Elements of Chemistry

About this eBook

Author

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 1743-1794

Title

Elements of Chemistry, In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries

Credits

Produced by Mark C. Orton, Josephine Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net

Language

English

LoC Class

QD: Science: Chemistry

Subject

Chemistry -- Early works to 1800

Category

Text

eBook-No.

30775

Project Gutenberg

https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30775

Release Date

December 28, 2009

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.Untitled
2. 2.By Mr LAVOISIER , — TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH,
3. 3.By ROBERT KERR , F.R. & A.SS.E.
4. 4.ADVERTISEMENT OF THE TRANSLATOR. — FOOTNOTES:
5. 5.PREFACE OF THE AUTHOR.
6. 6.CONTENTS.
7. 7.CHEMISTRY.
8. 8.PART I.
9. 9.CHAP. I. — Of the Combinations of Caloric, and the Formation of Elastic Aëriform Fluids. — FOOTNOTES:
10. 10.CHAP. II. — General Views relative to the Formation and Composition of our Atmosphere. — FOOTNOTES:
11. 11.CHAP. III. — Analysis of Atmospheric Air, and its Division into two Elastic Fluids; the one fit for Respiration, the other incapable of being respired. — FOOTNOTES:
12. 12.CHAP. IV. — Nomenclature of the several Constituent Parts of Atmospheric Air. — FOOTNOTES:
13. 13.CHAP. V. — Of the Decomposition of Oxygen Gas by Sulphur, Phosphorus, and Charcoal—and of the Formation of Acids in general. — FOOTNOTES:
14. 14.CHAP. VI. — Of the Nomenclature of Acids in general, and particularly of those drawn from Nitre and Sea-Salt. — FOOTNOTES:
15. 15.CHAP. VII. — Of the Decomposition of Oxygen Gas by means of Metals, and the Formation of Metallic Oxyds. — FOOTNOTES:
16. 16.CHAP. VIII. — Of the Radical Principle of Water, and of its Decomposition by Charcoal and Iron. — Experiment First. — Experiment Second. — Experiment Third. — Experiment Fourth. — FOOTNOTES:
17. 17.CHAP. IX. — Of the quantities of Caloric disengaged from different species of Combustion. — Combustion of Phosphorus. — Combustion of Charcoal. — Combustion of Hydrogen Gas. — Of the Formation of Nitric Acid. — Of the Combustion of Wax. — Combustion of Olive Oil.
18. 18.CHAP. X. — Of the Combination of Combustible Substances with each other. — FOOTNOTES:
19. 19.CHAP. XI. — Observations upon Oxyds and Acids with several Bases—and upon the Composition of Animal and Vegetable Substances.
20. 20.CHAP. XII. — Of the Decomposition of Vegetable and Animal Substances by the Action of Fire. — FOOTNOTES:
21. 21.CHAP. XIII. — Of the Decomposition of Vegetable Oxyds by the Vinous Fermentation. — Table I. Materials of Fermentation. — Table II. Constituent Elements of the Materials of Fermentation. — Table III. Recapitulation of these Elements. — Table IV. Product of Fermentation. — Table V. Recapitulation of the Products. — FOOTNOTES:
22. 22.CHAP. XIV. — Of the Putrefactive Fermentation. — FOOTNOTES:
23. 23.CHAP. XV. — Of the Acetous Fermentation. — FOOTNOTES:
24. 24.CHAP. XVI. — Of the Formation of Neutral Salts, and of their different Bases. — § 1. Of Potash. — § 2. Of Soda. — § 3. Of Ammoniac. — § 4. Of Lime, Magnesia, Barytes, and Argill. — § 5. Of Metallic Bodies. — FOOTNOTES:
25. 25.CHAP. XVII. — Continuation of the Observations upon Salifiable Bases, and the Formation of Neutral Salts. — FOOTNOTES:
26. 26.Of the Combination of Acids with Salifiable Bases, and of the Formation of Neutral Salts.
27. 27.INTRODUCTION. — TABLE OF SIMPLE SUBSTANCES. — Oxydable and Acidifiable simple Substance not Metallic. — Oxydable and Acidifiable simple Metallic Bodies — Salifiable simple Earthy Substances. — Sect. I. — Observations upon the Table of Simple Substances. — Table of compound oxydable and acidifiable bases. — Sect. II. — Observations upon the Table of Compound Radicals. — Sect. III. — Observations upon the Combinations of Light and Caloric with different Substances. — [Trancriber's note: The following table has been split into four sections ease reading] — TABLE of the binary Combinations of Oxygen with simple Substances — Sect. IV. — Observations upon the Combinations of Oxygen with the simple Substances. — Table of the combinations of Oxygen with the compound radicals. — Sect. V. — Observations upon the Combinations of Oxygen with the Compound Radicals. — Table of the Binary Combinations of Azote with the Simple Substances. — Sect. VI.— Observations upon the Combinations of Azote with the Simple Substances. — Table of the Binary Combinations of Hydrogen with Simple Substances. — Sect. VII. — Observations upon Hydrogen, and its Combinations with Simple Substances. — Table of the Binary Combinations of Sulphur with Simple Substances. — Sect. VIII. — Observations on Sulphur, and its Combinations. — Table of the Binary Combinations of Phosphorus with the Simple Substances. — Sect. IX. — Observations upon Phosphorus, and its Combinations. — Table of the Binary Combinations of Charcoal. — Sect. X. — Observations upon Charcoal, and its Combinations with Simple Substances. — Sect. XI. — Observations upon the Muriatic, Fluoric, and Boracic Radicals, and their Combinations. — Sect. XII. — Observations upon the Combinations of Metals with each other. — Table of the Combinations of Azote in the state of Nitrous Acid with the Salifiable Bases, arranged according to the affinities of these Bases with the Acid . — Table of the Combinations of Azote, completely saturated with Oxygen, in the state of Nitric Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the order of the affinity with the Acid . — Sect. XIII. — Observations upon the Nitrous and Nitric Acids, and their Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Sulphuric Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the order of affinity. — Sect. XIV. — Observations upon Sulphuric Acid and its Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of the Sulphurous Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the order of affinity. — Sect. XV. — Observations upon Sulphurous Acid, and its Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Phosphorous and Phosphoric Acids, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity. — Sect . XVI.— Observations upon Phosphorous and Phosphoric Acids, and their Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Carbonic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity. — Sect . XVII.— Observations upon Carbonic Acid, and its Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Muriatic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity. — Table Of the Combinations of Oxygenated Muriatic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity. — Sect . XIX.— Observations upon Muriatic and Oxygenated Muriatic Acids, and their Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Nitro-muriatic Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity, so far as is known. — Sect. XX. — Observations upon the Nitro-Muriatic Acid, and its Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Fluoric Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity. — Sect. XXI.— Observations upon the Fluoric Acid, and its Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Boracic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity. — Sect. XXII.— Observations upon Boracic Add and its Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Arseniac Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity. — Sect. XXIII.— Observations upon Arseniac Acid, and its Combinations. — Sect. XXIV. — Observations upon Molybdic Acid, and its Combinations with Acidifiable Bases [43] . — Table of the Combinations of Tungstic Acid with the Salifiable Bases. — Sect. XXV. — Observations upon Tungstic Acid, and its Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Tartarous Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity. — Sect. XXVI. — Observations upon Tartarous Acid, and its Combinations. — Sect. XXVII. — Observations upon Malic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases [45] . — Table of the Combinations of Citric Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity(A). — Sect. XXVIII. — Observations upon Citric Acid, and its Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Pyro-lignous Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity(A). — Sect. XXIX. — Observations upon Pyro-lignous Acid, and its Combinations. — Sect. XXX. — Observations upon Pyro-tartarous Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases [46] . — Table of the Combinations of Pyro-mucous Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity(A). — Sect. XXXI. — Observations upon Pyro-mucous Acid, and its Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of the Oxalic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity(A). — Sect. XXXII. — Observations upon Oxalic Acid, and its Combinations. — Sect. XXXIII. — Observations upon Acetous Acid, and its Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Acetic Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the order of affinity. — Sect. XXXIV. — Observations upon Acetic Acid, and its Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Succinic Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the order of Affinity. — Sect. XXXV. — Observations upon Succinic Acid, and its Combinations. — Sect. XXXVI.— Observations upon Benzoic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases [48] . — Sect. XXXVII.— Observations upon Camphoric Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases [49] . — Sect. XXXVIII.— Observations upon Gallic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases [50] . — Sect. XXXIX.— Observations upon Lactic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases [51] . — Table of the Combinations of Saccholactic Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity. — Sect. XL.— Observations upon Saccholactic Acid, and its Combinations. — Table of the Combinations of Formic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity. — Sect. XLI.— Observations upon Formic Acid, and its Combinations. — Sect. XLII.— Observations upon Bombic Acid, and its Combinations with Acidifiable Bases [52] . — Table of the Combinations of Sebacic Acid, with the Salifiable Bases, in the Order of Affinity. — Sect. XLIII.— Observations upon Sebacid Acid, and its Combinations. — Sect. XLIV. — Observations upon the Lithic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases [53] . — Table of the Combinations of the Prussic Acid with the Salifiable Bases, in the order of affinity. — Observations upon the Prussic Acid, and its Combinations. — FOOTNOTES:
28. 28.PART III. — Description of the Instruments and Operations of Chemistry.
29. 29.INTRODUCTION.
30. 30.CHAP. I. — Of the Instruments necessary for determining the Absolute and Specific Gravities of Solid and Liquid Bodies. — FOOTNOTES:
31. 31.CHAP. II. — Of Gazometry, or the Measurement of the Weight and Volume of Aëriform Substances. — SECT. I. — Description of the Pneumato-chemical Apparatus. — SECT. II. — Of the Gazometer. — SECT. III. — Some other methods of measuring the volume of Gasses. — SECT. IV. — Of the method of Separating the different Gasses from each other. — SECT. V. — Of the necessary corrections upon the volume of the Gasses, according to the pressure of the Atmosphere. — SECT. VI. — Of Corrections relative to the Degrees of the Thermometer. — SECT. VII. — Example for calculating the Corrections relative to the Variations of Pressure and Temperature. — CASE. — Calculation before Combustion. — Calculation after Combustion. — Result. — SECT. VIII. — Method of determining the Absolute Gravity of the different Gasses. — FOOTNOTES:
32. 32.CHAP. III. — Description of the Calorimeter, or Apparatus for measuring Caloric.
33. 33.CHAP. IV. — Of Mechanical Operations for Division of Bodies. — SECT. I. — Of Trituration, Levigation, and Pulverization. — SECT. II. — Of Sifting and Washing Powdered Substances. — SECT. III. — Of Filtration. — SECT. IV. — Of Decantation.
34. 34.CHAP. V. — Of Chemical Means for separating the Particles of Bodies from each other; without Decomposition, and for uniting them again. — SECT. I. — Of the Solution of Salts. — SECT. II. — Of Lixiviation. — SECT. III. — Of Evaporation. — SECT. IV. — Of Cristallization. — SECT. V. — Of Simple Distillation. — SECT. VI. — Of Sublimation.
35. 35.CHAP. VI. — Of Pneumato-chemical Distillations, Metallic Dissolutions, and some other operations which require very complicated instruments. — SECT. I. — Of Compound and Pneumato-chemical Distillations. — SECT. II. — Of Metallic Dissolutions. — SECT. III. — Apparatus necessary in Experiments upon Vinous and Putrefactive Fermentations. — SECT. IV. — Apparatus for the Decomposition of Water. — FOOTNOTES:
36. 36.CHAP. VII. — Of the Composition and Application of Lutes.
37. 37.CHAP. VIII. — Of Operations upon Combustion and Deflagration. — SECT. I. — Of Combustion in general. — SECT. II. — Of the Combustion of Phosphorus. — SECT. III. — Of the Combustion of Charcoal. — SECT. IV. — Of the Combustion of Oils. — SECT. V. — Of the Combustion of Alkohol. — SECT. VI. — Of the Combustion of Ether. — SECT. VII. — Of the Combustion of Hydrogen Gas, and the Formation of Water. — SECT. VIII. — Of the Oxydation of Metals. — FOOTNOTES:
38. 38.CHAP. IX. — Of Deflagration.
39. 39.CHAP. X. — Of the Instruments necessary for Operating upon Bodies in very high Temperatures. — SECT. I. — Of Fusion. — SECT. II. — Of Furnaces. — SECT. III. — Of increasing the Action of Fire, by using Oxygen Gas instead of Atmospheric Air. — FINIS.
40. 40.APPENDIX. — No. I. — Table for Converting Lines, or Twelfth Parts of an Inch, and Fractions of Lines, into Decimal Fractions of the Inch. — No. II. — Table for Converting the Observed Heighths of Water in the Jars of the Pneumato-Chemical Apparatus, expressed in Inches and Decimals, into Corresponding Heighths of Mercury. — No. III. — Table for Converting the Ounce Measures used by Dr Priestly into French and English Cubical Inches. — No. IV. Additional. — Table for Reducing the Degrees of Reaumeur's Thermometer into its corresponding Degrees of Fahrenheit's Scale. — No. V. Additional. — Rules for converting French Weights and Measures into correspondent English Denominations [62] . — § 1. Weights. — I. To reduce French to English Troy Weight. — II. To Reduce English Troy to Paris Weight. — III. To Reduce English Averdupois to Paris Weight. — § 2. Long and Cubical Measures. — IV. To Reduce Paris Long Measure to English. — V. To Reduce English Long Measure to French. — VI. To Reduce French Cube Measure to English. — VII. To Reduce English Cube Measure to French. — § 3. Measure of Capacity. — No. VI. — Table of the Weights of the different Gasses, at 28 French inches, or 29.84 English inches barometrical pressure, and at 10° (54.5°) of temperature, expressed in English measure and English Troy weight. — No. VII. — Tables of the Specific Gravities of different bodies. — § 1. Metallic Substances. — GOLD. — SILVER. — PLATINA. — COPPER AND BRASS. — IRON AND STEEL. — TIN. — § 2. Precious Stones. — § 3. Silicious Stones. — § 4. Various Stones, &c. — § 5. Liquids. — § 6. Resins and Gums — § 7. Woods. — No. VIII. ADDITIONAL. — No. IX. — Tables for Converting Ounces, Drams, and Grains, Troy, into Decimals of the Troy Pound of 12 Ounces, and for Converting Decimals of the Pound Troy into Ounces, &c. — I. For Grains. — II. For Drams. — III. For Ounces. — IV. Decimals of the Pound into Ounces, &c. — No. X. — For Grains. — For Drams. — For Ounces. — For Pounds. — THE END. — FOOTNOTES:
41. 41.THE PLATES

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