right step, begin with the left foot.
60. The length of the full step in quick time is 30 inches,
measured from heel to heel, and the cadence is at the rate of 120
steps per minute.
The length of the full step in double time is 36 inches; the cadence
is at the rate of 180 steps per minute.
The instructor, when necessary, indicates the cadence of the step
by calling one, two, three, four, or left, right, the
instant the left and right root, respectively, should be planted.
61. All steps and marchings and movements involving march
are executed in quick time unless the squad be marching in
double time, or double time be added to the command:
in the latter case double time is added to the preparatory
command. Example: 1. Squad right, double time, 2. MARCH
(School of the Squad).
QUICK TIME.
62. Being at a halt, to march forward in quick time: 1.
Forward, 2. MARCH.
At the command forward, shift the weight of the body to the
right leg, left knee straight.
At the command march, move the left foot smartly straight
forward 30 inches from the right, sole near the ground, and plant
it without shock; next, in like manner, advance the right foot and
plant it as above; continue the march. The arms swing naturally.
63. Being at a halt, or in march in quick time, to march in
double time; 1. Double time, 2. MARCH.
If at a halt, at the first command shift the weight of the body
to the right leg. At the command march, raise the forearms,
fingers closed, to a horizontal position along the waist line;
take up an easy run with the step and cadence of double time,
allowing a natural swinging motion to the arms.
If marching in quick time, at the command march, given as
either foot strikes the ground, take one step in quick time, and
then step off in double time.
64. To resume the quick time: 1. Quick time, 2.
MARCH.
At the command march, given as either foot strikes the
ground, advance and plant the other foot in double time; resume
the quick time, dropping the hands by the sides.
TO MARK TIME.
65. Being in march; 1. Mark time, 2. MARCH.
At the command march, given as either foot strikes the
ground, advance and plant the other foot; bring up the foot in
rear and continue the cadence by alternately raising each foot
about 2 inches and planting it on line with the other.
Being at a halt, at the command march, raise and plant
the feet as described above.
THE HALF STEP.
66. 1. Half step, 2. MARCH.
Take steps of 15 inches in quick time, 18 inches in double time.
67. Forward, half step, halt, and mark time may be
executed one from the other in quick or double time.
To resume the full step from half step or mark time: 1.
Forward, 2. MARCH.
SIDE STEP.
68. Being at a halt or mark time: 1. Right (left) step,
2. MARCH.
Carry and plant the right foot 15 inches to the right; bring
the left foot beside it and continue the movement in the cadence
of quick time.
The side step is used for short distances only and is not executed
in double time.
If at order arms, the side step is executed at trail without
command.
BACK STEP.
69. Being at a halt or mark time: 1. Backward, 2.
MARCH.
Take steps of 15 inches straight to the rear.
The back step is used for short distances only and is not executed
in double time.
If at order arms, the back step is executed at trail without
command.
TO HALT.
70. To arrest the march in quick or double time: 1.
Squad, 2. HALT.
At the command halt, given as either foot strikes the
ground, plant the other foot as in marching; raise and place
the first foot by the side of the other. If in double time,
drop the hands by the sides.
TO MARCH BY THE FLANK.
71. Being in march: 1. By the right (left) flank,
2. MARCH.
At the command march, given as the right foot strikes the
ground, advance and plant the left foot, then face to the right
in marching and step off in the new direction with the right foot.
TO MARCH TO THE REAR.
72. Being in march: 1. To the rear, 2. MARCH.
At the command march, given as the right foot strikes the
ground, advance and plant the left foot; turn to the right about
on the balls of both feet and immediately step off with the left
foot.
If marching in double time, turn to the right about, taking four
steps in place, keeping the cadence, and then step off with the
left foot.
CHANGE STEP.
73. Being in march: 1. Change step, 2. MARCH.
At the command march, given as the right foot strikes the
ground, advance and plant the left foot; plant the toe of the
right foot near the heel of the left and step off with the left
foot.
The charge on the right foot is similarly executed, the command
march being given as the left foot strikes the ground.
MANUAL OF ARMS.
74. As soon as practicable the recruit is taught the use,
nomenclature (Pl. 1), and care of his rifle; when fair progress
has been made in the instruction without arms, he is taught the
manual of arms; instruction without arms and that with arms
alternate.
75. The following rules govern the carrying of the piece:
First. The piece is not carried with cartridges in either the
chamber or the magazine except when specifically ordered. When
so loaded, or supposed to be loaded, it is habitually carried
locked; that is, with the safety lock turned to the "safe."
At all other times it is carried unlocked, with the trigger pulled.
Second. Whenever troops are formed under arms, pieces are immediately
inspected at the commands: 1. Inspection, 2. ARMS;
3. Order (Right shoulder, port), 4. ARMS.
A similar inspection is made immediately before dismissal.
If cartridges are found in the chamber or magazine, they are removed
and placed in the belt.
Third. The cut-off is kept turned "off" except when cartridges
are actually used.
Fourth. The bayonet is not fixed except in bayonet exercise, on
guard, or for combat.
Fifth. Fall in is executed with the piece at the order arms. FALL
OUT, REST, and AT EASE are executed as without arms. On resuming
ATTENTION the position of order arms is taken.
Sixth. If at the order, unless otherwise prescribed, the piece
is brought to the right shoulder at the command MARCH, the three
motions corresponding with the first three steps. Movements may
be executed at the trail by prefacing the preparatory command
with the words at trail; as, 1. At trail, forward,
2. MARCH; the trail is taken at the command march.
When the facings, alignments, open and close ranks, taking interval
or distance, and assemblings are executed from the order, raise
the piece to the trail while in motion and resume the order on
halting.
Seventh. The piece is brought to the order on halting. The execution
of the order begins when the halt is completed.
Eighth. A disengaged hand in double time is held as when without
arms.
76. The following rules govern the execution of the manual of
arms:
First. In all positions of the left hand at the balance (center
of gravity, bayonet unfixed) the thumb clasps the piece; the
sling is included in the grasp of the hand.
Second. In all positions of the piece "diagonally across the
body" the position of the piece, left arm and hand are the same
as in port arms.
Third. In resuming the order from any position in the manual,
the motion next to the last concludes with the butt of the piece
about 3 inches from the ground, barrel to the rear, the left hand
above and near the right, steadying the piece, fingers extended
and joined, forearm and wrist straight and inclining downward,
all fingers of the right hand grasping the piece. To complete
the order, lower the piece gently to the ground with the right
hand, drop the left quickly by the side, and take the position
of order arms.
Allowing the piece to drop through the right hand to the ground,
or other similar abuse of the rifle to produce effect in executing
the manual, is prohibited.
Fourth. The cadence of the motions is that of quick time; the
recruits are first required to give their whole attention to the
details of the motions, the cadence being gradually acquired as
they become accustomed to handling their pieces. The instructor
may require them to count aloud in cadence with the motions.
Fifth. The manual is taught at a halt and the movements are, for
the purpose of instruction, divided into motions and executed
in detail; in this case the command of execution determines
the prompt execution of the first motion, and the commands, two,
three, four, that of the other motions.
To execute the movements in detail, the instructor first cautions:
By the numbers; all movements divided into motions are then
executed as above explained until he cautions: Without the
numbers; or commands movements other than those in the manual
of arms.
Sixth. Whenever circumstances require, the regular positions of
the manual of arms and the firings may be ordered without regard
to the previous position of the piece.
Under exceptional conditions of weather or fatigue the rifle may
be carried in any manner directed.
77. Position of order arms standing: The butt rests
evenly on the ground, barrel to the rear, toe of the butt on a
line with toe of, and touching, the right shoe, arms and hands
hanging naturally, right hand holding the piece between the thumb
and fingers.
78. Being at order arms: 1. Present, 2. ARMS.
With the right hand carry the piece in front of the center of
the body, barrel to the rear and vertical, grasp it with the
left hand at the balance, forearm horizontal and resting against
the body. (TWO) Grasp the small of the stock with the
right hand.
79. Being at order arms: 1. Port, 2. ARMS.
With the right hand raise and throw the piece diagonally across
the body. grasp it smartly with both hands; the right palm down,
at the small of the stock; the left palm up, at the balance;
barrel up, sloping to the left and crossing opposite the junction
of the neck with the left shoulder; right forearm horizontal;
left forearm resting against the body; the piece in a vertical
plane parallel to the front.
80. Being at present arms: 1. Port, 2. ARMS.
Carry the piece diagonally across the body and take the position
of port arms.
81. Being at port arms: 1. Present, 2. ARMS.
Carry the piece to a vertical position in front of the center
of the body and take the position of present arms.
82. Being at present or port arms: 1. Order, 2.
ARMS.
Let go with the right hand; lower and carry the piece to the
right with the left hand; regrasp it with the right hand just
above the lower band; let go with the left hand, and take the
next to the last position in coming to the order, (TWO)
Complete the order.
83. Being at order arms: 1. Right shoulder, 2.
ARMS.
With the right hand raise and throw the piece diagonally across
the body; carry the right hand quickly to the butt, embracing it,
the heel between the first two fingers. (TWO) Without
changing the grasp of the right hand, place the piece on the right
shoulder, barrel up and inclined at an angle of about 45° from
the horizontal, trigger guard in the hollow of the shoulder, right
elbow near the side, the piece in a vertical plane perpendicular
to the front; carry the left hand, thumb and fingers extended and
joined, to the small of the stock, tip of the forefinger touching
the cocking piece, wrist straight and elbow down. (THREE)
Drop the left hand by the side.
84. Being at right shoulder arms: 1. Order, 2.
ARMS.
Press the butt down quickly and throw the piece diagonally across
the body, the right hand retaining the grasp of the butt.
(TWO), (THREE) Execute order arms us described from
port arms.
85. Being at port arms: 1. Right shoulder, 2.
ARMS.
Change the right hand to the butt. (TWO), (THREE)
As in right shoulder arms from order arms.
86. Being at right shoulder arms: 1. Port, 2.
ARMS.
Press the butt down quickly and throw the piece diagonally across
the body, the right hand retaining its grasp of the butt.
(TWO) Change the right hand to the small of the stock.
87. Being at right shoulder arms: 1. Present,
2. ARMS.
Execute port arms. (THREE) Execute present arms.
88. Being at present arms: 1. Right shoulder, 2.
ARMS.
Execute port arms. (TWO), (THREE), (FOUR)
Execute right shoulder arms as from port arms.
89. Being at port arms: 1. Left shoulder, 2.
ARMS.
Carry the piece with the right hand and place it on the left
shoulder, barrel up, trigger guard in the hollow of the shoulder;
at the same time grasp the butt with the left hand, heel between
first and second fingers, thumb and fingers closed on the stock.
(TWO) Drop the right hand by the side.
Being at left shoulder arms: 1. Port, 2. ARMS.
Grasp the piece with the right hand at the small of the stock.
(TWO) Carry the piece to the right with the right hand,
regrasp it with the left, and take the position of port arms.
Left shoulder arms may be ordered directly from the order,
right shoulder or present, or the reverse. At the command
arms execute port arms and continue in cadence to
the position ordered.
90. Being at order arms: 1. Parade, 2. REST.
Carry the right foot 6 inches straight to the rear, left knee
slightly bent; carry the muzzle in front of the center of the
body, barrel to the left; grasp the piece with the left hand
just below the stacking swivel, and with the right hand below
and against the left.
Being at parade rest: 1. Squad, 2. ATTENTION.
Resume the order, the left hand quitting the piece opposite the
right hip.
91. Being at order arms: 1. Trail, 2. ARMS.
Raise the piece, right arm slightly bent, and incline the muzzle
forward so that the barrel makes an angle of about 30° with
the vertical.
When it can be done without danger or inconvenience to others,
the piece may be grasped at the balance and the muzzle lowered
until the piece is horizontal; a similar position in the left
hand may be used.
92. Being at trail arms: 1. Order, 2. ARMS.
Lower the piece with the right hand and resume the order.
RIFLE SALUTE.
93. Being at right shoulder arms: 1. Rifle, 2.
SALUTE.
Carry the left hand smartly to the small of the stock, forearm
horizontal, palm of hand down, thumb and fingers extended and
joined, forefinger touching end of cocking piece; look toward
the person saluted. (TWO) Drop left hand by the side;
turn head and eves to the front.
94. Being at order or trail arms: 1. Rifle, 2.
SALUTE.
Carry the left hand smartly to the right side, palm of the hand
down, thumb and fingers extended and joined, forefinger against
piece near the muzzle; look toward the person saluted. (TWO)
Drop the left hand by the side; turn the head and eyes to the
front.
For rules governing salutes, see "Honors and Salutes."
THE BAYONET.
95. Being at order arms: 1. Fix, 2. BAYONET.
If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the belt: Execute parade
rest; grasp the bayonet with the right hand, back of hand toward
the body; draw the bayonet from the scabbard and fix it on the
barrel, glancing at the muzzle; resume the order.
If the bayonet is carried on the haversack: Draw the bayonet with
the left hand and fix it in the most convenient manner.
96. Being at order arms: 1. Unfix, 2. BAYONET.
If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the belt: Execute parade
rest; grasp the handle of the bayonet firmly with the right hand,
pressing the spring with the forefinger of the right hand; raise
the bayonet until the handle is about 12 inches above the muzzle
of the piece; drop the point to the left, back of the hand toward
the body, and, glancing at the scabbard, return the bayonet, the
blade passing between the left arm and the body; regrasp the
piece with the right hand and resume the order.
If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the haversack: Take the
bayonet from the rifle with the left hand find return it to the
scabbard in the most convenient manner.
If marching or lying down, the bayonet is fixed and unfixed in
the most expeditious and convenient manner and the piece returned
to the original position.
Fix and unfix bayonet are executed, with promptness and regularity
but not in cadence.
97. CHARGE BAYONET. Whether executed at halt or in motion,
the bayonet is held toward the opponent as in the position of
guard in the Manual for Bayonet Exercise.
Exercises for instruction in bayonet combat are prescribed in
the Manual for Bayonet Exercise.
THE INSPECTION.
98. Being at order firms: 1. Inspection, 2.
ARMS.
At the second command take the position of port arms. (TWO)
Seize the bolt handle with the thumb and forefinger of the right
hand, turn the handle up, draw the bolt back, and glance at the
chamber. Having found the chamber empty, or haying emptied it,
raise the head and eyes to the front.
99. Being at inspection arms: 1. Order (Right shoulder,
port), 2. ARMS.
At the preparatory command push the bolt forward, turn the handle
down, pull the trigger, and resume port arms. At the command
arms, complete the movement ordered.
TO DISMISS THE SQUAD.
100. Being at halt: 1. Inspection, 2. ARMS,
3. Port, 4. ARMS, 5. DISMISSED.
101. Soldiers are grouped into squads for purposes of
instruction, discipline, control, and order.
102. The squad proper consists of a corporal and seven
privates.
The movements in the School of the Squad are designed to make the
squad a fixed unit find to facilitate the control and movement
of the company. If the number of men grouped is more than 3 and
less than 12, they are formed as a squad of 4 files, the excess
above 8 being posted as file closers. If the number grouped is
greater than 11, 2 or more squads are formed and the group is
termed a platoon.
For the instruction of recruits, these rules may be modified.
103. The corporal is the squad leader, and when absent is
replaced by a designated private. If no private is designated,
the senior in length of service acts as leader.
The corporal, when in ranks, is posted as the left man in the
front rank of the squad.
When the corporal leaves the ranks to lead his squad, his rear
rank man steps into the front rank, and the file remains blank
until the corporal returns to his place in ranks, when his rear
rank man steps back into the rear rank.
104. In battle officers and sergeants endeavor to preserve
the integrity of squads; they designate new leaders to replace
those disabled, organize new squads when necessary, and see that
every man is placed in a squad.
Men are taught the necessity of remaining with the squad to which
they belong and, in case it be broken up or they become separated
therefrom, to attach themselves to the nearest squad and platoon
leaders, whether these be of their own or of another organization.
105. The squad executes the halt, rest, facings,
steps, and marchings and the manual of arms as
explained in the School of the Soldier.
TO FORM THE SQUAD.
106. To form the squad the instructor places himself 3
paces in front of where the center is to be and commands:
FALL IN.
The men assemble at attention, pieces at the order, and are arranged
by the corporal in double rank, as nearly as practicable in order
of height from right to left, each man dropping his left hand
as soon as the man on his left has his interval. The rear rank
forms with distance of 40 inches.
The instructor then commands: COUNT OFF.
At this command all except the right file execute eyes right,
and beginning on the right, the men in each rank count one, two,
three, four; each man turns his head and eyes to the front as
he counts.
Pieces are then inspected.
ALIGNMENTS.
107. To align the squad, the base file or files having been
established: 1. Right (Left), 2. DRESS, 3. FRONT.
At the command dress all men place the left hand upon the
hip (whether dressing to the right or left); each man, except the
base file, when on or near the new line executes eyes right,
and, taking steps of 2 or 3 inches, places himself so that his
right arm rests lightly against the arm of the man on his right,
and so that his eyes and shoulders are in line with those of
the men on his right; the rear rank men cover in file.
The instructor verifies the alignment of both ranks from the
right flank and orders up or back such men as may be in rear,
or in advance, of the line; only the men designated move.
At the command front, given when the ranks are aligned, each
man turns his head and eyes to the front and drops his left hand
by his side.
In the first drills the basis of the alignment is established on,
or parallel to, the front of the squad; afterwards, in oblique
directions.
Whenever the position of the base file or files necessitates a
considerable movement by the squad, such movement will be executed
by marching to the front or oblique, to the flank or backward,
as the case may be, without other command, and at the trail.
108. To preserve the alignment when marching: GUIDE RIGHT
(LEFT).
The men preserve their intervals from the side of the guide,
yielding to pressure from that side and resisting pressure from the
opposite direction; they recover intervals, if lost, by gradually
opening out or closing in; they recover alignment by slightly
lengthening or shortening the step; the rear-rank men cover their
file leaders at 40 inches.
In double rank, the front-rank man on the right, or designated
flank, conducts the march; when marching faced to the flank,
the lending man of the front rank is the guide.
TO TAKE INTERVALS AND DISTANCES.
109. Being in line at a halt: 1. Take interval, 2.
To the right (left), 3. MARCH, 4. Squad, 5.
HALT.
At the second command the rear-rank men march backward 4 steps
and halt; at the command march all face to the right and the
leading man of each rank steps off; the other men step off in
succession, each following the preceding man at 4 paces, rear-rank
men marching abreast of their file leaders.
At the command halt, given when all have their intervals, all
halt and face to the front.
110. Being at intervals, to assemble the squad: 1.
Assemble, to the right (left), 2. MARCH.
The front-rank man on the right stands fast, the rear-rank man on
the right closes to 40 inches. The other men face to the right,
close by the shortest line, and face to the front.
111. Being in line at a halt and having counted off: 1.
Take distance, 2. MARCH, 3. Squad, 4.
HALT.
At the command march No. 1 of the front rank moves straight
to the front; Nos. 2, 3, and 4 of the front rank and Nos. 1, 2,
3, and 4 of the rear rank, in the order named, move straight
to the front, each stepping off so as to follow the preceding
man at 4 paces. The command halt is given when all have
their distances.
In case more than one squad is in line, each squad executes the
movement as above. The guide of each rank of numbers is right.
112. Being at distances, to assemble the squad: 1.
Assemble, 2. MARCH.
No. 1 of the front rank stands fast; the other numbers move forward
to their proper places in line.
TO STACK AND TAKE ARMS.
113. Being in line at a halt: STACK ARMS.
Each even number of the front rank grasps his piece with the
left hand at the upper band and rests the butt between his feet,
barrel to the front, muzzle inclined slightly to the front and
opposite the center of the interval on his right, the thumb and
forefinger raising the stacking swivel; each even number of the
rear rank then passes his piece, barrel to the rear, to his file
leader, who grasps it between the bands with his right hand and
throws the butt about 2 feet in advance of that of his own piece
and opposite the right of the interval, the right hand-slipping
to the upper band, the thumb and forefinger raising the stacking
swivel, which he engages with that of his own piece; each odd
number of the front rank raises his piece with the right hand,
carries it well forward, barrel to the front; the left hand,
guiding the stacking swivel, engages the lower hook of the swivel
of his own piece with the free hook of that of the even number of
the rear rank; he then turns the barrel outward into the angle
formed by the other two pieces and lowers the butt to the ground,
to the right of and against the toe of his right shoe.
The stacks made, the loose pieces are laid on them by the even,
numbers of the front rank.
When each man has finished handling pieces, he takes the position
of the soldier.
114. Being in line behind the stacks: TAKE ARMS.
The loose pieces are returned by the even numbers of the front
rank; each even number of the front rank grasps his own piece
with the left hand, the piece of his rear-rank man with his right
hand, grasping both between the bands; each odd number of the
front rank grasps his piece in the same way with the right hand,
disengages it by raising the butt from the ground and then, turning
the piece to the right, detaches it from the stack; each even
number of the front rank disengages and detaches his piece by
turning it to the left, and then passes the piece of his rear-rank
man to him, and all resume the order.
115. Should any squad have Nos. 2 and 3 blank files, No. 1
rear rank takes the place of No. 2 rear rank in making and breaking
the stack; the stacks made or broken, he resumes his post.
Pieces not used in making the stack are termed loose pieces.
Pieces are never stacked with the bayonet fixed.
THE OBLIQUE MARCH.
116. For the instruction of recruits, the squad being in
column or correctly aligned, the instructor causes the squad to
face half right or half left, points out to the men their relative
positions, and explains that these are to be maintained in the
oblique march.
117. 1. Right (Left) oblique, 2. MARCH.
Each man steps off in a direction 45° to the right of his
original front. He preserves his relative position, keeping his
shoulders parallel to those of the guide (the man on the right
front of the line or column), and so regulates his steps that
the ranks remain parallel to their original front.
At the command halt the men halt faced to the front.
To resume the original direction: 1. Forward, 2.
MARCH.
The men half face to the left in marching and then move straight
to the front.
If at half step or mark time while obliquing, the
oblique march is resumed by the commands: 1. Oblique, 2.
MARCH.
TO TURN ON MOVING PIVOT.
118. Being in line: 1. Right (Left) turn, 2.
MARCH.
The movement is executed by each rank successively and on the
same ground. At the second command, the pivot man of the front
rank faces to the right in marching and takes the half step;
the other men of the rank oblique to the right until opposite
their places in line, then execute a second right oblique and
take the half step on arriving abreast of the pivot man. All
glance toward the marching flank while at half step and take the
full step without command as the last man arrives on the line.
Right (left) half turn is executed in a similar manner.
The pivot man makes a half change of direction to the right and
the other men make quarter changes in obliquing.
TO TURN ON FIXED PIVOT.
119. Being in line, to turn and march: 1. Squad right
(left), 2. MARCH.
At the second command, the right flank man in the front rank faces
to the right in marching and marks time; the other front-rank
men oblique to the right, place themselves abreast of the pivot,
and mark time. In the rear rank the third man from the right,
followed in column by the second and first, moves straight to the
front until in rear of his front-rank man, when all face to the
right in marching and mark time; the other number of the rear rank
moves straight to the front four paces and places himself abreast
of the man on his right. Men on the new line glance toward the
marching flank while marking time and, as the last man arrives
on the line, both ranks execute FORWARD, MARCH, without command.
120. Being in line, to turn and halt: 1. Squad right
(left), 2. MARCH, 3. Squad, 4. HALT.
The third command is given immediately after the second. The
turn is executed as prescribed in the preceding paragraph except
that all men, on arriving on the new line, mark time until the
fourth command is given, when all halt. The fourth command should
be given as the last man arrives on the line.
121. Being in line, to turn about and march: 1. Squad
right (left) about, 2. MARCH.
At the second command, the front rank twice executes squad
right, initiating the second squad right when the man
on the marching flank has arrived abreast of the rank. In the
rear rank the third man from the right, followed by the second
and first in column, moves straight to the front until on the
prolongation of the line to be occupied by the rear rank; changes
direction to the right; moves in the new direction until in rear
of his front-rank man, when all face to the right in marching,
mark time, and glance toward the marching flank. The fourth man
marches on the left of the third to his new position; as he
arrives on the line, both ranks execute forward, march,
without command.
122. Being in line, to turn about and halt: 1. Squad
right (left) about, 2. MARCH, 3. Squad, 4.
HALT.
The third command is given immediately after the second. The
turn is executed as prescribed in the preceding paragraph except
that all men, on arriving on the new line, mark time until the
fourth command is given, when all halt. The fourth command should
be given as the last man arrives on the line.
TO FOLLOW THE CORPORAL.
123. Being assembled or deployed, to march the squad
without unnecessary commands, the corporal places himself in
front of it and commands FOLLOW ME.
If in line or skirmish line. No. 2 of the front rank follows
in the trace of the corporal at about 3 paces; the other men
conform to the movements of No. 2. guiding on him and maintaining
their relative positions.
If in column, the head of the column follows the corporal.
TO DEPLOY AS SKIRMISHERS.
124. Being in any formation, assembled: 1. As
skirmishers, 2. MARCH.
The corporal places himself in front of the squall, if not already
there. Moving at a run, the men place themselves abreast of the
corporal at half-pace intervals, Nos. 1 and 2 on his right, Nos.
3 and 4 on his left, rear-rank men on the right of their file
leaders, extra men on the left of No.4; all then conform to the
corporal's gait.
When the squad is acting alone, skirmish line is similarly formed
on No. 2 of the front rank, who stands fast or continues the
march, as the case may be; the corporal places himself in front
of the squad when advancing find in rear when halted.
When deployed us skirmishers, the men march at ease, pieces at
the trail unless otherwise ordered.
The corporal is the guide when in the line; otherwise No. 2 front
rank is the guide.
125. The normal interval between skirmishers is one-half
pace, resulting practically in one man per yard of front. The
front of a squad thus deployed as skirmishers is about 10 paces.
TO INCREASE OR DIMINISH INTERVALS.
126. If assembled, and it is desired to deploy at greater
than the normal interval; or if deployed, and it is desired to
increase or decrease the interval: 1. As skirmishers, (so many)
paces, 2. MARCH.
Intervals are taken at the indicated number of paces. If already
deployed, the men move by the flank toward or away from the guide.
THE ASSEMBLY.
127. Being deployed: 1. Assemble, 2. MARCH.
The men move toward the corporal and form in their proper places.
If the corporal continues to advance, the men move in double time,
form, and follow him.
The assembly while marching to the rear is not executed.
KNEELING AND LYING DOWN.
128. If standing: KNEEL.
Half face to the right; carry the right toe about 1 foot to the
left rear of the left heel; kneel on right knee, sitting as nearly
as possible on the right heel; left forearm across left thigh;
piece remains in position of order arms, right hand grasping
it above the lower band.
129. If standing or kneeling: LIE DOWN.
Kneel, but with right knee against left heel; carry back the
left foot and lie flat on the belly, inclining body about 35°
to the right; piece horizontal, barrel up, muzzle off the ground
and pointed to the front; elbows on the ground; left hand at the
balance, right hand grasping the small of the stock opposite
the neck. This is the position of order arms, lying down.
130. If kneeling or lying down: RISE.
If kneeling, stand up, faced to the front, on the ground marked
by the left heel.
If lying down, raise body on both knees; stand up, faced to the
front, on the ground marked by the knees.
131. If lying down: KNEEL.
Raise the body on both knees; take the position of kneel.
132. In double rank, the positions of kneeling and lying
down are ordinarily used only for the better utilization of
cover.
When deployed as skirmishers, a sitting position maybe taken in
lieu of the position kneeling.
LOADINGS AND FIRINGS.
133. The commands for loading and firing are the same whether
standing, kneeling, or lying down. The firings are always executed
at a halt.
When kneeling or lying down in double rank, the rear rank does
not load, aim, or fire.
The instruction in firing will be preceded by a command for loading.
Loadings are executed in line and skirmish line only.
134. Pieces having been ordered loaded are kept loaded
without command until the command unload, or inspection
arms, fresh clips being inserted when the magazine is
exhausted.
135. The aiming point or target is carefully pointed out.
This may be done before or after announcing the sight setting.
Both are indicated before giving the command for firing, but may
be omitted when the target appears suddenly and is unmistakable;
in such case battle sight is used if no sight setting is
announced.
136. The target or aiming point having been designated
and the sight setting announced, such designation or announcement
need not be repeated until a change of either or both is
necessary.
Troops are trained to continue their fire upon the aiming point
or target designated, and at the sight setting announced, until
a change is ordered.
137. If the men are not already in the position of load,
that position is taken at the announcement of the sight setting;
if the announcement is omitted, the position is taken at the
first command for firing.
138. When deployed, the use of the sling as an aid to
accurate firing is discretionary with each man.
TO LOAD.
139. Being in line or skirmish line at halt: 1. With
dummy (blank or ball) cartridges, 2. LOAD.
At the command load each front-rank man or skirmisher
faces half right and carries the right foot to the right, about
1 foot, to such position as will insure the greatest firmness
and steadiness of the body; raises, or lowers, the piece and
drops it into the left hand at the balance, left thumb extended
along the stock, muzzle at the height of the breast, and turns
the cut-off up. With the right hand he turns and draws the bolt
back, takes a loaded clip and inserts the end in the clip slots,
places the thumb on the powder space of the top cartridge, the
fingers extending around the piece and tips resting on the
magazine floor plate; forces the cartridges into the magazine
by pressing down with the thumb; without removing the clip,
thrusts the bolt home, turning down the handle; turns the safety
lock to the "safe" find carries the hand to the small of the
stock. Each rear-rank man moves to the right front, takes a
similar position opposite the interval to the right of his
front-rank man, muzzle of the piece extending beyond the front
rank, and loads.
A skirmish line may load while moving, the pieces being held as
nearly as practicable in the position of load.
If kneeling or sitting, the position of the piece is similar; if
kneeling, the left forearm rests on the left thigh; if sitting,
the elbows are supported by the knees. If lying down, the left
hand steadies and supports the piece at the balance, the toe
of the butt resting on the ground, the muzzle off the ground.
For reference, these positions (standing, kneeling, and lying
down) are designated as that of load.
140. For instruction in loading: 1. Simulate, 2.
LOAD.
Executed as above described, except that the cut-off remains "off"
and the handling of cartridges is simulated.
The recruits are first taught to simulate loading and
firing; after a few lessons dummy cartridges may be used. Later,
blank cartridges may be used.
141. The rifle may be used as a single loader by turning
the magazine "off." The magazine may be filled in whole or in
part while "off" or "on" by pressing cartridges singly down and
back until they are in the proper place. The use of the rifle
as a single loader is, however, to be regarded as exceptional.
TO UNLOAD.
142. UNLOAD.
Take the position of load, turn the safety lock up and move bolt
alternately back and forward until all the cartridges are ejected.
After the last cartridge is ejected the chamber is closed by first
thrusting the bolt slightly forward to free it from the stud
holding it in place when the chamber is open, pressing the follower
down and back to engage it under the bolt and then thrusting
the bolt home; the trigger is pulled. The cartridges are then
picked up, cleaned, and returned to the belt and the piece is
brought to the order.
TO SET THE SIGHT.
143. RANGE, ELEVEN HUNDRED (EIGHT-FIFTY, etc.), or
BATTLE SIGHT.
The sight is set at the elevation indicated. The instructor explains
and verities sight settings.
TO FIRE BY VOLLEY.
144. 1. READY, 2. AIM, 3. Squad, 4.
FIRE.
At the command ready turn the safety lock to the "ready";
at the command aim raise the piece with both hands and
support the butt firmly against the hollow of the right shoulder,
right thumb clasping the stock, barrel horizontal, left elbow
well under the piece, right elbow as high as the shoulder;
incline the head slightly forward and a little to the right,
cheek against the stock, left eye closed, right eye looking
through the notch of the rear sight so as to perceive the object
aimed at, second joint of forefinger resting lightly against the
front of the trigger and taking up the slack; top of front sight
is carefully raised into, and held in, the line of sight.
Each rear-rank man aims through the interval to the right of
his file leader and leans slightly forward to advance the muzzle
of his piece beyond the front rank.
In aiming kneeling, the left elbow rests on the left knee, point
of elbow in front of kneecap.
In aiming sitting, the elbows are supported by the knees.
In aiming lying down, raise the piece with both hands; rest on
both elbows and press the butt firmly against the right shoulder.
At the command fire press the finger against the trigger;
fire without deranging the aim and without lowering or turning
the piece; lower the piece to the position of Load and
load.
145. To continue the firing: 1. AIM, 2. Squad,
3. FIRE.
Each command is executed as previously explained. Load
(from magazine) is executed by drawing back and thrusting home
the bolt with the right hand, leaving the safety lock at the
"ready."
TO FIRE AT WILL.
146. FIRE AT WILL.
Each man, independently of the others, comes to the ready,
aims carefully and deliberately ut the aiming point or target,
fires, loads, and continues the firing until
ordered to suspend or cease firing.
147. To increase (decrease) the rate of fire in progress
the instructor shouts: FASTER (SLOWER).
Men are trained to fire at the rate of about three shots per
minute at effective ranges and five or six at close ranges,
devoting the minimum of time to loading and the maximum to
deliberate aiming. To illustrate the necessity for deliberation,
and to habituate men to combat conditions, small and
comparatively indistinct targets are designated.
TO FIRE BY CLIP.
148. CLIP FIRE.
Executed in the same manner as fire at will, except that
each man, after having exhausted the cartridges then in the
piece, suspends firing.
TO SUSPEND FIRING.
149. The instructor blows a long blast of the
whistle and repeats same, if necessary, or commands: SUSPEND
FIRING.
Firing stops; pieces are held, loaded and locked, in a position of
readiness for instant resumption of firing, rear sights unchanged.
The men continue to observe the target or aiming point, or the
place at which the target disappeared, or at which it is expected
to reappear.
This whistle signal may be used as a preliminary to cease
firing.
TO CEASE FIRING.
150. CEASE FIRING.
Firing stops; pieces not already there are brought to the position
of load; those not loaded are loaded; sights are laid, pieces
are locked and brought to the older.
Cease firing is used for long pauses, to prepare for changes
of position, or to steady the men.
151. Commands for suspending or ceasing fire may be given
at any time after the preparatory command for firing whether the
firing has actually commenced or not.
152. The recruit should be given careful instruction in
the individual use of cover.
It should be impressed upon him that, in taking advantage of
natural cover, he must be able to fire easily and effectively
upon the enemy; if advancing on an enemy, he must do so steadily
and as rapidly as possible; he must conceal himself as much as
possible while firing and while advancing. While setting his
sight he should be under cover or lying prone.
153. To teach him to fire easily and effectively, at the
same time concealing himself from the view of the enemy, he is
practiced in simulated firing in the prone, sitting, kneeling,
and crouching positions, from behind hillocks, trees, heaps of
earth or rocks, from depressions, gullies, ditches, doorways,
or windows. He is taught to fire around the right side of his
concealment whenever possible, or, when this is not possible,
to rise enough to fire over the top of his concealment.
When these details are understood, he is required to select cover
with reference to an assumed enemy and to place himself behind
it in proper position for firing.
154. The evil of remaining too long in one place, however
good the concealment, should be explained. He should be taught
to advance from cover to cover, selecting cover in advance before
leaving his concealment.
It should be impressed upon him that a man running rapidly toward
all enemy furnishes a poor target. He should be trained in springing
from a prone position behind concealment, running at top speed to
cover and throwing himself behind it. He should also be practiced
in advancing from cover to cover by crawling, or by lying on the
left side, rifle grasped in the right hand, and pushing himself
forward with the right leg.
155. He should be taught that, when fired on while acting
independently, he should drop to the ground, seek cover, and then
endeavor to locate his enemy.
156. The instruction of the recruit in the use of cover is
continued in the combat exercises of the company, but he must then
be taught that the proper advance of the platoon or company and
the effectiveness of its fire is of greater importance than the
question of cover for individuals. He should also be taught that
he may not move about or shift his position in the firing line
except the better to see the target.
157. The ability to use his eyes accurately is of great
importance to the soldier. The recruit should be trained in
observing his surrounding from positions and when on the march.
He should be practiced in pointing out and naming military features
of the ground; in distinguishing between living beings; in counting
distant groups of objects or beings; in recognizing colors and
forms.
158. In the training of men in the mechanism of the firing
line, they should be practiced in repeating to one another target
and aiming point designations and in quickly locating and pointing
out a designated target. They should be taught to distinguish,
from a prone position, distant objects, particularly troops,
both with the naked eye and with field glasses. Similarly, they
should be trained in estimating distances.
159. The captain is responsible for the theoretical and
practical instruction of his officers and noncommissioned officers,
not only in the duties of their respective grades, but in those of
the next higher grades.
160. The company in line is formed in double rank with the
men arranged, as far as practicable, according to height from right
to left, the tallest on the right.
The original division into squads is effected by the command:
COUNT OFF. The squads, successively from the right, count
off as in the School of the Squad, corporals placing themselves
as Nos. 4 of the front rank. If the left squad contains less than
six men, it is either increased to that number by transfers from
other squads or is broken up and its members assigned to other
squads and posted in the line of file closers. These squad
organizations are maintained, by transfers if necessary, until
the company becomes so reduced in numbers us to necessitate a
new division into squads. No squad will contain less than six
men.
161. The company is further divided into two, three, or
four platoons, each consisting of not less than two nor more than
four squads. In garrison or ceremonies the strength of platoons
may exceed four squads.
162. At the formation of the company the platoons or squads
are numbered consecutively from right to left and these designations
do not change.
For convenience in giving commands and for reference, the
designations, right, center, left, when in line, and
leading, center, rear, when in column, are applied to
platoons or squads. These designations apply to the actual right,
left, center, head, or rear, in whatever direction the company may
be facing. The center squad is the middle or right middle
squad of the company.
The designation "So-and-so's" squad or platoon may also be used.
163. Platoons are assigned to the lieutenants and
noncommissioned officers, in order of rank, as follows: 1. right;
2. left; 3. center (right center); 4. left center.
The noncommissioned officers next in rank are assigned as guides,
one to each platoon. If sergeants still remain, they are assigned
to platoons as additional guides. When the platoon is deployed,
its guide or guides accompany the platoon leader.
During battle, these assignments are not changed; vacancies are
filled by noncommissioned officers of the platoon or by the nearest
available officers or noncommissioned officers arriving with
reenforcing troops.
164. The first sergeant is never assigned as a guide. When
not commanding a platoon he is posted as a file closer opposite
the third file from the outer flank of the first platoon; and
when the company is deployed he accompanies the captain.
The quartermaster sergeant, when present, is assigned according
to his rank as a sergeant.
Enlisted men below the grade of sergeant, armed with the rifle,
are in ranks unless serving as guides; when not so armed, they
are posted in the line of file closers.
Musicians, when required to play, are at the head of the column.
When the company is deployed, they accompany the captain.
165. The company executes the halt, rests, facings,
steps and marchings, manual of arms, loadings and
firings, takes intervals and distances and
assembles, increases and diminishes
intervals, resumes attention, obliques, resumes the
direct march, preserves alignments, kneels, lies down,
rises, stacks, and takes arms, as explained in the
Schools of the Soldier and the Squad, substituting in the
commands company for squad.
The same rule applies to platoons, detachments, details, etc.,
substituting their designation for squad in the commands.
In the same manner these execute the movements prescribed for
the company, whenever possible, substituting their
designation for company in the commands.
166. A company so depleted as to make division into
platoons impracticable is led by the captain as a single platoon,
but retains the designation of company. The lieutenants and first
sergeant assist in fire control; the other sergeants place
themselves in the filing line as skirmishers.
RULES.
167. The guides of the right and left, or leading and rear,
platoons, are the right and left, or leading and rear, guides,
respectively, of the company when it is in line or in column of
squads. Other guides are in the line of file closers.
In platoon movements the post of the platoon guide is at the
head of the platoon, if the platoon is in column, and on the
guiding flank if in line. When a platoon has two guides their
original assignment to flanks of the platoon does not change.
168. The guides of a column of squads place themselves on
the flank opposite the file closers. To change the guides and
file closers to the other flank, the captain commands: 1. File
closers on left (right) flank; 2. MARCH. The file
closers dart through the column; the captain and guides change.
In column of squads, each rank preserves the alignment toward
the side of the guide.
169. Men in the line of file closers do not execute the
loadings or firings.
Guides and enlisted men in the line of file closers execute the
manual of arms during the drill unless specially excused, when
they remain at the order. During ceremonies they execute all
movements.
170. In taking intervals and distances, unless
otherwise directed, the right and left guides, at the first
command, place themselves in the line of file closers, and, with
them, take a distance of 4 paces from the rear rank. In taking
intervals, at the command march, the file closers face to
the flank and each steps off with the file nearest him. In
assembling the guides and file closers resume their
positions in line.
171. In movements executed simultaneously by platoons
(as platoons right or platoons, column right),
platoon leaders repeat the preparatory command (platoon
right, etc.), applicable to their respective platoons. The
command of execution is given by the captain only.
TO FORM THE COMPANY.
172. At the sounding of the assembly the first sergeant
takes position 6 paces in front of where the center of the
company is to be, faces it, draws saber, and commands: FALL
IN.
The right guide of the company places himself, facing to the
front, where the right of the company is to rest, and at such
point that the center of the company will be 6 paces from and
opposite the first sergeant; the squads form in their proper
places on the left of the right guide, superintended by the other
sergeants, who then take their posts.
The first sergeant commands: REPORT. Remaining in position
at the order, the squad leaders, in succession from the right,
salute and report: All present; or Private(s)
------ absent. The first sergeant does not return the
salutes of the squad leaders; he then commands: 1. Inspection,
2. ARMS, 3. Order, 4. ARMS, faces about,
salutes the captain, reports: Sir, all present or accounted
for, or the names of the unauthorized absentees, and without
command, takes his post.
If the company can not be formed by squads, the first sergeant
commands: 1. Inspection, 2. ARMS, 3. Right
shoulder, 4. ARMS, and calls the roll. Each man, as
his name is called, answers here and executes order arms.
The sergeant then effects the division into squads and reports
the company as prescribed above.
The captain places himself 12 paces in front of the center of,
and facing, the company in time to receive the report of the
first sergeant, whose salute he returns, and then draws saber.
The lieutenants take their posts when the first sergeant has
reported and draw saber with the captain. The company, if not
under arms, is formed in like manner omitting reference to arms.
173. For the instruction of platoon leaders and guides,
the company, when small, may be formed in single rank. In this
formation close order movements only are executed. The single
rank executes all movements as explained for the front rank of
a company.
TO DISMISS THE COMPANY.
174. Being in line at a halt, the captain directs the first
sergeant: Dismiss the company. The officers fallout; the
first sergeant places himself faced to the front, 3 paces to the
front and 2 paces from the nearest flank of the company, salutes,
faces toward opposite flank of the company, and commands: 1.
Inspection. 2. ARMS, 3. Port, 4. ARMS,
5. DISMISSED.
ALIGNMENTS.
175. The alignments are executed as prescribed in the
School of the Squad, the guide being established instead of the
flank file. The rear-rank man of the flank file keeps his head
and eyes to the front and covers his file leader.
At each alignment the captain places himself in prolongation
of the line, 2 paces from and facing the flank toward which the
dress is made, verifies the alignment, and commands: FRONT.
Platoon lenders take a like position when requited to verify
alignments.
MOVEMENTS ON THE FIXED PIVOT.
176. Being in line, to tune the company: 1. Company
right (left), 2. MARCH, 3. Company, 4.
HALT; or, 3. Forward, 4. MARCH.
At the second command the right-flank man in the front rank faces
to the right in marching and marks time; the other front-rank
men oblique to the right, place themselves abreast of the pivot,
and mark time; in the rear rank the third man from the right,
followed in column by the second and first, moves straight to
the front until in rear of his front-rank man, when all face to
the right in marching and mark time; the remaining men of the
rear rank move straight to the front 4 paces, oblique to the
right, place themselves abreast of the third man, cover their
file leaders, and mark time; the right guide steps back, takes
post on the flank, and marks time.
The fourth command is given when the last man is 1 pace in rear
of the new line.
The command halt may be given at any time after the
movement begins; only those halt who are in the new position.
Each of the others halt upon arriving on the line, aligns
himself to the right, and executes front without command.
177. Being in line, to form column of platoons, or the
reverse: 1. Platoons right (left), 2. MARCH, 3.
Company, 4. HALT; or, 3. Forward, 4.
MARCH.
Executed by each platoon as described for the company.
Before forming line the captain sees that the guides on the flank
toward which the movement is to be executed are covering. This
is effected by previously announcing the guide to that flank.
178. Being in line, to form column of squads, or the
reverse; or, being in line of platoons, to form column of
platoons, or the reverse: 1. Squads right (left), 2.
MARCH, or, 1. Squads right (left), 2. MARCH,
3. Company, 4. HALT.
Executed by each squad as described in the School of the Squad.
If the company or platoons be formed in line toward the side of
the file closers, they dart through the column and take posts
in rear of the company at the second command. If the column of
squads be formed from line, the file closers take posts on the
pivot flank, abreast of and 4 inches from the nearest rank.
MOVEMENTS ON THE MOVING PIVOT.
179. Being in line, to change direction: 1. Right
(Left) turn, 2. MARCH, 3. Forward, 4.
MARCH.
Executed as described in the School of the Squad, except that
the men do not glance toward the marching flank and that all
take the full step at the fourth command. The right guide is
the pivot of the front rank. Each rear-rank man obliques on the
same ground as his file leader.
180. Being in column of platoons, to change direction:
1. Column right (left), 2. MARCH.
At the first command the leader of the lending platoon commands:
Right turn. At the command march the leading
platoon turns to the right on moving pivot; its lender commands:
1. Forward, 2. MARCH, on completion of the turn.
Rear platoons march squarely up to the turning point of the
leading platoon and turn at command of their lenders.
181. Being in column of squads, to change direction: 1.
Column right (left), 2. MARCH.
At the second command the front rank of the leading squad turns
to the right on moving pivot, as in the School of the Squad;
the other ranks, without command, turn successively on the same
ground and in a similar manner.
182. Being in column of squads, to form line of platoons
or the reverse: 1. Platoons, column right (left), 2.
MARCH.
Executed by each platoon as described for the company.
183. Being in line, to form column of squads and change
direction: 1. Squads right (left), column right (left),
2. MARCH; or, 1. Right (Left) by squads, 2.
MARCH.
In the first case the right squad initiates the column
right as soon as it has completed the squad right.
In the second case, at the command march, the right squad marches
forward; the remainder of the company executes squads
right, column left, and follows the right squad. The right
guide, when he has posted himself in front of the right squad,
takes four short steps, then resumes the full step; the right
squad conforms.
184. Being in line, to form line of platoons: 1. Squads
right (left), platoons column right (left), 2. MARCH;
or, 1. Platoons, right (left) by squads, 2. MARCH.
Executed by each platoon as described for the company in the
preceding paragraph.
FACING OR MARCHING TO THE REAR.
185. Being in line, line of platoons, or in column of
platoons or squads, to face or march to the rear: 1. Squads
right (left) about, 2. MARCH; or, 1. Squads right
(left) about, 2. MARCH, 3. Company, 4.
HALT.
Executed by each squad as described in the School of the Squad.
If the company or platoons be in column of squads, the file closers
turn about toward the column, and take their posts; if in line,
each darts through the nearest interval between squads.
186. To march to the rear for a few paces: 1. About,
2. FACE, 3. Forward, 4. MARCH.
If in line, the guides place themselves in the rear rank, now
the front rank; the file closers, on facing about, maintain their
relative positions. No other movement is executed until the line
is faced to the original front.
ON RIGHT (LEFT) INTO LINE.
187. Being in column of platoons or squads, to form line on
right or left: 1. On right (left) into line, 2. MARCH,
3. Company, 4. HALT, 5. FRONT.
At the first command the leader of the leading unit commands:
Right turn. The leaders of the other units command:
Forward, if at a halt. At the second command the leading
unit turns to the right on moving pivot. The command halt
is given when the leading unit has advanced the desired distance
in the new direction; it halts; its leader then commands: Right
dress.
The units in rear continue to march straight to the front; each,
when opposite the right of its place in line, executes right
turn at the command of its leaner; each is halted on the line
at the command of its leader, who then commands: Right
dress. All dress on the first unit in line.
If executed in double time, the lending squad marches in double
time until halted.
FRONT INTO LINE.
188. Being in column of platoons or squads. to form line
to the front: 1. Right (Left) front into line, 2.
MARCH, 3. Company, 4. HALT, 5. FRONT.
At the first command the leaders of the units in rear of the
leading one command: Right oblique. If at a halt, the
leader of the leading unit commands: Forward. At the
second command the leading unit moves straight forward; the rear
units oblique as indicated. The command halt is given
when the leading unit has advanced the desired distance; it
halts; its leader then commands: Left dress. Each of the
rear units, when opposite its place in line, resumes the original
direction at the command of its leader; each is halted on the
line at the command of its leader, who then commands: Left
dress. All dress on the first unit in line.
189. Being in column of squads to form column of platoons,
or being in line of platoons, to form the company in line: 1.
Platoons, right, (left) front into line, 2. MARCH,
3. Company, 4. HALT, 5. FRONT.
Executed by each platoon as described for the company. In forming
the company in line, the dress is on the left squad of the left
platoon. If forming column of platoons, platoon leaders verify
the alignment before taking their posts; the captain commands
front when the alignments have been verified.
When front into line is executed in double time the
commands for halting and aligning are omitted and the guide is
toward the side of the first unit in line.
AT EASE AND ROUTE STEP.
190. The column of squads is the habitual column of route,
but route step and at ease are applicable to any marching
formation.
191. To march at route step: 1. Route step, 2.
MARCH.
Sabers are carried at will or in the scabbard; the men carry
their pieces at will, keeping the muzzles elevated; they are not
required to preserve silence, nor to keep the step. The ranks
cover and preserve their distance. If halted from route step,
the men stand at rest.
192. To march at ease: 1. At ease, 2. MARCH.
The company marches as in route step, except that silence is
preserved; when halted, the men remain at ease.
193. Marching at route step or fit ease: 1. Company,
2. ATTENTION.
At the command attention the pieces are brought to the
right shoulder and the cadenced step in quick time is resumed.
TO DIMINISH THE FRONT OF A COLUMN OF SQUADS.
194. Being in column of squads: 1. Right (Left) by
twos, 2. MARCH.
At the command march all files except the two right files
of the leading squad execute in place halt; the two left
files of the leading squad oblique to the right when disengaged
and follow the right files at the shortest practicable distance.
The remaining squads follow successively in like manner.
195. Being in column of squads or twos: 1. Right (Left)
by file, 2. MARCH.
At the command march, all files execute in place
halt except the right file of the leading two or squad.
The left file or files of the leading two or squad oblique
successively to the right when disengaged and each follows the
file on its right at the shortest practicable distance. The
remaining twos or squads follow successively in like manner.
196. Being in column of files or twos, to form column of
squads; or being in column of files, to form column of twos: 1.
Squads (Twos), right (left) front into line, 2.
MARCH.
At the command march, the leading file or files halt. The
remainder of the squad, or two, obliques to the right and halts
on line with the leading file or files. The remaining squads or
twos close up and successively form in rear of the first in like
manner.
The movement described in this paragraph will be ordered
right or left, so as to restore the files to their
normal relative positions in the two or squad.
197. The movements prescribed in the three preceding
paragraphs are difficult of execution at attention and have no
value as disciplinary exercises.
198. Marching by twos or files can not be executed without
serious delay and waste of road space. Every reasonable precaution
will be taken to obviate the necessity for these formations.
RULES FOR DEPLOYMENT.
199. The command guide right (left or
center) indicates the base squad for the deployment; if
in line it designates the actual right (left or
center) squad; if in column the command guide right
(left) designates the leading squad, and the command
guide center designates the center squad. After the
deployment is completed, the guide is center without
command, unless otherwise ordered.
200. At the preparatory command for forming skirmish line,
from either column of squads or line, each squad leader (except
the leader of the base squad, when his squad does not advance),
cautions his squad, follow me or by the right
(left) flank, as the case may be; at the command march,
he steps in front of his squad and leads it to its place in line.
201. Having given the command for forming skirmish line,
the captain, if necessary, indicates to the corporal of the base
squad the point on which the squad is to march; the corporal
habitually looks to the captain for such directions.
202. The base squad is deployed as soon as it has sufficient
interval. The other squads are deployed as they arrive on the
general line; each corporal halts in his place in line and commands
or signals, as skirmishers; the squad deploys and halts
abreast of him.
If tactical considerations demand it, the squad is deployed before
arriving on the line.
203. Deployed lines preserve a general alignment toward the
guide. Within their respective fronts, individuals or units march
so as best to secure cover or to facilitate the advance, but the
general and orderly progress of the whole is paramount.
On halting a deployed line faces to the front (direction of the
enemy) in all cases and takes advantage of cover, the men lying
down if necessary.
204. The company in skirmish line advances, halts,
moves by the flank, or to the rear, obliques, resumes
the direct march, passes from quick to double
time and the reverse by the same commands and in a similar
manner as in close order; if at a halt, the movement by the
flank or to the rear is executed by the same commands
as when marching. Company right (left, half right, half
left) is executed as explained for the front rank, skirmish
intervals being maintained.
205. A platoon or other part of the company is deployed
and marched in the same manner as the company, substituting in
the commands, platoon (detachment, etc.) for
company.
DEPLOYMENTS.
206. Being in line, to form skirmish line to the front:
1. As skirmishers, guide right (left or center), 2.
MARCH.
If marching, the corporal of the base squad moves straight to
the front; when that squad has advanced the desired distance,
the captain commands: 1. Company, 2. HALT. If the
guide be right (left), the other corporals move to the
left (right) front, and, in succession from the base,
place their squads on the line; if the guide be center, the
other corporals move to the right or left front,
according as they are on the right or left of the center squad,
and in succession from the center squad place their squads on
the line.
If at a halt, the base squad is deployed without advancing; the
other squads may be conducted to their proper places by the flank;
interior squads may be moved when squads more distant from the
base have gained comfortable marching distance.
207. Being in column of squads, to form skirmish line to
the front: 1. As skirmishers, guide right (left or center),
2. MARCH.
If marching, the corporal of the base squad deploys it and moves
straight to the front; if at a halt, he deploys his squad without
advancing. If the guide be right (left), the other
corporals move to the left (right) front, and, in
succession from the base, place their squads on the line; if
the guide be center, the corporals in front of the center
squad move to the right (if at a halt, to the right rear), the
corporals in rear of the center squad move to the left front,
and each, in succession from the base, places his squad on the
line.
The column of twos or files is deployed by the same commands and
in like manner.
208. The company in line or in column of squads may be
deployed in an oblique direction by the same commands. The
captain points out the desired direction; the corporal of the
base squad moves in the direction indicated; the other corporals
conform.
209. To form skirmish line to the flank or rear the line
or the column of squads is turned by squads to the flank or rear
and then deployed as described.
210. The intervals between men are increased or decreased
as described in the School of the Squad, adding to the preparatory
command, guide right (left or center) if
necessary.
THE ASSEMBLY.
211. The captain takes his post in front of, or designates,
the element on which the company is to assemble and commands: 1.
Assemble, 2. MARCH.
If in skirmish line the men move promptly toward the designated
point and the company is re-formed in line. If assembled by platoons,
these are conducted to the designated point by platoon leaders,
and the company is re-formed in line.
Platoons may be assembled by the command: 1. Platoons,
assemble, 2. MARCH.
Executed by each platoon as described for the company.
One or more platoons may be assembled by the command:
1. Such platoon(s), assemble, 2. MARCH.
Executed by the designated platoon or platoons as described for
the company.
THE ADVANCE.
212. The advance of a company into an engagement (whether
for attack or defense) is conducted in close order, preferably
column of squads, until the probability of encountering hostile
fire makes it advisable to deploy. After deployment, and before
opening fire, the advance of the company may be continued in
skirmish line or other suitable formation, depending upon
circumstances. The advance may often be facilitated, or better
advantage taken of cover, or losses reduced by the employment
of the platoon or squad columns or by the use of
a succession of thin lines. The selection of the method
to be used is made by the captain or major, the choice depending
upon conditions arising during the progress of the advance. If
the deployment is found to be premature, it will generally be
best to assemble the company and proceed in close order.
Patrols ure used to provide the necessary security against surprise.
213. Being in skirmish line: 1. Platoon columns, 2.
MARCH.
The platoon leaders move forward through the center of their
respective platoons; men to the right of the platoon leader march
to the left and follow him in file; those to the left march in
like manner to the right; each platoon leader thus conducts the
march of his platoon in double column of files; platoon guides
follow in rear of their respective platoons to insure prompt
and orderly execution of the advance.
214. Being in skirmish line: 1. Squad columns, 2.
MARCH.
Each squad leader moves to the front; the members of each squad
oblique toward and follow their squad leader in single file at
easy marching distances.
215. Platoon columns are profitably used where the ground
is so difficult or cover so limited as to make it desirable to
take advantage of the few favorable routes; no two platoons
should march within the area of burst of a single shrapnel.[5]
squad columns are of value principally in facilitating the
advance over rough or brush-grown ground; they afford no material
advantage in securing cover.
216. To deploy platoon or squad columns: 1. As
skirmishers, 2. MARCH.
Skirmishers move to the right or left front and successively place
themselves in their original positions on the line.
217. Being in platoon or squad columns: 1. Assemble,
2. MARCH.
The platoon or squad leaders signal assemble. The men of
each platoon or squad, as the case may be, advance and, moving to
the right and left, take their proper places in line; each unit
assembling on the leading element of the column and re-forming
in line. The platoon or squad leaders conduct their units toward
the element or point indicated by the captain, and to their places
in line; the company is re-formed in line.
218. Being in skirmish line, to advance by a succession of
thin lines: 1. (Such numbers), forward, 2. MARCH.
The captain points out in advance the selected position in front
of the line occupied. The designated number of each squad moves to
the front; the line thus formed preserves the original intervals
as nearly as practicable; when this line has advanced a suitable
distance (generally from 100 to 250 yards, depending upon the
terrain and the character of the hostile fire), a second is sent
forward by similar commands, and so on at irregular distances,
until the whole line has advanced, Upon arriving at the indicated
position, the first line is halted. Successive lines, upon arriving,
halt on line with the first and the men take their proper places
in the skirmish line.
Ordinarily each line is made up of one man per squad and the
men of a squad are sent forward in order from right to left as
deployed. The first line is led by the platoon leader of the
right platoon, the second by the guide of the right platoon, and
so on in order from right to left.
The advance is conducted in quick time unless conditions demand
a faster gait.
The company having arrived at the indicated position; a further
advance by the same means may be advisable.
219. The advance in a succession of thin lines is used to
cross a wide stretch swept, or likely to be swept, by artillery
fire or heavy, long-range rifle fire which can not profitably be
returned. Its purpose is the building up of a strong skirmish
line preparatory to engaging in a fire tight. This method of
advancing results in serious (though temporary) loss of control
over the company. Its advantage lies in the fact that it offers
less definite target, hence is less likely to draw fire.
220. The above are suggestions. Other and better formations
may be devised to fit particular cases. The best formation is the
one which advances the line farthest with the least loss of men,
time, and control.
THE FIRE ATTACK.
221. The principles governing the advance of the firing
line in attack are considered in the School of the Battalion.
When it becomes impracticable for the company to advance as a
whole by ordinary means, it advances by rushes.
222. Being in skirmish line: 1. By platoon (two
platoons, squad, four men, etc.), from the right (left),
2. RUSH.
The platoon leader on the indicated flank carefully arranges
the details for a prompt and vigorous execution of the rush and
puts it into effect as soon as practicable. If necessary, he
designates the leader for the indicated fraction. When about
to rush, he causes the men of the fraction to cease firing and
to hold themselves flat, but in readiness to spring forward
instantly. The leader of the rush (at the signal of the platoon
leader, if the latter be not the leader of the rush) commands:
follow me, and, running at top speed, leads the fraction
to the new line, where be halts it and causes it to open fire.
The leader of the rush selects the new line if it has not been
previously designated.
The first fraction having established itself on the new line,
the next like fraction is sent forward by its platoon leader,
without further command of the captain, and so on, successively,
until the entire company is on the line established by the first
rush.
If more than one platoon is to join in one rush, the junior
platoon leader conforms to the action of the senior.
A part of the line having advanced, the captain may increase
or decrease the size of the fractions to complete the movement.
223. When the company forms a part of the firing line, the
rush of the company as a whole is conducted by the captain, as
described for a platoon in the preceding paragraph. The captain
leads the rush; platoon leaders lead their respective platoons;
platoon guides follow the line to insure prompt and orderly
execution of the advance.
224. When the foregoing method of rushing, by running,
becomes impracticable, any method of advance that brings the
attack closer to the enemy, such as crawling, should be
employed.
For regulations governing the charge, see paragraphs 318 and 319.
THE COMPANY IN SUPPORT.
225. To enable it to follow or reach the firing line, the
support adopts suitable formations, following the principles
explained in paragraphs 212-218.
The support should be kept assembled as long as practicable.
If after deploying a favorable opportunity arises to hold it
for some time in close formation, it should be reassembled. It
is redeployed when necessary.
226. The movements of the support as a whole and the
dispatch of reenforcements from it to the firing line are
controlled by the major.
A reenforcement of less than one platoon has little influence
and will be avoided whenever practicable.
The captain of a company in support is constantly on the alert
for the major's signals or commands.
227. A reenforcement sent to the firing line joins it
deployed as skirmishers. The leader of the reenforcement places
it in an interval in the line, if one exists: and commands it
thereafter as a unit. If no such suitable interval exists, the
reenforcement is advanced with increased intervals between
skirmishers; each man occupies the nearest interval in the
firing line, and each then obeys the orders of the nearest
squad lender and platoon leader.
228. A reenforcement joins the firing line as quickly as
possible without exhausting the men.
229. The original platoon division of the companies in
the firing line should be maintained and should not be broken
up by the mingling of reenforcements.
Upon joining the firing line, officers and sergeants accompanying
a reenforcement take over the duties of others of like grade
who have been disabled, or distribute themselves so as best to
exercise their normal functions. Conditions with vary and no rules
can be prescribed. It is essential that all assist in mastering
the increasing difficulties of control.
THE COMPANY ACTING ALONE.
230. In general, the company, when acting alone, is employed
according to the principles applicable to the battalion acting
alone; the captain employs platoons as the major employs companies,
making due allowance for the difference in strength.
The support may be smaller in proportion or may be dispensed with.
231. The company must be well protected against surprise.
Combat patrols on the flanks are specially important. Each leader
of a flank platoon details a man to watch for the signals of the
patrol or patrols on his flank.
FIRE.
232. Ordinarily pieces are loaded and extra ammunition is
issued before the company deploys for combat.
In close order the company executes the firings at the command
of the captain, who posts himself in rear of the center of the
company.
Usually the firings, in close order consist of saluting volleys
only.
233. When the company is deployed, the men execute the
firings at the command of their platoon leaders; the latter
give such commands as are necessary to carry out the captain's
directions, and, from time to time, add such further commands
as are necessary to continue, correct, and control the fire
ordered.
234. The voice is generally inadequate for giving commands
during fire and must be replaced by signals of such character
that proper fire direction and control is assured. To attract
attention, signals must usually be preceded by the whistle signal
(short blast). A friction of the firing line about to rush should,
it practicable, avoid using the long blast signal as an aid to
cease firing. Officers and men behind the firing line can
not ordinarily move freely along the line, but must depend on
mutual watchfulness and the proper use of the prescribed signals.
All should post themselves so as to see their immediate superiors
and subordinates.
235. The musicians assist the captain by observing the
enemy, the target, and the fire effect by transmitting commands
or signals and by watching for signals.
236. Firing with blank cartridges at an outlined or
represented enemy at distances less than 100 yards is prohibited.
237. The effect of fire and the influence of the ground in
relation thereto, and the individual and collective instruction in
marksmanship, are treated in the Small-Arms Firing Manual.
RANGES.
238. For convenience of reference ranges are classified as
follows:
0 to 600 yards, close range.
600 to 1,200 yards, effective range.
1,200 to 2,000 yards, long range.
2,000 yards and over, distant range.
239. The distance to the target must be determined as
accurately as possible and the sights set accordingly. Aside
from training and morale, this is the most important single
factor in securing effective fire at the longer ranges.
240. Except in a deliberately prepared defensive position,
the most accurate and only practicable method of determining the
range will generally be to take the mean of several estimates.
Five or six officers or men, selected from the most accurate
estimators in the company, are designated as range
estimator and are specially trained in estimating distances.
Whenever necessary and practicable, the captain assembles the
range estimators, points out the target to them, and adopts the
mean of their estimates. The range estimators then take their
customary posts.
CLASSES OF FIRING.
241. Volley firing has limited application. In defense it
may be used in the early stages of the action if the enemy presents
a large, compact target. It may be used by troops executing fire
of position. When the ground near the target is such that the
strike of bullets can be seen from the firing line, ranging
volleys may be used to correct the sight setting.
In combat, volley firing is executed habitually by platoon.
242. Fire at will is the class of fire normally employed in
attack or defense.
243. Clip fire has limited application. It is principally
used: 1. In the early stages of combat, to steady the men by
habituating them to brief pauses in firing. 2. To produce a short
burst of fire.
THE TARGET.
244. Ordinarily the major will assign to the company an
objective in attack or sector in defense; the company's target will
lie within the limits so assigned. In the choice of target, tactical
considerations are paramount; the nearest hostile troops within
the objective or sector will thus be the usual target. This will
ordinarily be the hostile firing line; troops in rear are ordinarily
proper targets for artillery, machine guns, or, at times, infantry
employing fire of position.
Change of targets should not be made without excellent reasons
therefor, such as the sudden appearance of hostile troops under
conditions which make them more to be feared than the troops
comprising the former target.
245. The distribution of fire over the entire target is of
special importance.
The captain allots a part of the target to each platoon, or each
platoon leader takes as his target that part which corresponds
to his position in the company. Men are so instructed that each
fires on that part of the target which is directly opposite him.
246. All parts of the target are equally important. Care
must be exercised that the men do not slight its less visible
parts. A section of the target not covered by fire represents a
number of the enemy permitted to fire cooly and effectively.
247. If the target can not be seen with the naked eye,
platoon leaders select an object in front of or behind it,
designate this as the aiming target, and direct a sight
setting which will carry the cone of fire into the target.
FIRE DIRECTION.
248. When the company is large enough to be divided into
platoons, it is impracticable for the captain to command it
directly in combat. His efficiency in managing the firing line
is measured by his ability to enforce his will through the
platoon leaders. Having indicated clearly what he desires them
to do, he avoids interfering except to correct serious errors
or omissions.
249. The captain directs the fire of the company or
of designated platoons. He designates the target, and, when
practicable, allots a part of the target to each platoon.
Before beginning the fire action he determines the range,
announces the sight setting, and indicates the class of fire
to be employed, and the time to open fire. Thereafter, he
observes the fire effect, corrects material errors in sight
setting, prevents exhaustion of the ammunition supply, and
causes the distribution of such extra ammunition as may be
received from the rear.
FIRE CONTROL.
250. In combat the platoon is the fire unit. From 20 to
35 rifles are as many as one leader can control effectively.
251. Each platoon leader puts into execution the commands
or directions of the captain, having first taken such precautions
to insure correct sight setting and clear description of the
target or aiming target as the situation permits or requires;
thereafter he gives such additional commands or directions as
are necessary to exact compliance with the captain's will. He
corrects the sight setting when necessary. He designates an
aiming target when the target can not be seen with the naked eye.
252. In general, platoon leaders observe the
target and the effect of their fire and are on the alert for
the captain's commands or signals; they observe and regulate the
rate of fire. The platoon guides watch the firing line and
check every breach of fire discipline. Squad leaders
transmit commands and signals when necessary, observe the conduct
of their squads and abate excitement, assist in enforcing fire
discipline and participate in the firing.
253. The best troops are those that submit longest to fire
control. Loss of control is an evil which robs success of its
greatest results. To avoid or delay such loss should be the
constant aim of all.
Fire control implies the ability to stop firing, change the sight
setting and target, and resume a well directed fire.
FIRE DISCIPLINE.
254. "Fire discipline implies, besides a habit of obedience,
a control of the rifle by the soldier, the result of training,
which will enable him in action to make hits instead of misses.
It embraces taking advantage of the ground; care in setting the
sight and delivery of fire; constant attention to the orders of
the leaders, and careful observation of the enemy; an increase
of fire when the target is favorable, and a cessation of fire
when the enemy disappears; economy of ammunition." (Small-arms
Firing Manual.)
In combat, shots which graze the enemy's trench or position and
thus reduce the effectiveness of his fire have the approximate
value of hits; such shots only, or actual hits, contribute toward
fire superiority.
Fire discipline implies that, in a firing line without leaders,
each man retains his presence of mind and directs effective fire
upon the proper target.
255. To create a correct appreciation of the requirements
of fire discipline, men are taught that the rate of fire should be
as rapid as is consistent with accurate aiming; that the rate
will depend upon the visibility, proximity, and size or the target;
and that the proper rate will ordinarily suggest itself to each
trained man, usually rendering cautions or commands unnecessary.
In attack the highest rate of fire is employed at the halt preceding
the assault, and in pursuing fire.
256. In an advance by rushes, leaders of troops in firing
positions are responsible for the delivery of heavy fire to cover
the advance of each rushing fraction. Troops are trained to change
slightly the direction of fire so as not to endanger the flanks of
advanced portions of the firing line.
257. In defense, when the target disappears behind cover,
platoon leaders suspend fire, prepare their platoons to fire upon
the point where it is expected to reappear, and greet its
reappearance instantly with vigorous fire.
745. Being in line at a halt: 1. Open ranks, 2.
MARCH.
At the command march the front rank executes right dress;
the rear rank and the file closers march backward 4 steps, halt,
and execute right dress; the lieutenants pass around their
respective flanks and take post, facing to the front, 3 paces in
front of the center of their respective platoons. The captain
aligns the front rank, rear rank, and file closers, takes post
8 paces in front of the right guide, facing to the left, and
commands: 1. FRONT, 2. PREPARE FOR INSPECTION.
At the second command the lieutenants carry saber; the captain
returns saber and inspects them, after which they face about, order
saber, and stand at ease; upon the completion of the inspection
they carry saber, face about, and order saber. The captain may
direct the lieutenants to accompany or assist him, in which case
they return saber and, at the close of the inspection, resume
their posts in front of the company, draw and carry saber.
Having inspected the lieutenants, the captain proceeds to the
right of the company. Each man, as the captain approaches him,
executes inspection arms.
The captain takes the piece, grasping it with his right hand just
above the rear sight, the man dropping his hands. The captain
inspects the piece, and, with the hand and piece in the same
position as in receiving it, hands it back to the man, who takes
it with the left hand at the balance and executes order
arms.
As the captain returns the piece the next man executes
inspection arms, and so on through the company.
Should the piece be inspected without handling, each man executes
order arms as soon as the captain passes to the next, man.
The inspection is from right to left in front, and from left
to right in rear, of each rank and of the line of file closers.
When approached by the captain the first sergeant executes
inspection saber. Enlisted men armed with the pistol
execute inspection pistol by drawing the pistol from the
holster and holding it diagonally across the body, barrel up,
and 6 inches in front of the neck, muzzle pointing up and to
the left. The pistol is returned to the holster as soon as the
captain passes.
Upon completion of the inspection the captain takes post facing
to the left in front of the right guide and on line with the
lieutenants and commands: 1. Close ranks, 2. MARCH.
At the command march the lieutenants resume their posts
in line; the rear rank closes to 40 inches, each man covering his
file leader; the file closers close to 2 paces from the rear rank.
746. If the company is dismissed. rifles are put away. In
quarters, headdress and accouterments are removed and the men
stand near their respective bunks; in camp they stand covered,
but without accourterments, in front of their tents.
If the personal field equipment has not been inspected in ranks
and its inspection in quarters or camp is ordered, each man will
arrange the prescribed articles on his bunk, if in quarters or
permanent camp, or in front of his half of the tent, if in shelter
tent camp, in the same relative order as directed in paragraph
747.
The captain, accompanied by the lieutenants, then inspects the
quarters or camp. The first sergeant precedes the captain and
calls the men to attention on entering each squad room or on
approaching the tents; the men stand at attention but do not salute.
(C. I. D. R., No. 16, Aug. 25, 1916.)
747. (Edition approved Aug. 10, 1911, and edition corrected
to November, 1913.) If the inspection is to include an examination
of the equipment while in ranks, the captain, after closing ranks,
causes the company to stack arms, to march backward until 4 paces
in rear of the stacks and to take intervals. He then commands:
1. UNSLING EQUIPMENT, 2. OPEN PACKS.
At the first command, each man unslings his equipment and places
it on the ground at his feet, haversack to the front end of the
pack 1 foot in front of toes.
At the second command, pack carriers are unstrapped, packs removed
and unrolled, the longer edge of the pack along the lower edge of
the cartridge belt. Each man exposes shelter tent pins, removes
meat can, knife, fork, and spoon from the meat-can pouch, and
places them on the right of the haversack, knife, fork, and spoon
in the open meat can; removes the canteen and cup from the cover
and places them on the left side of the haversack; unstraps and
spreads out haversack so as to expose its contents; folds up the
carrier to uncover the cartridge pockets; opens same; unrolls
toilet articles and places them on the outer flap of the haversack;
places underwear carried in pack on the left half of the open pack,
with round fold parallel with front edge of pack; opens first-aid
pouch and exposes contents to view. Special articles carried
by individual men, such as flag kit, field glasses, compass,
steel tape, notebook, etc., will be arranged on the right half
of the open pack. Each man then resumes the attention. Plate VI
shows the relative position of all articles except underwear
and special articles.
The captain then passes along the ranks and file closers as be,
fore, inspects the equipment, returns to the right, and commands:
CLOSE PACKS.
Each man rolls up his toilet articles and underwear, straps up
his haversack and its contents, replaces the meat can, knife,
fork, and spoon, and the canteen and cup: closes cartridge pockets
and first-aid pouch; restores special articles to their proper
receptacles; rolls up and replaces pack in currier; and, leaving
the equipment in its position on the ground, resumes the attention.
All equipments being packed, the captain commands: SLING
EQUIPMENT.
The equipments are slung and belts fastened.
The captain then causes the company to assemble and take arms.
The inspection is completed as already explained.
748. Should the inspector be other than the captain, the
latter, after commanding front, adds REST, and
faces to the front. When the inspector approaches, the captain
faces to the left, brings the company to attention, faces to
the front, and salutes. The salute acknowledged, the captain
carries saber, faces to the left, commands: PREPARE FOR
INSPECTION, and again faces to the front.
The inspection proceeds as before; the captain returns saber
and accompanies the inspector as soon as the latter passes him.
SHELTER TENTS.
[For Infantry Equipment, model of 1910.][6]
792. Being in line or in column of platoons, the captain
commands: FORM FOR SHELTER TENTS.
The officers, first sergeant, and guides fallout; the cooks form
a file on the flank of the company nearest the kitchen, the first
sergeant and right guide fall in, forming the right file of the
company; blank files are filled by the file closers or by men
taken from the front rank; the remaining guide, or guides, and
file closers form on a convenient flank.
Before forming column of platoons, preparatory to pitching tents,
the company may be redivided into two or more platoons, regardless
of the size of each.
793. The captain then causes the company to take intervals
as described in the School of the Squad and commands: PITCH
TENTS.
At the command pitch tents, each man steps off obliquely to
the right with the right foot and lays his rifle on the ground,
the butt of the rifle near the toe of the right foot, muzzle to
the front, barrel to the left, and steps back into his place; each
front rank man then draws his bayonet and sticks it in the ground
by the outside of the right heel.
Equipments are unslung, packs opened, shelter half and pins removed:
each man then spreads his shelter half, small triangle to the
rear, flat upon the ground the tent is to occupy, the rear rank
man's half on the right. The halves are then buttoned together;
the guy loops at both ends of the lower half are passed through
the buttonholes provided in the lower and upper halves; the whipped
end of the guy rope is then passed through both guy loops and
secured, this at both ends of the tent. Each front rank man inserts
the muzzle of his rifle under the front end of the ridge and
holds the rifle upright, sling to the front, heel of butt on
the ground beside the bayonet. His rear rank man pins down the
front corners of the tent on the line of bayonets, stretching
the tent taut; he then inserts a pin in the eye of the front
guy rope and drives the pin at such a distance in front of the
rifle as to hold the rope taut; both men go to the rear of the
tent, each pins down a corner, stretching the sides and rear
of the tent before securing; the rear rank man then inserts an
intrenching tool, or a bayonet in its scabbard, under the rear
end of the ridge inside the tent, the front rank man pegging
down the end of the rear guy ropes; the rest of the pins are
then driven by both men, the rear rank man working on the right.
NOTE.--The use of the hand ax and the pick mattock in organizations
equipped with the intrenching tool is authorized for the purpose
of driving shelter tent pins. The use of the bayonet for this
purpose is prohibited.
The front flaps of the tent are not fastened down, but thrown
back on the tent.
As soon as the tent is pitched each man arranges his equipment
and the contents of his pack in the tent and stands at attention
in front of his own half on line with the front guy-rope pin.
To have a uniform slope when the tents are pitched, the guy ropes
should all be of the same length.
In shelter-tent camps, in localities where suitable material
is procurable, tent poles may be improvised and used in lieu of
the rifle and bayonet or intrenching tool as supports for the
shelter tent.
794. When the pack is not carried the company is formed
for shelter tents, intervals are taken, arms are laid aside or
on the ground, the men are dismissed and proceed to the wagon,
secure their packs, return to their places, and pitch tents as
heretofore described.
795. Double shelter tents may be pitched by first pitching
one tent as heretofore described, then pitching a second tent
against the opening of the first, using one rifle to support both
tents, and passing the front guy ropes over and down the sides of
the opposite tents. The front corner of one tent is not pegged
down, but is thrown back to permit an opening into the tent.
SINGLE SLEEPING BAG.
796. Spread the poncho on the ground, buttoned end at the
feet, buttoned side to the left; fold the blanket once across its
short dimension and lay it on the poncho, folded side along the
right side of the poncho; tie the blanket together along the left
side by means of the tapes provided; fold the left half of the
poncho over the blanket and button it together along the side and
bottom.
DOUBLE SLEEPING BAG.
797. Spread one poncho on-the ground, buttoned end at the
feet, buttoned side to the left; spread the blankets on top of the
poncho; tie the edges of the blankets together with the tapes
provided; spread a second poncho on top of the blankets, buttoned
end at the feet, buttoned side to the right; button the two ponchos
together along both sides and across the end.
TO STRIKE SHELTER TENTS.
798. The men standing in front of their tents: STRIKE
TENTS.
Equipments and rifles are removed from the tent; the tents are
lowered, packs made up, and equipments slung, and the men stand
at attention in the places originally occupied after taking
intervals.
TO PITCH ALL TYPES OF ARMY TENTS, EXCEPT SHELTER AND CONICAL WALL
TENTS.
799. To pitch all types of Army tents, except shelter and
conical wall tents: Mark line of tents by driving a wall pin on
the spot to be occupied by the right (or left) corner of each
tent. For pyramidal tents the interval between adjacent pins
should be about 30 feet, which will give a passage of 2 feet
between tents. Spread tripod on the ground where the center of
tent is to be, if tripod is used. Spread the tent on the ground
to be occupied, door to the front, and place the right (or left)
front wall loop over the pin. The door (or doors, if more than
one) being fastened and held together at the bottom, the left
(or right) corner wall loop is carried to the left (or right) as
far as it will go and a wall pin driven through it, the pin being
placed in line with the right (or left) corner pins already
driven. At the same time the rear corner wall loops are pulled to
the rear and outward so that the rear wall of the tent is stretched
to complete the rectangle. Wall pins are then driven through these
loops. Each corner pin should be directly in rear of the
corresponding front corner pin, making a rectangle. Unless the
canvas be wet, a small amount of slack should be allowed before
the corner pins are driven. According to the size of the tent,
one or two men, crawling under the tent if necessary, fit each
pole or ridge or upright into the ring or ridge-pole holes, and
such accessories as hood, fly, and brace ropes are adjusted. If
a tripod be used an additional man will go under the tent to adjust
it. The tent, steadied by the remaining men, one at each corner guy
rope, will then be raised. If the tent is a ward or storage type,
corner poles will now be placed at the four corners. The four
corner guy ropes are then placed over the lower notches of the
large pins driven in prolongation of the diagonals at such distance
as to hold the walls and end of the tent vertical and smooth when
the guy ropes are drawn taut. A wall pin is then driven through
each remaining wall loop and a large pin for each guy rope is
driven in line with the corner guy pins already driven. The guy
ropes of the tent are placed over the lower notches, while the guy
ropes of the fly are placed over the upper notches, and are then
drawn taut. Brace ropes when used, are then secured to stakes
or pins suitably placed.
800. Rescinded.
CONICAL WALL TENT.
801. Drive the door pin and center pin 8 feet 3 inches
apart. Using the hood lines, with center pin as center, describe
two concentric circles with radii 8 feet 3 inches and 11 feet 3
inches. In the outer circle drive two door guy pins 3 feet apart.
At intervals of about 3 feet drive the other guy pins.
In other respects conical tents are erected practically as in
the case of pyramidal tents.
TO STRIKE COMMON, WALL, PYRAMIDAL, AND CONICAL WALL TENTS.
802. STRIKE TENTS.
The men first remove all pins except those of the four corner
guy ropes, or the four quadrant guy ropes in the case of the
conical wall tent. The pins are neatly piled or placed in their
receptacle.
One man holds each guy, and when the ground is clear the tent
is lowered, folded, or rolled and tied, the poles or tripod and
pole fastened together, and the remaining pins collected.
TO FOLD TENTS.
803. For folding common, wall, hospital, and storage
tents: Spread the tent flat on the ground, folded at the ridge
so that bottoms of side walls are even, ends of tent forming
triangles to the right and left; fold the triangular ends of
the tent in toward the middle, making it rectangular in shape;
fold the top over about 9 inches; fold the tent in two by
carrying the top fold over clear to the foot; fold again in
two from the top to the foot; throw all guys on tent except
the second from each end; fold the ends in so as to cover about
two-thirds of the second cloths; fold the left end over to meet
the turned-in edge of the right end, then fold the right end
over the top, completing the bundle; tie with the two exposed
guys.
METHOD OF FOLDING PYRAMIDAL TENT.
The tent is thrown toward the rear and the back wall and roof
canvas pulled out smooth. This may be most easily accomplished
by leaving the rear-corner wall pins in the ground with the wall
loops attached, one man at each rear-corner guy, and one holding
the square iron in a perpendicular position and pulling the canvas
to its limit away from the former front of the tent. This leaves
the three remaining sides of the tent on top of the rear side,
with the door side in the middle.
Now carry the right-front corner over and lay it on the left-rear
corner. Pull all canvas smooth, throw guys toward square iron,
and pull bottom edges even. Then take the right-front corner
and return to the right, covering the right-rear corner. This
folds the right side of the tent on itself, with the crease in
the middle and under the front side of tent.
Next carry the left-front corner to the right and back as described
above; this when completed will leave the front and rear sides
of the tent lying smooth and fiat and the two side walls folded
inward, each on itself.
Place the hood in the square iron which has been folded downward
toward the bottom of the tent, and continue to fold around the
square iron as a core, pressing all folds down flat and smooth and
parallel with the bottom of the tent. If each fold is compactly
made and the canvas kept smooth, the last fold will exactly cover
the lower edge of the canvas. Lay all exposed guys along the
folded canvas except the two on the center width, which should
be pulled out and away from bottom edge to their extreme length
for tying. Now, beginning at one end, fold toward the center
on the first seam (that joining the first and second widths)
and fold again toward the center, so that the already folded
canvas will come to within about 3 inches of the middle width.
Then fold over to the opposite edge of middle width of canvas.
Then begin folding from opposite end, folding the first width
in half, then making a second fold to come within about 4 or
5 inches of that already folded; turn this fold entirely over
that already folded. Take the exposed guys and draw them taut
across each other, turn bundle over on the under guy, cross guys
on top of bundle, drawing tight. Turn bundle over on the crossed
guys and tie lengthwise.
When properly tied and pressed together this will make a package
11 by 23 by 34 inches, requiring about 8,855 cubic inches to
store or pack.
Stencil the organization designation on the lower half of the
middle width of canvas in the back wall.
WAR DEPARTMENT,
OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF STAFF,
Washington, December 2, 1911.
Paragraphs 747, 792, 793, 794, 795, 796, 797, and 798. Infantry
Drill Regulations, 1911, apply only to troops equipped with the
Infantry Equipment, model 1910. For troops equipped under General
Orders, No. 23, War Department, 1906, and orders amendatory thereof,
the alternative paragraphs published herewith will govern.
By order of the Secretary of War:
LEONARD WOOD,
Major General, Chief of Staff.
747. If the inspection is to include an examination of the
blanket rolls the captain, before dismissing the company and after
inspecting the file closers, directs the lieutenants to remain in
place, closes ranks, stacks arms, dresses the company back to four
paces from the stacks, takes intervals, and Commands: 1.
Unsling, 2. PACKS, 3. Open, 4. PACKS.
At the second command each man unslings his roll and places it
on the ground at his feet, rounded end to the front, square end
of shelter half to the right.
At the fourth command the rolls are untied, laid perpendicular
to the front, with the triangular end of the shelter half to the
front, opened, and unrolled to the left; each man prepares the
contents of his roll for inspection and resumes the attention.
The captain then returns saber, passes along the ranks and file
closers as before, inspects the rolls, returns to the right,
draws saber and commands: 1. Close, 2. PACKS.
At the second command each man, with his shelter half smoothly
spread on the ground with buttons up and triangular end to the
front, folds his blanket once across its length and places it
upon the shelter half, fold toward the bottom, edge one-half
inch from the square end, the same amount of canvas uncovered
at the top and bottom. He then places the parts of the pole at
the side of the blanket next the square end of shelter half, near
and parallel to the fold, end of pole about 6 inches from the
edge of the blanket; nests the pins similarly near the opposite
edge of the blanket find distributes the other articles carried in
the roll; folds the triangular end and then the exposed portion
of the bottom of the shelter half over the blanket.
The two men in each file roll and fasten first the roll of the
front and then of the rear rank man. The file closers work similarly
two and two, or with the front rank man of a blank file. Each
pair stands on the folded side, rolls the blanket roll closely
and buckles the straps, passing the end of the strap through both
keeper and buckle, back over the buckle and under the keeper.
With the roll so lying on the ground that the edge of the shelter
half can just be seen when looking vertically downward one end is
bent upward and over to meet the other, a clove hitch is taken
with the guy rope first around the end to which it is attached and
then around the other end, adjusting the length of rope between
hitches to suit the wearer.
As soon as a file completes its two rolls each man places his
roll in the position it was in after being unslung find stands
at attention.
All the rolls being completed, the captain commands: 1.
Sling, 2. PACKS.
At the second command the rolls ure slung, the end containing
the pole to the rear.
The company is assembled, takes arms, and the captain completes
the inspection as before.
792. Being in line or in column of platoons, the captain
commands: FORM FOR SHELTER TENTS.
The officers, first sergeant, and guides fall out; the cooks
form a file on the flank of the company nearest the kitchen, the
first sergeant and right guide fall in, forming the right file
of the company; blank files are filled by the file closers or
by men taken from the front rank; the remaining guide or guides,
and file closers form on a convenient flank. Before forming column
of platoons, preparatory to pitching tents, the company may be
redivided into two or more platoons, regardless of the size of
each.
793. The captain then causes the company to take intervals
as described in the School of the Squad, and commands: PITCH
TENTS.
At the command PITCH TENTS, each man steps off obliquely to the
right with the right foot and lays his rifle on the ground, the
butt of the rifle near the toe of the right foot, muzzle to the
front, barrel to the left, and steps back into his place; each
front rank man then draws his bayonet and sticks it in the ground
by the outside of the right heel. All unsling and open the blanket
rolls and take out the shelter half, poles, and pins. Each then
spreads his shelter half, triangle to the rear, flat upon the
ground the tent is to occupy, rear rank man's half on the right.
The halves are then buttoned together. Each front rank man joins
his pole, inserts the top in the eyes of the halves, and holds
the pole upright beside the bayonet placed in the ground; his rear
rank man, using the pins in front, pins down the front corners
of the tent on the line of bayonets, stretching the canvas taut;
he then inserts a pin in the eye of the rope and drives the pin
at such distance in front of the pole as to hold the rope taut.
Both then go to the rear of the tent; the rear rank man adjusts
the pole and the front rank man drives the pins. The rest of
the pins are then driven by both men, the rear-rank man working
on the right.
NOTE.--The use of the hand ax and the pick mattock in organizations
equipped with the intrenching tool is authorized for the purpose
of driving shelter tent pins. The use of the bayonet for that
purpose is prohibited.
As soon as the tent is patched each man arranges the contents
of the blanket roll in the tent and stands at attention in front
of his own half on line with the front guy-rope pin.
The guy ropes, to have a uniform slope when the shelter tents
are pitched, should all be of the same length.
794. When the blanket roll is not carried, intervals are
taken as described above; the position of the front pole is
marked with a bayonet and equipments are laid aside. The men
then proceed to the wagon, secure their rolls, return to their
places, and pitch tents as heretofore described.
795. To pitch double shelter tent, the captain gives the
same commands as before, except Take half interval is
given instead of Take interval. In taking interval each
man follows the preceding man at 2 paces. The captain then
commands: PITCH DOUBLE TENTS.
The first sergeant places himself on the right of the right guide
and with him pitches a single shelter tent.
Only the odd numbers of the front rank mark the line with the
bayonet.
The tent is formed by buttoning together the square ends of two
single tents. Two complete tents, except one pole, are used.
Two guy ropes are used at each end, the guy pins being placed
in front of the corner pins.
The tents are pitched by numbers 1 and 2, front and rear rank;
and by numbers 3 and 4, front and rear rank; the men falling
in on the left are numbered, counting off if necessary.
All the men spread their shelter halves on the ground the tent is
to occupy. Those of the front rank are placed with the triangular
ends to the front. All four halves are then buttoned together,
first the ridges and then the square ends. The front corners
of the tent are pinned by the front rank men, the odd number
holding the poles, the even number driving the pins. The rear
rank men similarly pin the rear corners.
While the odd numbers steady the poles, each even number of the
front rank takes his pole and enters the tent, where, assisted
by the even number of the rear rank, he adjusts the pole to the
center eyes of the shelter halves in the following order: (1)
The lower half of the front tent; (2) the lower half of the rear
tent; (3) the upper half of the front tent; (4) the upper half
of the rear tent. The guy ropes are then adjusted.
The tents having been pitched, the triangular ends are turned back,
contents of the rolls arranged, and the men stand at attention,
each opposite his own shelter half and facing out from the tent.
796. Omitted.
797. Omitted.
798. Omitted.
1. The Infantry soldier relies mainly on fire action to
disable the enemy, but he should know that personal combat is
often necessary to obtain success. Therefore, he must be
instructed in the use of the rifle and bayonet in hand-to-hand
encounters.
2. The object of this instruction is to teach the soldier
how to make effect use of the rifle and bayonet in personal
combat: to make him quick and proficient in handling his rifle;
to give him an accurate eye and a steady hand; and to give him
confidence in the bayonet in offense and defense. When skill in
these exercises has been acquired, the rifle will still remain
a most formidable weapon at close quarters should the bayonet be
lost or disabled.
3. Efficiency of organizations in bayonet fighting will
be judged by the skill shown by individuals in personal combat.
For this purpose pairs or groups of opponents, selected at
random from among recruits and trained soldiers, should engage
in assaults, using the fencing equipment provided for the
purpose.
4. Officers and specially selected and thoroughly
instructed noncommissioned officers will act us instructors.
5. Instruction in bayonet combat should begin as soon as
the soldier is familiar with the handling of his rifle and will
progress, as far as practicable, in the order followed in the
text.
6. Instruction is ordinarily given on even ground; but
practice should also be had on uneven ground, especially in the
attack and defense of intrenchments.
7. These exercises will not be used as a calisthenic
drill.
8. The principles of the commands are the same as those
given in paragraph 9, 15, and 38, Infantry Drill Regulations.
Intervals and distances will be taken as in paragraphs 109 and
111, Infantry Drill Regulations, except that, in formations for
bayonet exercises, the men should be at least four paces apart
in every direction.
9. Before requiring soldiers to take a position or
execute a movement for the first time, the instructor executes
the same for the purpose of illustration, after which he requires
the soldiers to execute the movement individually. Movements
prescribed in this manual will not be executed in cadence as
the attempt to do so results in incomplete execution and lack
of vigor. Each movement will be executed correctly as quickly
as possible by every man. As soon as the movements are executed
accurately, the commands are given rapidly, as expertness with
the bayonet depends chiefly upon quickness of motion.
10. The exercises will he interrupted at first by short
and frequent rests. The rests will be less frequent as
proficiency is attained. Fatigue and exhaustion will be
specially guarded against, as they prevent proper interest
being taken in the exercises and delay the progress of the
instruction. Rests will be given from the position of order
arms in the manner prescribed in Infantry Drill Regulations.
NOMENCLATURE AND DESCRIPTION.
11. The bayonet is a cutting and thrusting weapon
consisting of three principal parts, viz, the blade,
guard, and grip.
12. The blade has the following parts: Edge, false edge,
back, grooves, point, and tang. The length of the blade from
guard to point is 16 inches, the edge 14.5 inches, and the
false edge 5.6 inches. Length of the rifle, bayonet fixed, is
59.4 inches. The weight of the bayonet is 1 pound; weight of
rifle without bayonet is 8.69 pounds. The center of gravity of
the rifle, with bayonet fixed, is just in front of the rear
sight.
NOTE.--The use of the hand ax and the pick mattock in organizations
equipped with the intrenching tool is authorized for the purpose
of driving shelter-tent pins. The use of the bayonet for that
purpose is prohibited.
13. The instructor explains the importance of good footwork
and impresses on the men the fact that quickness of foot and
suppleness of body are as important for attack and defense as
is the ability to parry and deliver a strong point or cut.
14. All foot movements should be made from the position of
guard. As far as practicable, they will be made on the balls of
the feet to insure quickness and agility. No hard and fast rule
can be laid down as to the length of the various foot movements;
this depends entirely on the situations occurring in combat.
15. The men having taken intervals or distances, the
instructor commands:
1. Bayonet exercise, 2. GUARD.
At the command guard, half face to the right, carry back
and place the right foot about once and a half its length to the
rear and about 3 inches to the right, the feet forming with each
other an angle of about 60°, weight of the body balanced
equally on the balls of the feet, knees slightly bent, palms of
hands on hips, fingers to the front, thumbs to the rear, head
erect, head and eyes straight to the front.
16. To resume the attention. 1. Squad, 2.
ATTENTION. The men take the position of the soldier and
fix their attention.
17. ADVANCE. Advance the left foot quickly about once its
length, follow immediately with the right foot the same distance.
18. RETIRE. Move the right foot quickly to the rear about
once its length, follow immediately with the left foot the same
distance.
19. 1. Front, 2. PASS. Place the right foot
quickly about once its length in front of the left, advance the
left foot to its proper position in front of the right.
20. 1. Rear 2. PASS. Place the left foot
quickly about once its length in rear of the right, retire the
right foot to its proper position in rear of the left.
The passes are used to get quickly within striking distance or
to withdraw quickly therefrom.
21. 1. Right, 2. STEP. Step to the right
with the right foot about once its length and place the left
foot in its proper relative position.
22. 1. Left, 2. STEP. Step to the left
with the left foot about once its length and place the right
foot in its proper relative position.
These steps are used to circle around an enemy, to secure a more
favorable line of attack, or to avoid the opponent's attack.
Better ground or more favorable light may be gained in this way.
In bayonet fencing and in actual combat the foot first moved in
stepping to the right or left is the one which at the moment
bears the least weight.
23. The commands for and the execution of the foot
movements are the same as already given for movements without
the rifle.
24. The men having taken intervals or distances, the
instructor commands:
1. Bayonet exercise, 2. GUARD.
At the second command take the position of guard (see par. 15);
at the same time throw the rifle smartly to the front, grasp
the rifle with the left hand just below the lower band, fingers
between the stock and gun sling, barrel turned slightly to the
left, the right hand grasping the small of the stock about 6
inches in front of the right hip, elbows free from the body,
bayonet point at the height of the chin.
25. 1. Order, 2. ARMS.
Bring the right foot up to the left and the rifle to the position
of order arms, at the same time resuming the position of attention.
26. During the preliminary instruction, attacks and defenses
will he executed from guard until proficiency is attained, after
which they may be executed from any position in which the rifle
is held.
ATTACKS.
27. 1. THRUST.
Thrust the rifle quickly forward to the full length of the left
arm, turning the barrel to the left, and direct the point of the
bayonet at the point to be attacked, butt covering the right
fore-arm. At the same time straighten the right leg vigorously
and throw the weight of the body forward and on the left leg,
the ball of the right foot always on the ground. Guard is resumed
immediately without command.
The force of the thrust is delivered principally with the right
arm, the left being used to direct the bayonet. The points at
which the attack should be directed are, in order of their
importance, stomach, chest, head, neck, and limbs.
28. 1. LUNGE.
Executed in the same manner as the thrust, except that the left
foot is carried forward about twice its length. The left heel must
always be in rear of the left knee. Guard is resumed immediately
without command. Guard may also be resumed by advancing the right
foot if for any reason it is desired to hold the ground gained
in lunging. In the latter case the preparatory command
forward will be given. Each method should be practiced.
29. 1. Butt, 2. STRIKE.
Straighten right arm and right leg vigorously and swing butt of
rifle against point of attack, pivoting the rifle in the left hand
at about the height of the left shoulder, allowing the bayonet to
pass to the rear on the left side of the head, Guard is resumed
without command.
The points of attack in their order of importance are head, neck,
stomach, and crotch.
30. 1. Cut, 2. DOWN.
Execute a quick downward stroke, edge of bayonet directed at point
of attack. Guard is resumed without command.
31. 1. Cut, 2. RIGHT (LEFT).
With a quick extension of the arms execute a cut to the right
(left), directing the edge toward the point attacked. Guard is
resumed without command.
The cuts are especially useful against the head, neck, and hands
of an enemy. In executing left cut it should be remembered that
the false, or back edge, is only 5.6 inches long. The cuts can be
executed continuation of strokes, thrusts, lunges, and parries.
32. To direct an attack to the right, left, or rear the
soldier will change front as quickly as possible in the most
convenient manner, for example: 1. To the right rear, 2.
Cut, 3. DOWN; 1. To the right, 2.
LUNGE; 1. To the left, 2. THRUST, etc.
Whenever possible the impetus gained by the turning movement
of the body should be thrown into the attack. In general this
will be best accomplished by turning on the ball of the right
foot.
These movements constitute a change of front in which the position
of guard is resumed at the completion of the movement.
33. Good judgment of distance is essential. Accuracy in
thrusting and lunging is best attained by practicing these attacks
against rings or other convenient openings, about 3 inches in
diameter, suitably suspended at desired heights.
34. The thrust and lunges at rings should first be
practiced by endeavoring to hit the opening looked at. This
should be followed by directing the attack against one opening
while looking at another.
35. The soldier should also experience the effect of
actual resistance offered to the bayonet and the butt of the
rifle in attacks. This will be taught by practicing attacks
against a dummy.
36. Dummies should be constructed in such a manner as to
permit the execution of attacks without injury to the point or
edge of the bayonet or to the barrel or stock of the rifle. A
suitable dummy can be made from pieces of rope about 5 feet in
length plaited closely together into a cable between 6 and 12
in diameter. Old rope is preferable. Bags weighted and stuffed
with hay, straw, shavings, etc. are also suitable.
DEFENSES.
37. In the preliminary drills in the defenses the position
of guard is resumed, by command, after each parry. When the men
have become proficient the instructor will cause them to resume
the position of guard instantly without command after the
execution of each parry.
38. 1. Parry, 2. RIGHT.
Keeping the right hand in the guard position, move the rifle
sharply to the right with the left arm, so that the bayonet
point is about 6 inches to the right.
39. 1. Parry, 2. LEFT.
Move the rifle sharply to the left front with both hands so as
to cover the point attacked.
40. 1. Parry, 2. HIGH.
Raise the rifle with both hands high enough to clear the line
of vision, barrel downward, point of the bayonet to the left
front.
When necessary to raise the rifle well above the head, it may
be supported between the thumb and forefinger of the left hand.
This position will be necessary against attacks from higher
elevations, such as men mounted or on top of parapets.
41. 1. Low parry, 2. RIGHT (LEFT).
Carry the point of the bayonet down until it is at the height
of the knee, moving the point of the bayonet sufficiently to the
right (left) to keep the opponent's attacks clear of the point
threatened.
These parries and rarely used, as an attack below the waist leaves
the head and body exposed.
42. Parries must not be too wide or sweeping, but sharp,
short motions, finished with a jerk or quick catch. The hands
should, as far as possible, be kept in the line of attack.
Parries against butt strike are made by quickly moving
the guard so as to cover the point attacked.
43. To provide against attack from the right, left, or
rear the soldier will change front as quickly as possible in
the most convenient maimer: for example: 1. To the left rear,
2. Parry, 3. HIGH; 1. To the right, 2. Parry,
3. RIGHT, etc.
These movements constitute a change of front in which the position
of guard is resumed at the completion of the movement.
In changing front for the purpose of attack or defense, if there
is danger of wounding a comrade, the rifle should first be brought
to a vertical position.
44. 1. Club rifle, 2. SWING.
Being at order arms, at the preparatory command quickly raise and
turn the rifle, regrasping it with both hands between the rear
sight and muzzle, barrel down, thumbs around the stock and toward
the butt; at the same time raise the rifle above the shoulder
farthest from the opponent, butt elevated and to the rear, elbows
slightly bent and knees straight. Each individual takes such
position of the feet, shoulders, and hands as best accords with
his natural dexterity. SWING. Tighten the grasp of the
hands and swing the rifle to the front and downward, directing
it at the head of the opponent, and immediately return to the
position of club rifle by completing the swing of the rifle
downward and to the rear. Repeat by the command, SWING.
The rifle should be swung with sufficient force to break through
any guard or parry that may be interposed.
Being at club rifle, order arms is resumed by command.
The use of this attack against dummies or in fencing is prohibited.
45. The position of club rifle may be taken from any
position of the rifle prescribed in the Manual of Arms. It will
not be taken in personal combat unless the emergency is such as
to preclude the use of the bayonet.
46. The purpose of combined movements is to develop more
vigorous attacks and more effective defenses than are obtained by
the single movements; to develop skill in passing from attack to
defense and the reverse. Every movement to the front should be
accompanied by an attack, which is increased in effectiveness
by the forward movement of the body. Every movement to the rear
should ordinarily be accompanied by a parry and should always
be followed by an attack. Movements to the right or left may
be accompanied by attacks or defense.
47. Not more than three movements will be used in any
combination. The instructor should first indicate the number
of movements that are to be combined as two movements
or three movements. The execution is determined by one
command of execution, and the position of guard is taken upon
the completion of the last movement only.
EXAMPLES.
Front pass and LUNGE.
Right step and THRUST.
Left step and low parry RIGHT.
Rear pass, parry left and LUNGE.
Lunge and cut RIGHT.
Parry right and parry HIGH.
Butt strike and cut DOWN.
Thrust and parry HIGH.
Parry high and LUNGE.
Advance, thrust and cut RIGHT.
Right step, parry left and cut DOWN.
To the left, butt strike and cut DOWN.
To the right rear, cut down and butt STRIKE.
48. Attacks against dummies will be practiced. The
approach will be made against the dummies both in quick time
and double time.
49. The principles of practical bayonet combat should be
taught as far as possible during the progress of instruction in
bayonet exercise.
50. The soldier must be continually impressed with the
extreme importance of the offensive due to its moral effect.
Should an attack fail, it should be followed immediately by
another attack before the opponent has an opportunity to assume
the offensive. Keep the opponent on the defensive. If, due to
circumstances, it is necessary to take the defensive, constantly
watch for an opportunity to assume the offensive and take
immediate advantage of it.
51. Observe the ground with a view to obtaining the best
footing. Time for this will generally be too limited to permit
more than a single hasty glance.
52. In personal combat watch the opponent's eyes if they
can be plainly seen, and do not fix the eyes on his weapon nor
upon the point of your attack. If his eyes can not be plainly
seen, as in night attacks, watch the movements of his weapon
and of his body.
53. Keep the body well covered and deliver attacks
vigorously. The point of the bayonet should always be kept as
nearly as possible in the line of attack. The less the rifle is
moved upward, downward, to the right, or to the left, the better
prepared the soldier is for attack or defense.
54. Constantly watch for a chance to attack the opponent's
left hand. His position of guard will not differ materially from
that described in paragraph 24. If his bayonet is without a
cutting edge, he will be at a great disadvantage.
55. The butt is used for close and sudden attacks. It is
particularly useful in riot duty. From the position of port arms
a sentry can strike a severe blow with the butt of the rifle.
56. Against a man on foot, armed with a sword, be careful
that the muzzle of the rifle is not grasped. All the swordsman's
energies will be directed toward getting past the bayonet. Attack
him with short, stabbing thrusts, and keep him beyond striking
distance of his weapon.
57. The adversary may attempt a greater extension in the
thrust and lunge by quitting the grasp of his piece with the left
hand and advancing the right as far as possible. When this is
done, a sharp parry may cause him to lose control of his rifle,
leaving him exposed to a counter attack, which should follow
promptly.
58. Against odds a small number of men can fight to best
advantage by grouping themselves so as to prevent their being
attacked from behind.
59. In fighting a mounted man armed with a saber every
effort must be made to get on his near or left side, because here
his reach is much shorter and his parries much weaker. If not
possible to disable such an enemy, attack his horse and then,
renew the attack on the horseman.
60. In receiving night attacks the assailant's movements
can be best observed from the kneeling or prone position, as his
approach generally brings him against the sky line. When he
arrives within attacking distance rise quickly and lunge well
forward= at the middle of his body.
61. Fencing exercises in two lines consist of combinations
of thrusts, parries, and foot movements executed at command or at
will, the opponent replying with suitable parries and returns.
62. The instructor will inspect the entire fencing
equipment before the exercise begins and fissure himself that
everything is in such condition as will prevent accidents.
63. The men equip themselves and form in two lines at the
order, facing each other, with intervals of about 4 paces between
files and a distance of about 2 paces between lines. One line is
designated as number 1; the other, number 2. Also as attack and
defense.
64. The opponents being at the order facing each other,
the instructor commands: SALUTE.
Each man, with eyes on his opponent, carries the left hand smartly
to the right side, palm of the hand down, thumb and fingers extended
and joined, forearm horizontal, forefinger touching the bayonet.
(Two.) Drop the arm smartly by the side.
This salute is the fencing salute.
All fencing exercises and all fencing at will between individuals
will begin and terminate with the formal courtesy of the fencing
salute.
65. After the fencing salute has been rendered the
instructor commands: 1. Fencing exercise, 2. GUARD.
At the command guard each man comes to the position of
guard, heretofore defined, bayonets crossed, each man's bayonet
bearing lightly to the right against the corresponding portion
of the opponent's bayonet. This position is known as the
engage or engage right.
66. Being at the engage right: ENGAGE LEFT.
The attack drops the point of his bayonet quickly until clear of
his opponent's rifle and describes a semicircle with it upward
and to the right; bayonets are crossed similarly as in the engaged
position, each man's bayonet bearing lightly to the left against
the corresponding portion of the opponent's bayonet.
67. Being at engage left: ENGAGE RIGHT.
The attack quickly drops the point of his bayonet until clear of
his opponent's rifle and describes a semicircle with it upward
and to the left and engages.
68. Being engaged: ENGAGE LEFT AND RIGHT.
The attack engage left and then immediately ENGAGES
RIGHT.
69. Being engaged left: ENGAGE RIGHT AND
LEFT.
The attack engages right and then immediately engages
left.
70. 1. Number one, ENGAGE RIGHT (LEFT); 2.
Number two, COUNTER.
Number one executes the movement ordered, as above; number two
quickly drops the point of his bayonet and circles it upward
to the original position.
71. In all fencing while maintaining the pressure in the
engage a certain freedom of motion of the rifle is allowable,
consisting of the play, or up-and-down motion, of one bayonet
against the other. This is necessary to prevent the opponent
from divining the intended attack. It also prevents his using
the point of contact as a pivot for his assaults. In charging
from one engage to the other the movement is controlled by the
left hand, the right remaining stationary.
72. After some exercise in engage, engage left,
and counter, exercises will be given in the assaults.
ASSAULTS.
73. The part of the body to be attacked will be
designated by name, as head, neck, chest, stomach, legs. No
attacks will be made below the knees. The commands are given
and the movements for each line are first explained thoroughly
by the instructor; the execution begins at the command
assault. Number one executes the attack, and number two
parries; conversely, at command, number two attacks and number
one parries.
74. For convenience in instruction assaults are
divided into simple attacks, counter attacks, attacks on
the rifle, and feints.
SIMPLE ATTACKS.
75. Success in these attacks depends on quickness of
movement. There are three simple attacks--the straight,
the disengagement, and the counter disengagement.
They are not preceded by a feint.
76. In the straight the bayonet is directed
straight at an opening from the engaged position. Contact with
the opponent's rifle may or may not be abandoned while making
it. If the opening be high or low, contact with the rifle will
usually be abandoned on commencing the attack. If the opening
be near his guard, the light pressure used in the engage may
be continued in the attack.
Example: Being at the engage right, 1. Number one,
at neck (head, chest, right leg, etc.), thrust; 2.
Number two, parry right; 3. ASSAULT.
77. In the disengagement contact with the
opponent's rifle is abandoned and the point of the bayonet is
circled under or over his bayonet or rifle and directed into
the opening attacked. This attack is delivered by one
continuous spiral movement of the bayonet from the moment
contact is abandoned.
Example: Being at the engage right, 1. Number one,
at stomach (left chest. left leg, etc.), thrust; 2.
Number two, parry left (etc.); 3. ASSAULT.
78. In the counter disengagement a swift attack
is made into the opening disclosed while the opponent is
attempting to change the engagement of his rifle. It is
delivered by one continuous spiral movement of the bayonet
into the opening.
Example: Being at the engage right, 1. Number two,
engage left; 2. Number one, at chest, thrust;
3. Number two, parry left; 4. ASSAULT.
Number two initiates the movement, number one thrusts as soon
as the opening is made, and number two then attempts to parry.
79. A counter attack or return is one made
instantly after or in continuation of a parry. The parry should
be as narrow as possible. This makes it more difficult for the
opponent to recover and counter parry. The counter attack should
also be made at or just before the full extension of the
opponent's attack, as when it is so made a simple extension of
the arms will generally be sufficient to reach the opponent's
body.
Example: Being at engage, 1. Number two, at chest,
lunge; 2. Number one, parry right and at stomach
(chest, head, etc.), thrust; 3. ASSAULT.
ATTACKS ON THE RIFLE.
80. These movements are made for the purpose of forcing
or disclosing an opening into which an attack can be made. They
are the press, the beat, and the twist.
81. In the press the attack quickly presses against
the opponent's bayonet or rifle with his own and continues the
pressure as the attack is delivered.
Example: Being at the engage, 1. Number one, press,
and at chest, thrust; 2. Number two, parry right;
3. ASSAULT.
82. The attack by disengagement is particularly
effective following the press.
Example: Being at the engage, 1. Number one, press,
and at stomach, thrust; 2. Number two, low parry
left; 3. ASSAULT.
83. The beat is an attack in which a sharp blow is
struck against the opponent's rifle for the purpose of forcing
him to expose an opening into which an attack immediately follows.
It is used when there is but slight opposition or no contact of
rifles.
Example: Being at the engage, 1. Number one, beat,
and at stomach (chest, etc.), thrust; 2. Number two,
parry left; 3. ASSAULT.
84. In the twist the rifle is crossed over the opponent's
rifle or bayonet and his bayonet forced downward with a circular
motion and a straight attack made into the opening. It requires
superior strength on the part of the attack.
Example: Being at the engage, 1. Number one, twist,
and at stomach, thrust; 2. Number two, low parry
left; 3. ASSAULT.
FEINTS.
85. Feints are movements which threaten or simulate
attacks and are made with a view to inducing an opening or parry
that exposes the desired point of attack. They are either single
or double, according to the number of such movements made by the
attack.
86. In order that the attack may be changed quickly, as
little force as possible is put into a feint.
Example: Being at the engage, 1. Number one, feint head
thrust; at stomach, lunge; 2. Number two, parry
right and low parry right; 3. ASSAULT.
Number one executes the feint and then the attack. Number two
executes both parries.
87. In double feints first one part of the body and then
another is threatened and a third attacked.
Example: Being at the engage, 1. Number one, feint
straight thrust at chest; disengagement at chest;
at stomach, lunge; 2. Number two, parry right,
parry left, and low parry left; 3. ASSAULT.
88. An opening may be offered or procured by opposition,
as in the press or beat.
89. In fencing exercises every feint should at
first be parried. When the defense is able to judge or divine
the character of the attack the feint is not necessarily parried,
but may be nullified by a counter feint.
90. A counter feint is a feint following the
opponent's feint or following a parry of his attack and
generally occurs in combined movements.
COMBINED MOVEMENTS.
91. When the men have become thoroughly familiar with the
various foot movements, parries, guards, attacks, feints, etc.,
the instructor combines several of them and gives the commands
in quick succession, increasing the rapidity and number of
movements as the men become more skillful. Opponents will be
changed frequently.
1. Example: Being at the engage. 1. Number one, by
disengagement at chest, thrust; 2. Number two, parry
left, right step (left foot first), and lunge; 3.
ASSAULT.
2. Example: Being at engage left, 1. Number one,
press and lunge; 2. Number two, parry right,
left step, and thrust; 3. ASSAULT.
3. Example: Being at the engage, 1. Number one, by
disengagement at chest, thrust; 2. Number two, parry
left, front pass, and at head butt strike; 3.
Number one, right step; 4. ASSAULT.
92. Examples 1 and 2 are typical of movements known as
cross counters, and example No. 3 of movements known as
close counters.
93. A chancery is an attack by means of which the
opponent is disarmed, which causes him to lose control of his
rifle, or which disables his weapon.
94. When the different combinations are executed with
sufficient skill the instructor will devise series of movements
to be memorized and executed at the command assault. The
accuracy and celerity of the movements will be carefully watched
by the instructor, with a view to the correction of faulty
execution.
95. It is not intended to restrict the number of movements,
but to leave to the discretion of company commanders and the
ingenuity of instructors the selection of such other exercises
as accord with the object of the drill.
96. As satisfactory progress is made the instructor will
proceed to the exercises at will, by which is meant assaults
between two men, each endeavoring to hit the other and to avoid
being hit himself. Fencing at will should not be allowed to
degenerate into random attacks and defenses.
97. The instructor can supervise but one pair of combatants
at a time. Frequent changes should be made so that the men may
earn different methods of attack and defense from each other.
98. The contest should begin with simple, careful movements,
with a view to forming a correct opinion of the adversary;
afterwards everything will depend on coolness, rapid and correct
execution of the movements, and quick perception of the adversary's
intentions.
99. Continual retreat from the adversary's attack and
frequent dodging to escape attacks should be avoided. The offensive
should he continually encouraged.
100. In fencing at will, when no commands are given,
opponents facing each other at the position of order arms, salute.
They then immediately and simultaneously assume the position of
guard rifles engaged. Neither man may take the position of guard
before his opponent has completed his salute. The choice of
position is decided before the salute.
101. The opponents being about two paces apart and the
fencing salute having been rendered, the instructor commands 1.
At will, 2. ASSAULT, after which either party has
the right to attack. To interrupt the contest the instructor
will command HALT, at which the combatants will
immediately come to the order. To terminate the contest, the
instructor will command, 1. Halt, 2. SALUTE, at
which the combatants will immediately come to the order, salute,
and remove their masks.
102. When men have acquired confidence in fencing at will,
one opponent should be required to advance upon the other in quick
time at charge bayonet, from a distance not to exceed 10
yards, and deliver an attack. As soon as a hit is made by either
opponent the instructor commands, HALT, and the assault
terminates. Opponents alternate in assaulting. The assailant is
likewise required to advance at double time from a distance not
exceeding 20 yards and at a run from a distance not exceeding 30
yards.
103. The instructor will closely observe the contest and
decide doubtful points. He will at once stop the contest upon the
slightest indication of temper. After conclusion of the combat he
will comment on the action of both parties, point out errors and
deficiencies and explain how they may be avoided in the future.
104. As additional instruction, the men may be permitted
to wield the rifle left handed, that is on the left side of the
body, left hand at the small of the stock. Many men will be able
to use this method to advantage. It is also of value in case the
left band is wounded.
105. After men have fenced in pairs, practice should be
given in fencing between groups, equally and unequally divided.
When practicable, intrenchments will be used in fencing of this
character.
In group fencing it will be necessary to have a sufficient number
of umpires to decide hits. An individual receiving a hit is withdrawn
at once from the bout, which is decided in favor of the group
having the numerical superiority at the end. The fencing salute
is not required in group fencing.
RULES FOR FENCING AT WILL.
106. 1. Hits on the legs below the knees will not be
counted. No hit counts unless, in the opinion of the instructor,
it has sufficient force to disable.
2. Upon receiving a hit, call out "hit."
3. After receiving a fair hit a counter attack is not permitted.
A position of engage is taken.
4. A second or third hit in a combined attack will be counted
only when the first hit was not called.
5. When it is necessary to stop the contest--for example, because
of breaking of weapons or displacement of means of protection--take
the position of the order.
6. When it is necessary to suspend the assault for any cause, it
will not be resumed until the adversary is ready and in condition
to defend himself.
7. Attacks directed at the crotch are prohibited in fencing.
8. Stepping out of bounds, when established, counts as a hit.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FENCING AT WILL.
107. When engaging in an assault, first study the
adversary's position and proceed by false attacks, executed with
speed, to discover, if possible, his instinctive parries. In
order to draw the adversary out and induce him to expose that
part of the body at which the attack is to be made, it is
advisable to simulate an attack by a feint and then make the
real attack.
108. Return attacks should be frequently practiced, as
they are difficult to parry, and the opponent is within easier
reach and more exposed. The return can be made a continuation
of the parry, as there is no previous warning of its delivery,
although it should always be expected. Returns are made without
lunging if the adversary can be reached by thrusts or cuts.
109. Endeavor to overcome the tendency to make a return
without knowing where it will hit. Making returns blindly is a
bad habit and leads to instinctive returns--that is, habitual
returns with certain attacks from certain parries--a fault which
the skilled opponent will soon discover.
110. Do not draw the rifle back preparatory to thrusting
and lunging.
111. The purpose of fencing at will is to teach the
soldier as many forms of simple, effective attacks and defenses
as possible. Complicated and intricate movements should not be
attempted.
HINTS FOR INSTRUCTORS.
112. The influence of the instructor is great. He must be
master of his weapon, not only to show the various movements, but
also to lead in the exercises at will. He should stimulate the
zeal of the men and arouse pleasure in the work. Officers should
qualify themselves as instructors by fencing with each other.
113. The character of each man, his bodily conformation,
and his degree of skill must always be taken into account. When
the instructor is demonstrating the combinations, feints,
returns, and parries the rapidity of his attack should be
regulated by the skill of the pupil and no more force than is
necessary should be used. If the pupil exposes himself too much
in the feints and parries, the instructor will, by an attack,
convince him of his error; but if these returns be too swiftly
or too strongly made the pupil will become overcautious and the
precision of his attack will be impaired. The object is to teach
the pupil, not to give exhibitions of superior skill.
114. Occasionally the instructor should leave himself
uncovered and fail to parry, in order to teach the pupil to
take quick advantage of such opportunities.
SUGGESTIONS.
Instruction in bayonet exercise and bayonet fencing should be
conducted with a view to teaching the aggressive use of the bayonet.
Unless troops are so thoroughly trained with the bayonet that
they believe that with it they are superior to their opponents
it will be difficult or impossible to develop that morale which
is necessary for a successful assault. Men should be impressed
with the importance of acting always on the offensive in bayonet
combat, of pushing their attack with all their might. Troops which
are successful in their first few bayonet encounters will seldom
thereafter be called upon to use the bayonet--their opponents
will not await the assault.
they show a 2° slope. etc. A slope of 1° is a rise of
1 foot in 57. To use this scale of slopes copy it on the edge
of a piece of paper just as you did the scale of distances and
apply it directly to the map.
