The vowels are, a, e, i, o, u, y.
Pronounce them, ah, ay, ee, oh, oo, ee.
They have invariably the same sound, and must be fully and distinctly pronounced.
The vowels are never silent, except u, in the syllables gue, gui,
que, qui. When the u is to be sounded in them, it is marked with
a diæresis (¨) over it; thus, argüir, ar-goo-ir.
The syllables in which the consonants are pronounced differently from
the English, are the following. The letters in italics under them
express their respective sounds.
| C. |
| Ca, | co, | cu, |
cua, | cuo. |
| Kah, | koh, | koo, |
kwah, | kwo. |
| | | ce, | ci. | |
| Th lisped, | thay, |
thee. | |
CH.
Pronounce it invariably as in the English words chap, chess, cheese.
| G. |
| Ga, | go, | gu, |
gue, | gui. |
| Gah, | goh, | goo, |
gay, | gee. |
J. |
J before all the vowels, and g before e or i, have the
sound of the English h, more harshly aspirated.
| Ja, | je, | ji, |
jo, | ju. |
| Hah, | hay, | hee, |
hoe, | who. |
| | Ge, | gi. |
| |
| | Hay, | hee. |
| |
LL.
LL is not a double consonant in Spanish, consequently it must not be
divided in spelling. It sounds like ll in English in million; but
it must be pronounced more quickly and stronger. In some parts of the
Mexican states it is sounded somewhat like the Spanish y consonant,
with which they confound it in writing; and in manuscript we frequently
see cabayo instead of caballo.
| Lla, | lle, | lli, |
llo, | llu. |
| Lyah, | lye-ay, | lyee, |
lyoh, | lyoo. |
N. |
N has a strong nasal sound, like n in poniard.
The gn in French gives its sound.
| Na, | ñe, | ñi, |
ño, | ñu. |
| Nyah, | nye-ay, | nyee, |
nyoh, | nyoo. |
Q. |
The syllables qua, qüe, qüi, quo, are at
present written with c, which see above.
V must be pronounced as in English. Its sound is so slender in
Spanish, that most generally it is confounded with the b: but such
pronunciation must not be imitated. It is frequently used in manuscript
instead of the capital U; thus,
Vnion y Libertad, instead of Union y Libertad.
X.
X, in conformity with the new orthography, is to represent solely
the sound of cs; but the greater part of the people pronounce and
write only the s; thus, estranjero, instead of extranjero,
(ex-tran-her´-oh.)
Y.
Y is a vowel when it is followed by a consonant, or terminates a word,
and then it sounds like ee. It is a consonant when it is before a
vowel, and then it sounds somewhat like English j. In some parts of
America it is generally pronounced as ee; thus, suyo, soo´-ee-o.
N. B.—Of late years, some persons write i instead of y in ai,
y, convoi, &c., but the Academy retains the y. In manuscript, Y
is to be used instead of I, whenever this letter must be a capital.
Z.
Z, before all the vowels, is pronounced like th lisped in the English
words thank, theft, thin, path, truth.
| Za, | ze, | zi, |
zo, | zu. |
| Thah, | thay, | thee, |
thoh, | thoo. |
Az, | ez, | iz, |
oz, | uz. |
| Ath, | eth, | eeth, |
oth, | ooth. |
In Spanish America z is generally pronounced s, and also
frequently written instead of that letter.
Gra-cio-so, cons-truc-cion, abs-te-ner-se, ha-bla-do-res, ca-ro,
car-ro, des-en-re-dar, ca-ba-llo, con-flic-to, pers-pi-caz, flu-xion.
This mark (´) is set over a vowel to point out that a particular
stress of the voice must be laid on it. When the word has no mark on
any of its letters, the penultimate, or last syllable but one, must be
pronounced with particular emphasis.
Amo, este, ira, oso, Amó, esté, irá, osó.
Nouns ending in a consonant (plurals excepted) have the last syllable
long, and consequently do not require the mark: otherwise, they have it
on the syllable on which the stress of the voice lies; as,
Caridad, animal, capitan, favor, interes.
| Césped, fácil, órden, carácter, ménos.
| | Singular. |
| Plural. |
| The | { masculine | El |
| Los |
| { feminine | La |
| Las |
A or an | { masculine | Un |
SOME | unos |
| { feminine | Una |
“ | unas |
Nouns are substantive or adjective, and have number, gender, and case.
Singular and Plural.—Nouns terminating in a short, or unaccented
vowel, add an s for the plural; as, boy, muchacho; boys,
muchachos. Nouns ending in an accented vowel, or in a consonant, or
in y, add es to the singular; as, ruby, rubí; rubies, rubíes;
lion, leon; lions, leones; ox, buey; oxen, bueyes. Nouns
terminating in z, change it into c to form the plural; as, cross,
cruz; crosses, cruces.
Every he, or male animal, is of the masculine gender; as, man,
hombre; every she, or female, is of the feminine gender; as, woman,
mujer. Nouns of inanimate objects or things ending in a, ad,
bre, ion, are for the most part feminine; and those terminating in
e, i, o, u, on, are masculine. The exceptions,
however, are very numerous.
Common nouns ending in o, change it into a to form the feminine;
as, son, hijo; daughter, hija. There are some that express their
gender by a different word or termination; as, father, padre; mother,
madre; bull, toro; cow, vaca; poet, poeta; poetess, poetisa.
(See Ollendorff, p. 246.)
Common nouns terminating in an, on, or, add an a to form the
feminine; as lion, leon; lioness, leona; shepherd, pastor;
shepherdess, pastora.
There are two cases, the Nominative and the Objective. The
Nominative case expresses the subject of the verb; as, The man gives,
El hombre da. The Objective case is either direct or indirect.
It is direct when it is the immediate object of the action of the
verb; as, The man gives alms, El hombre da limosna. It is indirect
(called also complement) when it is the term, or end of the action
expressed by the verb; as, The man gives alms to the poor, El hombre
da limosna á los pobres. When the object direct of an active verb
is the noun of a rational being, or a proper noun, or thing
personified, it must be preceded by the preposition á; as, The
brother loves his sister, El hermano ama á su hermana. The brother
loves his money, El hermano ama su dinero.
Augmentative nouns are those that increase the extent of their
signification by adding on, ote, or azo, to the masculine nouns,
and ona, ota, or aza, to the feminine, suppressing their last
letter, should it be a, e, or o; as, a boy, un muchacho; a
big boy, un muchachon; a girl, una muchacha; a big girl, una
muchachona. The termination azo frequently signifies the blow, or
injury caused by the object to which it is added; as, whip, látigo; a
very large whip, un latigazo; a stroke with a whip, un latigazo.
Diminutive nouns are formed by adding ito, illo, ico, or
uelo for the masculine, and ita, illa, ica, or uela for the
feminine, to the noun, which suppresses its last letter if it be a or
e; as, a boy, un muchacho; a little boy, un muchachito,
un muchachillo, un muchachuelo; a girl, una muchacha; a little girl,
una muchachita, una muchachilla, una muchachuela.
N. B.—The terminations, ito, ita, &c., added to christian names,
or those that express relationship, indicate love, affection, and
regard towards the object; thus, hermanita, dear sister; Juanito,
esteemed John, &c.
Adjectives ending in o are masculine, and change it into a to form
the feminine; as, fine, fino, fina. Those ending in any other
letter are common to both genders; as, prudent, prudente; useful,
útil.
Except adjectives expressing the natives of a country, or things
belonging to it; and also most of those terminating in an or on,
which add an a for the feminine; as, Spaniard, or Spanish, español,
española; idle, haragan, haragana; clamorous, griton, gritona.
Adjectives form their plural according to the rules set forth for the
nouns; as, white, blanco, blancos, blanca, blancas; deep blue,
turquí, turquíes; natural, natural, naturales; happy, feliz,
felices, or felizes.
Uno, one; alguno, some; ninguno, none; primero, first; bueno,
good; malo, bad; suppress the o when they are immediately followed
by a substantive masculine in the singular, whether it be alone, or
preceded by an adjective; as, no heart, ningun corazon; ningun
humano corazon.
Ciento, hundred, loses the last syllable before a substantive
masculine or feminine; the same does Santo before a noun masculine in
the singular. Grande, great, generally loses it also when it refers
to qualities; as, El Gran Capitan.
| More, (or the termination er,) mas——than, que. |
| He is richer, or more rich than she. |
El es mas rico que ella. |
Less, ménos——than, que. |
| She is less rich than he. |
Ella es ménos rica que él. |
As, (or so,) tan——as, como. |
| He is as rich as she. |
El es tan rico como ella. |
As much, (so much,) tanto or tanta——as, como. |
| She has as much money as he. |
Ella tiene tanto dinero como él. |
| She has as much beauty as modesty. |
Ella tiene tanta hermosura como modestia. |
As many, (so many,) tantos or tantas——as, como. |
| He has as many books as his brother. |
El tiene tantos libros como su hermano. |
| As many houses. |
Tantas casas. |
The more, cuanto mas——the more, tanto mas. |
| The more he studies, the more he learns. |
Cuanto mas estudia, tanto mas aprende. |
The less, cuanto ménos——the less, tanto ménos. |
| The less he works, the less he earns. |
Cuanto ménos trabaja, tanto ménos gana. |
Greater, mayor; less, menor; better, mejor; worse, peor,
superior, superior, &c.
It is formed, first, by literally translating the adverb very, muy;
as, very high, muy alto. Secondly, by adding the termination ísimo,
or ísima, to the adjective, which suppresses the last letter if it be
an o, or e: very fine, finísimo; very sweet, dulcisimo; very
useful, utilísimo. Adjectives in ble change it into bilísimo;
those in co, into quísimo; and those in go, into guísimo; as,
amabilísimo, riquísimo, prodiguísimo. Thirdly, by prefixing el,
los, la, las mas, or ménos to the adjective; as, The most
industrious, El mas industrioso; the most humane, el, or los mas
humanos; la, or las mas humanas.
Best, óptimo, worst, pésimo; greatest, máximo; least, mínimo;
lowest, ínfimo; supreme, supremo.
| Nom. | I, yo. |
Nom. | We, nosotros, nosotras. |
| Obj. Dir. | Me, me. |
Obj. Dir. | Us, nos, nos. |
| Obj. Ind. | Me, mí. |
Obj. Ind. | Us, nosotros, nosotras. |
| “ | With me, conmigo. |
“ | With us, con nosotros, |
| | |
“ | “ con nosotras. |
| Nom. | Thou, tú. |
Nom. | You, vosotros, vosotras. |
| Obj. Dir. | Thee, te. |
Obj. Dir. | You, os, os. |
| Obj. Ind. | Thee, tí. |
Obj. Ind. | You, vosotros, vosotras. |
| “ | With thee, contigo. |
“ | With you, con vosotros. |
| | |
“ | “ con vosotras. |
You, in familiar polite style, is translated usted for both
genders, and the verb agrees with it in the singular or the plural,
according to the sense. Usted and its plural are always written in
abbreviation, thus: V. or Vm. for the first, and VV. or Vms.
for the latter.
| Nom. | You, usted, (V. or Vm.) |
Nom. | You, ustedes, (VV. or Vms.) |
| Obj. Dir. | You, á usted, le, la, se. |
Obj. Dir. | You, á VV. los, las, se. |
| Obj. Ind. | You, á V. le, se: |
Obj. Ind. | You, á VV. les, se: |
| | á él, ella, sí. |
| á ellos, ellas, sí. |
| “ | With you, con usted. |
“ | With you, con ustedes. |
| “ | With yourself, consigo. |
“ | “ consigo. |
| Nom. | He or it, él. |
Nom. | They, ellos. |
| Obj. Dir. | Him or it, le, se; él, sí. |
Obj. Dir. | Them, los, se; ellos, sí. |
| Obj. Ind. | Him or it, le, se; él, sí. |
Obj. Ind. | Them, les, se; ellos, sí. |
| “ | With him or it, con él. |
“ | With them, con ellos. |
| “ | With himself or itself, consigo. |
“ | With themselves, consigo. |
| Nom. | She or it, ella. |
Nom. | They, ellas. |
| Obj. Dir. | Her or it, la, se; ella, sí. |
Obj. Dir. | Them, las, se; ellas, sí. |
| Obj. Ind. | Her or it, le, se; ella, sí. |
Obj. Ind. | Them, les, se; ellas, sí. |
| “ | With her or it, con ella. |
“ | With them, con ellas. |
| “ | With herself or itself, consigo. |
“ | With themselves, consigo. |
Mí, tí, sí, are always preceded by prepositions.
Me, te, se, le, los, la, las,
les, are governed by verbs, and never placed after prepositions. When the
verbs are in the indicative, or in the subjunctive mood, they are
placed before the verb; as, He esteems her, él la estima. Should the
verb be in the infinitive, or in the imperative mood, the pronouns must
be placed after it, and joined to it so as to appear one word; thus,
Give it to him, (give, da, it, le, to him, se,) dásele.
| My, mi, mis. | His, su, sus. |
Its, su, sus. |
| Thy, tu, tus. | Her, su, sus. |
Their, su, sus. |
| Your, with reference to Usted, or Ustedes, su, sus. |
These pronouns agree in number with the noun that follows them; as, He
sold his horses, él vendió sus caballos; they fulfilled their
promise, ellos cumplieron, su promesa.
| Mine, mio, mios. | His, suyo, suyos. |
Its, suyo, suyos. |
| mia, mias. | suya, suyas. |
suya, suyas. |
| Thine, tuyo, tuyos. | Hers, suyo, suyos. |
Theirs, suyo, suyos. |
| tuya, tuyas. | suya, suyas. |
suya, suyas. |
| Our, nuestro, nuestros. | Your, vuestro, vuestros. |
Your, de Usted. |
| nuestra, nuestras. | vuestra, vuestras. |
de Ustedes. |
| Your, with reference to Usted, is translated also suyo, suyos, suya, suyas. |
Who, which, que, quien, quienes. What, that, que.
Which, what, cual, cuales; also, el cual, los cuales, la cual, las cuales.
Whose, cuyo, cuyos, cuya, cuyas; also, de quien, de cual, &c.
| This, | este. | These, | estos. |
That, | aquel. | Those, | aquellos. |
| “ | esta. | “ | estas. |
“ | aquella. | “ | aquellas. |
| That, | ese. | Those, | esos. |
This, | esto. | That, | aquello. |
| “ | esa. | “ | esas. |
That, | eso. | It, | ello, lo. |
| One, | uno. | Such, | tal. |
| Each, | cada. | Something, | algo. |
| Nobody, | { nadie. | Nothing, | nada. |
| { ninguno. | Each one, | cada cual. |
| Somebody, | alguien. | Each other, | uno y otro. |
| Anybody, | } | One another, | uno á otro. |
| Any, some, | } alguno. | Every one, | cada uno. |
| Some one, | } | Every one, | } |
| Somebody, | } | Everybody, | } todo, todos. |
| Whichever, | cualquiera. | Every thing, | } |
| Whomsoever, | quienquiera. | All, every, | } |
| | { ámbos. | | |
| Both, | { entrámbos. | | |
| | { ámbos á dos. | | |
CONJUGATION OF VERBS.
The conjugation of a verb is a regular arrangement of its moods,
tenses, persons, and numbers.
All the verbs in the Spanish language are formed out of the present
of the infinitive mood, which invariably terminates in ar,
er, or ir, which syllables are called its
termination; and the letters that remain of the said present
of the infinitive, after separating one of the said terminations,
whatever they may be, are said to be its root, and the letters
of such root are called its radical letters; as, to esteem,
estim-ar; to offend, ofend-er; to permit, permit-ir: in which
verbs ar, er, ir are the terminations; and estim,
ofend, permit, the radical letters of each respectively,
to which the other combinations must be added to form the various
persons and tenses of a verb.
All the Spanish verbs are, therefore, classed into three
conjugations. Verbs ending in ar belong to the first; those in
er to the second; and those in ir to the third.
Obs. 1. It is not necessary to express the pronouns subject
or nominative, in the colloquial style, (usted and ustedes
excepted;) but they must be used whenever elegance or clearness
requires it.
Obs. 2. The numbers before the terminations point out the different
persons. N. 2, before usted and ustedes, denotes that they are of
the second person, but that the verb agrees with them in the third,
(by Enallage.)
TERMINATIONS OF ALL THE REGULAR VERBS.
Obs. 3. The grave accent (`) upon a vowel in the following
terminations, points out the syllable on which the stress of the voice
is laid, but over which the mark of it must not be set. The acute
accent (') marks the syllable on which the stress of the voice lays,
and over which the accent is to be written. When there is no mark of an
accent in the termination, the syllable that precedes it is long.
| INFINITIVE MOOD. |
| First Conjugation. | Second Conjugation. |
Third Conjugation. |
PRESENT. | PRESENT. |
PRESENT. |
| To arm, | armar. | To offend, |
ofender. | To unite, | unir. |
| Termination, | ar. | Termination, |
er. | Termination, | ir. |
| Radical letters, | arm. | Radical letters, |
ofend. | Radical letters, | un. |
GERUND. [1]. |
GERUND. |
GERUND. |
| Arming, | ando. | Offending, |
iendo. | Uniting, | iendo. |
PARTICIPLE PAST.[2] | PARTICIPLE PAST. |
PARTICIPLE PAST. |
| Armed, | ado. | Offended, |
ido. | United, | ido. |
INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| First Conjugation. | Second Conjugation. |
Third Conjugation. |
PRESENT. | PRESENT. |
PRESENT. |
| 1. I arm, | arm- | o. |
1. I offend, | ofend- | o. |
1. I unite, | un- | o. |
| 2. Thou armest, | | as. |
2. Thou offendest, | | es. |
2. Thou unitest, | | es. |
| 3. He arms, | | a. |
3. He offends, | | e. |
3. He unites, | | e. |
| 2. You arm, | V.— | a.[3] |
2. You offend, | V.— | e.[6] |
2. You unite, | V.— | e.[8] |
| 1. We arm, | | àmos. |
1. We offend, | | èmos. |
1. We unite, | | imos. |
| 2. You arm, | | àis. |
2. You offend, | | èis. |
2. You unite, | | is. |
| 3. They arm, | | an. |
3. They offend, | | en. |
3. They unite, | | en. |
| 2. You arm, | VV.— | an.[4] |
2. You offend, | VV.— | en.[7] |
2. You unite, | VV.— | en.[9] |
IMPERFECT.. | IMPERFECT.. |
IMPERFECT.. |
| 1. I armed,[5] | arm- | àba. |
1. I offended, | ofend- | ía. |
1. I united, | un- | ía. |
| 2. Thou armedst, | | àbas. |
2. Thou offendedst, | | ías. |
2. Thou unitedst, | | ías. |
| 3. He armed, | | àba. |
3. He offended, | | ía. |
3. He united, | | ía. |
| 2. You armed, | V.— | àba. |
2. You offended, | V.— | ía. |
2. You united, | V.— | ía. |
| 1. We armed, | | ábamos. |
1. We offended, | | íamos. |
1. We united, | | íamos. |
| 2. You armed, | | ábais. |
2. You offended, | | íais. |
2. You united, | | íais. |
| 3. They armed, | | àban. |
3. They offended, | | ían. |
3. They united, | | ían. |
| 2. You armed, | VV.— | àban. |
2. You offended, | VV.— | ían. |
2. You united, | VV.— | ían. |
Remark.—Those scholars who desire a more
detailed explanation of this subject, are referred to Lesson XL.
page 157 of Ollendorff’s New Method of Learning to Read and Write
the Spanish Language, published by D. Appleton & Co., No. 200
Broadway. This work contains every rule necessary to render easy the study of that language.
| PERFECT.. | PERFECT.. |
PERFECT.. |
| 1. I armed,[10] | arm- | é. |
1. I offended, | ofend- | í. |
1. I united, | un- | í. |
| 2. Thou armedst, | | àste. |
2. Thou offendedst, | | iste. |
2. Thou unitedst, | | iste. |
| 3. He armed, | | ó. |
3. He offended, | | ió. |
3. He united, | | ió. |
| 2. You armed, | V.— | ó. |
2. You offended, | V.— | ió. |
2. You united, | V.— | ió. |
| 1. We armed, | | ámos. |
1. We offended, | | imos. |
1. We united, | | imos. |
| 2. You armed, | | ásteis. |
2. You offended, | | isteis. |
2. You united, | | isteis. |
| 3. They armed, | | áron. |
3. They offended, | | iéron. |
3. They united, | | iéron. |
| 2. You armed, | VV.— | áron. |
2. You offended, | VV.— | éron. |
2. You united, | VV.— | iéron. |
FUTURE.. | FUTURE.. |
FUTURE.. |
| 1. I shall arm, | arm- | aré. |
1. I shall offend, | ofend- | eré. |
1. I shall unite, | un- | iré. |
| 2. Thou wilt arm, | | arás. |
2. Thou wilt offend, | | erás. |
2. Thou wilt unite, | | irás. |
| 3. He will arm, | | ará. |
3. He will offend, | | erá. |
3. He will unite, | | irá. |
| 2. You will arm, | V.— | ará. |
2. You will offend, | V.— | erá. |
2. You will unite, | V.— | irá. |
| 1. We shall arm, | | arémos. |
1. We shall offend, | | erémos. |
1. We shall unite, | | irémos. |
| 2. You will arm, | | aréis. |
2. You will offend, | | eréis. |
2. You will unite, | | iréis. |
| 3. They will arm, | | arán. |
3. They will offend, | | erán. |
3. They will unite, | | irán. |
| 2. You will arm, | VV.— | arán. |
2. You will offend, | VV.— | erán. |
2. You will unite, | VV.— | irán. |
IMPERATIVE MOOD.. |
| First Conjugation. | Second Conjugation. |
Third Conjugation. |
| 1. Let me arm,[11] | arm- | e. |
1. Let me offend, | ofend- | a. |
1. Let me unite, | un- | a. |
| 2. Arm thou, | | a. |
2. Offend thou, | | as. |
2. Unite thou, | | e. |
| 2. Arm thou not,[12] | no — | es. |
2. Offend thou not, | no — | as. |
2. Unite thou not, | no — | as. |
| 3. Let him arm, | | e. |
3. Let him offend, | | a. |
3. Let him unite, | | a. |
| 2. Arm you, | | e V. |
2. Offend you, | | a V. |
2. Unite you, | | a V. |
| 1. Let us arm, | | èmos. |
1. Let us offend, | | àmos. |
1. Let us unite, | | àmos. |
| 2. Arm ye, | | ad. |
2. Offend ye, | | ed. |
2. Unite ye, | | id. |
| 2. Arm you not, | no — | éis |
2. Offend ye not, | no — | ais. |
2. Unite ye not, | no — | ais. |
| 3. Let them arm, | | en. |
3. Let them offend, | | an. |
3. Let them unite, | | an. |
| 2. Arm you, | | en VV. |
2. Offend you, | | an VV. |
2. Unite you, | | an VV. |
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.. |
| PRESENT.. | PRESENT.. |
PRESENT.. |
| 1. I may arm, | arm- | e. |
1. I may offend, | ofend- | a. |
1. I may unite, | un- | a. |
| 2. Thou mayst arm, | | es. |
2. Thou mayst offend, | | as. |
2. Thou mayst unite, | | as. |
| 3. He may arm, | | e. |
3. He may offend, | | a. |
3. He may unite, | | a. |
| 2. You may arm, | V.— | e. |
2. You may offend, | V.— | a. |
2. You may unite, | V.— | a. |
| 1. We may arm, | | èmos. |
1. We may offend, | | àmos. |
1. We may unite, | | àmos. |
| 2. You may arm, | | èis. |
2. You may offend, | | àis. |
2. You may unite, | | àis. |
| 3. They may arm, | | en. |
3. They may offend, | | an. |
3. They may unite, | | an. |
| 2. You may arm, | VV.— | en. |
2. You may offend, | VV.— | an. |
2. You may unite, | VV.— | an. |
IMPERFECT.. | IMPERFECT.. |
IMPERFECT.. |
| Termination—àra. | Termination—ièra. |
Termination—ièra. |
| 1. I might arm, | arm- | àra. |
1. I might offend, | ofend- | ièra. |
1. I might unite, | un- | ièra. |
| 2. Thou mightst arm, | | àras. |
2. Thou mightst offend, | | ièras. |
2. Thou mightst unite, | | ièras. |
| 3. He might arm, | | àra. |
3. He might offend, | | ièra. |
3. He might unite, | | ièra. |
| 2. You might arm, | V.— | àra. |
2. You might offend, | V.— | ièra. |
2. You might unite, | V.— | ièra. |
| 1. We might arm, | | àramos. |
1. We might offend, | | ièramos. |
1. We might unite, | | ièramos. |
| 2. You might arm, | | àrais. |
2. You might offend, | | ièrais. |
2. You might unite, | | ièrais. |
| 3. They might arm, | | àran. |
3. They might offend, | | ièran. |
3. They might unite, | | ièran. |
| 2. You might arm, | VV.— | àran. |
2. You might offend, | VV.— | ièran. |
2. You might unite, | VV.— | ièran. |
Termination—aria. | Termination—eira. |
Termination—iria. |
| 1. I might arm, | arm- | aría. |
1. I might offend, | ofend- | ería. |
1. I might unite, | un- | iría. |
| 2. Thou mightst arm, | | arías. |
2. Thou mightst offend, | | erías. |
2. Thou mightst unite, | | irías. |
| 3. He might arm, | | aría. |
3. He might offend, | | ería. |
3. He might unite, | | iría. |
| 2. You might arm, | V.— | aría. |
2. You might offend, | V.— | ería. |
2. You might unite, | V.— | iría. |
| 1. We might arm, | | aríamos. |
1. We might offend, | | eríamos. |
1. We might unite, | | iríamos. |
| 2. You might arm, | | aríais. |
2. You might offend, | | eríais. |
2. You might unite, | | iríais. |
| 3. They might arm, | | arían. |
3. They might offend, | | erían. |
3. They might unite, | | iríain. |
| 2. You might arm, | VV.— | arían. |
2. You might offend, | VV.— | erían. |
2. You might unite, | VV.— | irían. |
First Conjugation. | Second Conjugation. |
Third Conjugation. |
| Termination—àse. | Termination—ièse. |
Termination—ièse. |
| 1. I might arm, | arm- | àse. |
1. I might offend, | ofend- | ièse. |
1. I might unite, | un- | ièse. |
| 2. Thou mightst arm, | | àses. |
2. Thou mightst offend, | | ièses. |
2. Thou mightst unite, | | ièses. |
| 3. He might arm, | | àse. |
3. He might offend, | | ièse. |
3. He might unite, | | ièse. |
| 2. You might arm, | V.— | àse. |
2. You might offend, | V.— | ièse. |
2. You might unite, | V.— | ièse. |
| 1. We might arm, | | àsemos. |
1. We might offend, | | ièsemos. |
1. We might unite, | | ièsemos. |
| 2. You might arm, | | àseis. |
2. You might offend, | | ièseis. |
2. You might unite, | | ièseis. |
| 3. They might arm, | | àsen. |
3. They might offend, | | ièsen. |
3. They might unite, | | ièsen. |
| 2. You might arm, | VV.— | àsen. |
2. You might offend, | VV.— | ièsen. |
2. You might unite, | VV.— | ièsen. |
FUTURE.. | FUTURE.. |
FUTURE. |
| 1. If I should arm, | arm- | àre. |
1. If I should offend, | ofend- | ière. |
1. If I should unite, | un- | ière. |
| 2. If thou shouldst arm, | | àres. |
2. If thou shouldst offend, | | ières. |
2. If thou shouldst unite, | | ières. |
| 3. If he should arm, | | àre. |
3. If he should offend, | | ière. |
3. If he should unite, | | ière. |
| 2. If you should arm, | V.— | àre. |
2. If you should offend, | V.— | ière. |
2. If you should unite, | V.— | ière. |
| 1. If we should arm, | | áremos. |
1. If we should offend, | | iéremos. |
1. If we should unite, | | iéremos. |
| 2. If you should arm, | | áreis. |
2. If you should offend, | | iéreis. |
2. If you should unite, | | ièreis. |
| 3. If they should arm, | | àren. |
3. If they should offend, | | ièren. |
3. If they should unite, | | ièren. |
| 2. If they should arm, | VV.— | àren. |
2. If they should offend, | | ièren. |
2. If they should unite, | VV.— | ièren. |
Remark.—Could, would, or should
express as well as might any of the above tenses, but the translation
of the verb preceded by them in English, depends entirely on the
meaning of the Spanish verb or conjunction that governs, or requires it
in the subjunctive mood, as it is explained in Lesson LXXIX. p. 356 of
Ollendorff’s Method, which the learner must study with attention.
The future of the subjunctive might be translated in English when I
shall, and the verb in the usual way.
Obs. 4. These tenses being formed by placing after the verb haber,
(to have,) the participle past of the principal verb, or the verb that
is conjugated, only one participle for each conjugation is here given,
in all the tenses.
PERFECT, OR PRETERIT DEFINITE.
It is compounded of the present of the indicative of the verb
haber, (to have,) and the perfect, or participle past of the verb
which is conjugated. For brevity’s sake, the English is prefixed only
to the first person of all these tenses.
| | I have | armed. |
| Yo he | armado. |
| | I have | offended. |
| Yo he | ofendido. |
| | I have | united. |
| Yo he | unido. |
| 1. He | | } armado. |
Hemos | | } armado. |
| 2. Has | | } ofendido. |
Habeis | | } ofendido. |
| 3. Ha | | } unido. |
Han | | } unido. |
| 2. V. ha | | } |
VV. han | | } |
PLUPERFECT. |
| | I had | armed. |
| Yo habia | armado. |
| | I had | offended. |
| Yo habia | ofendido. |
| | I had | united. |
| Yo habia | unido. |
| 1. Habia | | } armado. |
Habíamos | | } armado. |
| 2. Habias | | } ofendido. |
Habíais | | } ofendido. |
| 3. Habia | | } unido. |
Habian | | } unido. |
| 2. V. habia | | } |
VV. habian | | } |
PRETERIT INDEFINITE, OR ANTERIOR. |
| | I had | armed. |
| Yo hube | armado. |
| | I had | offended. |
| Yo hube | ofendido. |
| | I had | united. |
| Yo hube | unido. |
| 1. Hube | | } armado. |
Hubimos | | } armado. |
| 2. Hubiste | | } ofendido. |
Hubisteis | | } ofendido. |
| 3. Hubo | | } unido. |
Hubieron | | } unido. |
| 2. V. hubo | | } |
VV. hubieron | | } |
FUTURE DEFINITE. |
| | I shall have | armed. |
| Yo habré | armado. |
| | I shall have | offended. |
| Yo habré | ofendido. |
| | I shall have | united. |
| Yo habré | unido. |
| 1. Habré | | } armado. |
Habrémos | | } armado. |
| 2. Habrás | | } ofendido. |
Habréis | | } ofendido. |
| 3. Habrá | | } unido. |
Habrán | | } unido. |
| 2. V. habrá | | } |
VV. habrán | | } |
| PERFECT, OR PRETERIT DEFINITE. |
| | I may have | armed. |
| Yo haya | armado. |
| | I may have | offended. |
| Yo haya | ofendido. |
| | I may have | united. |
| Yo haya | unido. |
| 1. Haya | | } armado. |
Háyamos | | } armado. |
| 2. Hayas | | } ofendido. |
Háyais | | } ofendido. |
| 3. Haya | | } unido. |
Hayan | | } unido. |
| 2. V. haya | | } |
VV. hayan | | } |
PLUPERFECT. |
| Termination IERA. |
| I | might have | armed. |
Yo | hubiera | armado. |
| I | might have | offended. |
Yo | hubiera | ofendido. |
| I | might have | united. |
Yo | hubiera | unido. |
| 1. Hubiera | | } armado. |
Hubiéramos | | } armado. |
| 2. Hubieras | | } ofendido. |
Hubiérais | | } ofendido. |
| 3. Hubiera | | } unido. |
Hubieran | | } unido. |
| 2. V. hubiera | | } |
VV. hubieran | | } |
PLUPERFECT. |
| Termination RIA. |
| I might | (would) have | armed. |
| Yo habria | armado. |
| I might | (would) have | offended. |
| Yo habria | ofendido. |
| I might | (would) have | united. |
| Yo habria | unido. |
| 1. Habria | | } armado. |
Habríamos | | } armado. |
| 2. Habrias | | } ofendido. |
Habríais | | } ofendido. |
| 3. Habria | | } unido. |
Habrian | | } unido. |
| 2. V. habria | | } |
VV. habrian | | } |
PLUPERFECT. |
| Termination IESE. |
| I might | have | armed. |
| Yo hubiese | armado. |
| I might | have | offended. |
| Yo hubiese | ofendido. |
| I might | have | united. |
| Yo hubiese | unido. |
| 1. Hubiese | | } armado. |
Hubiésemos | | } armado. |
| 2. Hubieses | | } ofendido. |
Hubiéseis | | } ofendido. |
| 3. Hubiese | | } unido. |
Hubiesen | | } unido. |
| 2. V. hubiese | | } |
VV. hubiesen | | } |
FUTURE DEFINITE. |
| Should I | have | armed. |
Si yo | hubiere | armado. |
| Should I | have | offended. |
Si yo | hubiere | ofendido. |
| Should I | have | united. |
Si yo | hubiere | unido. |
| 1. Hubiere | | } armado. |
Hubiéremos | | } armado. |
| 2. Hubieres | | } ofendido. |
Hubiéreis | | } ofendido. |
| 3. Hubiere | | } unido. |
Hubieren | | } unido. |
| 2. V. hubiere | | } |
VV. hubieren | | } |
| INFINITIVE MOOD. |
| PRESENT. |
| | To have. | |
| To be. | |
| Haber. | | Tener. |
Ser. | | Estar. |
GERUND. |
| | Having. | |
| Being. | |
| Habiendo. | | Teniendo. |
Siendo. | | Estando. |
PAST PARTICIPLE. |
| | Had. | |
| Been. | |
| Habido. | | Tenido. |
Sido. | | Estado. |
INDICATIVE MOOD. |
| PRESENT. |
| I have. | I am. |
| 1. He. | Tengo. |
Soy. | Estoy. |
| 2. Has. | Tienes. |
Eres. | Estas. |
| 3. Ha. | Tiene. |
Es. | Está. |
| 2. V. ha. | V. tiene. |
V. es. | V. está. |
| 1. Hemos. | Tenemos. |
Somos. | Estamos. |
| 2. Habeis. | Teneis. |
Sois. | Estais. |
| 3. Han. | Tienen. |
Son. | Estan. |
| 2. VV. han. | VV. tienen. |
VV. son. | VV. estan. |
IMPERFECT. |
| I had. | I was. |
| 1. Habia. | Tenia. |
Era. | Estaba. |
| 2. Habias. | Tenias. |
Eras. | Estabas. |
| 3. Habia. | Tenia. |
Era. | Estaba. |
| 2. V. habia. | V. tenia. |
V. era. | V. estaba. |
| 1. Habíamos. | Teníamos. |
Éramos. | Estábamos. |
| 2. Habíais. | Teníais. |
Érais. | Estábais. |
| 3. Habian. | Tenian. |
Eran. | Estaban. |
| 2. VV. habian. | VV. tenian. |
VV. eran. | VV. estaban. |
PRETERIT. |
| I had. | I was. |
| 1. Hube. | Tuve. |
Fui. | Estuve. |
| 2. Hubiste. | Tuviste. |
Fuiste. | Estuviste. |
| 3. Hubo. | Tuvo. |
Fué. | Estuvo. |
| 2. V. hubo. | V. tuvo. |
V. fué. | V. estuvo. |
| 1. Hubímos. | Tuvímos. |
Fuímos. | Estuvimos. |
| 2. Hubisteis. | Tuvisteis. |
Fuísteis. | Estuvísteis. |
| 3. Hubiéron. | Tuviéron. |
Fuéron. | Estuviéron. |
| 2. VV. hubiéron. | VV. tuviéron. |
VV. fuéron. | VV. estuviéron. |
FUTURE. |
| I shall have. | I shall be. |
| 1. Habré. | Tendré. |
Seré. | Estaré. |
| 2. Habrás. | Tendrás. |
Serás. | Estarás. |
| 3. Habrá. | Tendrá. |
Será. | Estará. |
| 2. V. habrá. | V. tendrá. |
V. será. | V. estará. |
| 1. Habrémos. | Tendrémos. |
Serémos. | Estarémos. |
| 2. Habréis. | Tendréis. |
Seréis. | Estaréis. |
| 3. Habrán. | Tendrán. |
Serán. | Estarán. |
| 2. VV. habrán. | VV. tendrán. |
VV. serán. | VV. estarán. |
IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| Let me have. | Let me be. |
| 1. Let me have. | Tenga yo. |
Sea. | Esté. |
| 2. Have thou. | Ten tú. |
Se. | Está. |
| 2. Have not. | No tengas. |
Nó seas. | No estes. |
| 3. Let him have. | Tenga él. |
Sea. | Esté. |
| 2. Have. | Tenga V. |
Sea V. | Esté V. |
| 1. Let us have. | Tengamos. |
Seamos. | Estemos. |
| 2. Have ye. | Tened. |
Sed. | Estad. |
| 2. Have not. | No tengais. |
No seais. | No estais. |
| 3. Let them have. | Tengan. |
Sean. | Esten. |
| 2. Have you. | Tengan VV. |
Sean VV. | Esten VV. |
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. |
| PRESENT. |
| I may have. | I may be. |
| 1. Haya. | Tenga. |
Sea. | Esté. |
| 2. Hayas. | Tengas. |
Seas. | Estes. |
| 3. Haya. | Tenga. |
Sea. | Esté. |
| 2. V. haya. | V. tenga. |
V. sea. | V. esté. |
| 1. Háyamos. | Tengamos. |
Seamos. | Estemos. |
| 2. Háyais. | Tengais. |
Seais. | Esteis. |
| 3. Hayan. | Tengan. |
Sean. | Esten. |
| 2. VV. hayan. | VV. tengan. |
VV. sean. | VV. esten. |
IMPERFECT. |
| FIRST TERMINATION. |
| I would have. | I would be. |
| 1. Hubiera. | Tuviera. |
Fuera. | Estuviera. |
| 2. Hubieras. | Tuvieras. |
Fueras. | Estuvieras. |
| 3. Hubiera. | Tuviera. |
Fuera. | Estuviera. |
| 2. V. hubiera. | V. tuviera. |
V. fuera. | V. estuviera. |
| 1. Hubiéramos. | Tuviéramos. |
Fuéramos. | Estuviéramos. |
| 2. Hubiérais. | Tuviérais. |
Fuérais. | Estuviérais. |
| 3. Hubieran. | Tuvieran. |
Fueran. | Estuvieran. |
| 2. VV. hubieran. | VV. tuvieran. |
VV. fueran. | VV. estuvieran. |
SECOND TERMINATION. |
| I would have. | I would be. |
| 1. Habria. | Tendria. |
Seria. | Estaria. |
| 2. Habrias. | Tendrias. |
Serias. | Estarias. |
| 3. Habria. | Tendria. |
Seria. | Estaria. |
| 2. V. habria. | V. tendria. |
V. seria. | V. estaria. |
| 1. Habríamos. | Tendríamos. |
Seríamos. | Estaríamos. |
| 2. Habríais. | Tendríais. |
Seríais. | Estaríais. |
| 3. Habrian. | Tendrian. |
Serian. | Estarian. |
| 2. VV. habrian. | VV. tendrian. |
VV. serian. | VV. estarian. |
THIRD TERMINATION. |
| I should have. | I should be. |
| 1. Hubiese. | Tuviese. |
Fuese. | Estuviese. |
| 2. Hubieses. | Tuvieses. |
Fueses. | Estuvieses. |
| 3. Hubiese. | Tuviese. |
Fuese. | Estuviese. |
| 2. V. hubiese. | V. tuviese. |
V. fuese. | V. estuviese. |
| 1. Hubiésemos. | Tuviésemos. |
Fuésemos. | Estuviésemos. |
| 2. Hubiéseis. | Tuviéseis. |
Fuéseis. | Estuviéseis. |
| 3. Hubiesen. | Tuviesen. |
Fuesen. | Estuviesen. |
| 2. VV. hubiesen. | VV. tuviesen. |
VV. fuesen. | VV. estuviesen. |
FUTURE. |
| When I shall have. | When I shall be. |
| 1. Hubiere. | Tuviere. |
Fuere. | Estuviere. |
| 2. Hubieres. | Tuvieres. |
Fueres. | Estuvieres. |
| 3. Hubiere. | Tuviere. |
Fuere. | Estuviere. |
| 2. V. hubiere. | V. tuviere. |
V. fuere. | V. estuviere. |
| 1. Hubiéremos. | Tuviéremos. |
Fuéremos. | Estuviéremos. |
| 2. Hubiéreis. | Tuviéreis. |
Fuéreis. | Estuviéreis. |
| 3. Hubieren. | Tuvieren. |
Fueren. | Estuvieren. |
| 2. VV. hubieren. | VV. tuvieren. |
VV. fuéren. | VV. estuviéren. |
N.B.—The (i) stands for the present of the infinitive mood,
and the (p) for the past participle.
| I am to, (i,) | He de, (i,) (139-153)[13] |
| Thou art to, (i,) &c. | Has de, (i,) &c. |
| I was to, (i,) &c. | Habia de, (i,) &c. |
| I shall be obliged to, (i,) &c. | Habré de, (i,) &c. |
| I have just, (p,) &c. | Acabo de, (i,) acabas de, (i,) &c. (211.) |
| I had just, &c. | Acababa de, (i,) acababas de, (i,) &c. |
| I am going to, (i,) &c. | {Voy á, (i,) vas á, (i,) va á, (i.) |
| | {Vamos á, (i,) vais á, (i,) van á, (i.) |
| I was going to, (i,) &c. | Iba á, (i,) ibas á,(i,) iba á, (i,) &c. |
| {Volver á, (i.) |
| To (i) again, &c. | {Vuelvo á, (i,) vuelves á, (i,) vuelve á, (i.) |
| | {Volvemos á, (i,) volveis á, (i,) vuelven á, (i.) |
| I liked to have, (p.) | Estuve para, (i.) |
| To be near. } Pres. | {Estar á pique de, (i.) |
| To come near.} participle. | {Estar á punto de, (i.) |
| | { Estar para, (i.) |
| To be about, (p. or i.) | Estar para. |
| To be to, (i.) | Ser de. Haber de. Deber. |
| It is to be observed. | {Es de notar. Se ha de notar. |
| | {Debe notarse. |
| Él me le | (los, la, las, lo) | da. |
| Él no te le | (los, la, las, lo) | envia. |
| ¿Nos le | (los, la, las, lo) | ofrece él? |
| ¿Nos le | (los, la, las, lo) | trae él? |
| V. no se le | (los, la, las, lo) | promete. |
| I recompense, or do recompense. | Recompenso. |
| I do not recompense. | {Yo no recompenso, or |
| {No recompenso. |
| Do I recompense? | {¿Recompenso? or |
| {¿Recompenso yo? |
| Do I not recompense? | {¿No recompenso? |
| {¿No recompenso yo? |
| I have corresponded. | He correspondido. |
| I have not corresponded. | No he correspondido. |
| Have I corresponded? | {¿He correspondido? or |
| {¿He correspondido yo? |
| Have I not corresponded? | ¿No he correspondido yo? |
Passive verbs are formed from active-transitive verbs by adding
their participle past, or passive, to the auxiliary verb ser,
(to be,) through all its changes, as in English; thus, from the active
verb amar, (to love,) is formed the passive verb ser amado, (to be loved.)
Obs. 5. The participle must agree in gender and number
with the nominative it refers to; consequently it changes the o into a
when the subject is feminine, and adds s for the plural; thus,
| SINGULAR. |
| He is loved. | El es amado. |
| She is loved. | Ella es amada. |
| You are loved. | V. es amado, (amada.) |
PLURAL. |
| They are loved. | Ellos son amados. |
| They are loved. | Ellas son amadas. |
| You are loved. | VV. son amados, (amadas.) |
Obs. 6. In the compound tenses the participle of the principal verb
is the only one that admits the change; the participle of the auxiliary
verb to be (been, sido) is unchangeable; as,
| He has been rewarded. | El ha sido premiado. |
| They have been rewarded. | Ellos han sido premiados. |
| She had been admired. | Ella habia sido admirada. |
| They had been admired. | Ellas habian sido admiradas. |
| You could have been employed. | V. habria sido empleado, (empleada.) |
| You could have been assisted. | VV. habrian sido asistidos, (asistidas.) |
Obs. 7. Passive impersonal verbs, and those referring to inanimate
objects or things, are translated by placing the verb which is in the
participle past in English, in the same person and number in which
the verb to be is in the English sentence, placing the pronoun se
before it; thus,—This ship was built in less than three months;
Esta fragata se construyó en ménos de tres meses, instead of fué
construida. It is said; Se dice, instead of Es dicho.
A pronominal, or reflective verb, is that which has the same
person or thing as subject and object; as,
He arms himself. | El se arma á sí mismo.
These verbs terminate their present of the infinitive mood by the
pronoun se, which must be suppressed in order to find out the
conjugation, thus—
| To approach. | Acercarse. |
| To be sorry. | Dolerse. |
| To repent. | Arrepentirse. |
Taking off the se we here have, acercar, 1st conjugation, doler,
2d conjugation; and arrepentir, 3d conjugation. (80.)
These verbs are conjugated by placing the pronouns me, te, se,
se, nos, os, se, se, according to the number and person
of the nominative they refer to, immediately before the verb, if the
subject be expressed before it; and either before or after the verb, if
the subject be not expressed or placed after it. When they are placed,
after the verb, they must be written so as to form one word with it.
In the imperative mood they are always placed after the verb, which
suppresses the s in the first person plural, and the d in the
second person of the same number. When the second person singular or
plural is used with the adverb no, the pronouns are placed before the
verb. Examples:—
| 1. I congratulate myself. | Yo me congratulo. |
| 2. Thou congratulatest thyself. | Tú te congratulas. |
| 3. He congratulates himself. | El se congratula. |
| 2. You congratulate yourself. | V. se congratula. |
| 1. We congratulate ourselves. | Nosotros nos congratulamos. |
| 2. You congratulate yourselves. | Vosotros os congratulais. |
| 3. They congratulate themselves. | Ellos se congratulan. |
| 2. You congratulate yourselves. | VV. se congratulan. |
| 1. I had congratulated myself. | Me habia congratulado. |
| 2. I have armed myself. | Yo me he armado. |
| 3. They had flattered themselves. | Ellos se habian lisonjeado. |
IMPERATIVE MOOD. |
| Behave (thou) well. | Pórtate bien. |
| Behave (you) well. | Portáos bien, (the d is suppressed) |
| Behave not ill. | No te portes mal. |
| Behave (you) not ill. | No os portéis mal. |
| Let us prepare ourselves. | Preparémonos. (the s is suppressed.) |
The gerund is that part of the verb that terminates in ando in
the verbs of the first conjugation, and in iendo in those of the
second and third; as, publicando, (publishing,) from publicar;
prometiendo, (promising,) from prometer; asistiendo, (assisting,)
from asistir. It does not admit any change of gender or number.
It is translated by the English present participle, and conjugated with
the verb estar, (to be;) as,
Anastasia is reading, and Maria Ann is playing on the piano.
Anastasia está leyendo, y Maria Ana está tocando el piano.
It is used also absolutely; as,
By practising virtue thou wilt be happy. | Practicando la virtud, serás feliz.
Verbs ending in car change the c into que, when the first letter
of the termination is e; as, to mark, marcar, marc-ar, (perfect
tense) marqué.
Verbs ending in gar add a u immediately after the g in the
terminations beginning by e; as, to pay, pagar, pag-ar, (perfect
tense) pagué.
| Verbs in | cer | change the | c |
into | z | } |
| “ | ger | “ | g |
“ | j | } when the first letter |
| “ | gir | “ | g |
“ | j | } of the termination is |
| “ | quir | “ | qu |
“ | c | } either o or a. |
| “ | guir | lose the | u |
“ | | } |
Examples:—To vanquish, vencer, venzo; to choose, escoger escojo;
to elect, elegir, elijo; to transgress the law, delinquir delinco;
to follow, seguir, sigo.
1. The imperfect tense of the subjunctive has three terminations; the
first in ra, the second in ria, the third in se.
The termination ra (or se) must be used when the verb is governed
by a conditional conjunction, or an interjection expressing a wish;
and if any other verb be in the same phrase to complete its sense, it
must be placed in the termination ria; as, If you studied more, you
would learn very much; Si usted estudiara mas, V. aprenderia mucho.
2. When the verb begins without a conditional conjunction, the
termination ra or ría may be used, and the verb requisite to
complete the sentence must be placed in the termination se; as, It
would be proper that you should write to him; Fuera (or seria)
bueno que V. le escribiese.
3. Verbs denoting admiration, command, desire, duty,
fear, ignorance, intention, permission, prohibition,
application, surprise, will, and also the impersonal verbs,
govern the next verb in the subjunctive with que. If the governing
verb is in the present or future of the indicative, or subjunctive, the
verb governed must be placed in the present of the subjunctive. If the
governing verb be in any of the past tenses of the indicative, the
verb governed must be placed in the first or third termination of
the imperfect tense of the subjunctive; as, They beg you to come early;
Suplican a V. que venga temprano. I requested him to send you my
letter; Le encargué que enviara á V. mi carta.
The passive or past participle terminates in ado in the first
conjugation, and in ido in the second and third. It changes its
termination according to the number and gender of the person it refers
to; except when it follows immediately after the verb haber, or any
other auxiliary, in which case it does not admit of any change.
All passive participles that do not terminate in ado or ido
are called irregular; such are the following, from the verbs—
| To open, abrir, abierto. | To print, imprimir, impreso. |
| To cover, cubrir, cubierto. | To die, morir, muerto. |
| To say, decir, dicho. | To solve, solver, suelto. |
| To write, escribir, escrito. | To see, ver, visto. |
| To fry, freir, frito. | To put, poner, puesto. |
| To do, hacer, hecho. | To turn, volver, vuelto. |
| Their compounds have the same irregularity. |
Obs. 8. The participles past of haber, ser, estar, and tener,
do not admit any variation. The first and the last had it formerly.
There are some verbs that have two passive participles, the one
regular and the other irregular. Such are:—To bless, bendecir,
bendecido, bendito; to compel, compeler, compelido, compulso; to
convert, convertir, convertido, converso; to awake, despertar,
despertado, despierto; to elect, elegir, elegido, electo; to
express, expresar, expresado, expreso; to fix, fijar, fijado,
fijo; to satiate, hartar, hartado, harto; to include, incluir,
incluido, incluso; to join, juntar, juntado junto; to arrest,
prender, prendido, preso; to provide, proveer, proveido,
provisto; to break, romper, rompido, roto; to loosen, soltar,
soltado, suelto; to suspend, suspender, suspendido, suspenso, &c.
The regular participles of these verbs are used to form the compound
tenses with haber; as,
He has awaked early. | El ha dispertado temprano.
The irregular participles are used as verbal adjectives, and with
the verbs ser, &c., and do not form compound tenses with haber;
excepting preso, prescrito, provisto, roto, and a few
others; as,
He is early awaked. | El está despierto temprano.
They have provided. | Ellos han provisto, (proveido.)
Adverbs are formed from adjectives of one termination by adding to them
mente; as, dulce, dulcemente: and from those of two terminations
by adding mente to the feminine; as, gracioso, graciosamente. They
admit the superlative; as, graciosísimamente.
When two or more adverbs ending in ly occur in the same sentence, the
termination mente is added to the last only; as,
He speaks elegantly and correctly.
El habla correcta y elegantemente.
| Here, | acá, aquí. |
Little, | poco. |
| There, | allá, allí, ahí. |
Already, | ya. |
| Near, | cerca. |
Often, | á menudo. |
| Far, | léjos. |
To-day, | hoy. |
| Where, | donde, adonde. |
Yesterday, | ayer. |
| Within, | dentro. |
To-morrow, | mañana. |
| Without, | fuera. |
Last night, | anoche. |
| Up, | arriba. |
Now, | ahora. |
| Down, | abajo. |
Presently, | luego. |
| Before, | delante. |
Late, | tarde. |
| Behind, | detras. |
Early, | temprano. |
| Upon, | encima. |
Always, | siempre. |
| Under, | debajo. |
Never, | nunca, jamas. |
| Well, | bien. |
Thus, | así. |
| Ill, | mal. |
Very, | muy. |
| More, | mas. |
Even, | aun. |
| Less, | ménos. |
Yes, | si. |
| Much, | mucho. |
No, nor, | no, ni. |
| On all fours, | á gatas. |
| In heaps, | á montones. |
| Hardly, | á pénas. |
| On credit, | á plazo. |
| Sometimes, | á veces. |
| Truly, | á la verdad. |
| Knowingly, | á sabiendas. |
| On the back, | á cuestas. |
| At the utmost delay, | á mas tardar. |
| Slyly, | á la sordina. |
| Secretly, | á escondidas. |
| Rashly, Imprudently, | á ojos cerrados. |
| Instantly, | al punto. |
| Very nearly, | casi casi. |
| As soon as possible. | cuanto ántes. |
| How long, | cuanto tiempo. |
| At most, | cuando mucho. |
| At least, | cuando ménos. |
| Gratis, for nothing, | de balde. |
| Readily, | de contado. |
| Of course, | de seguro. |
| From time to time, } | de cuando en cuando. |
| Now and then, } |
| To and fro, } | de aquí para allí. |
| Here and there, } |
| On a sudden, } | de improviso. |
| Unexpectedly, } |
| Purposely, | de intento. |
| Across, | de traves. |
| In fact, actually, | de hecho. |
| Pell-mell, | de tropel. |
| By chance, } | de lance. |
| Cheaply, } |
| Second-hand, } |
| Truly, | de véras. |
| In good earnest, | en conciencia. |
| Forthwith, | en seguida. |
| In the future, | en adelante. |
| Hereafter, | en lo sucesivo. |
| In a direct way, | en derechura. |
| Briefly, | { en resumen. |
| In short, | { en breve. |
| To the utmost, | hasta no mas. |
| Long time ago, | mucho tiempo ha. |
| Behold, | he aquí, or allí. |
| Not long since, | no ha mucho. |
| No sooner, Scarcely | no bien. |
| Lately, | poco ha. |
| By degrees, Softly, | poco á poco. |
| Of course, | por supuesto. |
| Nearly, | por poco. |
| Superficially, | por encima. |
| Short time ago, | poco ha. |
| Confidently, | { sobre seguro. |
| { á ciencia. |
| { á cierta. |
| Without motive or cause, | sin ton ni son. |
| Some time ago, | rato ha. |
| Perhaps, | tal vez, acaso. |
| Once, | una vez. |
| At once, | de una vez. |
| Sometimes, | á véces. |
The most frequent are—
| At, to, for, | A. |
Towards, | hácia. |
| Before, | ántes, ante. |
Until, | hasta. |
| With, | con. |
For, to, | para. |
| Against, | contra. |
By, for, through | por. |
| Of, from, | de. |
According, | segun. |
| From, | desde. |
Without, | sin. |
| In, on, at, | en. |
On, upon, | sobre. |
| Between, among, | entre. |
Behind, | tras, detras. |
The following prepositions require de after them, when they are
followed by a noun or pronoun as,
| That man comes after. |
Ese hombre viene despues. |
| Sir, he will go after you. |
Señor, él irá despues de V. |
| About, | á cerca, |
al rededor, | en torno. |
| á cerca de, | al rededor de, |
en torno de. |
Before, | ántes, delante. |
Within, in, | dentro. |
| Above, up, | encima. |
After, | despues. |
| Below, | abajo. |
Behind, | detras, tras. |
| Under, | bajo. |
Beneath, | debajo. |
| Out of, | fuera. |
Opposite, | enfrente. |
| Near, | cerca. |
On, upon, | encima. |
They are classed as follows:
| COPULATIVE. |
| That, | que. |
| Also, | tambien. |
| Moreover, | además. |
| And, | y or i, é.[14] |
DISJUNCTIVE. |
| Neither, nor, | ni. |
| Or, either, } | ó, ú, ya.[15] |
| Whether, } |
| Whether, | sea que. |
| Neither, | tampoco. |
ADVERSATIVE. |
| But, | mas, pero. |
| Even, | { aun cuando. |
| { aun, cuando. |
| Although, } | aunque. |
| Though, } |
CAUSAL. |
| Because, | porque, que. |
| Why? | ¿porqué? |
| Since, | pues, pues que. |
| By, for, | por. |
| Therefore, | por tanto. |
| Whereas, | por cuanto. |
| That, | para que. |
| That, | { para que. |
| In order that, | { á fin de. |
CONDITIONAL. |
| If, | si. |
| But, | sino. |
| Provided, | con tal que. |
| Unless, | { á ménos de. |
| { á ménos que. |
CONTINUATIVE. |
| Since, | pues, puesto que. |
COMPARATIVE. |
| As, | como, así como. |
| So, | así. |
| Alas! | ¡Ay! |
| Ah! | ¡Ah! |
| Wo to me! | ¡Ay de mí! |
| Lo! | ¡He! |
| Well! | ¡Ea! |
| Holla! | ¡Ola! |
| Take care! | ¡Tate! |
| Hurrah! | ¡Viva! |
| Here! | ¡Ce! |
| Fie! | ¡Puf! |
| God grant! | ¡Ojalá! |
| A or a, | Arroba, |
Twenty-five pounds weight. |
| AA. | Autores, |
Authors. |
| A.C. | Año Cristiano, |
Christian year. |
| Art. or art. | Artículo, |
Article. |
| B.L.M. | { Beso, besamos, besa,} |
I, we kiss; he, she kisses; |
| { besan la mano, or } |
they kiss the hands. |
| { las manos, } |
|
| B.L.P. | Beso or besa los piés, |
I kiss or he kisses the feet. |
| D. Dn. | Don, |
Mr. |
| Da. | Doña, |
Mrs. |
| Dr., D.D. | Doctor, Doctores, |
Doctor, Doctors. |
| Exmo., Esmo., } | Excelentísimo, |
Most Excellent. |
| Escmo. } |
| Fr. | Fray, Frey, |
Friar, Brother. |
| Ib. | Ibidem, |
The same. |
| Ille. Illmo. Illma. | { Ilustre, Ilustrísimo, } |
Illustrious, Most Illustrious. |
| { Ilustrísima, } |
| Ill. P.S. | Muy poderoso Señor, |
Most powerful Sir. |
| N. | Fulano, |
Such a one. |
| No. or Núm. | Número, |
Number. |
| Nro. Nra. | Nuestro, a, |
Our. |
| Onz. | Onza, |
Ounce. |
| Orn. | Orden, |
Order. |
| P.D. | Post data, |
Postscript. |
| R.P.M. or Mtro. | { Reverendo Padre } |
Reverend Father and Master. |
| { Maestro, } |
| Rdo. P. | Reverendo Padre, |
Reverend Father. |
| S.Sn. Sto. Sta. | San, Santo, or Santa, |
Saint. |
| S.A. | Su Alteza, |
His Highness. |
| S.A.A. | Su afecto amigo, |
Your affectionate friend. |
| S.M. | Su Magestad, |
His Majesty. |
| Sr. Sor. or Sra. | Señor or Señora, |
Sir, Lord, Madam, Lady. |
| S. Sria. or Sra. | Su Señoria, |
His Lordship, Her Ladyship. |
| S.S.S. | Su seguro servidor, |
Your assured servant. |
| V. Vd. Vm. or Vmd. | Usted, |
Your worship, you. |
| VV. Vs. Vms. or } | Ustedes, |
Your worships, you. |
| Vmds. } |
| V.E. or V. Esca | Vueclelencia, |
Your Excellency. |
| V.M. | Vuestra Majestad, |
Your Majesty. |
| V.S. | Usia, (Vueseñoria,) |
Your Lordship. |
| V.S.I. | Usía Ilustrísima, |
Your Grace. |