A Text-book of Entomology

About this eBook

Author

Packard, A. S. (Alpheus Spring), 1839-1905

Title

A Text-book of Entomology Including the Anatomy, Physiology, Embryology and Metamorphoses of Insects for Use in Agricultural and Technical Schools and Colleges as Well as by the Working Entomologist

Credits

Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

Language

English

LoC Class

QL: Science: Zoology

Subject

Insects

Category

Text

Project Gutenberg

eBook-No. 64677

Release Date

March 2, 2021

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.A TEXT-BOOK OF ENTOMOLOGY INCLUDING THE ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, EMBRYOLOGY AND METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS FOR USE IN AGRICULTURAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES AS WELL AS BY THE WORKING ENTOMOLOGIST
2. 2.PREFACE
3. 3.TABLE OF CONTENTS — PART I.—MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY — POSITION OF INSECTS IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM — Tabular View of the Eight Branches or Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. — RELATIONS OF INSECTS TO OTHER ARTHROPODA — LITERATURE ON SCOLOPENDRELLA — INSECTA (HEXAPODA) — 1. EXTERNAL ANATOMY — a. The regions of the body — b. The integument (exoskeleton) — c. Mechanical origin and structure of the segments (somites, arthromeres, metameres, zonites) — d. Mechanical origin of the limbs and of their jointed structure — LITERATURE ON THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY — General — THE HEAD AND ITS APPENDAGES — a. The head — LITERATURE ON THE EPIPHARYNX — b. Appendages of the head — LITERATURE OF THE MOUTH-PARTS OR BUCCAL APPENDAGES — a. General — b. Thysanoptera (Physapoda) — c. Hemiptera — d. Coleoptera — e. Lepidoptera — f. Siphonaptera — g. Diptera — h. Hymenoptera — i. Larval stages — j. Embryonic stages — THE THORAX AND ITS APPENDAGES — a. The thorax; its external anatomy — b. The legs: their structure and functions — c. Locomotion (walking, climbing, and swimming) — LITERATURE ON LEGS AND FEET — LITERATURE OF LOCOMOTION (WALKING, ETC.) — LITERATURE OF WALKING ON SMOOTH SURFACES — d. The wings and their structure — e. Development and mode of origin of the wings — f. The primitive origin of the wings — LITERATURE ON THE WINGS — g. Mechanism of flight — LITERATURE ON FLIGHT — THE ABDOMEN AND ITS APPENDAGES — LITERATURE ON THE ABDOMEN AND ITS APPENDAGES — a. General (including the cerci, stili, etc.) — b. The ovipositor — c. The external genital armature — THE ARMATURE OF INSECTS: SETÆ, HAIRS, SCALES, TUBERCLES, ETC. — LITERATURE — a. Hairs, bristles, cleaning spines, calcaria, combs, etc. — b. Glandular and poisonous setæ and spines — c. Androconia — d. Scales — THE COLORS OF INSECTS — LITERATURE — 2. INTERNAL ANATOMY — THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM — LITERATURE ON THE MUSCLES — a . General — b . Histology — c . Muscular power of insects — THE NERVOUS SYSTEM — a. The nervous system as a whole — b. The brain — c. Histological elements of the brain — d. The visceral (sympathetic or stomatogastric) system — e. The supraspinal cord — f. Modifications of the brain in different orders of insects — g. Functions of the nerve-centres and nerves — LITERATURE ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM — a. General — b. The brain — c. Histology of the nervous System — THE SENSORY ORGANS — a. The eyes and insect vision — LITERATURE ON THE EYES AND VISION — a . General — b . The color-sense — b . The organs of smell — LITERATURE OF THE ORGANS OF SMELL — c . The organs of taste — LITERATURE ON THE ORGANS OF TASTE — d. The organs of hearing — e. The sounds of insects — LITERATURE ON THE ORGANS OF HEARING — a. The auditory organs — b. The sounds made by insects — THE DIGESTIVE CANAL AND ITS APPENDAGES — a. The digestive canal — LITERATURE ON THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION — b . Digestion in insects — LITERATURE ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION — THE GLANDULAR AND EXCRETORY APPENDAGES OF THE DIGESTIVE CANAL — a. The salivary glands — LITERATURE ON THE SALIVARY GLANDS — b. The silk or spinning glands, and the spinning apparatus — LITERATURE ON THE SPINNING GLANDS — c. The cæcal appendages. — d. The excretory system (urinary or Malpighian tubes) — LITERATURE ON THE EXCRETORY (URINARY) ORGANS — e. Poison-glands — f. Adhesive or cement-glands — g. The wax-glands — h. “Honey-dew” or wax-glands of Aphids — i. Dermal glands in general — LITERATURE ON THE SECRETORY GLANDS — a. General — b. Poison-glands — c. Wax-glands — d. Wax-like glands of Aphides — DEFENSIVE OR REPUGNATORIAL SCENT-GLANDS — Distribution of repugnatorial or alluring scent-glands in insects [59] — A. Larval Insects — LEPIDOPTERA — Family Tineidæ — Family Noctuidæ — Family Notodontidæ — Family Nymphalidæ — Family Papilionidæ — Family Perophoridæ — Family Nolidæ — Family Tenthredinidæ — Family Tineidæ — Family Hemileucidæ — Family Megalopygidæ — Family Liparidæ — Family Lycænidæ — B. Nymph of Heterometabolous Insects — C. Pupa of Certain Bombyces — D. Adult Insects — LITERATURE ON DEFENSIVE OR REPUGNATORIAL GLANDS — THE ALLURING OR SCENT-GLANDS — LITERATURE ON ALLURING GLANDS — THE ORGANS OF CIRCULATION — a. The heart — b. The blood — c. The circulation of the blood — I. Substances which cause the pulsations of the heart to accelerate. — II. Substances retarding the heart’s action. — III. Substances whose action is indifferent. — LITERATURE ON THE HEART AND ON THE CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD — a. Anatomy of the organs — b. The blood, blood corpuscles, leucocytes, and blood tissue — c. The fat-bodies — THE BLOOD TISSUE — a. The fat-body — b. The pericardial fat-body or pericardial cells — c. The œnocytes — d. The phosphorescent organs — LITERATURE ON PHOSPHORESCENCE — THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM — a. The tracheæ — b. The spiracles or stigmata — c. Morphology and homologies of the tracheal system — d. The spiral threads or tænidia — e. Origin of the tracheæ and of the “spiral thread” — f. The mechanism of respiration and the respiratory movements of insects — g. The air-sacs — h. The closed or partly closed tracheal system — i. The rectal tracheal gills, and rectal respiration of larval Odonata and other insects — j. Tracheal gills of the larvæ of insects — k. Tracheal gills of adult insects — LITERATURE ON THE ORGANS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION — a. On the tracheal system in general — b. On the Stigmata — c. On tracheal gills and tracheal respiration — d. Literature on rectal respiration — e. Physiology of Respiration — THE ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION — a. The male organs of reproduction — b. The female organs of reproduction — LITERATURE ON THE ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION — a. General — b. Formation of the egg (oögenesis) — c. On the spermatozoa — d. On the paired genital efferent passages
4. 4.PART II. EMBRYOLOGY OF INSECTS — a. The egg — b. Maturation or ripening of the egg — c. Fertilization of the egg — d. Division and formation of the blastoderm [80] — e. Formation of the first rudiments of the embryo, and of the embryonic membranes — f. Formation of the external form of the body — g. The appendages — h. Nervous system — i. Dorsal closure and involution of the embryonic membranes — j. Formation of the germ-layers — k. Farther development of the mesoderm. Formation of the body-cavity — l. Formation of organs — m. Length of embryonic life — n. The process of hatching — LITERATURE ON EMBRYOLOGY
5. 5.PART III.—THE METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS — a. The nymph as distinguished from the larval stage — b. Stages or stadia of metamorphosis — c. Ametabolous and metabolous stages — THE LARVA — a. The Campodea-form type of larva — b. The eruciform type of larva — LITERATURE ON ANCESTRY OF INSECTS, ETC. — c. Growth and increase in size of the larva — d. The process of moulting (ecdysis) — THE PUPA STATE — a. The pupa considered in reference to its adaptation to its surroundings and its relation to phylogeny — b. Mode of escape of the pupa from its cocoon — c. The cremaster — FORMATION OF THE PUPA AND IMAGO IN THE HOLOMETABOLOUS INSECTS (THE DIPTERA EXCEPTED) — a. The Lepidoptera — b. The Hymenoptera — DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMAGO IN THE DIPTERA — a. Development of the outer body-form — b. Development of the internal organs of the imago — c. General summary — HYPERMETAMORPHISM — SUMMARY OF THE FACTS AND SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE CAUSES OF METAMORPHISM — LITERATURE ON POSTEMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND METAMORPHOSES
6. 6.INDEX

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