Anthropology

About this eBook

Author

Kroeber, A. L. (Alfred Louis), 1876-1960

Original Publication

New York: Harcourt, Brace, & Co., 1923.

Credits

Tim Lindell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)

Language

English

LoC Class

GN: Geography, Anthropology, Recreation: Anthropology

Subject

Anthropology

Category

Text

Project Gutenberg

eBook-No. 71827

Release Date

October 7, 2023

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.Untitled
2. 2.PREFACE
3. 3.CONTENTS
4. 4.LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
5. 5.ANTHROPOLOGY — CHAPTER I SCOPE AND CHARACTER OF ANTHROPOLOGY — 1. Anthropology, Biology, History — 2. Organic and Social Elements — 3. Physical Anthropology — 4. Cultural Anthropology — 5. Evolutionary Processes and Evolutionistic Fancies — 6. Age of Anthropological Science
6. 6.CHAPTER II FOSSIL MAN — 7. The “Missing Link” — 8. Family Tree of the Primates — 9. Geological and Glacial Time — 10. Place of Man’s Origin and Development — 11. Pithecanthropus — 12. Heidelberg Man — 13. The Piltdown Form — 14. Neandertal Man — 15. Rhodesian Man — 16. The Cro-Magnon Race — 17. The Brünn Race — 18. The Grimaldi Race: Neolithic Races — 19. The Metric Expression of Human Evolution
7. 7.CHAPTER III LIVING RACES — 20. Race Origins — 21. Race Classification — 22. Traits on Which Classification Rests — 23. The Grand Divisions or Primary Stocks — 24. Caucasian Races — 25. Mongoloid Races — 26. Negroid Races — 27. Peoples of Doubtful Position — 28. Continents and Oceans — 29. The History of Race Classifications — 30. Emergence of the Threefold Classification — 31. Other Classifications — 32. Principles and Conclusions Common to All Classifications — 33. Race, Nationality, and Language
8. 8.CHAPTER IV PROBLEMS OF RACE — 34. Questions of Endowment and Their Validity — 35. Plan of Inquiry — 36. Anatomical Evidence on Evolutionary Rank — 37. Comparative Physiological Data — 38. Disease — 39. Causes of Cancer Incidence — 40. Mental Achievement and Social Environment — 41. Psychological Tests on the Sense Faculties — 42. Intelligence Tests — 43. Status of Hybrids — 44. Evidence from the Cultural Record of Races — 45. Emotional Bias — 46. Summary
9. 9.CHAPTER V LANGUAGE — 47. Linguistic Relationship: The Speech Family — 48. Criteria of Relationship — 49. Sound Equivalences and Phonetic Laws — 50. The Principal Speech Families — 51. Classification of Languages by Types — 52. Permanence of Language and Race — 53. The Biological and Historical Nature of Language — 54. Problems of the Relation of Language and Culture — 55. Period of the Origin of Language — 56. Culture, Speech, and Nationality — 57. Relative Worth of Languages — 58. Size of Vocabulary — 59. Quality of Speech Sounds — 60. Diffusion and Parallelism in Language and Culture — 61. Convergent Languages — 62. Unconscious Factors in Language and Culture — 63. Linguistic and Cultural Standards — 64. Rapidity of Linguistic Change
10. 10.CHAPTER VI THE BEGINNINGS OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION — 65. Fossils of the Body and of the Mind — 66. Stone and Metals — 67. The Old and the New Stone Ages — 68. The Eolithic Age — 69. The Palæolithic Age: Duration, Climate, Animals — 70. Subdivisions of the Palæolithic — 71. Human Racial Types in the Palæolithic — 72. Palæolithic Flint Implements — 73. Other Materials: Bone and Horn — 74. Dress — 75. Harpoons and Weapons — 76. Wooden Implements — 77. Fire — 78. Houses — 79. Religion — 80. Palæolithic Art — 81. Summary of Advance in the Palæolithic
11. 11.CHAPTER VII HEREDITY, CLIMATE, AND CIVILIZATION — 82. Heredity — 83. Geographical Environment — 84. Diet — 85. Agriculture — 86. Cultural Factors — 87. Cultural Distribution — 88. Historical Induction
12. 12.CHAPTER VIII DIFFUSION — 89. The Couvade — 90. Proverbs — 91. Geographic Distribution — 92. The Magic Flight — 93. Flood Legends — 94. The Double-headed Eagle — 95. The Zodiac — 96. Measures — 97. Divination — 98. Tobacco — 99. Migrations
13. 13.CHAPTER IX PARALLELS — 100. General Observations — 101. Cultural Context — 102. Universal Elements — 103. Secondary Parallelism in the Indo-European Languages — 104. Textile Patterns and Processes — 105. Primary Parallelism: the Beginnings of Writing — 106. Time Reckoning — 107. Scale and Pitch of Pan’s Pipes — 108. Bronze — 109. Zero — 110. Exogamic Institutions — 111. Parallels and Psychology — 112. Limitations on the Principle
14. 14.CHAPTER X THE ARCH AND THE WEEK — 113. House Building and Architecture — 114. The Problem of Spanning — 115. The Column and Beam — 116. The Corbelled Arch — 117. The True Arch — 118. Babylonian and Etruscan Beginnings — 119. The Roman Arch and Dome — 120. Mediæval Cathedrals — 121. The Arabs: India: Modern Architecture — 122. The Week: Holy Numbers — 123. Babylonian Discovery of the Planets — 124. Greek and Egyptian Contributions: the Astrological Combination — 125. The Names of the Days and the Sabbath — 126. The Week in Christianity, Islam, and Eastern Asia — 127. Summary of the Diffusion — 128. Month-thirds and Market Weeks — 129. Leap Days as Parallels
15. 15.CHAPTER XI THE SPREAD OF THE ALPHABET — 130. Kinds of Writing: Pictographic and Mixed Phonetic — 131. Deficiencies of Transitional Systems — 132. Abbreviation and Conventionalization — 133. Presumptive Origins of Mixed Systems — 134. Phonetic Writing: the Primitive Semitic Alphabet — 135. The Greek Alphabet: Invention of the Vowels — 136. Slowness of the Invention — 137. The Roman Alphabet — 138. Letters as Numeral Signs — 139. Reform in Institutions — 140. The Sixth and Seventh Letters — 141. The Tail of the Alphabet — 142. Capitals and Minuscules — 143. Conservatism and Rationalization — 144. Gothic — 145. Hebrew and Arabic — 146. The Spread Eastward: the Writing of India — 147. Syllabic Tendencies — 148. The East Indies: Philippine Alphabets — 149. Northern Asia: the Conflict of Systems in Korea
16. 16.CHAPTER XII THE GROWTH OF A PRIMITIVE RELIGION — 150. Regional Variation of Culture — 151. Plains, Southwest, Northwest Areas — 152. California and Its Sub-areas — 153. The Shaping of a Problem — 154. Girls’ Adolescence Rite — 155. The First Period — 156. The Second Period: Mourning Anniversary and First-salmon Rite — 157. Era of Regional Differentiation — 158. Third and Fourth Periods in Central California: Kuksu and Hesi — 159. Third and Fourth Periods in Southern California: Jimsonweed and Chungichnish — 160. Third and Fourth Periods on the Lower Colorado: Dream Singing — 161. Northwestern California: World-renewal and Wealth Display — 162. Summary of Religious Development — 163. Other Phases of Culture — 164. Outline of the Culture History of California — 165. The Question of Dating — 166. The Evidence of Archæology — 167. Age of the Shellmounds — 168. General Serviceability of the Method
17. 17.CHAPTER XIII THE HISTORY OF CIVILIZATION IN NATIVE AMERICA — 169. Review of the Method of Culture Examination — 170. Limitations on the Diffusion Principle — 171. Cultural Ranking — 172. Cultural Abnormalities — 173. Environmental Considerations — 174. Culture-areas — 175. Diagrammatic Representation of Accumulation and Diffusion of Culture Traits — 176. Representation Showing Contemporaneity and Narrative Representation — 177. Racial Origin of the American Indians — 178. The Time of the Peopling of America — 179. Linguistic Diversification — 180. The Primitive Culture of the Immigrants — 181. The Route of Entry into the Western Hemisphere — 182. The Spread Over Two Continents — 183. Emergence of Middle American Culture: Maize — 184. Tobacco — 185. The Sequence of Social Institutions — 186. Rise of Political Institutions: Confederacy and Empire — 187. Developments in Weaving — 188. Progress in Spinning: Cotton — 189. Textile Clothing — 190. Cults: Shamanism — 191. Crisis Rites and Initiations — 192. Secret Societies and Masks — 193. Priesthood — 194. Temples and Sacrifice — 195. Architecture, Sculpture, Towns — 196. Metallurgy — 197. Calendars and Astronomy — 198. Writing — 199. The Several Provincial Developments: Mexico — 200. The Andean Area — 201. Colombia — 202. The Tropical Forest — 203. Patagonia — 204. North America: the Southwest — 205. The Southeast — 206. The Northern Woodland — 207. Plains Area — 208. The Northwest Coast — 209. Northern Marginal Areas — 210. Later Asiatic Influences
18. 18.CHAPTER XIV THE GROWTH OF CIVILIZATION: OLD WORLD PREHISTORY AND ARCHÆOLOGY — 211. Sources of Knowledge — 212. Chronology of the Grand Divisions of Culture History — 213. The Lower and Upper Palæolithic — 214. Race Influence and Regional Differentiation in the Lower Palæolithic — 215. Upper Palæolithic Culture Growths and Races — 216. The Palæolithic Aftermath: Azilian — 217. The Neolithic: Its Early Phase — 218. Pottery and the Bow — 219. Bone Tools — 220. The Dog — 221. The Hewn Ax — 222. The Full Neolithic — 223. Origin of Domesticated Animals and Plants — 224. Other Traits of the Full Neolithic — 225. The Bronze Age: Copper and Bronze Phases — 226. Traits Associated with Bronze — 227. Iron — 228. First Use and Spread of Iron — 229. The Hallstadt and LaTène Periods — 230. Summary of Development: Regional Differentiation — 231. The Scandinavian Area as an Example — 232. The Late Palæolithic Ancylus or Maglemose Period — 233. The Early Neolithic Litorina or Kitchenmidden Period — 234. The Full Neolithic and Its Subdivisions in Scandinavia — 235. The Bronze Age and Its Periods in Scandinavia — 236. Problems of Chronology — 237. Principles of the Prehistoric Spread of Culture
19. 19.CHAPTER XV THE GROWTH OF CIVILIZATION: OLD WORLD HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY — 238. The Early Focal Area — 239. Egypt and Sumer and Their Background — 240. Predynastic Egypt — 241. Culture Growth in Dynastic Egypt — 242. The Sumerian Development — 243. The Sumerian Hinterland — 244. Entry of Semites and Indo-Europeans — 245. Iranian Peoples and Cultures — 246. The Composite Culture of the Near East — 247. Phœnicians, Aramæans, Hebrews — 248. Other Contributing Nationalities — 249. Ægean Civilization — 250. Europe — 251. China — 252. Growth and Spread of Chinese Civilization — 253. The Lolos — 254. Korea — 255. Japan — 256. Central and Northern Asia — 257. India — 258. Indian Caste and Religion — 259. Relations Between India and the Outer World — 260. Indo-China — 261. Oceania — 262. The East Indies — 263. Melanesia and Polynesia — 264. Australia — 265. Tasmania — 266. Africa — 267. Egyptian Radiations — 268. The Influence of Other Cultures — 269. The Bushmen — 270. The West African Culture-area and Its Meaning — 271. Civilization, Race, and the Future
20. 20.FOOTNOTES
21. 21.INDEX

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