Lichens, by Annie Lorrain Smith, F.L.S

About this eBook

Author

Smith, Annie Lorrain, 1854-1937

Title

Lichens

Credits

Produced by Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

Language

English

LoC Class

QK: Science: Botany

Subject

Lichens

Category

Text

Project Gutenberg

eBook-No. 61616

Release Date

March 14, 2020

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.LICHENS
2. 2.PREFACE
3. 3.CONTENTS
4. 4.GLOSSARY
5. 5.ERRATA
6. 6.INTRODUCTION
7. 7.CHAPTER I HISTORY OF LICHENOLOGY — A. Introductory — B. Period I. Previous to 1694 — C. Period II. 1694-1729 — D. Period III. 1729-1780 — E. Period IV. 1780-1803 — F. Period V. 1803-1846 — G. Period VI. 1846-1867 — H. Period VII. 1867 and after
8. 8.CHAPTER II CONSTITUENTS OF THE LICHEN THALLUS — I. LICHEN GONIDIA — 1. GONIDIA IN RELATION TO THE THALLUS — 2. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SYMBIONTS — II. LICHEN HYPHAE — A. Origin of Hyphae — B. Development of lichenoid Hyphae — C. Culture of Hyphae without Gonidia — D. Continuity of Protoplasm in Hyphal Cells — III. LICHEN ALGAE — A. Types of Algae — B. Changes induced in the Alga — C. Constancy of Algal Constituents — D. Displacement of Algae within the Thallus — E. Non-gonidial Organisms associated with Lichen Hyphae — F. Parasitism of Algae on Lichens
9. 9.CHAPTER III MORPHOLOGY — GENERAL ACCOUNT OF LICHEN STRUCTURE — I. ORIGIN OF LICHEN STRUCTURES — II. STRATOSE THALLUS — 1. CRUSTACEOUS LICHENS — 2. SQUAMULOSE LICHENS — 3. FOLIOSE LICHENS — III. RADIATE THALLUS — 1. CHARACTERS OF RADIATE THALLUS — 2. INTERMEDIATE TYPES OF THALLUS — 3. FRUTICOSE AND FILAMENTOUS — IV. STRATOSE-RADIATE THALLUS — 1. STRATOSE OR PRIMARY THALLUS — 2. RADIATE OR SECONDARY THALLUS — V. STRUCTURES PECULIAR TO LICHENS — 1. AERATION STRUCTURES — 2. CEPHALODIA — 3. SOREDIA — 4. ISIDIA — VI. HYMENOLICHENS — A. Supposed Affinity with other Plants — B. Structure of Thallus — C. Sporiferous Tissues
10. 10.CHAPTER IV REPRODUCTION — 1. REPRODUCTION BY ASCOSPORES — A. Historical Survey — B. Forms of Reproductive Organs — C. Development of Reproductive Organs — D. Apogamous Reproduction — E. Discussion of Lichen Reproduction — F. Final Stages of Apothecial Development — G. Lichen Asci and Spores — II. SECONDARY SPORES — A. Reproduction by Oidia — B. Reproduction by Conidia — C. Campylidium and Orthidium — III. SPERMOGONIA OR PYCNIDIA — A. Historical Account of Spermogonia — B. Spermogonia as Male Organs — C. Occurrence and Distribution — D. Structure — E. Spermatia or Pycnidiospores — F. Pycnidia with Macrospores — G. General Survey
11. 11.CHAPTER V PHYSIOLOGY — I. CELLS AND CELL PRODUCTS — A. Cell-Membranes — B. Contents and Products of the Fungal Cells — C. Oil-Cells — D. Lichen-Acids — E. Chemical Grouping of Lichen-Acids — F. Chemical Reagents as Tests for Lichens — G. Chemical Reactions in Nature — II. GENERAL NUTRITION — A. Absorption of Water — B. Storage of Water — C. Supply of Inorganic Food — D. Supply of Organic Food — III. ASSIMILATION AND RESPIRATION — A. Influence of Temperature — B. Influence of Moisture — IV. ILLUMINATION OF LICHENS — A. Effect of Light on the Thallus — B. Effect on Reproductive Organs — V. COLOUR OF LICHENS — A. Origin of Lichen-Colouring
12. 12.CHAPTER VI BIONOMICS — A. Growth and Duration — B. Season of Fruit Formation — C. Dispersal and Increase — D. Erratic Lichens — E. Parasitism — F. Diseases of Lichens — G. Harmful Effect of Lichens — H. Gall-Formation
13. 13.CHAPTER VII PHYLOGENY — I. GENERAL STATEMENT — A. Origin of Lichens — B. Algal Ancestors — C. Fungal Ancestors — II. THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS — A. Theories of Descent in Ascolichens — B. Relation of Lichens to Fungi — III. THE THALLUS — A. General Outline of Development — B. Comparative Antiquity of Algal Symbionts — C. Evolution of Phycolichens — D. Evolution of Archilichens
14. 14.CHAPTER VIII SYSTEMATIC — I. CLASSIFICATION — A. Work of successive Systematists — B. Families and Genera of Ascolichens — C. * Hymenolichens — II. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF LICHENS — 1. ESTIMATES OF NUMBER — 2. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION — III. FOSSIL LICHENS
15. 15.CHAPTER IX ECOLOGY — A. General Introduction — B. External Influences — C. Lichen Communities — D. Lichens As Pioneers
16. 16.CHAPTER X ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL — A. Lichens as Food. — B. Lichens as Medicine — C. Lichens as Poisons — D. Lichens used in Tanning, Brewing and Distilling — E. Dyeing Properties of Lichens — F. Lichens in Perfumery — G. Some minor Uses of Lichens
17. 17.APPENDIX POSTSCRIPT TO CHAPTER VII [1325]
18. 18.ADDENDUM Footnote to Page 404
19. 19.FOOTNOTES
20. 20.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BOOKS AND PAPERS CITED IN THE TEXT
21. 21.INDEX

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