Geology, Vol. I

About this eBook

Author

Salisbury, Rollin D., 1858-1922

Title

Geology, Vol. 1 [of 3] : Geologic processes and their results

Original Publication

New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1906.

Credits

Peter Becker, Robert Tonsing, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

Language

English

LoC Class

QE: Science: Geology

Subject

Geology

Category

Text

Project Gutenberg

eBook-No. 74316

Release Date

August 27, 2024

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.GEOLOGY
2. 2.PREFACE.
3. 3.CONTENTS.
4. 4.PLATES.
5. 5.TABLES.
6. 6.CHAPTER I. — Astronomic Geology. — Geognosy. — I. The Atmosphere. — II. The Hydrosphere. — III. The Lithosphere.
7. 7.CHAPTER II. — A. THE ATMOSPHERE AS A DIRECT AGENCY. — I. Mechanical Work. — II. The Chemical Work of the Atmosphere. — B. THE ATMOSPHERE AS A CONDITIONING AGENCY. — I. Temperature Effects. — II. Evaporation and Precipitation. — III. Effects of Electricity. — SUMMARY.
8. 8.CHAPTER III. — RAIN AND RIVER EROSION. — Subaërial Erosion without Valleys. — The Development of Valleys. — A CYCLE OF EROSION. ITS STAGES. — GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TOPOGRAPHIES DEVELOPED BY RIVER EROSION. — SPECIAL FEATURES RESULTING FROM SPECIAL CONDITIONS OF EROSION. — THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE AMONG VALLEYS AND STREAMS. — RATE OF DEGRADATION. — ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS. — ANALYSIS OF EROSION. [44] — Weathering. — Transportation. — Corrasion. — CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE RATE OF EROSION. — The Influence of Declivity. — The Influence of Rock. — The Influence of Climate. — EFFECTS OF UNEQUAL HARDNESS. — INFLUENCE OF JOINTS AND FOLDS. — EFFECT OF CHANGES OF LEVEL. — THE AGGRADATIONAL WORK OF RUNNING WATER. — The deposits. — STREAM TERRACES.
9. 9.CHAPTER IV. — THE WORK OF GROUND-WATER. — Chemical Work. — Mechanical Work. — RESULTS OF THE WORK OF GROUND-WATER. — Summary. — SPRINGS AND FLOWING WELLS.
10. 10.CHAPTER V. — SNOW- AND ICE-FIELDS. — TYPES OF GLACIERS. — THE GENERAL PHENOMENA OF GLACIERS. [125] — SURFACE FEATURES. — TEMPERATURE, WASTE, AND DRAINAGE. — THE WORK OF GLACIERS. — Erosion and transportation. — Deposition of the Drift. — TYPES OF MORAINES. — GLACIO-FLUVIAL WORK. — ICEBERGS. — THE INTIMATE STRUCTURE AND THE MOVEMENT OF GLACIERS. — The Probable Fundamental Element in Glacial Motion. — Auxiliary Elements. — Corroborative Phenomena. — Other Views of Glacier Motion. [137]
11. 11.CHAPTER VI. — PROCESSES IN OPERATION IN THE SEA. — MOVEMENTS OF THE SEA-WATER. — WAVES. — WORK OF THE WAVES. — Erosion. — Topographic Features Developed by Wave-erosion. — Transportation by Waves. — Deposition by Waves, Undertow, and Shore-currents. [165] — Effect of Shore-deposition on Coastal Configuration. — SUMMARY OF COASTAL IRREGULARITIES. — THE WORK OF OCEAN-CURRENTS. — DEPOSITS ON THE OCEAN-BED. — Shallow-water Deposits. — Deep-sea Deposits. — LAKES.
12. 12.CHAPTER VII. — Composition of Igneous Rocks. — THE NATURE OF MOLTEN MAGMAS. — THE FRAGMENTAL PRODUCTS OF SUDDEN COOLING. — THE GLASSY ROCKS. — SPECIAL STRUCTURES. — THE PORPHYRITIC ROCKS. — THE PHANEROCRYSTALLINE ROCKS. — General names. — DERIVATION OF SECONDARY ROCKS. — Classes of Sedimentary Rocks. — INTERNAL ALTERATIONS OF ROCKS. — The Salient Features of Rock Descent. — THE REASCENSIONAL PROCESS. — Reconstruction under Exceptional Conditions. — VARIOUS CLASSIFICATIONS AND NOMENCLATURES. — New System of Classification and Nomenclature. — The proposed field system. — THE PROPOSED QUANTITATIVE SYSTEM. — REFERENCE LIST OF THE MORE COMMON MINERALS. — REFERENCE LIST OF THE MORE COMMON ROCKS. [206] — ORE-DEPOSITS. [207]
13. 13.CHAPTER VIII. — STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS. — STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS. — STRUCTURAL FEATURES ARISING FROM DISTURBANCE.
14. 14.CHAPTER IX. — MINUTE AND RAPID MOVEMENTS. — Earthquakes. — The Geologic Effects of Earthquakes. — SLOW MASSIVE MOVEMENTS. — Nearly Constant Small Movements. — The Great Periodic Movements. — THE CAUSES OF MOVEMENT. — General Considerations. — 1. The centripetal agencies. — 2. The resisting agencies. — ALTERNATIVE VIEWS OF ORIGINAL HEAT DISTRIBUTION. — OBSERVED TEMPERATURES IN EXCAVATIONS. — OTHER SOURCES OF DEFORMATION. — Sphericity as a factor in deformation.
15. 15.CHAPTER X. — VULCANISM. — 1. Intrusions. — 2. Extrusions. — VOLCANOES. — Distribution of Volcanoes. — Relations of Volcanoes. — Formation of Cones. — LAVAS. — VOLCANIC GASES. — THE CAUSE OF VULCANISM. — I. On the Assumption that the Lavas are Original. — II. On the Assumption that the Lavas are Secondary. — Modes of Reaching the Surface. — Additional Considerations Relative to the Gases.
16. 16.CHAPTER XI. — I. THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF ORGANIC PROCESSES. — II. SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE ORGANIC KINGDOMS. — A. Contributions of the Plant Kingdom. [290] — B. Contributions of the Animal Kingdom. [296] — III. THE ASSOCIATIONS AND ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF LIFE. — A. The Basis of Floras and Faunas. — B. The Influence of Geographic Conditions on the Evolution of Floras and Faunas.
17. 17.INDEX. — FOOTNOTES:

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