Eutropius

Ch. 1.

Line 1. Rōmānum: note emphatic position.

Rōmulō: see the legend of Romulus and Remus in Ihne, p. 32; Livy, Bk. I, IV; Guerber, p. 140.

2. Vestālis virginis: the Vestals were a kind of nuns, six in number, who were priestesses of Vesta. It was their duty to keep the fire on the altar in her temple in the Forum burning constantly. “Her altar, with its ever-burning fire, was the family hearth of the state, from which the household fires were kindled at certain dates.” Lanciani, Anc. Rome, Ch. VI.

fīlius: in apposition with quī, subject of putātus est.

quantum putātus est: ‘as he was thought’ ＝ ‘as it was thought’; note that the Latin prefers the personal construction where we prefer the impersonal.

3. is: emphatic position.

cum … latrōcinārētur: the student should note the different uses of cum, viz.: Temporal, with Indicative or Subjunctive; Causal and Concessive, with Subjunctive alone; cf. cum … compāruisset, Ch. 2; cum … habērent, Ch. 2; cum … ēgissent, Ch. 18.

4. decem et octō annōs nātus (nāscor): ‘having been born eighteen years’ ＝ ‘eighteen years old.’ The more common expression for the numeral is duodēvīgintī. Cf. annōrum trium et vīgintī, Bk. II, Ch. 6; annum agēns vīcēsimum aetātis, Bk. III, Ch. 7.

5. urbem exiguam: remains of this city are still found on the Palatine Hill.

Palātīnō monte: the Palatine Hill, one of the seven hills of Rome. The others were the Capitoline, Quirinal, Aventine, Esquiline, Viminal, and Caelian.

XI Kal. Māiās: the full expression would be ante diem ūndecimum Kalendās Māiās, April 21. “In the Roman calendar it coincided with the Palilia, or feast of Pales, the guardian divinity of shepherds.”

6. Olympiadis: the Greeks reckoned time by periods of four years, called Olympiads from the Olympian Games, which were celebrated at that interval. The starting point was 776 B.C. Hence the third year of the sixth Olympiad would be 753 B.C. Some prefer to recognize 754 as the date of the founding of the city.

Ch. 2.

8. conditā cīvitāte: ‘the city having been founded’ ＝ ‘when the city had been founded.’ The student should ascertain by analysis of the thought what the Ablative Absolute is intended to represent, and should translate it accordingly. The literal translation should seldom be used. Civitate ＝ urbe, a late usage, frequent in Eutropius. The usual expression is urbe conditā, but Eutropius places the participle first for emphasis.

Rōmam vocāvit: according to Lanciani, Roma is derived from Rumon, ‘river.’ Roma then would mean ‘the town by the river,’ and Romulus, ‘the man from the town by the river’ (Anc. Rome, p. 37). Mommsen claims that Ramnes, the early name by which the Romans were called, means ‘bushmen.’ Hence Roma would be ‘the town of the bushmen’ (Mommsen, History of Rome, Vol. I, p. 71).

9. ferē: ‘about,’ indicating that the statement is a loose one.

10. centum ex seniōribus: ‘a hundred of the elders’; ex or dē with cardinal numerals is regularly used instead of a Partitive Genitive. Tarquinius Priscus doubled the number of the senators, Ch. 6. Before the end of the regal period the number was increased to 300. Sulla added 300 equites. Julius Caesar raised the number to 900. Augustus reduced it to 600. For the duties of the senate see Ihne, Ch. XI; Tighe, pp. 49, 115; Mommsen, pp. 18, 19, 45, 46.

12. uxōrēs: object of habērent. Emphatic on account of its position before the subject of the verb.

1. eārum: the antecedent is nātiōnēs.

commōtīs bellīs: lit. ‘wars having been aroused’ ＝ ‘when war had been aroused’; cf. conditā cīvitāte, Ch. 2.

propter raptārum iniūriam: lit. ‘on account of the wrong of the stolen (maidens)’ ＝ ‘on account of the wrong done by stealing the maidens.’ With raptārum sc. virginum.

4. nōn compāruisset: lit. ‘he had not appeared’ ＝ ‘he had disappeared.’

5. ad deōs trānsīsse: lit. ‘to have gone across to the gods’ ＝ ‘to have been translated.’

6. per quīnōs diēs: ‘through five days each.’

Ch. 3.

8. rēx: predicate Nominative.

bellum: emphatic by position as well as by the use of quidem. “The statement that during the forty-three years of Numa’s reign Rome enjoyed uninterrupted peace cannot be looked upon as anything but a fiction or a dream.”

11. cōnsuētūdine proeliōrum: ‘because of their habit of (waging) war.’

iam … putābantur: ‘were beginning to be thought’; note the force of the Imperfect.

12. in decem: Livy I, XIX, says in duodecim mēnsēs.

13. aliquā ＝ ūllā.

cōnfūsum: ‘confused’; modifies annum and is modified by prius.

14. morbō: i.e. a natural death as contrasted with a death by violence.

Ch. 4.

16. huic successit: lit. ‘to this one succeeded’ ＝ ‘his successor was’; note the emphasis.

hīc bella reparāvit: in allusion to the former activity of Romulus in that direction.

17. Albānōs: Alba Longa, the most ancient town in Latium, is said to have been built by Ascanius, and to have colonized Rome. After its destruction by Tullus Hostilius it was never rebuilt. Its inhabitants were removed to Rome. At a later time the surrounding country was studded with the splendid villas of the Roman aristocracy. Livy, Bk. I, XXII-XXV, gives an account of the conquest of the Albans.

mīliāriō: the Roman milestones were set up at intervals of 1000 paces, 5000 Roman feet, on the military roads. They gave the distance from the place from which the measurement was made, its name, the name of the person who erected the stone, and the name of the reigning emperor. The phrase means ‘twelve miles from Rome.’

18. aliī … aliī: ‘the one … the other.’ Eutropius uses alius with the meaning of alter.

20. adiectō Caeliō monte: lit. ‘the Caelian Hill having been annexed’ ＝ ‘by annexing the Caelian Hill’; cf. conditā cīvitāte, Ch. 2.

21. fulmine ictus: lit. ‘having been struck by lightning.’

ārsit: ārdeō.

Ch. 5.

22. ex fīliā: ‘on his daughter’s side.’ Note peculiarity of fīlia, H. 80, 2 (49, 4); M. 33, N. 2; A. & G. 36, e; G. 29, 4; B. 21, 2, e.

1. Iāniculum: Mons Ianiculus, on the opposite side of the Tiber, was united to the city by the Pons Sublicius.

cīvitātem: this city, afterwards called Ostia, was situated on the left bank of the river, about sixteen miles from Rome. It was used as a port for Rome until the time of the Empire.

3. morbō periit: cf. morbō dēcessit, Ch. 3.

Ch. 6.

4. Prīscus Tarquinius ＝ Tarquinius Prīscus. When only the nomen and the cognomen are written, they are often reversed, especially in late Latin. The legend of the Tarquins is as follows: Demaratus, their ancestor, fled from Corinth, his native place, and settled at Tarquinii in Etruria. He married an Etruscan wife, by whom he had two sons, Lucumo and Aruns. At his death Lucumo inherited all his father’s property. Although he had married Tanaquil, a woman of the highest rank, he was excluded from all power and influence in the state. Discontented with this he removed to Rome with a large band of followers. He and his companions were received with welcome, and were admitted to the rights of Roman citizens. He took the name of Lucius Tarquinius, to which Livy adds Priscus, to distinguish him from L. Tarquinius, the seventh king of Rome. At the death of Ancus Marcius, the senate and people unanimously elected Tarquinius to the vacant throne. His reign was distinguished by great exploits in war and by great works in peace.

5. circum: the Circus Maximus. It was in a valley between the Palatine and Aventine Hills. Here the Roman games were held. At first the spectators sat on the hill side and watched the games being celebrated in the valley beneath them. Tarquinius is said to have been the first to introduce seats. In the time of Caesar the circus was 1800 feet long and 300 feet wide, and capable of seating 180,000 people. It was enlarged many times, until in the fourth century it was capable of seating 385,000 people.

lūdōs Rōmānōs: the Lūdī Rōmānī, consisting of horse and chariot races, were the oldest games, and were celebrated originally in honor of Jupiter by victorious generals as a part of a triumph. At first they lasted only one day, but the time was gradually increased until in the age of Cicero they lasted fifteen days, September 4-19.

6. ad nostram memoriam: ‘to our time.’

7. vīcit: emphatic position.

nōn parum ＝ māgnum: ‘a large part’; cf. nōn compāruisset, Ch. 2.

8. prīmus … intrāvit: ‘and he was the first to enter the city celebrating a triumph.’ A triumph was a solemn procession in which a victorious general entered the city in a chariot drawn by four horses. He was preceded by the captives and spoils taken in war, and was followed by his troops; and, after passing in state along the Via Sacra, ascended the Capitol to offer sacrifice in the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. The following conditions had to be complied with: (a) The general must have been dictator, consul, or praetor. (b) He must have actually commanded in the battle and commenced it, himself taking the auspices. (c) The battle must have been decisive and ended the campaign. (d) The foes must have been foreigners, and at least 5000 of them must have been slain.

9. mūrōs fēcit: he began to surround the city with a stone wall, a work his successor, Servius Tullius, completed.

cloācās: the Cloaca Maxima is a semicircular tunnel, 14 feet wide, beneath the city. A part of this sewer, about 1020 feet, is still in existence, and after a lapse of 2500 years goes on fulfilling its original purpose. Its opening into the Tiber near the Temple of Hercules in the Forum Boarium is still in a good state of preservation.

Capitōlium: the Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill. Its foundations were laid by Tarquinius Priscus. Its walls were raised by his successor Servius Tullius, and Tarquinius Superbus completed it, although it was not consecrated until the third year after the expulsion of the kings. It consisted of three parts, a nave sacred to Jupiter, and two wings, the right sacred to Minerva and the left to Juno. The magnificence and richness of this temple are almost incredible. It was burned in the time of Sulla, who rebuilt it. After being destroyed several times it was raised for the last time by Domitian, who made it more grand and magnificent than had any of his predecessors.

10. per … fīliōs: Eutropius occasionally substitutes per with the Accusative for the Ablative or Dative of agent; cf. per eum multa ā cōnsulibus prōsperē gesta sunt, Bk. IV, 10.

11. rēgis ēius: apposition with Ancī.

cuī: cf. huic successit, Ch. 4.

Ch. 7.

12. Servius Tullius: the legend of Servius Tullius is as follows: Ocrisia, his mother, was one of the captives taken at Corniculum, and became a slave of Tanaquil, the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. Servius was born and reared at the palace of the king. As Tanaquil by her power of divination had foreseen the greatness of the child, she persuaded Tarquinius to give his daughter to Servius in marriage. At the death of Tarquinius, by the aid of Tanaquil, Servius became firmly fixed in the royal power. The great deeds of Servius were deeds of peace, and he was regarded by posterity as the author of all their civil rights and institutions. Three important events are assigned to him. He reformed the constitution of the state. He extended the boundary of the city and surrounded it with a wall. He established an important alliance by which Rome and the Latin cities became members of one great league.

genitus: lit. ‘born’ ＝ ‘the son.’

13. quoque: as well as Tarquinius Priscus. Quoque must not be confounded with quōque, the Ablative of the pronoun quisque.

15. fossās circum mūrum: portions of the Servian wall still exist.

16. cēnsum: the number of Roman citizens was ascertained every five years, though not always with perfect regularity, for the assessment of taxes and the arrangement of military service. Originally the kings took the census. After the establishment of the republic the duty was performed by the consuls. After 444 B.C., special officers, called censors, had charge of it. The census was concluded with the solemn ceremony of reviewing the newly constituted army, called a lustrum.

orbem terrārum: lit. ‘the circle of lands’ ＝ ‘the world.’

18. capita: ‘souls’; cf. our expression ‘head of cattle.’

19. in agrīs: others than inhabitants of Rome possessed Roman citizenship.

21. uxōrem: ‘as his wife.’

Ch. 8.

22. L. Tarquinius Superbus: L. Tarquinius, called Superbus, ‘the Overbearing,’ from his haughty manner and conduct, commenced his reign without any of the forms of election. One of his first acts was to abolish the rights that Servius Tullius had conferred upon the plebeians. All the senators whom he mistrusted and all whose wealth he coveted he put to death or banished. He surrounded himself with a bodyguard, by means of which he was enabled to do what he liked. After several successful campaigns his tyranny caused the people to depose him and drive him from the city.

23. euntibus; lit. ‘for those going’ ＝ ‘as you go.’

24. Gabiōs: ‘the city Gabii’; the name of the town, though plural, is in apposition with cīvitātem.

1. Capitōliō: here the Capitoline Hill.

2. oppūgnāns: ‘while besieging the city’; a clause with cum or dum would have been more usual.

4. ēius: antecedent is L. Tarquinius.

et ipse Tarquinius iūnior: ‘also a Tarquin (but) younger’ ＝ ‘who was also called Tarquinius’; his praenomen was Sextus.

5. Lucrētiam: for the interesting story of Lucretia, see The Story of the Romans, p. 62.

eandemque: ‘who was also’; H. 508, 3 (451, 3); M. 446, 1; A. & G. 195, e; G. 310; B. 248.

6. stuprāsset: ‘had offered violence to.’ Stuprāsset for stuprāvisset, cf. rēgnāsset, Ch. 4.

7. questa fuisset: for questa esset. Eutropius generally uses essem, etc., in the Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive. For other exceptions see Bk. II, 9, 22. He ordinarily uses fueram, etc., for eram in the Pluperfect Passive Indicative.

8. parēns et ipse: ‘a relative likewise,’ i.e. as well as Collatinus. He was the son of Marcus Iunius and Tarquinia, the second daughter of Tarquinius Superbus. He was called ‘Brutus,’ i.e. ‘the Stupid,’ on account of the mental imbecility he feigned to deceive Tarquinius. Parēns, ‘relative,’ a late meaning.

10. eum: refers to the king.

quī: antecedent is exercitus.

13. rēgnātum est: lit. ‘it was ruled’ ＝ ‘the dynasty lasted.’

14. annīs: Eutropius and some other post-classical writers use the Ablative of Time within which for the Accusative of Duration of Time. The Ablative makes prominent the limits that mark the time.

15. ubi plūrimum: lit. ‘where most’ ＝ ‘at the most,’ at the place of the widest extent.

Ch. 9.

17. hinc: ‘from this time.’

cōnsulēs: at first they were called praetōrēs, ‘leaders.’ The consuls were elected by the Comitia Centuriata, the new assembly organized by Servius Tullius.

coepēre ＝ coepērunt.

18. alter eum: note the fondness of the Latin for antitheses. It tends to place contrasted words near each other. Often the observance of this is of assistance in determining the meaning of a passage.

20. annuum: ‘lasting one year.’

habērent: the clause nē … habērent is the Subject of placuit.

21. redderentur: cf. coërceret, above.

cīvīlēs: lit. ‘like citizens’ ＝ ‘good citizens.’

23. ab expulsīs rēgibus: ‘after the expulsion of the kings;’ cf. post rēgēs exactōs, Ch. 11.

24. māximē … pellerētur: ‘had done the most to drive out Tarquinius.’

25. Tarquiniō: cf. īsdem, Ch. 6. Note the emphasis.

1. manēret: cf. habērent, above.

3. L. Valerius Pūblicola: Livy, Bk. II, 2, calls him Publius Valerius. Owing to his efforts to secure the rights of the plebeians and for his popular measures he was called Pūblicola, ‘the Partisan of the People.’ He secured the passage of the Valerian law giving to every citizen condemned on a capital charge the right of appeal to the people.

Ch. 10.

7. in vicem sē: ‘each other in turn.’ As the Latin has no reciprocal pronoun it is compelled to resort to various circumlocutions; cf. Caesar, Bk. I, 1, inter se, Bk. II, 10, alius alium circumspectant.

8. tamen: although both the leaders were slain.

10. per annum: cf. annum lūxērunt, Ch. 11.

11. quō morbō mortuō: ‘and when he had died.’ The Latin relative is very often best translated by ‘and’ with a personal pronoun. For the case of morbō, cf. morbō, Ch. 3.

12. iterum: construe with sūmpsit.

Ch. 11.

18. Porsennā: Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium in Etruria. He aided the Tarquins as they had come from Etruria. See Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome, Horatius.

Rōmam paene cēpit: Ihne (p. 89) thinks that by this is meant that the Etruscans conquered the city.

22. Tusculum: said to have been founded by Telegonus, the son of Ulysses. It was always one of the most important of the Latin towns, and was a favorite resort of the Roman aristocracy. Cicero had a villa there.

24. cōnsenuit: lit. ‘he grew old’ ＝ ‘lived to be an old man.’

26. dē hīs: ‘over them’; the regular expression used for a triumph celebrated for a victory over an enemy.

2. fātāliter: lit. ‘by fate’ ＝ ‘a natural death’; cf. morbō dēcessit, Ch. 3.

3. nummīs: ‘money’; particularly small coins.

sūmptum habuerit sepultūrae: ‘had the cost of a burial,’ i.e. was buried at public expense.

quem: note its position.

Ch. 12.

5. gener Tarquinī: Manilius Octavius of Tusculum.

7. dictātūra: at times of great danger, when it was necessary for one man to hold the supreme power, a dictator was appointed by one of the consuls on the nomination of the senate. The office was for six months; but in case the specific object for which the dictator was appointed was accomplished before that time, he resigned. Ihne, p. 118; Tighe, p. 65.

8. magister equitum: he was aid-de-camp to the dictator and was appointed by him. In the absence of the latter he became the representative of the dictator.

9. neque … potestātī: ‘neither can anything be said to be more similar than the ancient dictatorship to the imperial power which,’ etc. Imperium was the regular term for the power possessed by the magistrates. Here it refers to the power of the emperor.

Eutropius explains for the benefit of his readers the ancient dictatorship, which had long since fallen into disuse, by comparing it to the power possessed by the emperor.

11. Tranquillitās Vestra: ‘Your Serene Highness’; Valens, Emperor of the East, 364-378 A.D. “Other titles used of the emperors were Aeternitās Tua, Clēmentia Tua, Serēnitās Tua, Māgnitūdō Tua, Māiestās Tua.”

Vestra: in Latin of the classical period tua would have been used, as only one person is referred to. In late Latin the pronouns of the second person plural take the place of the singular, just as ‘you’ has taken the place of ‘thou.’

13. sub dictātūrae nōmine: in 45 B.C. Caesar was made perpetual dictator.

Ch. 13.

17. populus ＝ plebs here. Populus is a collective noun, and so takes a singular verb.

tamquam: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning.

18. tribūnōs plēbis: these magistrates, elected by the plebeians in an assembly of their own (Comitia Tributa), were invested with the right of ‘intercession,’ by which they could stop all legislation that they judged to be harmful to the plebeians. To make their intercession effective they were declared to be sacrosancti, i.e. ‘inviolable,’ and the curse of outlawry was pronounced against any one who harmed them. The First Secession of the Plebeians, as this was called, was the beginning of a long struggle between the orders, and terminated in the complete political equality of the plebeians. Ihne, Ch. XIII; Creighton, p. 12; Tighe, p. 91.

19. per quōs ＝ ut per eōs.

Ch. 14.

2. quam habēbant optimam ＝ optimam quam habēbant.

Ch. 15.

5. Q. Mārcius: called Coriolānus from the city Corioli, which he had conquered. Ihne, p. 155; Creighton, p. 21.

8. oppūgnātūrus: the Participle ＝ oppūgnāvisset.

9. patriam suam: ‘his native city.’

12. secundus: really the first after Tarquinius, but the second in order. In an enumeration of a series the Latin generally includes the starting point.

Ch. 16.

14. C. Fabiō et L. Virgīniō cōnsulibus: lit. ‘C. Fabius and L. Virginius being consuls’ ＝ ‘in the consulship of,’ etc. One of the regular ways of dating events in Latin is to give the names of the consuls for that year. Another is to reckon the time from the founding of the city; cf. ab urbe conditā, Ch. 18.

15. quī … erant: ‘who belonged to the Fabian household’; cf. centum ex seniōribus, Ch. 2.

16. prōmittentēs … implendum: sc. esse; ‘promising the senate and the people that the whole contest would be completed by themselves.’ Prōmittō regularly takes the Future Infinitive.

18. quī singulī: ‘each one of whom.’

dēbērent: cf. esset, Ch. 15.

19. ūnus omnīnō superfuit: see Ihne, p. 163.

Ch. 17.

1. sequentī tamen annō: in the year after the consuls mentioned in the last chapter.

3. Quīntius: generally written Quīnctius. He held the dictatorial power for fourteen days only, and having completed his work returned to his farm. Later he was again appointed dictator, and again proved himself to be the deliverer of his country.

4. in opere et arāns: the post-classical writers seem to strive almost as much to avoid uniformity in expression as the classical writers strive for it.

5. togam praetextam: by metonomy the badge of office is put for the office itself. The toga praetexta had a red border woven in it. It was the badge of office of the higher magistrates and priests. It was worn by boys also until they reached the age of manhood and by girls until they married.

Ch. 18.

7. alterō ＝ secundō.

ab urbe conditā: ‘from the founding of the city.’

9. decemvirī: the laws, which the decemvirs codified, known as the Twelve Tables, remained the foundation of Roman law for a thousand years. They were engraved on twelve bronze tables and were set up in the Forum that all might read them. Every school-boy was required to commit them to memory. For an account of the decemvirs and their legislation, see Ihne, p. 167; Creighton, p. 16; Tighe, p. 95.

10. ex hīs: cf. ex seniōribus, Ch. 2.

11. Virgīnī … fīliam: see Macaulay’s Lays of Ancient Rome, Virginia; Ihne, p. 173; Creighton, p. 16.

13. quam ＝ sed eam.

Ch. 19.

17. Fīdēnātēs: the town of Fidenae is said to have been colonized by Romulus. It frequently revolted and was as frequently retaken by the Romans. After its destruction in 437 B.C. it was rebuilt.

20. coniūnxērunt sē: ‘united.’

2. victī … perdidērunt: ‘they were conquered and also lost their king.’

Ch. 20.

4. Vēientānī: they were engaged in almost unceasing hostilities with the Romans for more than three centuries and a half.

5. ipsōs ＝ eos. Eutropius often uses ipse for is.

6. aciē: note the difference of meaning between exercitus, āgmen, aciēs, and cōpiae.

diū obsidēns: the siege is said to have lasted ten years.

8. et Faliscōs: in classical prose etiam would have been used.

9. quasi: ‘on the ground that’; a late meaning.

dīvīsisset: cf. premerētur, Ch. 13.

11. Gallī Senonēs: see Ihne, Ch. XXI; Creighton, p. 25; The Story of the Romans, p. 104.

12. apud flūmen Alliam: the fight occurred on July 16, which was henceforth considered as an unlucky day.

secūtī … occupāvērunt: cf. victī … perdidērunt, Ch. 19.

15. obsidērent: cf. sustinēret, Ch. 18.

21. et ipse: ‘he too,’ as well as Romulus.

Ch. 1.

3. tribūnī mīlitārēs cōnsulārī potestāte: six military tribunes with consular powers and consular duration of office were elected by the Comitia Centuriata. The office was open alike to patricians and plebeians. This was a compromise measure on the part of the patricians when they were forced to yield to the demands of the plebeians to be admitted to the consulship. All the rights of the consulship were given to them by this means without the honorary privileges the holding of the office of consul conferred. Each year the people determined whether consuls or military tribunes with consular power should be elected. From the time of the creation of the tribunes with consular power until the opening of the consulship to the plebeians in 367 B.C., the tribunes were elected fifty times and the consuls twenty-three. The plebeians were kept out of the office until 400 B.C. Mommsen, p. 63; Tighe, p. 100.

4. hinc: cf. hinc, Bk. I, 9.

7. trēs … ēgit: i.e. a triumph for each of the cities.

Ch. 2.

11. sub ipsīs: ‘under the direction of these’; i.e. the citizens of Praeneste.

12. Rōmānīs: note the name of the people for that of the city.

14. dēcrētus: sc. est from the sunt preceding.

Ch. 3.

16. placuit: lit. ‘it was pleasing’ ＝ ‘they determined.’

17. ita fluxit: lit. ‘it flowed so’ ＝ ‘there was such disturbance.’

Ch. 4.

21. L. Genuciō … cōnsulibus: cf. C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus, Bk. I, 16.

22. honor … dēlātus est: lit. ‘honor second after Romulus was conferred upon him’ ＝ ‘honor second to that of Romulus,’ etc.

Ch. 5.

2. mīliāriō: cf. mīliāriō, Bk. I, 4.

3. Aniēnem: the Anio, a tributary of the Tiber. Aniēnem is Accusative from the old Nominative Anien.

nōbilissimus: lit. ‘of highest birth.’ √GNO, cf. nōscō.

dē senātōribus: cf. ex seniōribus, Bk. I, 2.

4. L. Mānlius: his name is generally given as Titus. The Story of the Romans, p. 106.

5. sublātō … impositō: ‘having taken off his (the Gaul’s) golden necklace and having placed it on his own neck’; cf. conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.

6. in perpetuum: ‘forever.’

7. fugātī sunt: note the difference in form and meaning between fugāre and fugere.

8. nōn multō post: lit. ‘not after by much’ ＝ ‘not long after.’

9. mīlia captīvōrum: it was customary to adorn the procession of the victorious general, when he was celebrating a triumph, with the captives he had taken in the campaign. When the procession passed up the Capitoline Hill to the Temple of Jupiter, the captives were led aside to the Mamertine prison at the foot of the hill and were strangled.

Ch. 6.

11. Latīnī: Creighton, p. 27.

12. mīlitēs praestāre: it was the custom of Rome to compel the states she had subdued to furnish soldiers for the Roman army. These were used as auxiliary forces.

ex Rōmānīs: cf. ex seniōribus, Bk. I, 2.

13. quī modus ＝ modus quī; ‘a force which.’

14. parvīs … rēbus: ‘although up to this time the Roman state was small.’

16. quae ＝ eae lēgiōnēs.

duce L. Fūriō: lit. ‘L. Furius being the leader’ ＝ ‘under the leadership of L. Furius.’

17. quī esset optimus: ‘whoever was the best.’

18. sē … obtulit: ‘offered himself.’

Valerius: see The Story of the Romans, p. 111.

20. commissā … pūgnā: cf. conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.

21. ālīs et unguibus: cf. fulmine, Bk. I, 4.

25. annōrum: by a law passed in 181 B.C., the legal age of the consulship was fixed at forty-three. There were exceptions made, as in the case of Cn. Pompeius, who was elected consul when he was thirty-six years old.

Ch. 7.

1. Latīnī: Creighton, p. 28.

2. ex eōrum: sc. populō.

4. pūgnā: see The Story of the Romans, p. 113.

5. dē hīs perdomitīs: ‘a triumph was celebrated on account of their defeat.’

6. rōstrīs: the Rostra or speaker’s platform in the Forum. From it the speaker could command the entire Forum and the Comitium. In 42 B.C. it was removed and set up again at the west end of the Forum. Another rostra was constructed about the same time at the opposite end, in front of the new Temple of Divus Iulius.

7. Alexandrō Macedone: Alexander the Great.

Ch. 8.

9. Samnītas: a Greek form of the Accusative. The Samnites were offshoots of the Sabines, occupying the hilly country between the Nar, the Tiber, and the Anio. Their bravery made them the most formidable rival of Rome in Italy. In 290 B.C. they were subjected to Rome.

12. Q. Fabiō Māximō: called Rulliānus. This Fabius was five times consul and dictator twice. He triumphed over the Samnites, Marsi, Gauls, and Etrurians. He was the great-grandfather of Q. Fabius Maximus, the hero of the Second Punic war.

14. sē absente: ‘while he (Papīrius) was absent.’

16. capitis damnātus: lit. ‘having been condemned of the head’ ＝ ‘having been condemned on a capital charge’; cf. our expression ‘capital punishment.’

sē vetante: cf. parvīs … rēbus, Ch. 6. Sē; the antecedent is Papīrius.

Ch. 9.

19. T. Veturiō … cōnsulibus: cf. C. Fabiō … cōnsulibus, Bk. I, 16.

20. vīcērunt: at the battle of the Caudine Forks, a narrow pass east of Campania. The commander of the Samnites was Gavius Pontius. See The Story of the Romans, p. 113.

sub iugum: the yoke was formed by sticking two spears in the ground and fastening a third on top. To pass under the yoke was a sign of subjection, and is equivalent to our expression ‘laying down arms.’ Livy, Bk. IX, VI, describes the process.

21. pāx … solūta est: a Roman general could not make peace with the enemy without the ratification of the senate and the people.

22. ipsīs: see note on ipsōs, Bk. I, 20.

facta fuerat: see note on facta fuisset, Bk. I, 8.

3. aquam Claudiam indūxit: i.e. he built the aqueduct named after him. It was more commonly called ‘Aqua Appia.’ Between seven and eight miles in length, chiefly under ground, it was the beginning of the magnificent system of water works that distinguished ancient Rome. Four of these old aqueducts still furnish the water supply of modern Rome. Lanciani, Ancient Rome, p. 58.

4. viam Appiam: “the Appian road was made in 312 B.C. to join Rome to Capua, and was afterwards carried as far as Brundisium. This ‘queen of roads,’ as it was called, was a stone causeway, constructed according to the nature of the country, with an embankment either beneath or beside it, and was of such a width that two broad wagons could easily pass each other.”

Q. Fabium Māximum: called Gurges, the son of Q. Fabius Maximus, mentioned in Ch. 8.

6. datus fuisset: cf. questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.

7. ipsōrum: cf. ipsīs, above.

10. per annōs: cf. per annum, Bk. I, 10.

11. āctum: ‘waged’; agrees with bellum.

Ch. 10.

13. sē … iūnxērunt: cf. coniūnxērunt sē, Bk. I, 19.

15. dēlētae sunt: The Story of the Romans, p. 114.

Ch. 11.

17. Tarentīnīs: the people of Tarentum, a rich and luxurious city in southern Italy. It played an important part in the war with Pyrrhus. The whole of southern Italy was known as Magna Graecia, on account of the number of cities founded there by the Greeks.

in ultimā Ītaliā: ‘in the most remote part of Italy’; H. 497, 3 (440, N. 1); M. 423; A. & G. 193; G. 291, R. 2; B. 241.

19. Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt: ‘asked aid of Pyrrhus.’ Pyrrhus was regarded as one of the greatest generals that had ever lived. With his daring courage, his military skill, and his kingly bearing, he might have become the most powerful monarch of his day. But he never rested satisfied with any acquisition, and was ever grasping at some fresh object. For an account of the war see The Story of the Romans, pp. 115-121; Creighton, p. 31.

20. orīginem trahēbat: ‘was claiming descent’; it was the custom of royal families to claim descent from heroes or gods.

21. prīmum: ‘for the first time.’

24. cēpisset: cf. latrōcinārētur, Bk. I, 1.

dūcī: cf. the construction with praecēpit, Ch. 8.

2. auxiliō: cf. fulmine, Bk. I, 4.

vīcit: although the loss of the Romans was nearly equaled by that of Pyrrhus, the value of winning the first battle was at once shown by the fact that the Lucanians, Bruttians, Samnites, and all the Greek cities joined Pyrrhus.

6. quōs … vīdisset: ‘and when he saw them lying’; quos ＝ et eos; cf. quō morbō mortuō, Bk. I, 10.

adversō vulnere: ‘with their wounds in front’; i.e. they died facing the enemy.

8. hāc vōce: lit. ‘this voice’ ＝ ‘these words.’

Ch. 12.

10. sibi: cf. Tuscīs Samnītibusque, Ch. 10.

13. terrōre exercitūs: ‘on account of his fear of the army’; note the difference in meaning between the Subjective and Objective Genitive; H. 440, 2 (396, III); M. 216, 1; A. & G. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.

14. sē recēpit: lit. ‘he took himself back’ ＝ ‘he withdrew.’ This march was merely a feint on the part of Pyrrhus.

15. honōrificē: the Romans always regarded Pyrrhus as an honorable enemy. Their feelings towards Hannibal were entirely different.

17. Fābricium: C. Fābricius Luscīnus. He was consul for the first time 283 B.C., when he triumphed over the Boii and Etrurians. He was noted for his extreme frugality and simplicity, as well as for his integrity. He is cited by Cicero and Horace as a type of the Roman citizens of the best days of the Commonwealth.

18. cognōvisset: cf. latrōcinārētur, Bk. I, 1.

19. voluerit: cf. habuerit, Bk. I, 11.

Ch. 13.

25. pāx displicuit: it is said that at first the senate wavered; but by the energy of the blind and aged Appius Claudius, who caused himself to be carried into the senate house, their courage was revived.

remandātum est: ‘word was sent back.’

1. nisi … posse: this answer passed into a maxim of state.

4. ante … quam: note the fondness of the Latin for separating the parts of this and other compounds of the same nature.

veterem: ‘former.’

bīnōrum: ‘two apiece.’

6. quālem: predicate to Rōmam; ‘what sort (of a city) he had found Rome (to be).’

7. comperisset, cf. agerentur, Ch. 11.

Ch. 14.

18. occīsūrum: cf. note on prōmittentēs … implendum, Bk. I, Ch. 16.

sī … aliquid: ‘if something.’

pollicērētur: Imperf. Subjunctive representing the Future Indicative in Direct Discourse; H. 574, 646 (507, I, 527, I); M. 363, 1, 402; A. & G. 307, 1, 337, a, 3; G. 595, R. 1; B. 319, B.

19. dominum: indicating that the physician was a slave, as was usual at that time.

23. Lūcānīs et Samnītibus: they, with the Bruttii, had joined Pyrrhus against Rome. This was the second triumph of Fabricius; cf. note on Fabricius, Ch. 12. He was consul the third time two years after.

2. prīmus: ‘he was the first to.’

3. apud Argōs: it is said that he perished ingloriously in a street fight, 272 B.C.

Ch. 15.

6. urbis conditae: cf. ab urbe conditā, Bk. I, Ch. 18.

8. petierant for petīverant: the shorter forms are more usual in this verb.

Ch. 16.

11. dē hīs: cf. dē hīs, Bk. I, Ch. 11.

12. cīvitātēs ＝ urbēs: see note on conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, Ch. 2.

Beneventum: its name is said to have been originally Maleventum, and to have been changed because of the evil omen it contained. The name Beneventum was given it in 271 B.C. Here Fabricius defeated Pyrrhus 275 B.C. It remained a possession of the Romans during the whole of the Second Punic War and was thanked by the senate for its faithfulness during that critical period.

Ch. 17.

16. Brundisīnī: the people of Brundisium, the modern Brindisi. It was a seaport of Calabria, the chief naval station of the Romans on the Adriatic Sea, and their regular port of departure for Greece.

Ch. 18.

17. annō: sc. ab urbe conditā.

18. extrā Ītaliam: ‘the Roman power was now dominant throughout the peninsula to the river Aesis; the valley of the Po, however, was still reckoned a part of Gaul.’

24. contrā Āfrōs: i.e. Carthaginians. Carthage was one of the first cities of the ancient world. It was situated on the north coast of Africa, and was said to have been founded by Phoenicians from Tyre under the leadership of Dido. Carthage had been the ally of Rome in the war against Pyrrhus. But the growing commercial activity of Carthage caused jealousy to arise which resulted in the three wars for the supremacy of the West,—known as the Punic wars. The first was from 264 B.C. to 241 B.C. The second 218-202 B.C. and the third 149-146 B.C. It resulted in the capture and destruction of Carthage by the Romans under P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus. Creighton, Ch. III.

26. rēge Siciliae Hierōne: Hiero was the king of Syracuse and its dependencies. Nearly all the rest of Sicily was in the power of the Carthaginians.

Ch. 19.

2. rēs māgnae: ‘great operations.’

3. in fidem acceptae: sc. sunt; ‘were taken under their protection’; i.e. they were made tributary.

Ch. 20.

11. Liburnās: sc. nāvēs; these were light vessels built after a model taken from the Liburnians, a sea-faring people that lived on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea.

12. Duilius: the victory of Duilius was due to a device by which he turned a naval battle into a land contest. His ships were furnished with grappling irons, by means of which he seized the ships of the enemy and then boarded them, when the Roman soldiers easily proved themselves superior to the Carthaginian mercenaries. It was the first naval victory the Romans had ever gained, and in honor of it a column was erected to the memory of Duilius.

17. possent: cf. pūgnāsset, Ch. 8.

19. inde ＝ ex his locis: ‘from these places.’

20. triumphum ēgit: ‘he celebrated a triumph.’

Ch. 21.

23. pūgnātum: sc. est; ‘they fought.’

victus est: ‘he (Hamilcar) was conquered.’

24. retrō sē recēpit: cf. sē recēpit, Ch. 12.

1. in dēditiōnem accēpērunt: ‘they received in surrender.’

2. ūsque ad: lit. ‘even up to’ ＝ ‘as far as.’

6. decem et octō: cf. decem et octō, Bk. I, Ch. 1.

8. in fidem accēpit: cf. in fidem acceptae, Ch. 19.

11. ā Lacedaemoniīs: cf. Pyrrhum … auxilium poposcērunt, Ch. 11. The Spartans were called Lacedaemonii from Lacedaemon, another name for Sparta.

Ch. 22.

22. ingentī praedā: after a victory a portion of the booty generally was divided among the soldiers.

23. subācta … fuisset: cf. questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.

30. neque … īnfrāctus fuit: lit. ‘neither in any one was courage broken by these’ ＝ ‘and no one’s courage was broken by these (misfortunes).’

hīs: sc. cāsibus.

Ch. 23.

4. continuae: ‘repeated’; one following another without any break.

6. recēderētur: lit. ‘it should be withdrawn’ ＝ ‘they should withdraw.’

Ch. 24.

8. Metellō: a coin was struck to commemorate this battle, having the head of Metellus on the one side and an elephant on the other. Metellus was consul a second time in 249 B.C., and was elected Pontifex Maximus in 243 B.C. In 241 B.C. he rescued the Palladium when the Temple of Vesta was on fire.

10. venientem: ‘on his arrival’; in Sicily from Africa.

12. in auxilium: lit. ‘for aid’ ＝ ‘as auxiliaries.’

13. ingentī pompā: cf. ultimā perniciē, Ch. 21.

Ch. 25.

17. obtinēret: ‘obtain’; a late meaning.

18. nihil … ēgit: ‘did not act at all’; i.e. he made no use of the privileges enjoyed by Roman citizens, but acted as a foreigner on the ground that he had lost his citizenship when he had been captured by the enemy. It was so provided by Roman law, but there was also the provision that when a prisoner returned he recovered his former status. The story of the return of Regulus is more than doubtful.

20. uxōrem: according to the view he took she had ceased to be his wife.

1. obtinuit: ‘he gained his point.’

2. nūllus admīsit: ‘no one admitted (to the senate)’; i.e. the Romans refused to admit the ambassadors.

3. negāvit ＝ dīxit nōn.

4. mānsūrum: sc. esse.

Ch. 26.

8. contrā auspicia: nothing was undertaken by the Romans without consulting the will of the gods. In this case the sacred chickens refused to eat, this being an unfavorable omen, yet Claudius persisted in fighting.

11. alius: in classical Latin alter would have been used; cf. aliī … aliī, Bk. I, 4. L. Junius is meant.

Ch. 27.

15. trecentīs nāvibus: this fleet was not raised by the state, but by private subscription. The number is generally given as 200.

18. nāvem aeger ascendit: ‘embarked with difficulty.’

vulnerātus … fuerat: cf. questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.

22. īnfīnītum: ‘a very great (amount).’

aurī: cf. argentī, Ch. 19.

24. VI Īdūs Mārtiās: the full expression would be ante diem sextum Īdūs Mārtiās; cf. XI Kal. Māiās, Bk. I, 1.

25. tribūta … pāx: peace was granted finally on these terms: Carthage was to evacuate Sicily, to give up the Roman prisoners without ransom, and to pay a war indemnity of 3,200 talents,—$4,000,000,—one third down and the remainder in ten annual payments.

1. licēret: ‘it might be permitted’; the subject is redimī captīvōs.

4. redīrent: iubeō generally takes the Accusative and Infinitive, but in poetry and in late prose it sometimes takes ut with the Subjunctive.

5. ex fiscō: ‘from the treasury’; a late meaning.

Ch. 28.

6. Q. Lutātius: Cercō.

A. Mānlius: Torquātus.

8. quam vēnerant: ‘after they had come.’

Ch. 1.

12. Ptolemaeum: this was the famous Ptolemy Philadelphus. He was engaged in war with Antiochus II, king of Syria, for a long time, but finally concluded peace with him and gave him his daughter in marriage. He was noted for his patronage of literature and science.

14. Antiochus: this was the name of several kings of Syria. The one referred to here was Antiochus II, called Theos.

grātiās … ēgit: ‘gave thanks.’

16. Hierō: more properly the king of Syracuse (see Bk. II, 18, 19). During his reign the celebrated mathematician Archimedes lived. He became the firm ally of the Romans, and when the Second Punic War broke out he remained true to his alliance. After the battle of Lake Trasimenus he sent a fleet with provisions and other gifts to the Romans and also furnished them with a body of light troops.

18. exhibuit: lit. ‘held out’ ＝ ‘presented.’

Ch. 2.

19. quibus: sc. annīs; cf. tempore, Ch. 1.

20. Ligurēs: they inhabited the upper part of the Po valley. They were of small stature, but strong, active, and brave. In early times they served as mercenaries in the armies of Carthage. They were not subdued finally by the Romans until after a long and fierce struggle. Genua was their chief city.

21. dē hīs: cf. dē hīs, Bk. I, 11.

1. Sardiniēnsēs: when a revolt occurred in Sardinia, Rome took advantage of the exhausted condition of Carthage, and demanded the surrender of the island and an additional indemnity of 1200 talents ($1,500,000). Corsica was obtained in a similar manner. This was the beginning of the Roman provincial system. Each province was governed by a praetor and paid taxes to the Roman people. Rome and Carthage, p. 102; Creighton, p. 39.

3. impellentēs: nominative agreeing with Karthāginiēnsēs and governing Sardiniēnsēs.

Ch. 3.

7. nūllum bellum habuērunt: at Rome there was the so-called Temple of Janus, the gates of which were open in time of war and closed in time of peace. The gates were closed only three times from the building of the temple by Numa to Augustus, viz. by T. Manlius, 235 B.C., and by Augustus in 29 and 25 B.C.

8. semel tantum: ‘only once.’

Numā Pompiliō rēgnante: cf. conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.

Ch. 4.

10. Īllyriōs: the Illyrians lived on the eastern side of the Adriatic Sea. They were a nation of pirates, and made the whole Adriatic and Ionian seas unsafe for commerce. Even the towns on the coast were not safe from their ravages. The Romans sent a force against them and compelled them to give up their conquests and to make peace.

11. ex Īllyriīs: dē Īllyriīs would be more common.

Ch. 5.

13. Gallōrum: the Romans, recalling the terrible battle of Allia, Bk. I, 20, were panic-stricken at first. A large army was raised and stationed at Ariminum, where the first attack was expected. But the Gauls passed around the Roman army, and, falling in with a small reserve force, utterly defeated it. Instead of hastening to Rome, they resolved to put their plunder in a place of safety. The Roman army following them met them finally near Telamon, where the decisive battle was fought, and the Gauls were annihilated.

14. cōnsēnsit: ‘united.’

15. Fabiō: Q. Fabius Pictor, the earliest of the annalists. He wrote in Greek an account of the early history of Rome. He is frequently quoted by Livy.

17. tantum: ‘alone.’

Ch. 6.

20. M. Claudiō Mārcellō: he was five times consul. This was his first consulship. He was one of the chief generals of the Romans in the Second Punic War. He captured Syracuse after a siege of two years (Chs. 12, 14). He fell in battle 208 B.C., and was buried by the enemy with military honors (Ch. 16).

24. Mediōlānum: the modern Milan.

expūgnāvit: note the difference between expūgnō and oppūgnō.

26. spolia: called opīma, were the arms taken from a hostile general by a Roman general commanding under his own auspices. They were hung in the Temple of Jupiter Feretrius on the Capitol. This temple is said to have been built by Romulus, who inaugurated the custom. They were won on only two subsequent occasions, when A. Cornelius Cossus killed Lars Tolumnius, king of the Veii (Bk. I, 19), and the time mentioned in this chapter.

Ch. 7.

4. bellum Pūnicum secundum: immediately after the end of the First Punic War the Carthaginians began to prepare for a renewal of the struggle against Rome. Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal, crossed over into Spain and conquered a large part of it. Probably it was his intention to make this province the basis of operations against Italy. But death prevented the realization of his plans. Hasdrubal, his son-in-law, took command of the empire Hamilcar had founded in Spain, and organized and enlarged it. He founded the city of New Carthage, which from its situation seemed destined to become a second Carthage in commercial importance. In 221 B.C. he was assassinated. At his death the command was turned over to Hannibal, the idol of the army and the sworn enemy of the Romans. Active preparations were made. Forces were assembled, supplies were prepared, and when all was ready Hannibal gave the signal for war by besieging Saguntum.

per Hannibalem: cf. per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.

5. Saguntum: a town on the southern coast of Spain, said to have been founded by the Greeks as a trading post. It was in alliance with the Romans, although by the terms of the last treaty with the Carthaginians independence was secured to the Saguntines by both parties. The capture of this town was the first hostile act of the war. Rome and Carthage, p. 112; Creighton, p. 40.

7. annum … aetātis: lit. ‘passing the twentieth year of his life’ ＝ ‘being twenty years of age’; cf. decem et octō annōs nātus, Bk. I, 1.

10. mīsērunt: sc. lēgātōs.

ut mandārētur: lit. ‘that it might be commanded’ ＝ ‘that instructions might be given.’

11. dūra respōnsa: the story is told that when Q. Fabius, the chief of the embassy, held up his toga, saying, ‘I carry here peace and war: choose ye which ye will have.’ ‘Give us which ever you please,’ replied the Carthaginians. ‘War, then,’ said Fabius; and the decision was greeted by the short-sighted acclamations of the masses.

13. adficiuntur: historical Present.

Ch. 8.

15. in Hispāniam: cf. Rōmam, Ch. 2.

16. Ti. Semprōnius: sc. Longus.

17. Alpēs: there is a disagreement as to the pass by which Hannibal entered Italy. Probably he crossed by the Little St. Bernard pass, and came into Italy near the present town of Aosta. Creighton, p. 41; Rome and Carthage, p. 118.

19. LXXX mīlia peditum: the number of the forces of Hannibal given here is taken from L. Cincius Alimentus, a Roman annalist. He was captured by Hannibal, and so had excellent opportunities for gaining information.

21. Semprōnius Gracchus: a mistake of Eutropius. It was Ti. Sempronius Longus. In the next chapter it should be Semprōnius Longus instead of Semprōnius Gracchus.

Ch. 9.

23. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō: at the beginning of the war he set out for Spain, Ch. 8, but finding that Hannibal had already left and was on his way to Italy, he went to Gaul to encounter the Carthaginian before he should cross the Alps. Hannibal was too quick for him. Scipio returned to Italy and awaited the arrival of the Carthaginians in Cisalpine Gaul. Near the river Ticinus, one of the northern tributaries of the Po, the first engagement of the war took place. The Romans were defeated; Scipio received a severe wound, and was only saved from death by the courage of his son Publius, the future conqueror of Hannibal. P. Scipio and his brother Gnaeus were killed in Spain, Ch. 14. Rome and Carthage, p. 127; Creighton, p. 43.

1. apud Trebiam amnem: the Trebia is a small stream flowing into the Po from the south. For an account of the battle see Rome and Carthage, p. 130; Creighton, p. 43.

2. multī … dēdidērunt: it was Hannibal’s policy to encourage the communities subject to Rome to revolt and to attach themselves to his standard. Everywhere he proclaimed himself to be the ‘Liberator of Italy.’

3. Flāminiō … occurrit: this battle took place in the following year, 217 B.C. Hannibal wintered in the plains of Lombardy, and at the approach of spring attempted to cross the Apennines. He was driven back by a violent storm, and was forced to return to his winter quarters. Later in the year he passed the mountains and marched into Etruria, where he was met by the Romans under Flaminius, who had been elected consul for that year, in the battle of Lake Trasimenus, in which the Romans were utterly defeated, and almost the whole force was annihilated. Rome and Carthage, p. 138; Creighton, p. 43.

6. Q. Fabius Māximus: was the great-grandson of the Q. Fabius Maximus mentioned in Bk. II, 8, and grandson of the Q. Fabius mentioned in Bk. II, 9. He was one of the greatest generals of Rome. He was chosen dictator in 217 B.C., after the battle of Lake Trasimenus. The policy he adopted is well known. By following Hannibal from place to place, by watching for any error or neglect on his part and immediately taking advantage of it, and by avoiding a general engagement, he earned for himself the name of Cunctator, ‘delayer,’ but he saved the state. In 215 B.C. he was elected consul again, and again employed the same tactics. In 210 B.C., when he was consul for the fifth time, he recaptured Tarentum by stratagem (Ch. 16). He opposed the sending of Scipio to Africa, saying that Italy ought to be rid of Hannibal first.

eum … frēgit ＝ ab impetū eum prohibuit; ‘prevented him from attacking in force.’

differendō pūgnam: ‘by postponing battle’: i.e. by avoiding a decisive engagement.

Ch. 10.

8. quadrāgēsimō: Eutropius is mistaken in the date; it was 216 B.C.

9. L. Aemilius Paulus: father of the L. Aemilius Paulus mentioned in Bk. IV, 6, 7. He had distinguished himself in his former consulship in the war against the Illyrians. Against his advice the battle of Cannae was fought, and, refusing to fly from the field when the battle was lost, he was slain. He was an aristocrat, and was raised to the consulship by that party to counterbalance the influence of the plebeian P. Terentius Varro.

13. impatientiā Varrōnis: the aristocracy laid all the blame of the defeat on Varro.

14. Cannae: a town of Apulia to the south of the Aufidus, about halfway between Canusium and the sea. This was one of the most important battles of the war. Although the Romans greatly outnumbered the Carthaginians, by the skillful maneuvers of Hannibal, they were surrounded on all sides and were cut down without mercy. “For eight hours the work of destruction went on, and at the end 50,000 men lay dead upon the ground. Aemilius Paulus, the Illyrian hero, who, though wounded by a sling early in the day, had clung to his horse, heartening on his men, till he dropped exhausted from his saddle, the proconsul Servilius, the late high-spirited master of the horse, Minucius, both quaestors, twenty-one military tribunes, sixty senators, and an unknown number of knights were among the slain. Nearly 20,000 Roman prisoners were taken. Of the rest, Varro, with a few horsemen only, escaped to Venusia. Amid all this slaughter the conqueror had lost only 5500 of his infantry and but 200 of that matchless cavalry to whom the victory was mainly due.” Rome and Carthage, p. 160; Creighton, p. 44.

16. pars dē exercitū ＝ pars exercitūs; a very rare usage.

18. acceptī sunt: ‘were handled’; an ironical use of the word.

20. nōbilēs virī: men whose ancestors had held high office.

22. mentiōnem habēre: usually mentiōnem facere.

quod numquam ante: sc. factum erat.

23. manūmissī: sc. sunt; they were liberated because none but freemen could serve in the Roman legions.

Ch. 11.

24. multae Ītaliae cīvitātēs: “chiefly Samnites and other south Italian states. The Greek cities held to Rome, and ‘not one Roman citizen, nor one Latin community, had joined Hannibal.’”

2. variīs suppliciīs: probably the Romans exaggerated the cruelty and treachery of Hannibal.

3. ānulōrum: these rings were the distinctive badges of the knights and senators.

7. duōbus Scīpiōnibus: P. Cornelius and Gnaeus, the father and uncle of P. Scipio Africanus. For the campaign in Spain see Rome and Carthage, p. 183.

Ch. 12.

12. annō quartō postquam: H. 486 (429); M. 243, 1; A. & G. 256; G. 393; B. 223; cf. aliquot annīs post, Ch. 6.

13. Mārcellus: see note on M. Claudiō Mārcellō, Ch. 6.

cīvitātem ＝ urbem; cf. conditā cīvitāte, Bk. I, 2.

16. rēx Macedoniae Philippus: although Philip promised aid, he never gave it. Owing to his frequent struggles with the states of Greece, and the invasion of Macedonia by the Romans, he was compelled to devote his undivided attention to preserving his realm.

21. prōcōnsulem: ‘ex-consul’; at the expiration of his term of office the consul was given a province to govern, under the title of proconsul.

22. ea: the antecedent is Sardinia.

Ch. 13.

25. Hispāniīs: the two divisions of Spain, Hither and Further.

28. missus fuerat: cf. questa fuisset, Bk. I, 8.

3. et Hasdrubalem: ‘including Hasdrubal.’

Ch. 14.

8. ad … urbis: cf. ad quintum mīliārum urbis, Bk. I, 15. This was merely a feint on the part of Hannibal to draw the Romans away from Capua, which they were besieging, to the defense of Rome. Rome and Carthage, p. 187.

12. per multōs annōs: cf. per annum, Bk. I, 10.

16. nōbilissima urbs Syrācūsāna: “So fell Syracuse, the virgin city, which had seen two Athenian armaments perish beneath its walls which had for centuries saved Sicily from becoming altogether, what its greater part then was, a Carthaginian appanage. … It fell to rise no more, at least to its former opulence. Its temples were left standing, because they would not pay for moving; … but the choicest works of art were swept off to adorn the imperial city.” Rome and Carthage, p. 181.

22. in dēditiōnem accēpit: cf. in dēditiōnem accēpērunt, Bk. II, 21.

24. cōnsulem: he was praetor, not consul. He was surprised by Hannibal and slain before Herdonia.

Ch. 15.

2. P. Cornēlius Scīpiō: he is one of the most interesting characters in Roman history. Brilliant and versatile, he seemed to be the favorite of fortune. When the senate had resolved to make one more attempt to conquer Spain and were looking for a leader, he offered himself and was sent with 11,000 men. On his arrival he found the forces of the Carthaginians scattered in different parts of the province, and New Carthage defended by a weak garrison. By a brilliant stratagem he captured this with its riches and munitions of war, 207 B.C. Next he attacked Hasdrubal at Baecula in Andalusia. Although the Romans claimed the victory, Hasdrubal escaped from his hands and started for Italy to bear aid to his brother Hannibal. Spain was left to the undisputed possession of the Romans.

3. annōs nātus … vīgintī: cf. decem … nātus, Bk. I, 1. He was too young to be elected to the consulship.

5. ferē prīmus: ‘almost the first.’

Karthāginem Hispāniae: called ‘New Carthage.’ See note on bellum Pūnicum secundum, Ch. 7. A town still exists on the same spot bearing the name Cartagena.

11. ūnō animō: ‘with one accord.’

Ch. 16.

14. Q. Fabius Māximus: see note on Q. Fabiō Māximō, Ch. 9.

17. pecūniam hominum vēnditōrum: ‘the money derived from the sale of the prisoners.’

18. ad fiscum: cf. ex fiscō, Bk. II, 27.

21. ēgregiās rēs: ‘extraordinary exploits.’

per sē: cf. per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.

22. L. Scīpiōnem: became famous for his victories in the East, Bk. IV, 4.

23. Claudius Mārcellus: see note on M. Claudiō Mārcellō, Ch. 6.

Ch. 17.

26. rēs inclitās: cf. ēgregiās rēs, Ch. 16.

1. in amīcitiam accēpit: cf. in dēditiōnem accēpērunt, Bk. II, 21. It meant practical subjection in either case.

ā victō: sc. hoste.

2. obsidēs nōn poposcit: by pursuing the opposite course to that of the Carthaginians he hoped to win over the Spaniards.

Ch. 18.

3. dēspērāns: ‘giving up the hope.’

6. ā cōnsulibus: construe with īnsidiās compositās.

7. apud Sēnam: one of the critical battles of the world’s history. It is generally known as the battle of the Metaurus, from the name of the river near which it was fought. The messenger sent by Hasdrubal to inform his brother Hannibal of his coming fell into the hands of the Romans. Nero, leaving a part of his forces to watch Hannibal, with a picked band hastened north, joined the force under Salinator, defeated Hasdrubal, who perished in the battle, and returned to his army in Apulia before Hannibal discovered his absence. It is said that he ordered the severed head of Hasdrubal to be flung into the camp of Hannibal. He “recognized the features of the brother whom he had so long and eagerly expected, and in them sadly saw the doom of Carthage.” Rome and Carthage, p. 196; Creighton, p. 45.

12. ingēns animus accessit: lit. ‘great courage came to in addition’ ＝ ‘great courage was inspired in.’

et ipsī ＝ etiam: cf. et ipse, Bk. I, 8.

Ch. 20.

19. in Āfricam missus: the senate, led by Fabius, opposed the sending of Scipio, but the people forced that body to accede to their demands. Owing to the opposition Scipio was not as well equipped for the expedition as he should have been.

dīvīnum quiddam: ‘something divine.’ The ancients believed that great men were inspired by the gods. Scipio pretended to hold communication with Jupiter Capitolinus. Probably he merely took advantage of a popular superstition.

24. Syphācem: Syphax had driven Masinissa, a Libyan king, from his throne. Masinissa joined Scipio on his arrival in Africa and gave him valuable aid. When the war was ended Masinissa was restored to his throne as his reward.

Ch. 21.

5. lēgātī … petīvērunt: their purpose was to enable Hannibal to reach Africa and prepare for war against Scipio.

7. quoūsque ＝ dōnec: a late usage.

8. mīlia: sc. lībrārum.

pondō: ‘by weight.’

11. nē … redderent: Indirect Discourse depending on an idea of commanding implied in hīs … dedit.

Ch. 22.

19. quibus prius: sc. data esset; cf. hīs condiciōnibus dedit, Ch. 21.

20. quīngentīs mīlibus: Dative, object of additīs.

24. Karthāginī bellum: the details of these operations are imperfectly known. Rome and Carthage, p. 222.

Ch. 23.

2. ūllā memoriā: ‘within the memory of any one.’

3. Scīpiō victor: this was at the famous battle of Zama, one of the decisive battles of the world. Although Hannibal managed his forces with his usual skill, and his veterans fought like the men who had so often conquered in Italy, the Carthaginians were utterly defeated. This ended the Second Punic War. Rome and Carthage, p. 224; Creighton, p. 46.

6. mīlia: sc. lībrārum.

7. supellectilis: Nominative, the usual form is supellex.

9. Āfricānus: later Māior was added to his name to distinguish him from the Scipio Africanus who destroyed Carthage, 146 B.C.

11. quam coeperat: cf. quam vēnerant, Bk. II, 28.

Ch. 1.

12. Macedonicum: sc. bellum.

Ch. 2.

13. Philippum: Philip V, king of Macedonia, began to reign 220 B.C., was defeated by Flamininus at Cynoscephalae 197 B.C., and died 179 B.C. The Story of the Romans, p. 137; Creighton, p. 47.

15. rem prōsperē gessit: in 196 B.C., at the meeting of the Isthmian games, Flamininus caused a herald to proclaim, “that the senate and the people of Rome, and their commander, Titus Quinctius, having subdued Philip and the Macedonians, now restored the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Euboeans, Thessalians, Achaeans, etc., to their freedom and independence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws.”

19. quaterna mīlia: sc. lībrārum; note the force of the distributive.

pondō: cf. pondō, Bk. III, 21.

2. Nabidem: Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedaemon, had seized the city of Argos.

quibus voluit condiciōnibus ＝ quibus voluit eīs condiciōnibus.

in fidem accēpit: cf. in fidem acceptae, Bk. II, 19. This is a mild way of saying that he made the king a subject of Rome.

Ch. 3.

6. Syriacum: sc. bellum. Creighton, p. 48.

7. Antiochum: the most illustrious of the family of the Seleucidae, kings of Syria, was Antiochus, surnamed the Great. After having conquered Caelo-Syria and Palestine, he was urged by Hannibal, who had taken refuge at his court, to make war on the Romans. He invaded Greece, but was defeated by L. Scipio at Thermopylae in 191 B.C., and again at Mt. Sipylus in Magnesia in 190 B.C., when he was compelled to sue for peace.

12. fuisset: cf. quia … fēcissent, Bk. II, 11.

Ch. 4.

14. L. Cornēliō Scīpiōne: cf. Bk. III, 16.

Scīpiō Āfricānus: although Scipio Africanus was the legatus of his brother, yet he practically acted as commander, as his brother was a man of no ability.

17. nāvālī proeliō: this battle, fought at the mouth of the Eurymedon, off Aspendus in Pamphylia, “was the first naval battle and the last battle fought by Hannibal against the Romans.”

18. apud Māgnēsiam: “with the day of Magnesia Asia was erased from the list of great states; and never perhaps did a great power fall so rapidly, so thoroughly, and so ignominiously as the kingdom of the Seleucidae under this Antiochus the Great.” Mommsen.

20. Eumenēs: Antiochus had offered one of his daughters in marriage to Eumenes, the king of Pergamus, on condition that he assist him against the Romans.

22. ex parte rēgis: ‘on the side of the king.’

24. data est: sc. pāx.

25. recēderet: cf. īnferret, Ch. 2.

1. concitātōrem bellī: ‘who had aroused the war’; often it is best to translate nouns of Agency by a clause.

6. et ipse: cf. et ipse, Bk. I, 8.

Asiāgenis: the more usual title is Asiāticus.

Ch. 5.

12. per T. Quīntium Flāminīnum: cf. per fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.

13. trādendus esset: the bitterness with which the Romans hunted down Hannibal was unworthy of such a man and such a nation.

venēnum bibit: “Thus ignominiously ended the career of the man who stood once at the head of the commanders of the world, and whose memory is still honored for the magnificence of his ambition in daring to attack and expecting to conquer the most powerful nation of his time.”

Ch. 6.

19. rebellāvit: on account of the division of the conquered territory after the fall of Antiochus, Philip became indignant at the Romans, and planned a revolt on a large scale. His death in 179 B.C. prevented him from putting his plans into execution. His son Perseus attempted to carry them out. Owing to his lack of genius, he did not act promptly and with energy when the opportunity offered, and let it slip by.

20. Thraciae: Thrace was the name given originally to the whole region north of the Aegean Sea. Afterwards it was confined to the valley of the Hebrus. It became a Roman province in 46 A.D.

Īllyricī: Illyricum was on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea. Its rocky coasts were infested with pirates until it was conquered by the Romans in the second century B.C. It was made a province afterwards and known as Dalmatia.

21. Rōmānīs … auxiliō: cf. auxiliō … Rōmānīs, Ch. 4.

24. utrīsque … praebuit: lit. ‘furnished himself equal to both’ ＝ ‘remained neutral.’

25. P. Licinius: sc. Crassus. He was utterly incompetent and thoroughly unscrupulous.

26. gravī proeliō victus: near Larisa. If Perseus had possessed the energy to follow up this victory, the result might have been different.

1. mox missus contrā eum: Eutropius does not mention the two campaigns under Aulus Hostilius and Quintius Marcius Philippus, in both of which the Romans were unsuccessful.

2. L. Aemilius Paulus: he was the son of the consul who fell at Cannae, Bk. III, 10. He was one of the best specimens of the sturdy Roman character. He was noted for his discipline in the army, and maintained throughout life a pure and unspotted character.

6. ante … quam: cf. note on ante … quam, Bk. II, 13.

Ch. 7.

8. III Nōnās Septembrēs: the full expression would be ante diem tertium Nōnās Septembrēs; cf. XI Kal. Māiās, Bk. I, 1.

9. vīcit: at the battle of Pydna in Macedonia, 168 B.C. “It was in fact the last battle in which a civilized state confronted Rome in the field on a footing of equality with her as a great power. … The whole civilized world henceforth recognized in the Roman senate the supreme tribunal whose commissioners decided in the last resort between kings and nations.” Mommsen, History of Rome, Vol. II, p. 330.

14. honōrem … habuit: ‘held him in honor’ ＝ ‘honored him.’

victō: in apposition with eī.

15. sibi: sibi and sē refer to Paulus.

23. convīviī apparātū: ‘in his entertainments.’

Ch. 8.

25. praedam … distribuit: this act of cruelty was commanded by the senate.

2. triumphāvit autem māgnificentissimē: never before had Rome seen so grand a triumph. It lasted for three days.

3. cum duōbus fīliīs: Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus Minor, both of whom had been adopted into other families.

9. Bīthȳniae: supply rēx from rēgēs above.

Ch. 10.

15. tertium … Karthāginem: The Story of the Romans, p. 139; Creighton, p. 50; Rome and Carthage, Ch. XIX. The Romans encouraged their ally Masinissa to encroach on the territories of Carthage and to harass her in every way. They were seeking a pretext for war, having fully decided to utterly destroy their hated rival. The story is told that every speech that Cato the Censor made was concluded with the words ‘Dēlenda est Carthāgō,’ ‘Carthage must be destroyed.’

16. L. Mānliō Cēnsōrīnō et M. Mānīliō: they were utterly incompetent. On several occasions they were saved from destruction only by the skill of Scipio.

19. Karthāginem oppūgnāvērunt: the Carthaginians tried in every way to avert the war. Embassy after embassy was sent to Rome, offering everything that could be asked. When the Romans demanded the surrender of the arms of the city, they were given. But when it was demanded that they should leave their city and should settle somewhere else at a distance of ten miles from the sea, they refused and prepared for the struggle that was inevitable.

21. Scīpiō: “Publius Cornelius Scipio was the youngest son of Aemilius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia. When quite a youth he had fought at his father’s side at Pydna, and he was afterwards adopted into a still more illustrious family, that of the Scipios. Like his grandfather, the great Africanus, he had early shown a taste for other arts than that of war; and his fondness for literature was cemented by the friendship which he formed, while still a youth, with the historian Polybius. He was inferior in all respects to his grandfather by adoption, the elder Africanus.” He is chosen by Cicero in the De Amicitia as one whose friendship was worthy of immortality.

24. cōnsultissimus: ‘most fertile in council.’

per eum: cf. per Ancī fīliōs, Bk. I, 6.

27. committere: sc. proelium; the omission is late and rare.

Ch. 11.

1. per idem tempus: equivalent to the Ablative of Time within which.

Masinissa: see note on Syphācem, Bk. III, 20.

Ch. 12.

5. iuvenis: see note on annōrum, Bk. II, 6. Scipio was about thirty-seven years old, and had held the office of military tribune only.

6. cōnsul est factus: as in the case of his grandfather by adoption, there was the tacit understanding that his office was to be continued until he had brought the war to an end. The Romans by this time had learned the advantage of retaining in office in times of danger a man who showed himself adapted to the place.

9. quae sua recognōscēbant: ‘which they recognized as their own.’

10. Karthāgō … dēlēta est: “Thus happened what, happily, has rarely happened in history before or since. An ancient seat of civilization with the race which inhabited it, with its arts and its sciences, its laws, its literature, and its religion, was swept away at a single stroke, leaving hardly a wrack behind; and with it vanished the last rival whom Rome had to fear, the one state which ever met her on equal terms, and therefore alone stood between her and universal empire.” Rome and Carthage, p. 260.

quam ＝ postquam.

11. avus ēius: his grandfather by adoption, P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, the conqueror of Hannibal.

12. Āfricānus iūnior: etiam ipse can, of course, refer only to Africanus, iunior being adversative; ‘Africanus (but) younger’; cf. note on Tarquinius iūnior, Bk. I, 8.

Ch. 13.

14. Pseudophilippus: “A pretender, calling himself Phillip, the son of Perseus, met with support from Thrace and Byzantium, and was accepted as king by the Macedonian nation. He even extended his rule over Thessaly by his victory over the Roman praetor Juventius.” Mommsen, p. 219.

15. praetorem: the praetor was one of the chief magistrates at Rome, next to the consuls. The number varied at different times. After Sulla’s time there were eight. The duties of the praetor were to administer justice, and in the absence of the consuls to act in their place. Praetors were also sent to govern provinces subject to Rome.

16. ad interneciōnem: ‘to the point of destruction.’

Ch. 14.

22. cēpit: after the battle of Leucopatra, in which the Achaeans were utterly defeated.

dīruit: “With Corinth fell the liberties of Greece; a Roman province took the place of the state that for six centuries had been the home of art and eloquence, the intellectual sovereign of antiquity; but though overcome and despoiled, she became the guide and teacher of her conqueror.” The light of Greece was extinguished.

27. pīctae tabulae: ‘pictures.’

Ch. 15.

3. habēret: H. 598 (515, III); M. 378, 6; A. & G. 313, d; G. 587; B. 309, 3.

quaestōre: the quaestor was an officer in charge of the treasury. Two remained in the city while the others accompanied the provincial governors and managed the finances of the provinces.

Ch. 16.

5. Metellus: Q. Caecilius Metellus, called Macedonicus, was the son of Caecilius mentioned in Bk. III, 19. He was consul in 143 B.C., and received the province of Hither Spain, where he carried on war with success for two years against the Celtiberi. His brother, L. Caecilius, was consul in 142 B.C. Chs. 21, 23.

8. Viriāthus: it is said that Caepio procured his assassination.

9. quō metū ＝ cūius metū: for the case of metū, cf. metū, Ch. 3.

12. adsertor: ‘restorer of liberty.’

Ch. 17.

17. pācem ignōbilem fēcit: but fearing the reckoning that awaited him at home for concluding peace, he denied before the senate the agreement he had made with the people of Numantia. The total incompetency of Pompeius and of his successor, Mancinus, and the demoralization of the army, caused the war to drag on with disgrace and disaster for three years. Creighton, p. 49.

20. Mancīnum hostibus trādī: they refused to receive him, as the senate knew they would.

24. cōnsul factus: sc. est; this was in 134 B.C. He was then at the legal age for the consulship.

25. mīlitem: ‘the soldiers’; a collective noun.

4. reliquam … accēpit: “A senatorial commission was shortly afterwards sent to Spain, and the provinces were reorganized. Spain gradually became exceedingly prosperous, and, despite the guerilla warfare ever waged by the half-subdued native tribes, it was the most flourishing and best organized country in the Roman dominions.” Mommsen, p. 215.

Ch. 18.

6. Attalus: the kingdom of Attalus consisted of Lydia, Phrygia, Mysia, and Caria, four states on the coast of Asia Minor.

Ch. 19.

9. Callaecīs: generally written Gallaecī. They were a people inhabiting the northwestern part of Spain, bordering on the Atlantic. They were the most uncivilized people of Spain.

Lūsitānīs: they lived a little south of the Gallaeci.

10. P. Scīpiō … Numantīnīs: from the capture of the city of Numantia he received the name Numantīnus.

12. dē Āfricā: i.e. dē Karthāgine.

Ch. 20.

13. Aristonīcō: he was a natural son of Eumenes II of Pergamus. Upon the death of his brother Attalus, who left his kingdom to the Romans, Ch. 18, he claimed the throne. At first he met with considerable success.

15. P. Licinius Crassus: he was consul for the year 131 B.C. He was a good orator and jurist.

25. carcere: the Mamertine prison at the foot of the Capitoline Hill. This was the only prison in Rome in early times. In it most of the famous captives of the Romans were strangled. It consisted of an upper and lower chamber. The term Tullianum sometimes applied to the prison as a whole is more properly restricted to the lower dungeon. Sallust in the ‘Catiline’ gives an impressive picture of the lower vault in which Jugurtha perished. “There is,” he says, “in the prison a chamber named the Tullianum, about twelve feet below the surface of the earth. It is surrounded by walls, and covered by a vaulted roof of stone; but its appearance is repulsive and fearful, because of the neglect, the darkness, and the stench.”

27. diem obierat: lit. ‘he had met his day’ ＝ ‘he died.’

Ch. 21.

29. quae nunc manet: Eutropius is in error. The Carthage of his time was founded by Augustus. He was carrying out the plans of Julius Caesar in this.

2. dēductī sunt: the regular term for the founding of a colony.

eō ＝ ad eum locum.

Ch. 22.

5. Gallīs trānsalpīnīs: the Gauls of the modern France and Switzerland were called trānsalpīnī, to distinguish them from the Gauls of northern Italy, who were called cisalpīnī.

Arvernōrum: the Arverni were a people of Aquitania, in the modern Auvergne. In early times they were the most powerful people in southern Gaul. They still possessed considerable power in Caesar’s time, as he refers to them several times in the Gallic War.

7. fluvium: a late word. The regular term for river is flūmen.

8. torquibus: cf. torque, Bk. II, 5.

9. dēductus est: i.e. from Gaul.

Ch. 23.

12. Narbōne: this was the first colony of the Romans in Gaul. Later it gave the name of Narbōnēnsis to the province. It was situated on the river Atax, and was of considerable commercial importance.

13. L. Caeciliō Metellō: see note on Metellus, Ch. 16.

Ch. 24.

17. Scordiscīs: a people of Pannonia. They were sometimes classed with the Illyrians, but they were remains of an ancient and powerful Celtic tribe.

Ch. 25.

19. C. Caeciliō Metellō: he was the son of Quintus Caecilius Metellus, mentioned in Ch. 16. He was consul in 113 B.C., and carried on war in Macedonia against the Thracians, whom he subdued. He obtained a triumph, in consequence, in the same year and on the same day with his brother.

20. alterum ex Sardiniā: this was Marcus Caecilius Metellus, a brother of Gaius Caecilius mentioned above. He was consul in 115 B.C. In 114 he was sent to Sardinia as proconsul, and while there he suppressed a revolt in the province. For this he was granted a triumph, which he celebrated at the same time with his brother.

22. Cimbrōs: see Bk. V, 1, 2.

Ch. 26.

23. P. Scīpiōne Nāsīcā: i.e. ‘Scipio with the pointed nose.’ This name, which was given in derision to one member of his family, clung to all his descendants.

24. Iugurthae … inlātum est: Jugurtha is an interesting character in Roman history. He was the illegitimate nephew of Micipsa, the king of Numidia. He served under Scipio in Spain, and there made the acquaintance of the dissolute patricians who were serving in the army. On the death of his uncle, he put Hiempsal to death and seized the kingdom. He besieged Adherbal in the town of Cirta, and, having taken the town, he put him to death with savage torture. In the capture of Cirta several Roman citizens were slain. This compelled the senate to make an investigation; but many of its members had been bribed by Jugurtha, and it resulted in nothing. Finally war was declared against him. The army, however, was poorly equipped and badly organized. Nothing but defeat resulted. Metellus, on taking command in 109 B.C., reformed the army, won several victories, and seemed on the point of bringing the war to an end when he was succeeded by Gaius Marius, his lieutenant. Marius speedily brought the war to a close. Jugurtha, however, was surrendered to Sulla, Marius’ lieutenant, by the Moors, with whom he had taken refuge. After gracing the triumphal procession of Marius, he was strangled in the Mamertine prison. He is said to have exclaimed as he touched the water at the bottom of the prison, ‘How cold are thy baths, O Hercules’!

25. frātrēs suōs: Eutropius is incorrect. They were his cousins, not brothers.

2. quae … improbāta est: probably the senate would have approved of it, but such an outcry was raised by the people that they were forced to reject the peace and order the war to be continued.

Ch. 27.

6. Q. Caecilius Metellus: he was the son of Lucius Caecilius, mentioned in Chs. 21, 23. He received the name of Numidicus for his campaign against Jugurtha. In an age of growing corruption his integrity remained unsullied, and he was distinguished for his abilities in war and peace. Creighton, p. 61.

12. successum est eī: lit. ‘it was succeeded to him’ ＝ ‘he was succeeded.’

C. Mariō: see Bk. V, 1. Marius, who had accompanied Metellus, gained his consulship by appealing to the credulity of the people and by misleading them with the most unfair misrepresentations of the conduct of Metellus.

Bocchum: king of Mauretania, father-in-law of Jugurtha.

16. Cornēlium Sullam: see Bk. V, 4. The fact that Sulla was an aristocrat was very annoying to Marius.

Ch. 1.

2. Cimbrīs et Teutonibus: the Cimbri and Teutones were Germanic tribes who had migrated from their homes and had come into Gaul. They defeated the Romans in several engagements. In the battle of Arausio, 105 B.C., three Roman armies were cut to pieces. Then they turned their course towards Spain and gave the Romans a respite of two years. In 102 B.C. they returned from Spain and prepared to invade Italy. Before their entrance they divided. The Cimbri and the Tigurini crossed the Rhone, intending to enter Italy by the eastern Alps. The Teutones and the Ambrones tried to come in by the Maritime Alps, intending to join their countrymen in the valley of the Po. Marius met them at Aquae Sextiae, modern Aix, 102 B.C., and the mighty host of the barbarians was annihilated. The next year the united armies of Marius and Catulus met the Cimbri near Vercellae in Cisalpine Gaul and utterly defeated them. Those who survived the battle were either killed or sold in the slave market at Rome. “The human avalanche which for thirteen years had alarmed the nations from the Danube to the Ebro, from the Seine to the Po, rested beneath the sod, or toiled under the yoke of slavery.” Mommsen, History of Rome, Vol. III, p. 203. Creighton, p. 63; The Story of the Romans, p. 155.

7. quantus … tempore: ‘barely was it as great in the time of Hannibal.’

8. Marius: Gaius Marius was born near Arpinum 157 B.C. of an obscure family. By his valor and his energy he worked his way up in the army, winning distinction in the siege of Numantia in Spain. In 119 B.C. he was elected tribune of the plebs. He now became a marked man. He acquired influence and importance by marrying into the family of the Caesars. In 109 B.C. he went to Africa as lieutenant of Metellus. In 107 B.C. he was elected consul and brought the war with Jugurtha to an end, Bk. IV, 27. After his return from Africa he was elected consul the second time in 104 B.C. and took command of the war against the Cimbri and Teutones. Again in 103, 102, and 101 B.C. he was elected to the consulship, and crushed the barbarians in the two famous battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae, 102, 101 B.C., Chs. 1, 2. In 100 B.C. he was elected consul for the sixth time. The Social war again called him into active service. He defeated the Marsi in two successive engagements, Ch. 3. That he might gratify his ambition and be sent to the war with Mithradates, he procured the passage of a law removing Sulla from the command of the army and conferring it upon himself. Sulla refused to give up his command, marched upon Rome, and forced Marius to flee. After having arranged matters at Rome to his satisfaction Sulla left for the East, Ch. 4. While he was away, Marius returned to Italy, besieged Rome, and entered the city as a conqueror. “The most frightful scenes followed. The guards of Marius stabbed every one whom he did not salute, and the streets ran with the blood of the noblest of the Roman aristocracy.” Ch. 7. Without the formality of an election he became consul for the seventh time, 86 B.C. But he did not long enjoy his honor. On the eighteenth day of his consulship he died.

15. absēns: this was unusual. The law provided that a man must be present to stand for the consulship, and that at least ten years must elapse before he could be re-elected.

Ch. 2.

18. dīmicātum est: this battle was fought in the Campi Raudii, near Vercellae. Before the battle, the Cimbri demanded that lands should be given them for themselves and the Teutones. ‘The Teutones,’ replied Marius, ‘have all the land they need on the other side of the Alps.’

ā Catulī parte: ‘on the part of Catulus.’

Ch. 3.

7. gravissimum bellum: this is known as the Social or Italian war. It was waged by the Italian allies of the Romans. For nearly thirty years the hope of obtaining Roman citizenship had been held out to them, but no measure had been carried to better their condition. The burdens that Rome had imposed upon them had been steadily increased. Finally, in despair of securing any reforms, they appealed to arms. At first they were successful, but in the end the Romans conquered. However, they were compelled to grant nearly all the Italians had demanded. Creighton, p. 64.

12. alius: for alter.

15. ā Rōmānīs: ‘on the side of the Romans’; cf. ā Catulī parte, Ch. 2.

Ch. 4.

24. bellum cīvīle: the First Civil war, called also the Civil war of Marius and Sulla. See Chs. 7-9. The Story of the Romans, pp. 160-164; Creighton, p. 66.

1. Mithradāticum: sc. bellum commōtum est.

bellō cīvīlī: in classical Latin probably a Genitive would have been used.

2. cum Sulla: Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born of a patrician family in 138 B.C. After having secured a good education, he passed his early life in the pursuit of pleasure, squandering the small fortune left him by his father. He served under Marius in Africa (Bk. IV, 8), and received the surrender of Jugurtha. During the war with the Cimbri and Teutones, he served under Marius and Catulus with distinction. When the Social war broke out he again entered the service and won fresh laurels (Ch. 3). In 88 B.C. he was elected consul and received the command of the war against Mithradates (Chs. 5-7). When he had concluded peace with Mithradates, he returned to Italy in 83 B.C., and prepared for the campaign against the leaders of the Marian party. His efforts were crowned with success. In 82 B.C. he brought the conflict to a close with the decisive battle of the Colline gate (Ch. 8). Sulla was now master of Italy. He resolved to take the most ample vengeance upon his enemies, and utterly to crush the popular party. He inaugurated a proscription, in which as many as 47,000 are said to have perished. He was chosen dictator by the senate, and made various reforms in the constitution of the state, all tending to strengthen the power of the aristocracy and to weaken that of the commons. In 79 B.C. he resigned his office and retired to his estate at Puteoli, where he died in 78 B.C. “None of his friends ever did him a kindness, and none of his enemies a wrong, without being fully repaid.”

3. gestūrus: the Future Participle is not used by prose writers of the classical period to denote purpose.

9. prīmus … armātus: a general with his army could not enter the city, except when celebrating a triumph, without losing his command.

11. in futūrum annum: ‘for the next year.’

Cn. Octāviō et L. Cornēliō Cinnā: in apposition with cōnsulibus.

Ch. 5.

13. Mithradātēs: Mithradates V was king of Pontus, a state of Asia Minor. He is one of the most striking characters of Roman history. Possessed of a large and powerful frame, he was endowed also with a mind of great strength and alertness, indomitable courage, and consuming ambition. It was the desire to extend his realm that brought him into collision with the Romans. In 88 B.C. he overran Bithynia, Cappadocia, and the greater part of the Roman province of Asia. In 84 B.C. peace was concluded with Sulla. In 83 B.C. he again began war. This was brought to an end two years later (Chs. 6, 8). For the third time he began to wage war in 74 B.C. This was the last and most important war, and, owing to mismanagement on the part of the Romans, was not concluded until 63 B.C., when he was driven from his kingdom and forced to take his own life (Bk. VI, 14). Creighton, pp. 66, 71.

16. eī: the antecedent is Nīcomēdēs.

18. faceret: Subjunctive in Indirect Discourse representing the Future Indicative in Direct.

quod … patērētur: this use of quod with the Subjunctive after a verb of speaking, instead of the Infinitive with subject Accusative, is late. For the usual construction, cf. Bk. III, 11.

et ipse: ‘he too.’

23. Ephesum: Ephesus at the mouth of the Caÿster in Lydia, was the chief city in Asia Minor. It was especially famous for its temple of Diana.

24. ūnō diē occiderentur: on that day over 80,000 Italians were put to death.

Ch. 6.

1. Aristōne: he was a celebrated philosopher.

3. Archelāum: Archelaus was a distinguished general of Mithradates. At first he met with some success, but was twice defeated by Sulla in the battles of Chaeronea and Orchomenos in Boeotia.

11. commīsit: sc. proelium.

15. iussit … agī: lit. ‘ordered it to be treated concerning peace’ ＝ ‘ordered a truce to be made.’

Ch. 7.

18. partim: contrasted with aliōs.

22. pāx … ōrdināta est: by the terms of the peace arranged Mithradates abandoned all his conquests in Asia Minor, confined himself to the dominion he had held before the war, paid an indemnity of 3000 talents, and surrendered 80 ships of war fully equipped.

2. prōscrīpsērunt: ‘outlawed.’ This was the first proscription in Roman history. It was so called from the list of the names of the persons who were outlawed. They might be killed by any one with impunity, even by slaves. Their property was confiscated to the state and was sold at public auction. Their children and grandchildren lost their votes in the Comitia and were excluded from all public offices.

6. Norbānum et Scīpiōnem: Lucius Norbanus and Gaius Scipio were elected consuls for the year 83 B.C.

7. contrā Norbānum: the battle was fought at Mt. Tifata in Campania. After the battle Norbanus shut himself up in Capua.

10. tōtum … accēpit: by means of Sulla’s emissaries the whole army deserted Scipio, who was forced to retire from the war.

Ch. 8.

12. Marius: Gaius Marius the younger was elected consul with Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, though he had not yet attained the legal age for the office.

14. dīmicāvit: at Sacriportus, between Signia and Praeneste. Marius was driven to Praeneste, and when the town was captured was slain.

19. portam Collīnam: one of the gates of Rome on the Quirinal Hill. The battle raged so fiercely and the result was so long in doubt, that Sulla is said to have invoked the aid of Pythian Apollo. With this battle the resistance of the Marian party in Italy was at an end.

Ch. 9.

4. nūllī Rōmānōrum: this was the first time that any one who had not held the office of consul was permitted to celebrate a triumph.

9. XXIV: sc. mīlia with all these numbers, except the last.

Ch. 1.

14. Sertōrius: Quintus Sertorius, a Sabine by birth, served under Marius in the war against the Teutones. Before the battle of Aquae Sextiae he entered the camp of the enemy in disguise. In 83 B.C. he went to Spain and became the leader of the Lusitanians. For several years he waged war successfully against the Romans. Finally he was assassinated by one of his officers who was jealous of his power. The Story of the Romans, p. 165; Creighton, p. 69.

Ch. 2.

5. levia proelia: ‘skirmishes.’

Rhodopam prōvinciam: a small division of Thrace.

Ch. 3.

10. P. Servīlius: Publius Servilius Vatia was consul in 79 B.C. The next year he was sent to clear the sea of pirates. He waged war successfully against them, conquered Cilicia and organized it as a province. He took a leading part in the public affairs.

ex cōnsule ＝ prōcōnsule; a late expression; cf. our expression ‘ex-president.’

Ch. 5.

20. M. Aemilius Lepidus: Lepidus and Catullus were consuls in the year after the death of Sulla. They quarreled over some trifling matter. In 77 B.C. Lepidus marched to Rome with an army. He was met by Pompey near the Mulvian Bridge and defeated. Shortly afterwards he died in Sardinia.

23. Metellī: Genitive, depending on triumphus supplied from triumphī above.

Ch. 6.

25. annō urbis conditae: a variation for the usual expression ab urbe conditā. The year is conceived of as belonging to the city. Cf. annō ā conditā urbe, Bk. III, 10; annō … ab urbe conditā, Bk. IV, 22.

1. Nīcomēdēs: Nicomedes III, surnamed Philopater, was the son and successor of Nicomedes II mentioned in Bk. IV, Chs. 8, 20. He had been aided by the Romans, and was encouraged by them to encroach on the territories of Mithradates. Having no children, he left his kingdom to the Romans.

2. Mithradātēs: see note on Bk. V, 5.

4. apud Chalcēdōna: the defeat was both by land and sea.

7. Lūcullus: Lucius Licinius Lucullus fought in the Civil war on the side of Sulla, was praetor in 77 B.C., and consul in 74 B.C. For eight years he carried on the war against Mithradates with success; but on account of the mutinous spirit of his soldiers and the jealousy of certain Romans, he was unable to bring the war to a close. On his return to Rome he gave himself up to a life of indolence and luxury. He died in 57 B.C.

10. Bȳzantium: the city of Byzantium was founded by the Megarians in 658 B.C., and was a place of great importance. Constantinople was founded on the same site by the Emperor Constantine the Great in 330 A.D. It remained the capital of the Roman Empire of the East until its capture by the Turks in 1453.

13. centum ferē mīlia: sc. hominum.

Ch. 7.

17. novum bellum: see The Story of the Romans, p. 167; Creighton, p. 70.

18. Spartacō: Spartacus was a Thracian by birth, and had been taken prisoner and sold to a trainer of gladiators. His character has been maligned by the Roman writers. “Accident made Spartacus a shepherd, a freebooter, and a gladiator; nature formed him a hero.”

19. ludō: ‘the gladiatorial school.’ The gladiators were mostly slaves, and were the property of the individuals who trained them and leased them for the games. This school belonged to Lentulus.

20. paene nōn levius: ‘not much lighter.’

22. armātōrum: many slaves joined them.

23. victī sunt in Āpūliā: they were conquered on the river Silarus, which flows between Lucania and Campania. Spartacus was slain in the battle.

Ch. 8.

27. duo: nominative masculine, agreeing with Lūcullī.

7. Mithradātēs fugātus est: if the Roman soldiers had been able to restrain their eagerness for plunder and had followed Mithradates rapidly, he would have been captured.

10. Tigrāne: Tigranes, king of Armenia, was the son-in-law of Mithradates. Although at first he refused to aid Mithradates, later the insolence of Lucullus’ envoys caused him to change his policy and take a hand in the war.

Ch. 9.

13. hostem fugātum: ‘the enemy who had fled.’ Often it is best to translate a participle by a clause.

14. Tigrānocertam: the capital of Tigranes.

16. clībanāriīs: this is the only place in Eutropius where this word is found. It is post-classical, and is used by only two writers besides Eutropius.

19. Nisibīn: he was directing his march to Artaxata, but the mutiny of his soldiers caused him to turn aside to Nisibis, the capital of Mesopotamia, and take up his winter quarters there.

20. hī: his lieutenants, Fannius and Triarius. They had been defeated at Cabira and Zela.

22. neglegenter … agentēs: ‘conducting themselves carelessly and greedily.’

24. bellum renovātum est: the Romans were now exactly where they were at the breaking out of the war, Pontus and Cappadocia were overrun by Mithradates, and the results of eight years’ warfare were lost.

Ch. 11.

12. bellum Crēticum: the war was in reality directed against the pirates who made Crete their headquarters.

Ch. 12.

20. Cn. Pompēiō: by the Gabinian law Pompey was invested with absolute authority, both by sea and by land, as far as fifty miles into the interior, over the whole eastern Mediterranean for three years.

quod … cōnfēcit: in the space of forty days he had swept the whole western tract of the Mediterranean Sea, and had driven the enemy into the opposite quarter. He drove the pirates from the sea, and compelled them to take refuge in their strongholds in the Cilician coast. These he speedily surrounded and captured. He burnt over 1300 of their vessels, and destroyed all their hostile magazines and arsenals. In ninety days he had terminated the contest.

22. eī … Tigrānēn: by the Manilian law the authority he had already wielded against the pirates was extended over all the East.

24. nocturnō proeliō: Mithradates at first attempted to procure peace, but Pompey would hear of nothing but unconditional surrender. He started to retire slowly but was pursued by Pompey, and was overtaken in a narrow pass on the Lycus, where the city of Nicopolis was afterward built. Mithradates escaped with a few horsemen and fled to Tigranes, who refused to receive him.

quadrāgintā mīlia: cf. centum ferē mīlia, Ch. 6.

27. Pharnacis: Pompey had been active in fostering intrigues in the family of Mithradates. He had caused Pharnaces to revolt and to ally himself with the Romans, and had proclaimed him king at Panticapaeum.

2. venēnum hausit: Pharnaces was about to hand him over to the Romans. The story is that he was so inured to poisons that he was compelled to end his life with a sword.

Ch. 13.

7. ab Artaxatā: Pompey was following him, and was planning to capture his capital city.

11. Syria, Phoenīcē: also Galatia, Cappadocia, and a part of Cilicia which Lucullus had taken away from him, Pompey refused to return.

12. Sophānēnē: Pompey made the son of Tigranes the king of Sophanene.

14. commōvisset: Subjunctive, giving the reason of the Romans.

Ch. 14.

22. Syriam: Syria was disturbed by fierce internal dissensions. To put an end to the anarchy that existed there, Pompey resolved to annex it. He drove from the throne Antiochus Asiaticus, who had been acknowledged by the senate and by Lucullus.

2. Iūdaeam: the Jews alone refused to obey his orders, and sustained a siege of three months at Jerusalem. Although Rome had no business to interfere with the affairs in this part of the East, yet the government she gave to the provinces, formed from the conquered territory, was stable and just in the main, and was welcome after the state of anarchy that had prevailed.

Ch. 15.

7. L. Sergius Catilīna: Catiline was a member of a patrician family. By his dissolute habits and his luxury he had squandered all his property and had run into debt. The only relief was to secure the consulship, that at the expiration of his term of office he might be sent to govern some province, from the plunder of which he might acquire another fortune to be spent in riotous living. Failing to secure the consulship, he determined to overthrow the state. He formed a band of dissolute nobles, collected arms in various places, stationed an armed force at Faesulae in Etruria, and made all preparations for an outbreak as soon as the time was ripe. Meanwhile Cicero had ascertained all Catiline’s plans by the aid of the mistress of one of the conspirators. Desiring to drive Catiline to some overt act, he assailed him in the senate on the 8th of November. The oration he delivered has been preserved. Catiline hastened from the city to the armed force at Faesulae. The conspirators who were left in the city were soon caught in a treasonable act, and were arrested and strangled in prison by order of the senate. Afterwards Cicero was accused of having put Roman citizens to death without a trial, and was condemned to exile for a time. Creighton, p. 73.

12. Catilīna ipse: it was not until March of the next year (62 B.C.) that Catiline was surrounded, while attempting to escape into Gaul, and slain.

Ch. 16.

16. nūlla … fuit: in this triumph was displayed a list of 800 vessels, 1000 fortresses, and 300 cities captured, 39 cities repeopled, and 20,000 talents of gold brought to the treasury. “The great conqueror had now celebrated his third triumph. His first had been for victories in Africa, his second for the overthrow of Sertorius in Europe; he had now completed the illustrious cycle by inscribing on the list the name of Asia. Each section of the globe had succumbed to his prowess.”

Ch. 17.

23. C. Iūlius Caesar: Gaius Julius Caesar was born July 12, 100 B.C. He was of a patrician family, but from the first sided with the popular party. Many stories of his early youth are told. He became pontifex maximus, military tribune, and quaestor in succession. At this period he was noted chiefly as a dissolute debtor and a demagogue. In 62 B.C. he was elected praetor, and the next year went as propraetor to govern the province of Further Spain. In 60 B.C. he returned to Rome and formed a political coalition with Pompey and Crassus, known as the ‘First Triumvirate.’ In 59 B.C. he was elected consul, and, after the expiration of his year of office, entered on the governorship of Gaul and Illyricum for the period of five years. This was afterwards extended for another period of the same length. While governor of the province he conquered the Helvetians and a wandering band of the Germans who had come over into Gaul, crushed a revolt of the Nervii, defeated the Veneti and the Aquitani, and twice invaded Germany and Britain. It was Caesar’s intention to stand for the consulship a second time as soon as his term of office as governor of Gaul should expire. Pompey, meanwhile, had become jealous of Caesar’s power and had gone over to the senatorial party. A measure was passed by the senate declaring Caesar to be an outlaw unless he should disband his army and come to Rome a private citizen before a certain date. On Caesar’s refusal to do this, he was declared a public enemy, and preparations for war were made. Caesar advanced to Rome. Pompey fled to Greece, where he was defeated the following year at Pharsalus, and afterwards was murdered in Egypt. At the battle of Thapsus in Africa, 46 B.C., Caesar defeated the remaining leaders of the party, Cato and Scipio. This was the end of the war. He returned to Rome and was made imperator and perpetual dictator. He inaugurated several important reforms, among them a reform in the calendar. He formed many other plans which his death prevented him from executing. Finally, when it was thought that he was aiming at the kingly power, a conspiracy was formed, and he was assassinated on the fifteenth day of March, 44 B.C.

“While other illustrious men have been reputed great for their excellence in some one department of intellect, the concurrent voice of antiquity has declared that Caesar was great in all. ‘He had genius,’ says Cicero, ‘understanding, memory, taste, reflection, industry, and exactness.’” The Story of the Romans, p. 176; Creighton, p. 74; The Roman Triumvirates, Ch. 5.

imperāvit: ‘was emperor’; a late meaning.

1. dēcrēta est: for the number and gender see H. 395, 1 (439, 1); M. 174, 2, 178, 2; A. & G. 187, a; G. 285-6; B. 235, A, 2, B, 2, b, B.

2. Helvētiōs … Sequanī: Eutropius, following the custom of his day, unites the Helvetians and Sequanians. In Caesar’s time they were quite distinct. The Helvetians lived in what is now Switzerland; the Sequanians were west of the Jura mountains along the Rhone.

7. Britannīs: twice he invaded Britain. The first time it was a mere reconnoissance. His conquest was only partial.

11. quadringentiēs: sc. centēna mīlia sestertium; about $1,640,000.

Germānōs: twice Caesar crossed the Rhine, but only for the purpose of impressing the Germans with the power of his forces. He fought no battles there, but he inflicted terrible defeats on two German bands that had come over into Gaul.

Ch. 18.

17. M. Licinius Crassus: there was no cause for war against the Parthians, but Crassus was anxious to make himself popular by winning military renown.

18. circā Carrās: the overthrow at Carrae was one of the gravest disasters ever sustained by the Roman arms: 20,000 were slain and 10,000 were carried into captivity. The Romans who were made prisoners were treated with indulgence by the Parthians and were allowed to settle in the land of their conquerors. Creighton, p. 77.

Ch. 19.

4. alterum cōnsulātum: this he demanded in accordance with the agreement formed between Pompey, Crassus, and himself. He was now eligible for a second consulship, as ten years had passed since he was consul for the first time.

5. aliquā: cf. aliquā, Bk. I, 3.

contrādictum est: lit. ‘it was opposed’ ＝ ‘opposition was made.’

8. iniūriam: “the ‘injury’ was in depriving him of his military command, and leaving him without the security the consulship would have afforded.” He was willing to disband his army and return to Rome if he could be elected to the consulship in his absence, or if Pompey would disband his army.

ab Arīminō: he had crossed the small stream known as the Rubicon which separated his province from Italy. The story is told that as he crossed the stream he said, ‘The die is cast, let us go where the gods and the injustice of our enemies call us.’

mīlitēs congregātōs habēbat: ‘kept his troops collected.’

Ch. 20.

14. dictātōrem: with the exception of Sulla there had been no dictator since the time of the Second Punic War.

15. exercitūs … superāvit: at first he met with serious reverses at Ilerda, but he soon succeeded in compelling the Pompeians to surrender, and enrolled most of them in his army.

18. prīmō proeliō: at Dyrrhacium in Illyria.

20. nec … superārī: Indirect Discourse depending on dīxit.

22. Palaeopharsālum: this battle is generally known as the battle of Pharsalia.

Ch. 21.

4. numquam … neque … neque: “a general negative may be subdivided by neque … neque, or aut … aut.”

7. pūgnātum tum est: Pompey would have refused battle, but was urged on by his followers. The knights and senators who fought in the Pompeian ranks soon broke and fled. At the first attack Pompey fled to his camp, where he tried to rally his routed forces, but he was unsuccessful. Leaping on his horse at the last moment, he escaped through the rear gate of the camp, nor did he draw rein until he reached Larissa. Thence he hastened to the coast, where he took ship for Egypt.

9. ā rēge Aegyptī: he was only a nominal king. Egypt was made a province by Augustus, Bk. VII, 7.

11. occīdit: he caused Pompey to be inveigled into a boat, where he was murdered and his head severed from his body. His corpse was flung into the surf, where it was picked up later and burned.

12. quō cōnspectō: ‘and when Caesar had seen it.’

14. generī quondam suī: Pompey had married Julia, the daughter of Caesar, in 60 B.C. It was her death in 54 B.C. that tended to loosen the bond existing between them.

Ch. 22.

17. victus: Caesar conquered the royal forces on the banks of the Nile.

18. Alexandrīā: when Caesar set fire to the royal fleet, the flames consumed the great library of Alexandria, containing 400,000 volumes. In this fire some of the greatest literary treasures of antiquity perished.

Cleopatrae: the famous queen who proved to be the ruin of Antony, Bk. VII, 6, 7.

20. Pompēiō in auxilium: Eutropius seldom uses the double Dative; cf. Rōmānīs fuisset auxiliō, Bk. IV, 3.

22. vīcit aciē: it was after this battle that Caesar sent to the senate the famous message vēnī, vīdī, vīcī, ‘I came, I saw, I conquered.’

Ch. 23.

2. eī … dictātōrī: ‘while he was dictator’; dictātōrī is in apposition with eī.

6. hīc etiam: ‘he also’; as well as Caesar.

7. M. Porcius Catō: he was the great-grandson of the M. Porcius Cato mentioned in Bk. IV, 23. He is known in history as Cato Uticensis, from Utica, where he committed suicide. He was famous for the austerity of his manners and for his studied imitation of the customs of early days.

9. victor fuit: in the battle of Thapsus.

Ch. 24.

15. Cn. Pompēius: he had gone into Spain and had gathered around him adventurers of all sorts. At first Caesar had sent officers to subdue the revolt, but finding their efforts unsuccessful, he took command in person. After encountering great personal danger, he gained a complete victory. Thirty thousand of the vanquished perished. Gnaeus Pompey escaped from the field, but was afterward overtaken and slain. Sextus, the younger son of Pompey, was the only leader of the republican party left.

Ch. 25.

1. honōrēs: ‘offices’; political honors.

3. rēgia ac paene tyrannica: ‘like a king and almost like a usurper.’ Nepos defines a tyrannus as one ‘who is in perpetual power in that state which enjoyed liberty.’

8. senātūs diē: ‘on the day of the senate’; on the day when the senate met.

9. cūriam: Caesar was slain in the Curia in the Campus Martius.

Ch. 1.

12. partium Caesaris: ‘of Caesar’s party.’ Antony at first pretended to favor the tyrannicides; but after he had obtained possession of the papers and treasure of Caesar, he changed sides and endeavored to crush them.

16. Octāviānus: he was the son of Gaius Octavius and Atia, a daughter of Julia, the sister of Caesar. After his adoption he took the name of Octavianus.

19. Augustus: this was a title conferred upon him after the battle of Actium, when he refused the title of dictator.

rērum potītus: potior regularly takes the Genitive in this phrase. Cf. Alexandrīā potītus, Bk. VI, 22.

quī … trēs ducēs: ‘these three leaders.’

20. vīcērunt eum: in the battle of Mutina, 43 B.C.

1. morerentur: they were wounded in battle, but Augustus was accused of having murdered them.

Ch. 2.

3. Lepidum: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Bk. VI, 1, 5, 23. He was in Gaul at this time, being governor of Gaul and Spain. After he received Antonius, they crossed the Alps at the head of a large body of troops and met Augustus in the north of Italy.

6. pācem … fēcit: this was known as the ‘Second Triumvirate.’ Antony, Augustus, and Lepidus divided the Roman world among them.

8. vīcēsimō annō: he was far below the legal age, 43.

9. senātum prōscrīpsit: 300 senators and 2000 knights were included in the proscription. “Each marked his victims’ names upon the fatal list, and each consented to give up adherents of his own to the greed or hatred of his colleagues.”

11. Cicero orātōr occīsus est: Augustus tried to save him, but Antony, whose hatred Cicero had incurred, demanded his death, and Augustus was forced to yield.

Ch. 3.

17. Philippōs: the battle of Philippi was fought in November, 42 B.C. Creighton, p. 82; The Roman Triumvirates, p. 210.

19. Cassius: Cassius was routed and committed suicide.

Brūtum: after his forces were routed, Brutus was compelled to kill himself to prevent capture.

īnfīnītam nōbilitātem: ‘very many of the nobility.’

21. dīvīsa est rēs pūblica: Lepidus took the province of Africa, Augustus the West, and Antony the East.

23. bellum cīvīle: after the capture of Perusia, Antony threatened war, but he made a truce with Augustus, whose sister Octavia he married.

Ch. 4.

1. Sex. Pompēiō: the son of Pompēius Māgnus, cf. Bk. VI, 24. He had collected a band of pirates and had made himself master of the Mediterranean.

5. pāx postrēmō convēnit: the agreement at Misenum. In accordance with this, Pompey was to retain his command over the sea and the islands of Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica.

Ch. 5.

6. M. Agrippa: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had been a fellow-student with Augustus. He was a gallant soldier and a devoted friend. It was largely by his aid that Augustus secured his power and retained it.

7. Persās: i.e. the Parthians. Eutropius used Persae for the Parthians who claimed descent from the old Persian kings.

10. Crassum occīderat: Bk. VI, 18.

11. triumphum Rōmae ēgit: several of the Roman standards lost at Carrhae were restored by the Parthians, and were carried in the triumphal procession.

Ch. 6.

12. nāvālī proeliō: at the battle of Naulochus, 36 B.C. The Roman Triumvirates, p. 219. Shortly afterward Lepidus set up the standard of revolt. He was defeated by Augustus and his power was taken from him, but his life was spared.

16. ipse pūgnāvit: he lacked the engines necessary for reducing the strongly fortified cities of the enemy, and besides he was very anxious to return to Alexandria.

17. famē … labōrāvit: his retreat has been compared to the flight of Napoleon from Moscow.

18. prō victō: ‘for conquered’ ＝ ‘as if conquered.’

Ch. 7.

20. dum … optat ＝ optāns, ‘hoping.’ The world could not endure two masters. It was natural that they should disagree, and that the stronger should conquer.

22. apud Actium: September 2, 31 B.C. Antony had collected a large naval and land force, but his ships were too large to be handled easily, and many of his land forces deserted. In the midst of the fight Cleopatra fled in her galley, and Antony basely deserted his forces and followed her. Creighton, p. 82; The Roman Triumvirates, p. 225.

23. ex quā: the antecedent of quā is pūgnā.

25. exstincta est: she was too proud to be carried to Rome to adorn the triumphal procession of her conqueror.

Ch. 8.

7. duodecim annīs ＝ per annōs above: the Ablative makes the limits of the time more prominent than the duration.

8. prīncipātūs: ‘leadership’; afterwards the ‘sovereignty’ of the emperors; cf. prīnceps, English ‘prince.’

10. morte commūnī: ‘a natural death’; cf. morbō dēcessit, Bk. I, 3. There was a report that he was poisoned by Livia, his wife.

11. Ātellā: it is generally agreed that he died at Nola, near Naples.

sepultus est: the ruins of his mausoleum still exist.

12. ex māximā parte: ‘in very many respects.’

15. cīvīlissimē: ‘in a manner most becoming a citizen’; cf. cīvīlēs, Bk. I, 9.

16. ut … suō: ‘that he placed them almost on a level with his own dignity.’

17. aequāret: sc. eōs. Aequāre may also take cum with the Ablative.

Ch. 9.

6. quod nūllī anteā: sc. dedērunt.

8. Crassō victō: ‘from Crassus when he was defeated.’

Ch. 10.

14. in honōrem ēius: the compliment was not in the founding, but in the naming.

18. Dīvus appellātus: i.e. he was deified and became the object of a national worship. In the provinces he was worshiped before his death.

Tiberiō: Tiberius Claudius Nero was the son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, the third wife of Augustus. He first married the daughter of Agrippa, whom he divorced at the command of the Emperor and married Julia, Augustus’ daughter and the widow of Marcus Agrippa. After the death of Gaius and Lucius Caesar, the sons of Agrippa and Julia, Tiberius was given the tribunician power and was adopted by Augustus as his successor.

Ch. 11.

21. ingentī sōcordiā … libīdine: probably the character of Tiberius was maligned by the Roman historians. The people disliked him on account of his “dark and gloomy temper, with no grace or geniality of manner, shunning the pleasures of the people, and seldom generous or open-handed.” But we must note the many marks of bias and exaggeration in the common story, and we may well believe that the ancient writers formed too harsh an opinion of his motives in some cases, and reported scandalous gossips too lightly. Creighton, pp. 89-91; The Early Empire, Ch. II.

25. Archelāum: he was summoned to Rome soon after the accession of Tiberius and accused of treason. His life was spared, but he was obliged to remain at Rome, where he died in 17 A.D.

1. Caesarēa: called Caesarēa ad Argaeum to distinguish it from other cities of the same name. It was situated at the foot of Mt. Argaeus and was a place of great antiquity, its foundation having been ascribed to Mesech, the son of Japhet.

Ch. 12.

5. C. Caesar: Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus was the son of Germanicus and Agrippina. He was born in the camp, probably in Germany, and was reared among the soldiers. He received the surname of Caligula from his being arrayed in a mimic uniform and wearing a pair of caligae or soldiers’ boots. At first he ruled well; but his sense of power turned his head, and the latter part of his reign was marked by excesses of all sorts. Creighton, p. 92; The Early Empire, Ch. III.

Ch. 13.

13. Claudius: Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Caesar Germanicus was the second son of Drusus and Antonia, the brother of Germanicus, the father of Caligula. In early life he had been weak in mind and body, and had been despised or neglected. As emperor he was ruled by his wives and favorites, Narcissus and Pallas. He was poisoned by his last wife, Agrippina, who was anxious that her son Domitius Ahenobarbus by her former husband might succeed to the empire. Suetonius in his ‘Lives of the Caesars’ gives a very dark picture of the reign of Claudius. Creighton, p. 93; The Early Empire, Ch. IV.

22. Britannicī: the son of Claudius and Messalina, his first wife. On the accession of Nero, Britannicus was poisoned.

Ch. 14.

1. Nerō: Claudius Caesar, surnamed Nero, was the son of Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina. His early youth was spent in study under the philosopher Seneca, who remained his counselor for several years. During the first five years of his reign he was mild and just. The later years were filled with all sorts of excesses, and were marked by great cruelty. Creighton, p. 93; The Early Empire, Ch. V.

9. urbem Rōmam incendit: it is very improbable that Nero was guilty of this crime. Rome was almost destroyed in this conflagration. Of the fourteen districts into which the city was divided, only four remained untouched by the flames. The fire raged for six days and seven nights; and, after it was thought to have been extinguished, it burst forth again, and continued for two days longer. On this occasion Nero appears to have acted with great liberality and kindness. He caused provisions to be sold at a very low price and the imperial gardens to be opened to the people, and temporary shelters to be erected for their accommodation. That he might remove suspicion from himself, Nero caused it to be reported that the Christians had set fire to the city, and a number of them was seized and put to death. This was the first persecution of the Christians by the Romans, 64 A.D.

Ch. 15.

22. ā saxō: sc. Tarpēiā.

23. lībertī: his name was Phaon.

Salariam: the Via Salaria ran north from Rome to Ancona on the Adriatic.

24. interfēcit: “At last comes Phaon’s courier with the news that the senate had put a price upon his head; the tramp of the horses tells him that his pursuers are on his track, and fear gives him the nerve to put the dagger to his throat, while, true to the passion of his life, he mutters, ‘What a loss my death will be to art!’” The Early Empire, p. 127.

25. Nerōniānae: the ruins of the bath may still be seen near the Pantheon.

Ch. 16.

1. Serv. Galba: Servius Sulpicius Galba was born in the reign of Augustus of a patrician family. He was in Spain when Julius Vindex, the proconsular governor of Gaul, rose against Nero. Galba joined him, and Otho, governor of Lusitania, followed his example. He was saluted as emperor by the soldiers, and the senate was forced to ratify their choice. The emperors from this time on were set up and overthrown at the will of the army. He was very parsimonious in his dealings and so lost the good will of the soldiers, who were ready to aid any revolt against him. He ruled for only seven months. Creighton, p. 96; The Early Empire, Ch. VI.

Ch. 17.

12. Otho: Marcus Salvius Otho was Roman emperor from January 15 to April 16, 69 A.D. He was the husband of the beautiful but infamous Poppaea Sabina, whom Nero took from him and made his own. He was afterwards sent to Lusitania, where he governed with justice and moderation. Creighton, p. 96; The Early Empire, Ch. VII.

14. mollis: ‘effeminate.’

22. voluntāriā morte obiit: he put an end to his life at Brixellum in Cisalpine Gaul.

23. nōnāgēsimō et quīntō imperiī diē: Eutropius is slightly mistaken.

Ch. 18.

1. Vitellius: Aulus Vitellius was Roman emperor from January 2 to December 22, 69 A.D. When the news of Galba’s death reached Upper Germany, where Vitellius was in command, his legions proclaimed him emperor at Cologne. He immediately sent his generals, Fabius Valens and Caecina, at the head of a large force, to Italy, and, having defeated Otho’s troops, obtained the undisputed command of all the West. He was moderate in his rule, disturbing no one in the enjoyment of what had been given by Nero, Galba, or Otho. He was a glutton and an epicure, spending enormous sums on his table. Creighton, p. 96; The Early Empire, Ch. VIII.

10. id … ferret: ‘aimed so openly at this.’

13. cum Capitōliō: “In the confusion of the fight the famous temple of Jupiter caught fire. All were too busy to give time or thought to stay the flames, and in a few hours only ruins were left of the greatest of the national monuments of Rome, which, full of the associations of the past, had served for ages as a sort of record office in which were treasured the memorials of ancient history, the laws, the treaties, and the proclamations of old times. The loss was one that could not be replaced.” The Early Empire, p. 146.

17. in Tiberim … sepultūrā: Eutropius is mistaken. His body was recovered and buried by his wife, Galeria Fundana.

Ch. 19.

20. Vespasiānus: Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasian. He was proclaimed emperor at Alexandria on the 1st of July, 69 A.D., although it was a year before he entered Rome. He lived more like a private person than like the emperor of Rome. The many stories that are told of his avarice and his methods of raising money are probably exaggerated. Although he was frugal in his personal expenditures, he spent large sums in adorning the city. He was the first of the Flavian dynasty. The others were his two sons and successors. He died on the 24th of June, 79 A.D. “His last words were characteristic of his somewhat cynical humour, ‘Methinks I am becoming a god.’” Creighton, p. 96; The Early Empire, Ch. IX.

8. Hierosolyma: Vespasian was besieging Jerusalem when the war broke out between Otho and Vitellius. When he started for Rome he left Titus, his son, in charge of the war against the Jews. Titus captured the city after a stubborn siege of five months, September 8, 70 A.D., and despite his efforts the Temple was burned. Thousands of Jews perished in the siege.

11. ēgerant ＝ fuerant.

Ch. 20.

15. coërcitor: ‘enforcer’; the word is apax legomenon.

hīc … triumphāvit: in 71 A.D. when Titus returned to Rome.

20. genitūram … habuit: ‘he so knew the horoscope of his sons.’

Ch. 21.

25. Titus: Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasian. His early years were spent in military service in Britain and Germany. He won great credit as a general and a soldier. When he returned to Rome after the fall of Jerusalem, he conducted himself in such a manner as to cause a fear that his rule would resemble that of Nero. But after he became emperor he changed his manner of living, and his whole reign was marked by a sincere desire for the happiness of his people. The year 79 A.D. is memorable for the great eruption of Vesuvius, attended by the destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum. He completed the Colosseum, often called the Flavian Amphitheater. When he died, after a reign of only two years, there was a suspicion that he had been poisoned by his brother Domitian. Creighton, p. 98; The Early Empire, Ch. X.

26. omnium … mīrābilis: ‘remarkable for every species of virtue.’

Ch. 22.

17. tamquam … orbitāte: ‘mourned as for a loss in their own families.’

Ch. 23.

21. Domitiānus: Titus Flavius Domitian. Vespasian was aware of his son’s disposition and put no confidence in him. When Vespasian died, Domitian tried to arouse the soldiers against his brother Titus. After his brother became emperor, Domitian was treated with great kindness, and several offices were shared with him. At first mild and just, he soon became suspicious and cruel. In Britain alone were the Roman arms successful during his reign. In all other places defeat and disgraceful compromises with the enemy marked his campaigns. Finally his cruelty became unbearable, and a conspiracy was formed by the officers of the guard, several of his intimate friends, and even his wife Domatilla, and he was slain after a desperate struggle. Creighton, p. 98; The Early Empire, Ch. XI.

27. dominum: here it has the New Testament meaning, ‘Lord.’

13. Palātiō: in the Flavian Palace on the Palatine Hill. Extensive remains of this structure still exist. At first the word Palātium was applied only to the hill, but from the time of Augustus it meant a ‘palace,’ especially the imperial palace of the Caesars.

Ch. 1.

20. Nerva: Marcus Cocceius Nerva was born at Narnia in Umbria in 32 A.D. He was consul with Vespasian in 71 A.D. and with Domitian in 90 A.D. After the assassination of Domitian he was declared emperor by the Roman people and the soldiers, and his administration restored tranquillity to the troubled state. He stopped proceedings against those accused of treason and permitted many exiles to return. Though he was virtuous and humane, he did not possess the necessary vigor for checking the many abuses that existed. He adopted as his son and successor Marcus Ulpius Traian, who was then at the head of the army in Germany. He died suddenly on the 27th of January, 98 A.D. Creighton, p. 99; The Age of the Antonines, Ch. I.

22. operam dante: ‘giving him aid, assisting him.’

Petrōniō Secundō, Partheniō: Nerva could not prevent the Praetorian soldiers from putting them to death.

3. aetātis … annō: Eutropius is mistaken. He was sixty-five years old when he died.

4. inter Dīvōs relātus est: cf. Dīvus appellātus, Bk. VII, 10.

Ch. 2.

5. Trāiānus: Marcus Ulpius Traian was born at Italica near Seville in Spain, September 18, 52 A.D. He was trained to arms, and rose through the various offices to the rank of praetor. He was adopted by Nerva in 97 A.D. After Nerva’s death he became emperor, being the first Roman emperor who was born out of Italy. He was a great soldier and a good administrator. Good sense, a knowledge of the world, and sound judgment characterized him. Just and sincere in his desire for the happiness of the people, he was one of the best emperors that governed Rome. He crushed the Dacians, successfully waged war against the Parthians, and brought peace and prosperity to the whole Roman world. Creighton, p. 99; The Age of the Antonines, Ch. II.

13. Dāciam: Trajan conducted two campaigns against the Dacians, 101-103 A.D. and 104-106 A.D. On his return from the second campaign he celebrated a triumph and entertained the people with games lasting 123 days. “It is said that 11,000 animals were slaughtered during these amusements, and that 10,000 gladiators fought in the arena.”

16. tenuit ＝ habuit.

Ch. 3.

17. Armeniam: Trajan began this campaign in 114 A.D. The winter of the same year he spent at Antioch. During the next two years he conquered the greater part of the Parthian empire, taking the capital city Ctesiphon.

Ch. 4.

3. amīcōs … frequentāns: ‘going often to his friends to salute them.’

4. fēstōs diēs habuissent: ‘they were celebrating feast days.’

indiscrēta: ‘with no distinction of rank.’

6. nihil … agēns: his finances were prosperous, partly owing to good management, and partly from the success of certain mining operations in Dacia.

9. per orbem … multa: “He constructed several good roads in the provinces and Italy; among them was the road across the Pomptine Marshes. At Ostia he built a large new basin. At Rome he constructed the aqueduct called by his name, built a theater in the Campus Martius, and, above all, made the Forum Traianum, with its basilicas and libraries, and his column in the center.”

10. nihil nōn: the figure of Litotes, affirming a thing by denying its contrary; cf. nōn compāruisset, Bk. I, 2.

Ch. 5.

19. bellī domīque: H. 484, 2 (426, 2); M. 242, 2; A. & G. 258, d; G. 411, 2; B. 232, 2.

20. Seleuciam: it is generally stated that he lived to reach Selinus in Cilicia, where he died in August, 117 A.D.

23. sōlus … sepultus est: he was the only one of the emperors who was buried within the city. This privilege was enjoyed by the Vestal Virgins.

24. in forō: the Forum Trāiānum was probably the most magnificent of all the Roman fora. It occupied a large space between the Capitoline and the Quirinal Hills, the latter of which was cut away to make room for it. Among the many buildings it contained were two libraries, one for Latin and the other for Greek manuscripts. It contained also the famous Column of Trajan. This column, composed of huge drums of white marble, is pierced within. A bas-relief of the chief events of the Dacian war winds round the shaft. It is still standing.

25. CXLIV pedēs: this was the height of the Quirinal Hill that was cut away.

26. habet ＝ est.

hūius … dēlātum est: ‘so much respect has been paid to his memory.’

Ch. 6.

3. Aelius Hadriānus: Publius Aelius Hadrian was with Trajan when the latter died. With the consent of the Syrian army he assumed the reins of government and his act was ratified by the senate. Although he lost some of the territory that Trajan had added to the Empire, he strengthened and united the remainder. He was, in general, a just and able ruler; yet at times he showed himself revengeful, suspicious, and cruel. He died of dropsy at Baiae, 138 A.D., in the sixty-third year of his life. Creighton, p. 100; The Age of the Antonines, Ch. III.

7. glōriae invidēns: more probably he saw that the Empire had become too large to be governed successfully.

Ch. 7.

17. orbem Rōmānum circumiit: he visited every province in the Empire, correcting abuses, and examining the administration of government.

18. multa aedificāvit: among other famous buildings the Mausoleum of Hadrian, now called the Castle of St. Angelo.

Ch. 8.

27. T. Antōnīnus: his full name was Titus Aurelius Fulvius Boionius Antoninus, called Pius because he persuaded the senate to grant to his adopted father Hadrian the apotheosis and other honors usually paid to deceased emperors. “His reign is almost a blank in history—a blank caused by a suspension for a time of war, violence, and crime.” Although he waged no war for conquest, he defended the provinces with vigor, warring against the Moors and Britons, and the untamed races of the Rhine and the Danube. Creighton, p. 101; The Age of the Antonines, Ch. IV.

6. bonīs honōrem habēns: ‘paying respect to the good.’

14. Lorium: in Etruria on the Via Aurelia.

Ch. 9.

18. M. Antōnīnus Vērus: he is generally known as Marcus Aurelius. He was the adopted son of Antoninus Pius. When only twelve years old he assumed the philosophic mantle and gave himself up to the study of philosophy, attaching himself to the Stoic school. After he became emperor he associated Lucius Antoninus Verus, his brother, with him in the government. Although they were entirely different in character, they reigned conjointly with no disagreement. His ‘Meditations’ have survived. Creighton, p. 101; The Age of the Antonines, Ch. V.

23. singulōs … Augustōs: ‘one Augustus (emperor) at a time.’

Ch. 10.

28. contrā Parthōs: Lucius Verus nominally had the guidance of the war, but it was carried on by his lieutenants while he lingered in Antioch.

Ch. 12.

21. Apollōnium Chalcēdōnium: called Apollonius Dyscolus. “He is the father of scientific Grammar, being the first to reduce it to a systematic form.”

24. Frontō: Marcus Cornelius Fronto. He acquired great reputation as a rhetorician and grammarian at Rome in the reign of Hadrian. Some of his letters to his pupils, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, were found in the present century.

hīc … ēgit: ‘he treated all at Rome with equality.’

26. prōvinciās … trāctāvit: he did not visit the provinces, but kept himself thoroughly informed of the details of their administration.

1. eō prīncipe: ‘during his reign’; cf. hīs rēgnantibus, Bk. I, 2.

bellum … Marcomannicum: the Marcomanni, ‘men of the marshes,’ were a German tribe that threatened destruction to the Roman Empire. For thirteen years Marcus Aurelius with difficulty held them in check. He built many fortresses and a great wall to restrain them.

2. quantum … fuit: ‘it was greater than any in the memory of man’; i.e. there had been no war with the Germans equally formidable.

5. pestilentiae: the plague broke out in 167 A.D. and lasted for several years, despite all efforts to check its ravages. It was probably brought to Rome by the soldiers returning from the expedition against the Parthians.

Ch. 13.

10. Quādī: a powerful people who dwelt in the southeastern part of Germany. They had been taken under the protection of Rome by Tiberius. In 174 A.D. Marcus Aurelius defeated them in a fierce battle. They appear again during the reign of Gallienus (Bk. IX, 8). Towards the end of the fourth century they disappear from history. The Age of the Antonines, pp. 106-108.

Vandalī: a confederacy of German peoples, who dwelt originally on the northern coast of Germany. Later they settled north of the Marcomanni, whom they joined. They invaded Spain, and later Africa. Under their king Genseric they invaded Italy, and took and plundered Rome, 455 A.D.

Suēvī: an important confederacy of German tribes. Their name survives in the modern Suabia.

13. Caesarem fēcerat: the title of Caesar was now given to the person next in rank to the emperor, and who was intended to succeed him.

15. indīcere … aliquid: ‘to make any demands on the provinces or the senate.’

16. īnstrumentum rēgiī cultūs: ‘royal furniture.’

22. comparāta: ‘their purchases.’

Ch. 14.

28. obiit: he died at Vindobona, now Vienna.

29. vītae LXI: it is generally said that he died in the fifty-ninth year of his life.

Ch. 15.

1. L. Antōnīnus Commodus: he was the son of Marcus Aurelius, but like him in no respect. After concluding a disgraceful treaty with the Germans, he hastened to Rome, where he gave himself up to the grossest vices. Creighton, p. 102.

6. in amphitheātrō: he was the conqueror in 735 combats. Nothing delighted him more than to be called the ‘Hercules of Rome.’

7. strangulātus vel venēnō: he was poisoned and afterwards strangled by his favorite Marcia.

Ch. 16.

11. Pertināx: Creighton, p. 103.

Ch. 17.

18. perpetuum composuit ēdictum: this was a digest of the mass of edicts that had been issued by the praetors and the provincial governors. It was the basis of the Corpus Iūris Cīvīlis of Justinian.

19. Mulvium pontem: about two miles north of Rome, on the Via Flaminia. Here the ambassadors of the Allobroges, that had been tampered with by the fellow-conspirators of Catiline, were arrested, 63 B.C. The foundations of this bridge still remain and are built into the Ponte Mollo at the same place.

Ch. 18.

21. Septimius Sevērus: Lucius Septimius Severus was commander in chief of the army in Pannonia and Illyria at the death of Pertinax, 193 A.D. He was proclaimed emperor by the army. For nearly a hundred years the emperors were made and unmade at the will of the soldiers. Creighton, p. 104.

23. omnī memoriā: ‘in all time.’

24. fiscī advocātus: a Roman officer appointed to look after the interests of the imperial treasury.

Ch. 19.

16. vāllum … dēdūxit: the celebrated wall of Severus, extending from the Solway Firth to the mouth of the Tyne. It was erected to prevent incursions of the Caledonians.

17. Eborācī: the modern York.

22. Geta … periit: he was murdered by order of Caracalla.

Ch. 20.

23. Caracalla: the name of Caracalla was derived from a species of Gallic cassock he introduced at Rome.

24. mōrum … fuit: his whole life was only one series of cruelties and acts of extravagant folly. Creighton, p. 105.

25. thermae Antōnīniānae: these accommodated about 1600 persons at once. The ruins are still to be seen.

Ch. 22.

9. M. Aurēlius Antōnīnus: known in history as Heliogabalus. He was the grandson of Maesa, sister-in-law of Septimius Severus, and the son of Symiasera. He was priest in the temple of the Sun at Emesa in Syria when Caracalla died. Through the instrumentality of his grandmother he was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers and acknowledged by the senate. He was the most profligate of the Roman emperors.

Ch. 23.

16. Aurēlius Alexander: Marcus Aurelius Alexander, generally known as Alexander Severus. He had been adopted by Heliogabalus and had been created Caesar. “He was distinguished by justice, wisdom, and clemency in all public transactions, and by the simplicity and purity of his private life.” Creighton, p. 106.

20. adsessōrem: ‘legal adviser.’

21. Ulpiānum: Domitius Ulpianus was one of the most celebrated Roman lawyers. His works are often quoted in the Corpus Iūris Cīvīlis of Justinian. He was assassinated in a mutiny of the soldiers caused by his strict discipline.

Ch. 1.

1. Māximīnus: his full name was Gaius Iulius Verus Maximinus. He was born of barbaric parentage, his father being a Goth and his mother a German. He was famous for his gigantic size and his marvelous feats of strength. His government was characterized by oppression and excesses.

Ch. 2.

9. Gordiānus: Marcus Antonius Gordianus was the grandson of the elder Gordianus. He was a mere boy, probably not more than twelve years old, when he was proclaimed emperor by the soldiers.

Ch. 3.

1. Philippī: Marcus Iulius Philippus I was an Arabian by birth. After the death of Misithus, the father-in-law of Gordianus, he became praetorian praefect, and caused the soldiers to revolt, to slay Gordianus, and to proclaim himself emperor. He proclaimed his son of the same name Caesar, though he was only seven years old.

3. mīllēsimus annus: this anniversary was marked by the celebration of the Saecular Games with unusual magnificence, 248 A.D.

Ch. 4.

8. Decius: his full name was Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius. He was sent by Philippus to Moesia to crush an insurrection, and was compelled by the soldiers to proclaim himself emperor. His reign was occupied chiefly with warring against the Goths. He persecuted the Christians with great severity.

Ch. 6.

21. exstinctus est: he was slain by the soldiers.

Ch. 7.

23. Galliēnus: the son of Valerianus.

5. superātus est: at first Valerianus was successful; but he followed the enemy too rashly. He was captured near Edessa. After his death his skin was stuffed and long preserved as a trophy in the chief temple of the nation.

Ch. 9.

22. Postumus: this period is known as the ‘Rule of the Thirty Tyrants.’ These men, who revolted from Gallienus and set up separate governments for themselves, were noted in the main for their courage. They repelled the invaders and established governments that gave peace and security to their provinces.

28. vīlissimus opifex: he is said to have been a smith, ferrī opifex.

3. mātrimōnia: here has a concrete meaning, ‘wives.’

Ch. 10.

10. Odenāthum: he was the ruler of Palmyra. He checked the incursions of the Persians and drove Sapor out of Syria. In return for these services Gallienus honored him with the title of Augustus.

Ch. 11.

16. occīsus est: he was slain by his soldiers while besieging Milan.

18. Gothōs … vīcit: he conquered the Goths at Naisus in Dardania and received the surname Gothicus in consequence.

Ch. 13.

3. Aurēliānus: his reign presents a succession of brilliant exploits, and it seemed for a time that he would restore Rome to her former position. The Goths, Vandals, and the Alemanni were conquered. Zenobia, who had succeeded her husband as ruler of Palmyra, was captured and carried to Rome. Tetricus was crushed near Catalauni. Aurelian commenced many works of public utility, including a new city wall. He was on his way to chastise the Persians when he was killed by some of his officers, a conspiracy having been formed against him. Creighton, p. 109.

11. ‘Ēripe mē’: Aeneid, VI, 365.

12. Zēnobiam: she was not content with the power she had, but tried to extend her sway over all Syria, Asia, and Egypt. Aurelian captured Palmyra in 273 A.D., and took her prisoner. After adorning his triumphal procession, her life was spared and she lived near Tibur for several years.

occīsō Odenāthō: it is said that he was assassinated and that Zenobia had a hand in it.

Ch. 15.

2. Dāciam … intermīsit: he made the Danube the boundary of the empire, as Augustus had done.

8. servī: the private secretary of the emperor. He is generally said to have been a freedman.

13. mors … fuit: Tacitus had the assassins put to death soon after the beginning of his reign.

Ch. 17.

21. Probus: his full name was Marcus Aurelius Probus. He was as just and virtuous as he was warlike, and is deservedly regarded as one of the greatest and best of the Roman emperors.

27. apud Sirmium: it was his birthplace.

4. tumultū mīlitārī: the soldiers mutinied because he had employed them in laborious public works.

Ch. 18.

14. oculōrum dolōre correptus: ‘affected with a disease of the eye.’

Ch. 19.

24. mātrimōnia: cf. mātrimōnia, Ch. 9.

4. Dioclētiānum: he was born near Salona in Dalmatia. He rose in the army from one position to another until on the assassination of Numerianus he was chosen emperor. He made a great change in the system of government. In 286 A.D. he associated Maximianus with himself as a colleague and gave him the title of Augustus. Six years later, 292 A.D., Constantius Chlorus and Galerius were proclaimed Caesars, and the government of the Roman world was divided among four men, Diocletian taking the East, with Nicomedia as his residence; Maximianus taking Italy and Africa, with Milan as his residence; Constantius taking Britain, Gaul, and Spain, with Treves as his residence; Galerius taking Illyricum and the whole line of the Danube, with Sirmium as his residence. This division was natural and possessed many advantages. It was the only way that the falling empire could be preserved, and a semblance of union retained. Creighton, p. 109.

Ch. 21.

22. strēnuae mīlitiae ōrdine: ‘by a course of active service.’

24. accēpisset: sc. imperium.

29. Britanniās occupāvit: in 287 A.D.

Ch. 22.

5. Cōnstantium: surnamed Chlorus, ‘the pale.’

6. nepōs Claudī: ‘the grandnephew of Claudius.’ He was the son of Eutropius, a Dardanian noble, and Claudia, daughter of Chrispus, the brother of Claudius.

14. pāx convēnit: Carausius was recognized as a colleague.

Ch. 25.

18. extrīnsecus ＝ praetereā, a late usage.

Ch. 26.

28. rēgiae cōnsuētūdinis fōrmam: Diocletian introduced the customs of an Oriental monarch. He wore the diadem, the robes of silk and gold, and replaced the republican form of salutation by the adoring prostration of the East.

Ch. 27.

9. ingravēscente aevō: he was sixty years old, being born in 245 A.D., and abdicating in 305 A.D.

17. pompā ferculōrum inlūstrī: ‘with a famous succession of pictures.’ Fercula are representations of cities, rivers, and other objects in the conquered countries, carried in procession at a triumph.

Ch. 28.

24. post nātōs hominēs: ‘since men were created.’

Ch. 1.

11. adeō … modicī: ‘of so modest a mode of living.’

13. argentō: ‘silver plate.’

trīclīnia: properly a couch for three persons reclining at meals. Here it means the table, which was square, and surrounded on three sides by one-armed couches, while the fourth side remained open for convenience in serving. Each couch accommodated three persons, who reclined upon the left arm.

14. Gallīs: he had reserved Gaul for his peculiar province.

17. Eborācī: he was on an expedition against the Picts.

Ch. 2.

1. Cōnstantīnus: known in history as Constantine the Great. The most important change he introduced was the adoption of Christianity as the state religion. The story is told that while marching from Gaul at the head of his legions, he saw in the heavens a luminous cross with this inscription, ‘By this conquer.’ In 313 A.D. he issued the famous Milan decree that gave imperial sanction to the religion of the Christians. Although he openly acknowledged Christianity, his religion was a strange mixture of Christianity and Paganism. Creighton, p. 112.

6. in vīllā pūblicā: a building in the Campus Martius, intended for a lodging house or hotel for foreign ambassadors.

11. quās … habuit: ‘which he utterly disregarded.’

Ch. 3.

18. nūdāre: ‘to deprive of his power.’

Ch. 4.

1. Licinius: his full name was Publius Flavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius. By birth he was a Dacian peasant, and an early friend and companion of the Emperor Galerius. He was invested with the command of the Illyrian province in 307 A.D. After the death of Galerius he concluded an arrangement with Maximinus, by which the Hellespont and the Bosporus were to form the boundary of the two empires. After his marriage with the sister of Constantine, he and Constantine strove with each other for the undivided sovereignty of the Roman world.

Ch. 5.

20. apud Cibalās: this was in the great battle of Adrianople, July, 323 A.D., and was followed by the reduction of Byzantium.

Ch. 6.

25. apud Nicomediam: this victory, September, 323 A.D., made Constantine the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Licinius was made a prisoner, and although his life was spared for a time, Constantine had him put to death in 324 A.D.

27. tribus Caesaribus: they were the sons of Constantine the Great, Constantine, Constans, and Constantius.

Ch. 8.

20. urbem nōminis: Constantinople, a city which he built on the site of ancient Byzantium. This he aimed to make his capital city. Here he had a second senate, a praefect of the city, regiones, and even largesses; all of which showed that the supremacy of Rome was at an end.

24. in vīllā pūblicā: a building similar in character to the one at Rome, Ch. 2.

Ch. 10.

15. Cōnstantī: he ruled from 337 to 361 A.D. He was the third son of Constantine the Great. Under him the whole empire again became subject to one ruler. But in 355 A.D. he was compelled to make Julian Caesar and to send him into Gaul to oppose the barbarians.

Ch. 14.

24. Iūliānum: called the Apostate, because, although he had been brought up a Christian, later he rejected Christianity and returned to Paganism. He was a brave soldier and a good general. Forced by his soldiers to assume the purple, he hesitated to begin a civil war, but was relieved of the necessity by the opportune death of Constantius in 361 A.D. “Julian was an extraordinary character. As a monarch, he was indefatigable in his attention to business, upright in his administration, and comprehensive in his views; as a man, he was virtuous in the midst of a profligate age, and did not yield to the luxurious temptations to which he was exposed.” Many of his literary works are extant. Creighton, p. 116.

Ch. 16.

21. cuī … interfuī: what part Eutropius took in this expedition is not known.

24. remeāns victor: in the last battle fought on the 26th of June, Julian was mortally wounded by an arrow and died the same day.

Ch. 17.

15. Ioviānus: his full name was Flavius Claudius Jovian. His short reign is remarkable only for the disgraceful peace he made with the Persians. Although he was a Christian, he protected the pagans.

20. fīnibus: he agreed that the Romans would surrender their conquests beyond the Tigris and would give up several fortresses in Mesopotamia.

24. Pontium Telesīnum: it is generally stated that Gavius Pontius was the leader of the Samnites in the battle of Caudine Forks. Perhaps Eutropius confuses him with Pontius Telesinus, the leader of the Samnites in the Social war.

Ch. 18.

8. nimiā crūditāte: ‘violent indigestion.’

21. quam … reservāmus: whether he ever fulfilled his intention and wrote another book is unknown.