History Of The Origin Of Representative Government In Europe. By M. Guizot

About this eBook

Author

Guizot, François, 1787-1874

Title

History of the Origin of Representative Government in Europe

Credits

Produced by Don Kostuch

Language

English

LoC Class

JC: Political science: Political theory

Subject

Representative government and representation

Category

Text

Project Gutenberg

eBook-No. 61250

Release Date

January 27, 2020

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.Untitled
2. 2.Bohn's Standard Library. — Guizot's Representative Government. — History Of The Origin Of Representative Government In Europe.
3. 3.By M. Guizot. Translated By Andrew E. Scoble,
4. 4.Preface.
5. 5.Contents. — Part I. Representative Institutions In England, France, And Spain, From The Fifth To The Eleventh Century. — Lecture I.—Page 1 — Lecture II.—Page 23 — Lecture III.—Page 32 — Lecture IV.—Page 41 — Lecture V.—Page 49 — Lecture VI.—Page 55 — Lecture VII.—Page 65 — Lecture VIII.—Page 76 — Lecture IX.—Page 82 — Lecture X.—Page 86 — Lecture XI—Page 94 — Lecture XII.—Page 103 — Lecture XIII.—Page 109 — Lecture XIV.—Page 116 — Lecture XV.—Page 124 — Lecture XVI.—Page 132 — Lecture XVII.—Page 141 — Lecture XVIII.—Page 148 — Lecture XIX.—Page 154 — Lecture XX.—Page 163 — Lecture XXI.—Page 171 — Lecture XXII.—Page 177 — Lecture XXIII.—Page 193 — Lecture XXIV.—Page 206 — Lecture XXV.—Page 215 — Lecture XXVI.—Page 229
6. 6.Part II. Essays Of Representative Government In England, From The Conquest Till The Reign Of The Tudors. — Lecture I.—Page 257 — Lecture II.—Page 270 — Lecture III.—Page 281 — Lecture IV.—Page 288 — Lecture V.—Page 295 — Lecture VI.—Page 302 — Lecture VII.—Page 308 — Lecture VIII.—Page 319 — Lecture IX.—Page 325 — Lecture X.—Page 334 — Lecture XI.—Page 350 — Lecture XII.—Page 359 — Lecture XIII.—Page 368 — Lecture XIV.—Page 377 — Lecture XV.—Page 388 — Lecture XVI.—Page 401 — Lecture XVII.—Page 418 — Lecture XVIII.—Page 425 — Lecture XIX.—Page 448 — Lecture XX.—Page 454 — Lecture XXI.—Page 463 — Lecture XXII.—Page 476 — Lecture XXIII.—Page 484 — Lecture XXIV.—Page 494 — Lecture XXV.—Page 509 — History Of The Origin Of Representative Government In Europe.
7. 7.Part I. Representative Institutions In England, France, And Spain, From The Fifth To The Eleventh Century. — Lecture I. — Views of History. — Our Historical Position. — Sources of Error. — Disdain for the Past. — True Value of the Past. — Undue Veneration of Antiquity. — Progress, the Law of Nature. — The Duty of Impartiality. — Value of Revolutions. — Study of Political Institutions. — Origin of Representative Government. — Four Epochs in European History. — The Feudal System — Progress Of Monarchical Power. — Subject Of These Lectures. — Limits Of The Inquiry. — Interest Of The Subject. — Difficulty Of Attaining Truth. — Necessity Of Hard Study. — Characteristics Of The Present Time. — Conclusion. — Lecture II. — Fall Of The Roman Empire. — Causes Of Its Decay. — Abandonment Of Its Colonies. — Invasions Of The Germans. — Foundation Of Barbarian Kingdoms. — Power Of The Emperors. — The Anglo-Saxons. — Reign Of King Alfred. — The Norman Conquest. — Lecture III. — Anglo-Saxon Institutions. — Thanes And Ceorls. — Different Classes Of Thanes. — Their Mutual Relations. — Freedom Of The Ceorls. — Ceorls and Slaves. — Local Institutions. — Origin Of Centralization. — Effects Of The French Revolution. — Lecture IV. — Local Institutions In England. — Divisions Of The Soil. — The County Courts. — Origin of the Jury. — Appointment Of Magistrates. — The Wittenagemot. — Its Members. — Character of The Anglo-Saxon Monarchy. — Lecture V. — Business Of The Wittenagemot. — Oversight Of The Royal Domain. — Direction Of Ecclesiastical Affairs. — Character Of The Wittenagemot. — The Kingly Office. — Duties Of The Kings. — Lecture VI. — Principle Of Representative Government. — Error Of Montesquieu. — Society And Government. — Principle Of Government. — Right of Sovereignty. — True Law Of Society. — Classification Of Governments. — Aim Of Representative Government. — Political Rights Of The Nation. — Effects Of Publicity. — Lecture VII. — Changes In Language And Society. — Aristocratic Government. — Its Consequences. — Conflict Of Good And Evil. — Sovereignty Of The People. — Principle Of Democracy. — Principle Of Representative Government. — Government Of The Majority. — Representation And Democracy. — Principles Of Government. — Lecture VIII. — Forms Of Government. — Forms Of Representative Government. — Problem Of Government. — Division Of Powers. — Election And Publicity. — Publicity In England. — Lecture IX. — Origin Of The Franks. — The Frankish Chiefs. — Wars Of Clovis. — Death Of Clovis. — Lecture X. — Successors Of Clovis. — Partitions Of The Realm. — Neustria And Austrasia. — Predominance Of Neustria. — The Mayors Of The Palace. — Fall Of The Merovingians. — Charles Martel. — Pepin. — Lecture XI. — Tendency To Centralization. — Tendency To Dissolution. — Pepin The Short. — Charlemagne. — Louis The Debonnair. — Charles The Bald. — The Normans. — Tendency To Dissolution. — Formation And Dissolution. — Lecture XII. — Primitive Institutions Of The Franks. — Views Of Hullmann. — Condition Of Lands. — Allodial Lands. — Salic Land. — Charges On Allodial Lands. — Lecture XIII. — Origin Of Military Service. — Exemption Of Freeholds From Imposts. — Distribution Of Lands. — Beneficiary Lands. — Private Domains Of The Kings. — Tenure Of Benefices. — Disputes About Benefices. — Lecture XIV. — Transference Of Benefices. — The Precaria. — Seizure Of Church Property. — Hereditary Benefices. — Tenure Of Benefices. — Conditions Attached To Benefices. — Vassalage. — Oaths Of Fidelity. — Lecture XV. — Donors Of Benefices. — Character Of Benefices. — Tributary Lands. — Their Rapid Increase. — Waste Lands. — Different Kinds Of Landed Property. — Isolation Of Proprietors. — Stationary Condition Of Wealth. — Lecture XVI. — Classification Of Persons. — Earliest Condition Of Society. — Principles Of Classification. — Allodial And Beneficiary Proprietors. — Various Classes Of Free Men. — Test Of Social Conditions. — The Wehrgeld — Impossibility Of Classification. — True Test Of Social Conditions. — Lecture XVII. — The Leudes Or Antrustions. — Obligations Of The Leudes. — Formation Of The Frankish Nobility. — Power Of The Bishops. — Free Men. — Enfranchisement. — Lecture XVIII. — Three Systems Of Institutions. — Decline Of Free Institutions. — Of Local Institutions. — Rudiments Of Feudalism. — Dukes And Counts. — Extension Of Seignorial Jurisdiction. — Lecture XIX. — Two Meanings Of Personal Liberty. — Object Of Government. — Origin Of Despotism. — The Monarchy Of Charlemagne. — Decline Of The Frankish Monarchy. — Royalty Among The Franks. — Fall Of The Merovingians. — Authority And Liberty. — Influence Of Religious Ideas. — Lecture XX. — National Assemblies Of The Franks. — Letter Of Archbishop Hincmar. — The Councils Of State. — The Officers Of The Palace. — The Palatines. — The Capitularies. — Duties Of The King. — Policy Of Charlemagne. — Lecture XXI. — Decay Of National Assemblies. — Retrospect Of Five Centuries. — Attacks On The Feudal System. — Character Of Feudalism. — Influence Of Feudalism. — Absence Of The Representative System. — Lecture XXII. — Laws Of The Visigoths. — Fall Of The Roman Empire. — State Of The Roman Colonies. — Roman Municipal System. — Treatment Of Conquered Towns. — Admission To Citizenship. — Municipal Officers. — Constitution Of The Municipia. — Progress Of Public Indifference. — Growing Importance Of The Municipia. — Dangers Of Roman Despotism. — Burdens Of The Municipia. — Growth Of Christianity. — Effects Of Christianity. — Decay Of The Municipia. — Abolition Of The Municipal System. — Lecture XXIII. — Social Conditions In The Roman Empire — The Privileged Class. — Functions And Charges Of The Curials. — Advantages Granted To The Curials. — Attributes Of The Curia. — Municipal Offices. — The Defenders Of Cities. — Destruction Of The Middle Class. — The Roman Empire And Modern States. — Results of the Comparison. — Principles of Liberty. — Principles Of Despotism. — General Conclusions. — Lecture XXIV. — Spain Under The Roman Empire. — Barbarian Invasions Of Spain. — Visigothic Monarchy In Gaul. — The Breviarium Aniani. — Reign Of Leovigild. — Reign Of Recared. — Usurpation Of Sisenand. — Recesuinth And Divine Right. — The Forum Judicum. — Lecture XXV. — Character Of Visigothic Legislation. — Laws Of The Forum Judicum. — Visigothic Theory Of Law. — Theory On The Nature Of Power. — Limits Of These Theories. — Consequences Of The Visigothic Theory. — Political Predominance Of The Bishops. — Election Of Kings. — Frequency Of Usurpation. — Progress Of Ecclesiastical Pretensions. — Duties Of The Sovereign. — Principle Of Criminal Law. — Laws Regarding Slaves. — Presence Of A Good Principle. — Lecture XXVI. — Defect Of Visigothic Legislation. — The Councils Of Toledo. — Their Political Influence. — Position Of The Visigothic Bishops. — Influence Of The Councils Of Toledo. — The Officium Palatinum. — Influence Of The Aristocracy. — Character Of The Goths. — Local Institutions Of The Visigoths. — Various Kinds Of Magistrates. — Constitution Of Judicial Authority. — Laws Against Bad Judges. — Views Of M. De Savigny. — The Defenders Of Cities. — Importance Of The Curia. — Objections To Savigny's Theory. — Abolition Of The Breviarium Aniani. — Gothic Laws Of Spain. — Election Of Adalides. — Admission Of An Adalid. — Election Of Officers By A Jury. — Compurgation. — Errors Of The Preceding Theory. — Birth Of Free Institutions. — Conclusion. — End Of Part I.
8. 8.Part II. Essays Of Representative Government In England, From The Conquest Till The Reign Of The Tudors. — Lecture I. — Subject of the course. — Epochs Of European History. — Aspects Of History. — The History Of Free Nations. — Historic Requirements Of The Present Age. — Necessity Of An Acquaintance With History. — Subject Of The Present Course. — Principle Of Representative Government. — Characteristics Of Representative Government. — Division Of Power. — Character Of The English Monarchy. — Importance Of The Towns. — Sources Of Liberty. — Lecture II. — Early History Of England. — The Norman Conquest. — Reign Of William Rufus. — Reign Of Henry I. — Wars Of Stephen And Matilda. — Reign Of Henry II. — Constitutions Of Clarendon. — Murder Of Thomas A Becket. — Conquest Of Ireland. — Richard Cœur-de-lion. — Lecture III. — Effects Of The Norman Conquest. — Resemblance Of The Two Peoples. — Sources Of The English Government. — Anglo-Saxon Institutions. — Norman Institutions. — Cohesion Of The Norman Aristocracy. — Results Of The Norman Conquest. — Lecture IV. — Powers Which Rule Society. — Division Of Powers In England. — The Anglo-Norman Parliament. — The Curia De More. — The Curia Regis. — Tenure Of These Assemblies. — Constitution Of These Assemblies. — Lecture V. — Wealth Of The King. — Duties Of The Royal Vassals. — The Court Of Exchequer. — Functions Of The National Assembly. — Co-existence Of Opposing Forces. — Origin Of Royal Prerogative. — The Barons And The King. — Lecture VI. — Progress Towards Free Government. — Charter Of William The Conqueror. — Charters Of Henry I. — Charters Of Stephen. — Charter Of Henry II. — Reign Of Richard I. — Lecture VII. — Reign Of King John. — Opposition Of The Barons. — Quarrels With The Clergy. — Commencement Of The Civil War. — Conference At Runnymead. — Analysis Of Magna Charta. — Violation Of Magna Charta. — Death Of King John. — Lecture VIII. — Charters Of Henry III. — First Charter Of Henry III. — Violation Of The Charters. — Revocation Of The Charters. — Conformation Of The Charters. — Death Of King Henry III. — Lecture IX. — Reign Of King Edward I. — Exactions Of Edward I. — Quarrels With The Nobles. — First Charter Of Edward I. — Confirmation Of The Charter. — Statute Of Edward I. — Bull Of Pope Clement V. — Lecture X. — Meaning Of Representation. — Rousseau's Theory. — Theory Of Individual Sovereignty. — Consequences Of These Theories. — Theory Of Reconciliation. — Representation Of Wills. — Theory Of Executive Power. — Theory Of Despotic Power. — Fallacy Of The Principle — Of Will-Representation. — Province Of The Will. — Argument From Parental Authority. — Reason The Source Of Power. — True Doctrine Of Representation. — What Is Representation? — Summary. — Lecture XI. — Formation Of A Parliament. — Of County Deputies. — The Knights Of Shires. — Representation Of Knights. — De Montfort's Rebellion. — The First Parliament. — The Acts Of Oxford. — Tyranny Of The Barons. — Lecture XII. — Henry III. And His Parliament. — Arbitration Of St. Louis. — Government Of Leicester. — Battle Of Evesham. — Progress Of County Representation. — Progress Of Borough Representation. — Borough Representation. — The Mad Parliament. — Lecture XIII. — Parliaments Under Edward I. — Progress Of Liberal Opinions. — The Commons In Parliament. — The First Complete Parliament. — The Commons In Parliament. — Composition Of Parliament. — Lecture XIV. — Who Were The Electors? — Origin Of County Freeholders. — Functions Of The County Courts. — Rights Of The Freeholders. — Forty-Shilling Freeholders. — Refutation Of Tory Theories. — Payment Of Representatives. — Election Of Borough Representatives. — Corruption Of Borough Representation. — Forms Of Borough Elections. — Lecture XV. — Character Of The English Electoral System. — Modern Political Science. — Object Of The British Parliament. — Combination Of Public Rights. — Independence Of Public Rights. — Two Classes Of Electors. — Right Derived From Capacity. — What Is Electoral Capacity? — Exterior Signs Of Electoral Capacity. — Legal Signs Of Electoral Capacity. — Vicissitudes Of Electoral Capacity. — No Permanent Test Of Electoral Capacity. — General Conclusions. — Lecture XVI. — Forms Of Election. — The Object Of Election. — Convocation Of Electors. — Electoral Districts. — Number Of Representatives. — Action Of Party Influence. — Evils Of Hasty Elections. — Advantages Of Direct Election. — Its Relation To Representative Government. — Qualifications Of Representatives. — Philosophic Necessity Of Direct Election. — Evils Of Indirect Election. — Source Of Indirect Election. — Practice Of Open Voting. — Electoral System Of England. — Lecture XVII. — Division Of The English Parliament. — Original Constitution Of Parliament. — Separate Votes Of Various Classes. — Causes Of This Separation. — Formation Of The Commons. — Present Constitution Of Parliament. — Early Importance Of The Commons. — Lecture XVIII. — Division Of The Legislative Power. — Philosophic And Historic Schools. — Errors Of The Philosophic School. — True Rule Of Social Relations. — Impossibility Of Defining Rights. — Conditions Of Realizing Right. — Amalgamation Of Might And Right. — Errors Of The Philosophic School. — Errors Of The Historic School. — Comparison Of The Two Schools. — Origin Of The House Of Peers. — Advantages Of A House Of Peers. — Results Of Its Establishment. — Is A House Of Peers Advantageous? — Two Tendencies In Society. — Tendency To Inequality. — Opposition To Absolute Power. — Bulwarks Against Absolute Power. — Secret Of Political Liberty. — Division Of The Central Power. — Its Relation To Representative Government. — Good Effects Of This Division. — How Should It Be Effected? — Lecture XIX. — Original Name Of The Parliament. — The Great National Council. — Parliament In The Fourteenth Century. — Admission Of The Commons. — Vicissitudes Of The Parliament. — Its Gradual Increase. — Lecture XX. — Reign Of Edward I. — Empire Of Favourites. — Rebellions Of The Barons. — Deposition Of Edward II. — Progress Of The Parliament. — Practice Regarding Petitions. — Conditions Of Granting Subsidies. — Statute Of 1322. — Whig And Tory Errors. — Lecture XXI. — Right Of Petition. — Presentation Of Petitions. — Assertion Of The Right Of Petition. — Petitions To Parliament. — Right Of Initiative. — Mode Of Presenting Petitions. — Course Of The Right Of Petition. — Abuses Of The Right Of Petition. — Discussion Of Petitions. — Right Of Enquiry. — Necessity For The Completeness Of Representative Government. — Lecture XXII. — Reign Of Edward III. — Influence Of The Commons. — Parliaments Of Edward III. — Prorogations Of Parliament. — Voting Of Taxes. — Share In The Legislation. — Ordnances And Statutes. — Conservators Of The Peace. — Lecture XXIII. — Political Powers Assumed By Parliament. — The French Wars. — Influence On The Administration. — Interference With Ministers. — Their Impeachment. — Death Of The Black Prince. — Opposition To The Clergy. — Regulation Of Elections. — Confirmations Of The Old Charters. — Lecture XXIV. — Parliament Under Richard II. — Increased Power Of The Commons. — Important Petitions. — Regulation Of Subsidies. — Disturbed State Of The Country. — Conferences With The Lords. — Opposition To Parliamentary Rights. — The King Compelled To Yield. — The Wonderful Parliament. — Increase Of The Royal Power. — Discontent In The Realm. — Death Of Richard II. — The Houses Recover Their Strength. — Progress Of Liberty. — Lecture XXV. — The Tudors And Stuarts. — Improvement Of Parliament. — First Opposition To Liberty Of Speech. — Imprisonment Of The Speaker. — Conflicting Opinions. — Clearer Regulations Of The Parliament. — Votes Of Subsidy. — Judicial Powers Of The Lords. — Resistance To The Commons. — Review Of The State Of Europe.
9. 9.The End.
10. 10.INDEX. — End of Main Text — Publisher's Advertisements
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