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Early European History

Early European History

by Hutton Webster

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About this eBook

Author
Webster, Hutton, 1875-1955
Credits
Anne Soulard, Charles Franks, Robert Fite, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
Language
English
LoC Class
D: History: General and Eastern Hemisphere
Subject
Europe -- History
Category
Text
eBook-No.
7960
Project Gutenberg
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7960
Release Date
April 1, 2005
Copyright
Public domain in the USA.

Contents

  1. 1.EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY
  2. 2.PREFACE
  3. 3.CONTENTS — LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
  4. 4.LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
  5. 5.LIST OF MAPS
  6. 6.LIST OF PLATES
  7. 7.SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY — PERIODICALS — SYLLABI — GENERAL WORKS — PREHISTORIC TIMES — ORIENTAL HISTORY — GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY — MEDIEVAL HISTORY — TRANSITION TO MODERN TIMES
  8. 8.CHAPTER I — 1. THE STUDY OF HISTORY — 2. PREHISTORIC PEOPLES — 3. DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS — 4. WRITING AND THE ALPHABET — 5. PRIMITIVE SCIENCE AND ART — 6. HISTORIC PEOPLES — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  9. 9.CHAPTER II — 7. PHYSICAL ASIA — 8. BABYLONIA AND EGYPT — 9. THE BABYLONIANS AND THE EGYPTIANS — 10. THE PHOENICIANS AND THE HEBREWS — 11. THE ASSYRIANS — 12. THE WORLD EMPIRE OF PERSIA — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  10. 10.CHAPTER III — 13. SOCIAL CLASSES — 14. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS — 15. COMMERCE AND TRADE ROUTES — 16. LAW AND MORALITY — 17. RELIGION — 18. LITERATURE AND ART — 19. SCIENCE AND EDUCATION — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  11. 11.CHAPTER IV — 20. PHYSICAL EUROPE — 21. GREECE AND THE AEGEAN — 22. THE AEGEAN AGE (TO ABOUT 1100 B.C.) — 23. THE HOMERIC AGE (ABOUT 1100-750 B.C.) — 24. EARLY GREEK RELIGION — 25. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS: ORACLES AND GAMES — 26. THE GREEK CITY-STATE — 27. THE GROWTH OF SPARTA (TO 500 B.C.) — 29. COLONIAL EXPANSION OF GREECE (ABOUT 750-500 B.C.) — 30. BONDS OF UNION AMONG THE GREEKS — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  12. 12.CHAPTER V — 31. THE PERILS OF HELLAS — 32. EXPEDITIONS OF DARIUS AGAINST GREECE — 33. XERXES AND THE GREAT PERSIAN WAR — 34. ATHENS UNDER THEMISTOCLES, ARISTIDES, AND CIMON — 35. ATHENS UNDER PERICLES — 36. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR, 431-404 B.C. — 37. THE SPARTAN AND THEBAN SUPREMACIES, 404-362 B.C. — 38. DECLINE OF THE CITY-STATE — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  13. 13.CHAPTER VI — 39. PHILIP AND THE RISE OF MACEDONIA — 40. DEMOSTHENES AND THE END OF GREEK FREEDOM — 41. ALEXANDER THE GREAT — 42. CONQUEST OF PERSIA AND THE FAR EAST, 334-323 B.C. — 43. THE WORK OF ALEXANDER — 44. HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS AND CITIES — 45. THE HELLENISTIC AGE — 46. THE GRAECO-ORIENTAL WORLD — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  14. 14.CHAPTER VII — 47. ITALY AND SICILY — 48. THE PEOPLES OF ITALY — 49. THE ROMANS — 50. EARLY ROMAN SOCIETY — 51. ROMAN RELIGION — 52. THE ROMAN CITY-STATE — 53. EXPANSION OF ROME OVER ITALY, 509(?)-264 B.C. — 54. ITALY UNDER ROMAN RULE — 55. THE ROMAN ARMY — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  15. 15.CHAPTER VIII — 56. THE RIVALS: ROME AND CARTHAGE, 264-218 B.C. — 57. HANNIBAL AND THE GREAT PUNIC WAR, 218-201 B.C. — 58. ROMAN SUPREMACY IN THE WEST AND IN THE EAST, 201-133 B.C. — 59. THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD UNDER ROMAN RULE — 60. THE GRACCHI — 61. MARIUS AND SULLA — 62. POMPEY AND CAESAR — 63. THE WORK OF CAESAR — 64. ANTONY AND OCTAVIAN — 65. THE END OF AN EPOCH — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  16. 16.CHAPTER IX — 67. THE SUCCESSORS OF AUGUSTUS, 14-96 A.D. — 68. THE "GOOD EMPERORS," 96-180 A.D. — 69. THE PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE — 70. THE ROMAN LAW AND THE LATIN LANGUAGE — 71. THE MUNICIPALITIES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE — 72. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE FIRST AND SECOND CENTURIES — 73. THE GRAECO-ROMAN WORLD — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  17. 17.CHAPTER X — 74. THE "SOLDIER EMPERORS," 180-284 A.D. — 75. THE "ABSOLUTE EMPERORS," 284-395 A.D. — 76. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN THE THIRD AND FOURTH CENTURIES — 77. THE PREPARATION FOR CHRISTIANITY — 78. RISE AND SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY — 79. THE PERSECUTIONS — 80. TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY — 81. CHRISTIAN INFLUENCE ON SOCIETY — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  18. 18.CHAPTER XI — 82. GERMANY AND THE GERMANS — 83. BREAKING OF THE DANUBE BARRIER — 84. BREAKING OF THE RHINE BARRIER — 85. INROADS OF THE HUNS — 86. END OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE WEST, 476 A.D. — 87. GERMANIC INFLUENCE ON SOCIETY — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  19. 19.CHAPTER XII — 88. THE CLASSICAL CITY — 89. EDUCATION AND THE CONDITION OF CHILDREN — 90. MARRIAGE AND THE POSITION OF WOMEN — 91. THE HOME AND PRIVATE LIFE — 92. AMUSEMENTS — 93. SLAVERY — 94. GREEK LITERATURE — 95. GREEK PHILOSOPHY — 96. ROMAN LITERATURE — 97. GREEK ARCHITECTURE — 98. GREEK SCULPTURE — 99. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE — 100. ARTISTIC ATHENS — 101. ARTISTIC ROME — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  20. 20.CHAPTER XIII — 102. THE OSTROGOTHS IN ITALY, 488-553 A.D. — 103. THE LOMBARDS IN ITALY, 568-774 A.D. — 104. THE FRANKS UNDER CLOVIS AND HIS SUCCESSORS — 105. THE FRANKS UNDER CHARLES MARTEL AND PEPIN THE SHORT — 106. THE REIGN OF CHARLEMAGNE, 768-814 A.D. — 107. CHARLEMAGNE AND THE REVIVAL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 800 A.D. — 108. DISRUPTION OF CHARLEMAGNE'S EMPIRE, 814-870 A.D. — 109. GERMANY UNDER THE SAXON KINGS, 919-973 A.D. — 110. OTTO THE GREAT AND THE RESTORATION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 962 A.D. — 111. THE ANGLO-SAXONS IN BRITAIN, 449-839 A.D. — 112. CHRISTIANITY IN THE BRITISH ISLES — 113. THE FUSION OF GERMANS AND ROMANS — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  21. 21.CHAPTER XIV — 114. THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EAST — 115. THE REIGN OF JUSTINIAN, 527-565 A.D. — 116. THE EMPIRE AND ITS ASIATIC FOES — 117. THE EMPIRE AND ITS FOES IN EUROPE — 118. BYZANTINE CIVILIZATION — 119. CONSTANTINOPLE — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  22. 22.CHAPTER XV — 120. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH — 121. EASTERN CHRISTIANITY — 122. WESTERN CHRISTIANITY: RISE OF THE PAPACY — 123. GROWTH OF THE PAPACY — 124. MONASTICISM — 125. LIFE AND WORK OF THE MONKS — 126. SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY OVER EUROPE — 127. SEPARATION OF EASTERN AND WESTERN CHRISTIANITY — 128. THE GREEK CHURCH — 129. THE ROMAN CHURCH — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  23. 23.CHAPTER XVI — 130. ARABIA AND THE ARABS — 131. MOHAMMED: PROPHET AND STATESMAN, 622-632 A.D. — 132. ISLAM AND THE KORAN — 133. EXPANSION OF ISLAM IN ASIA AND EGYPT — 134. EXPANSION OF ISLAM IN NORTH AFRICA AND SPAIN — 135. THE CALIPHATE AND ITS DISRUPTION, 632-1058 A.D. — 136. ARABIAN CIVILIZATION — 137. THE INFLUENCE OF ISLAM — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  24. 24.CHAPTER XVII — 138. SCANDINAVIA AND THE NORTHMEN — 139. THE VIKING AGE — 140. SCANDINAVIAN HEATHENISM — 141. THE NORTHMEN IN THE WEST — 142. THE NORTHMEN IN THE EAST — 145. NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND; WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR — 146. RESULTS OF THE NORMAN CONQUEST — 147. NORMAN CONQUEST OF SOUTHERN ITALY AND SICILY — 148. THE NORMANS IN EUROPEAN HISTORY — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  25. 25.CHAPTER XVIII — 149. RISE OF FEUDALISM — 150. FEUDALISM AS A SYSTEM OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT — 151. FEUDAL JUSTICE — 152. FEUDAL WARFARE — 153. THE CASTLE AND LIFE OF THE NOBLES — 154. KNIGHTHOOD AND CHIVALRY — 155. FEUDALISM AS A SYSTEM OF LOCAL INDUSTRY — 156. THE VILLAGE AND LIFE OF THE PEASANTS — 157. SERFDOM — 158. DECLINE OF FEUDALISM — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  26. 26.CHAPTER XIX — 159. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH — 160. CHURCH DOCTRINE AND WORSHIP — 161. CHURCH JURISDICTION — 162. THE SECULAR CLERGY — 163. THE REGULAR CLERGY — 164. THE FRIARS — 165. POWER OF THE PAPACY — 166. POPES AND EMPERORS, 962-1122 A.D. — 167. POPES AND EMPERORS, 1122-1273 A.D. — 168. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  27. 27.CHAPTER XX — 169. CAUSES OF THE CRUSADES — 170. FIRST CRUSADE, 1095-1099 A.D. — 171. CRUSADERS' STATES IN SYRIA — 172. SECOND CRUSADE, 1147-1149 A.D., AND THIRD CRUSADE, 1189-1192 A.D. — 173. FOURTH CRUSADE AND THE LATIN EMPIRE OF CONSTANTINOPLE, 1202-1261 A.D. — 174. RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  28. 28.CHAPTER XXI — 175. THE MONGOLS — 176. CONQUESTS OF THE MONGOLS, 1206-1405 A.D. — 177. THE MONGOLS IN CHINA AND INDIA — 178. THE MONGOLS IN EASTERN EUROPE — 179. THE OTTOMAN TURKS AND THEIR CONQUESTS, 1227-1453 A.D. — 180. THE OTTOMAN TURKS IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  29. 29.CHAPTER XXII — 181. GROWTH OF THE NATIONS — 182. ENGLAND UNDER WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR, 1066-1087 A.D.; THE NORMAN KINGSHIP — 183. ENGLAND UNDER HENRY II, 1154-1189 A.D.; ROYAL JUSTICE AND THE COMMON LAW — 184. THE GREAT CHARTER, 1215 A.D. — 185. PARLIAMENT DURING THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY — 186. EXPANSION OF ENGLAND UNDER EDWARD I, 1272-1307 A.D. — 187. UNIFICATION OF FRANCE, 987-1328 A.D. — 188. THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR BETWEEN FRANCE AND ENGLAND, 1337-1453 A.D. — 189. UNIFICATION OF SPAIN (TO 1492 A.D.) — 190. AUSTRIA AND THE SWISS CONFEDERATION, 1273-1499 A.D. — 191. EXPANSION OF GERMANY — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  30. 30.CHAPTER XXIII — 192. GROWTH OF THE CITIES — 194. CIVIC INDUSTRY: THE GUILDS — 195. TRADE AND COMMERCE — 196. MONEY AND BANKING — 197. ITALIAN CITIES — 198. GERMAN CITIES: THE HANSEATIC LEAGUE — 199. THE CITIES OF FLANDERS — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  31. 31.CHAPTER XXIV — 200. FORMATION OF NATIONAL LANGUAGES — 201. DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL LITERATURES — 202. ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE; THE CATHEDRALS — 203. EDUCATION; THE UNIVERSITIES — 204. SCHOLASTICISM — 205. SCIENCE AND MAGIC — 206. POPULAR SUPERSTITIONS — 207. POPULAR AMUSEMENTS AND FESTIVALS — 208. MANNERS AND CUSTOMS — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  32. 32.CHAPTER XXV — 209. MEANING OF THE RENAISSANCE — 210. REVIVAL OF LEARNING IN ITALY — 211. PAPER AND PRINTING — 212. REVIVAL OF ART IN ITALY — 213. REVIVAL OF LEARNING AND ART BEYOND ITALY — 214. THE RENAISSANCE IN LITERATURE — 215. THE RENAISSANCE IN EDUCATION — 216. THE SCIENTIFIC RENAISSANCE — 217. THE ECONOMIC RENAISSANCE — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  33. 33.CHAPTER XXVI — 218. MEDIEVAL GEOGRAPHY — 219. AIDS TO EXPLORATION — 220. TO THE INDIES EASTWARD: PRINCE HENRY AND DA GAMA — 221. THE PORTUGUESE COLONIAL EMPIRE — 222. TO THE INDIES WESTWARD: COLUMBUS AND MAGELLAN — 223. THE INDIANS — 224. SPANISH EXPLORATIONS AND CONQUESTS IN AMERICA — 226. ENGLISH AND FRENCH EXPLORATIONS IN AMERICA — 227. THE OLD WORLD AND THE NEW — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  34. 34.CHAPTER XXVII — 228. DECLINE OF THE PAPACY — 229. HERESIES AND HERETICS — 230. MARTIN LUTHER AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY, 1517- 1522 A.D. — 231. CHARLES V AND THE SPREAD OF THE GERMAN REFORMATION, 1519-1556 A.D. — 232. THE REFORMATION IN SWITZERLAND; ZWINGLI AND CALVIN — 233. THE ENGLISH REFORMATION, 1533-1658 A.D. — 234. THE PROTESTANT SECTS — 235. THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION — 236. SPAIN UNDER PHILIP II, 1556-1598 A.D. — 237. REVOLT OF THE NETHERLANDS — 238. ENGLAND UNDER ELIZABETH, 1558-1603 A.D. — 239. THE HUGUENOT WARS IN FRANCE — 240. THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR, 1618-1648 A.D. — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  35. 35.CHAPTER XXVIII — 241. THE DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS — 242. THE ABSOLUTISM OF LOUIS XIV, 1661-1715 A.D. — 243. FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV — 244. THE WARS OF LOUIS XIV — 245. THE ABSOLUTISM OF THE STUARTS, 1603-1642 A.D. — 246. OLIVER CROMWELL AND THE CIVIL WAR, 1642-1649 A.D. — 247. THE COMMONWEALTH AND THE PROTECTORATE, 1649-1660 A.D. — 248. THE RESTORATION AND THE "GLORIOUS REVOLUTION," 1660-1689 A.D. — 249. ENGLAND IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY — STUDIES — FOOTNOTES
  36. 36.APPENDIX — TABLE OF EVENTS AND DATES

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