A New Practical and Easy Method of Learning the Portuguese Language

Name: A New Practical and Easy Method of Learning the Portuguese Language
Author: F. Ahn

Whole book · 14 sections

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A NEW PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE.

AFTER THE SYSTEM
OF

F. AHN,

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND PROFESSOR
AT THE COLLEGE OF NEUSS.

LONDON:
FRANZ THIMM,
FOREIGN PUBLISHER,
3 BROOK STREET,
GROSVENOR SQUARE. W.

1857.

PREFACE.

“Learn a foreign language as you learned your mother-tongue.” It is the way that nature herself follows, it is the same which the mother points out in speaking to her child, repeating to it a hundred times the same words, combining them imperceptibly and succeeding in this way in making it speak the same language she speaks. To learn in this manner is no longer a study, it is an amusement. This is in a few words the Method which Prof. Ahn has so successfully adopted in his continental Grammars.

The Editor of this Grammar has followed the rational System, which has already procured for Prof. Ahn a European reputation, and he has adopted it for the Study of the Portuguese Language. He is greatly indebted to the excellent Grammars by Bösche, Müller, etc., which he has used for the ground work of this Grammar and it is hoped that its simplicity and utility will procure for it that favour, which the German, French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Danish, Dutch and Latin Grammars of Prof. Ahn have already found in the Colleges and Schools of England.

The Editor.

The Copyright for England, France
and Germany is secured.

INDEX.

FIRST COURSE.
Page
The Pronunciation	1
PART I.
Declension of the definite Article	7
Declension of the indefinite Article	8
Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions	9
On the Gender	10
Masculine	10
Feminine Substantive	11
Formation of the Plural	14
Declension of Substantives	18
The Adjective	20
The Plural of Adjectives	21
The Comparison of Adjectives	23
Irregular Comparisons	24
Declension of the Adjective	24
The Numbers	26
1. The Cardinal Numbers	26
2. The Ordinal Numbers	27
3. Fractional Numbers	27
4. Proportional Numbers	28
5. Collective Numbers	28
Pronouns	30
1. Personal Pronouns	30
2. Conjunctive Pronouns	31
3. Mixed Pronouns	31
4. Possessive Pronouns	33
5. Demonstrative Pronouns	34
6. Relative Pronouns	35
7. Interrogative Pronouns	36
8. Indefinite Pronouns	37
PART II.
Collection of Words	41
Easy Dialogues	47
SECOND COURSE.
Verbs	58
The Auxiliary Verbs	58
The Regular Verbs	69
Active Verbs	69
The Passive Verbs	79
The Neuter Verbs	79
The Reflective Verbs	80
Irregular Verbs	84
Impersonal Verbs	107
Adverbs	108
1. Adverbs of Time	108
2. Adverbs of Place	108
3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison	108
4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind	109
5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation	109
Prepositions	111
Conjunctions	113
Interjections	114
Reading Lessons	115
Idiomatic Expressions
with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc.	121

FIRST COURSE. — The Pronunciation.

1. The Alphabet.

The Portuguese Alphabet is composed of the 25 following letters:

	pronounced		pronounced
a	ah	n	ennay
b	bay	o	o
c	say	p	pay
d	day	q	kay
e	ai	r	erray
f	effay	s	essay
g	jay	t	tay
h	aghah	u	oo
i	ee	v	vay
j	dshod	x	shees
k	kah	y	ypsilon
l	ellay	z	zea
m	emmay

There are six vowels: a, e, i, o, u and y, the rest are consonants.

2. The Accent.

The Portuguese language has several accents:

the ʹ acute accent,
the ^{^} circumflex accent,
the ~ hyphen, called til, is set over some letters
as a substitute for m, as:
lã for lam
bẽ for bem
huã for huam.

3. The Vowels.

A 1. is pronounced like the a in the English word path, when it has the acute accent ´:

chá, tea
dá, he gives
lá, there.

2. is it pronounced short and clear like the a in father:

capitão, the captain (first a),

or if found before the double consonants: cc, ll, mm, nn, pp, ss, tt, as:

acclamar, to call out
annullar, to annull
alludir, to allude
appellar, to appeal.

3. it has a soft and aspirated sound at the end of words if not accentuated: vergonha, the shame. If the hyphen ~ til stands over the a it takes a nasal sound:

irmãa (pr. irmāng), the sister
lã (pr. lāng), the world.

E has three sounds:

1. open but short like ai in the English word hail, when with the acute accent ´ as:

pé, foot
fé, belief
sé,

or in:

mel, honey
he, he is
quero (pr. kayro), I will,

or in those verbs ending in er:

conhecer, to know
receber, to receive.

2. long, when with the circumflex ^{^}over it, as:

lê, he reads
vê, he sees
rêde, the net.

3. It is almost mute at the end of words without the accent, as:

liberdade, liberty
amizade, friendship.

I is pronounced like e in the English word me, and it is only the accent that determines the pronunciation, as:

tímido,
timoré,
difficil,
javalí.

O has three sounds:

1. clear and strong in:

mólho,
dó.

2. soft and long in:

bôlo, cake
gôrdo, fat
rapôsa, the fox (fem.).

3. quite short, almost like oo in:

poder, to be able
molho, a bundle almost pronounced like
molyou.

U is pronounced like the oo in the word wood, but the pronunciation depends much upon the length of the syllables, f. i. in túmulo, the grave, the first u is long, the second is short. If provided with the til ~ and before m and n it takes the nasal sound.

If it follows after g and q, it is either aspirated, or it is quite mute, as:

guerra (gerrah), war
quero (kayro), I will
quieto (key-eh-to), quite.

In qual, it is slightly sounded to distinguish it from the Noun cal, the chalk.

Y is pronounced like the vowel I.

4. The Consonants.

B is pronounced like the English B.

C before a, o, u, l and r is pronounced like k, as:

cavallo (kahvallo), the horse
cravo (krahvo), the pink
cuidado (kooeedado), the care.

Before e and i it sounds like s, as:
ceo (sayo), heaven
cigarro (seegarro), cigar.
If the c before a, o, u has a cedille (ç)
it sounds like s, as:
caça (kassah), chase
aço (asso), the steel
açucar (assookar), sugar.
The double c, is distinctly heard only before e and i,
the first sounds like k, the second like s, as:
accidente (akseedente), the accident.

D is pronounced like the English.

Fdo.do.

G before a, o and a consonant is pronounced like the English g, as:

gordo, fat
gravo, grave.

g before e and i sounds like the j in the English word joy, as: general.

gua almost sounds like the English wa, as: guarda, pr. gwarda.

H is only softly aspirated in few words, as:

anhelar,
hálito;
otherwise it is mute, as:
homem (omem), man
hora (ora), hour.
Many writers drop the h at the beginning
and write um, uma,
instead of: hum, huma.

J is pronounced like the English j.

K only occurs in foreign words and is pronounced like the English K.

L is pronounced like the English L.

M at the beginning of words, or between two vowels when it belongs to the second syllable, is pronounced like the English m, as:

menino, child
amar, to love.

It takes a nasal sound at the end of words, or when it follows after a, e, i, o or u which cannot well be described, as:

condição, condition
bem (bang), well
bom (bong), good.

N is pronounced like the English n, but has the same peculiarities as m.

P is pronounced as in English.

Q sounds like k, as: quero (kayro), I will.

R is pronounced as in English.

S is pronounced as in English; between two vowels it sounds like z.

T is pronounced like the English.

Vdo.do.

X has three sounds.

1. It sounds generally like sh, as:

xarope (sharope), syrup
enxaqueca (anshakeykah), headake.

2. After e it is pronounced like ks, as:

extenção,
extenuado,
expulso,
excellente.

3. Between two vowels it is pronounced like gz, as:

exactamente,
exornar,
except in:
paixão,
puxo,
Alexandre,
baixo,
and some other words, where it sounds like sh.

The x must be pronounced so softly that it is scarcely audible.

Z sounds like the English, as:

zelo,
zona.
At the end of words it sounds like s, as:
rapaz,
luz,
voz.

5. Double Consonants.

The Portuguese language has the following double consonants:

Ch 1. is pronounced like the English ch, as:

acho,
chaga,
marchar.

2. it is pronounced like k in words derived from Latin or Greek, as:

monarchia,
archeo,
archonte,
Achilles.

Lh is pronounced like the ll in the English word “billiards” or in the French words “fille, bouilli”,as:

mulher, woman
mólho, the bundle.

Nh is pronounced like the French gn in “espagne, peigner”, as:

ganho, I win
banho, bath
manha, trick.

Ph is pronounced like f, as: philosophia.

Rh and Th are pronounced like r and t.

6. The Diphthongs.

The Portuguese language has two kinds of diphthongs: the pure, those which are distinctly pronounced, and the nasal diphthongs, pronounced with a nasal sound.

Pure Diphthongs.

ae, as:
taes,
olivaes.
ai (the a and i do not blend), as:
pai (pa-i),
ai (a-i).
ao, as:
páo (pa-o),
máo (ma-o).
au, as:
aula,
auto,
pauta,
causa.
ei, ey, as:
rei,
rey,
lei,
sei.
éi, as:
papéis,
réis.
eo, as:
deo,
mordeo,
viveo.
éo, as:
Céo,
véo,
réo.
eu, as:
eu,
euro,
meu,
seu.
io, as:
pio,
rio,
vio,
ouvio.
oa, as:
loa,
toa.
oe, as:
heroe,
dóe,
róe.
oi, as:
boi.
ôo, oo, as:
vôo,
sôo,
môo.
ou, as:
ou,
ouvir,
douto.
ui, uy, as:
fui,
Rui.
In the above the first vowel is preeminent,
in the following the second vowel has most emphasis.
ea, as:
lactea,
área.
eo, as:
lacteo,
arboreo.
ia, as:
gloria.
oa (pron. oâ and oá), as:
agoa,
coadura,
coalho.
ui (pron. ui), as:
quirinal,
inquirir.
uo (pron. uó), as:
equoreo.
uu (pron. uú), as:
equuleo.

Nasal Diphthongs.

ãa (bad orthography am or an), as:
maçãa (mas-sang), apple,
irmãa (ir-mang), sister.
ãe (bad aem, aen), as:
capitães (kapeeta-engs), captains,
cães (ka-engs), dogs.
am, as:
amparo (ang-paro), protection.
an, as:
andar (ang-dar), to go.
ão (bad orthogr. aõ, am, an), as:
captião, captain.
em, ẽe, ẽem, as:
lem or lẽem (lay-eng), they read,
bem, good.
im, as:
fim (fing), the end.
õe (oem, oen), as:
põe (pong-eng),
nações (nahs-so-engs).
om, as:
bom (bong), good.
um, un, as:
mundo (moong-do), the world.
The Portuguese have also syllables of three vowels such, as:
eei,
éio,
eão,
ião,
as:
eia, hallo!
meia, half
ideia, idea
rodeão, they surround
vivião, they lived.

PART I. — 3. Declension of the definite Article. — Declension of the indefinite Article. — Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions. — 6. On the Gender. — 26. The Adjective. — 35. The Numbers (Vos Numeral). — 42. Pronouns.

o,	the (masc.)	irmão,	brother
a,	the (fem.)	irmãa,	sister
pai,	father	e,	and
mãi,	mother	he,	is
bom(m.),	boa (f.), good

Exercises.

O pai. A mãi. O irmão. A irmãa. O pai he bom, e a mãi he boa. O bom pai, a boa mãi. O bom irmão, a boa irmãa. O irmão he bom, a irmãa he boa.

meu, minha, my
alto, great
pequeno, little.

The sister is good. The father and the good brother. The good mother and the little sister. The great brother. My brother is little. My little brother. My mother and my good sister. My father and my mother. My good mother and my little sister.

Masculine.
Singular.			Plural.
Nom.	o,	the	os
Gen.	do,	of the	dos
Dat.	ao,	to the	aos
Acc.	o,	the	os
Abl.	do,	from the.	dos.

Feminine.
Singular.			Plural.
Nom.	a,	the	as
Gen.	da,	of the	das
Dat.	á,	to the	ás
Acc.	a,	the	as
Abl.	da,	from the.	das.

Masculine.			Feminine.
Nom.	um,	a	uma
Gen.	de um,	of a	de uma
Dat.	á um,	to a	á uma
Acc.	um,	a	uma
Abl.	de um,	from a	de uma.

4.
Vocabulary.

moça, girl
bonito, pretty
cavallo, horse
agulha, needle
faca, knife
leão, lion
tigre, tiger
leopardo, leopard
são, are (from ser)
animal, aes, animal
feroz, wild
estado, situation
no (em o), in, Dat.
miseravel, miserable
em, in
que, which
elle, he
está, is (from estar)
ella, she
na (em a), in the
rua, street
garfo, fork
estão, are (from estar)
nas (em as), in, Acc.
gaveta, drawer
tenho, I have
lido, read
isso, this
nos (em os), in, Acc.
livro, book
passeio, I go
pelo (por o), through the
entrou, he came
pela (por a), through
porta, gate
boi, ox
vaca, cow.

Exercises.

O pai he alto. A mãi he pequena. A moça he bonita. O cavallo do pai. A agulha da irmãa. A faca do irmão. O leão, o tigre e o leopardo são animaes ferozes. No estado miseravel em que elle está. Ella está na rua. Os garfos estão nas gavetas. Tenho lido isso nos livros do C. Passeio pelo campo. Elle entrou pela porta. Um boi. Uma vaca.

5.
Vocabulary.

noticia, the news
muíto, very
nobre, noble
cão, dog
labrão, bark
rosa, rose
mais bello, more beautiful
do que, than
tulipa, tulip
verão, summer
quente, hot
inverno, winter
rigoroso, severe
passaro, bird
cantão, sing
aguia, eagle
açor, hawk
ave de rapina, bird of prey
ignorancia, ignorance
erro, error
superstição, superstition
deixei, I left behind
tia, aunt
cama, bed
menino, criança, child, baby
o braço, the arm
carta, letter
mão, hand
secretario, secretary
saltar, to jump
janella, window.

The news is good. The horse is a very noble animal. The dogs bark. The roses are more beautiful than the tulips. The summers are hot and the winters severe. The birds sing. The eagle and the hawk are birds of prey. Ignorance is the mother of error, of superstition, and of prejudice. I left my hat in the carriage. The aunt is in bed. She had her child in her arms. He gave the letter into the hands of the secretary. He jumped out of (pela) the window. I see a man and a woman. A garden and a house.

The Portuguese contract the Article and Preposition in the following way:

from	de o	is	formed	do	from	em o	is	formed	no
-	de a	-	-	da	-	em a	-	-	na
-	de os	-	-	dos	-	em os	-	-	nos
-	de as	-	-	das	-	em as	-	-	nas
-	a o	-	-	ao	-	por o	-	-	pelo
-	a a	-	-	á	-	por a	-	-	pela
-	a os	-	-	aos	-	por os	-	-	pelos
-	a as	-	-	ás	-	por as	-	-	pelas.

Masculine

The names of all masculine persons, animals, and the occupations of men.

Vocabulary.

Imperador, emperor
foi, was (from ser)
morto, killed
Rei, king
chegou, he arrived
hontem, yesterday
jesuita, the Jesuit
forão, they were
expulsado, expelled
homem, man
não ama senão, only loves
a si mesmo, himself
Carlos, Charles
foi, was
Frederico, Frederick
ambicioso, ambitious
ferreiro, the smith
diligente, diligent
alfaiate, tailor
preguiçoso, lazy
gordo, fat
gallo, the cock
mais forte, stronger
de que, than
gallinha, hen.

O Imperador Paulo foi morto. El-Rei chegou hontem. Os jesuitas forão expulsados. O homem não ama senão a si mesmo. Carlos foi grande e Frederico ambicioso. O ferreiro he diligente e o alfaiate preguiçoso. O boi he muito gordo. O leão he muito feroz. O gallo he mais forte do que a gallinha.

7.
Vocabulary.

duque,	duke
proclamado,	proclaimed
principe herdeiro,	hereditary prince
morreo,	died
marcineiro,	the joiner
carpinteiro,	the carpenter
trabalhão,	they work
Luiz,	Lewis
Henrique,	Henry
poderoso,	powerful
touro,	the bull
matado,	killed
vigilante,	watchful
bello, formoso,	beautiful
sanguinario	bloodthirsty
sanguinoso
sanguinolento
marido	husband
esposo	husband
doente,	ill
tio,	uncle
sahio (sahir),	went out
avô,	grandfather
primo,	cousin
filho,	son
dão,	they take
passeio,	walk.

The Duke of Bragança was proclaimed king. The hereditary prince died. The joiner and the carpenter work. Lewis was brave, and Henry powerful. The bull was killed. The watchful dog. The beautiful horse. The tiger is very bloodthirsty. The husband of this woman is very ill. The uncle went out. The grandfather, the father, the cousin and the son took a walk.

8.
Feminine Substantive.

The names of all feminine persons, animals and the occupations of women are feminine.

Vocabulary.

Imperatriz, empress
Rainha, queen
estavão, they were
igreja, church
duqueza, duchess
banho, bath
alfaiata, sempstress
concerta, mends
vestido, dress
filha, daughter
tia, aunt
avó, grandmother
neta, granddaughter
jardim, garden
rapariga, little girl
feia, ugly
mulher, woman
obsequioso, good
vaca, cow
dá, gives
leite, milk
chocando, hatching.

A Imperatriz e a Rainha estavão na igreja. A duqueza está no banho. A alfaiata concerta um vestido. A mãi e a filha, a tia e a prima, a avó e a neta estão no jardim. A rapariga não he feia. A mulher he muito obsequiosa. A vaca dá leite. A gallinha está chocando.

9.
Vocabulary.

abbadessa,	abbess
fallou,	spoke
freira	nun
religiosa
sór
mosteiro	convent
convento	convent
princeza,	princess
estar para,	was on the point
partir,	to depart
condeça,	the countess
casa,	house
costureira,	needlewoman
pespontar,	hems
lenço de pescoço,	neckhandkerchief
esposa,	the wife
negociante,	merchant
muitas vezes,	frequently
caprichoso,	capricious
criada,	the servant
varre,	sweeps
cozinha,	kitchen
cabra,	goat
animal domestico,	domestic animal
gata,	cat
está brincando,	plays
com,	with
cachorra,	young dog
minha,	my, fem.
prima,	cousin, fem.
irmãa,	sister
theatro,	theatre
leoa,	lioness
juba,	the mane
esta,	this
egoa,	mare
mais bello,	more beautiful
cavallo capado,	the stallion
Maria,	Mary
não he tão,	is not so
come,	as
Marianna,	Maryanne
Inglaterra,	England
sabio,	wise
soberana,	sovereign
cozinheira,	cook
mercado,	market
diligente,	diligent.

The abbess spoke with the nuns of the convent. The princess was on the point of departing. The countess was not at home. The needlewoman hems my pockethandkerchief. The wife of the merchant. The women are often very capricious. The servant sweeps the kitchen. The goat is a domestic animal. The cat plays with the young female dog. My cousin (fem.) and my sister were at the theatre. The lioness has no mane. This mare is more beautiful than that stallion. Mary is not so diligent as Maryanne. Elisabeth of England was a wise sovereign. The cook went to market.

In Portuguese some of the names of animals are occasionally masculine and feminine; to denote the gender the words macho, male, or femea, female, are used, as:

elephante macho, the male elephant,
elephante femea, the female elephant.

Those Substantives ending in a and ãa are feminine.

10.
Exercises.

Esta casa[1] tem uma boa[2] apparencia[3]. A rosa[4] he muito bella. A boca[5], a orelha[6], a cabeça[7], a testa[8] e a barba[9] são partes[10] do corpo[11] humano[12]. A janella[13] está aberta[14]. Esta agulha[15] he fina de mais[16]. Esta tinta não presta para nada. Quero aparar[17] uma penna[18]. Tenho[19] que escrever[20] uma carta[21]. Faça-me o favor[22] de-me emprestar[23] una folha de papel[24]. A garrafa[25] está na mesa[26]. Esta cerejeira[27] carrega[28] muito. Esta uva[29] está madura[30]. Esta vinha[31] está em optima[32] exposição[33].

11.

The butter[34] is fresh[35]. With your permission[36]. The cup[37] is not washed[38]. I have the honour[39]. The beer[40] is excellent[41]. The oyster[42] is fresh. Bring me[43] a wafer[44]. —We have a beautiful[45] morning[46]. The door[47] is locked[48]. Spring[49] is the most agreeable[50] time of the year[51]. The harvest[52] will be[53] abundant[54].

12.
Exceptions.

The following Substantives ending in a are masculine:

o aroma,	the aroma	o drama	the drama
o axioma,	the principle	o mappa,	the map
o chá,	the tea	o idioma,	the idiom
o clima,	the climate	o planeta,	the planet
o cometa,	the comet	o poema,	the poem
o dia,	the day	o thema,	the theme.
o diadema,	the diadem

Those Nouns ending in e, are generally masculine, except:

1. those ending in ade, as:	verdade, truth, etc.,
2. those ending in ie or ice, as:	a velhice, the age,
3. those ending in accented é, as:	a cheminé, a chimney.

Nouns ending in i, y, o, u as well as those ending in l, m, r, s and z are with few exceptions all masculine.

Those ending in ão, are both masculine and feminine.

13.
Formation of the Plural.

Nouns ending in a, e, i, y, o, u and ãa form their plural by adding an s to the singular. As:

a rosa, as rosas;
a arte, as artes;
o filho, os filhos.

Examples.

As rosas são mais bellas que as tulipas. Os rios correm[55] por terras despovoadas[56]. As arvores são muito frondosas[57]. As villas são ornadas[58] de duas igrejas. Eu não vi os pentes[59]. Os habitantes[60] destas comarcas[61] são Indios[62]. Elles tem maçãas. Novos reis, novas leis. Deixei os bahús nos coches. Os ribeiros[63], algumas lagôas[64] e mesmo certos rios ficão em secco[65].

14.

These houses please me more than those edifices[66]. The villages[67] and towns in this district[68] are not very numerous[69]. The oxen[70], cows, goats, sheep[71] and cats[72] are domestic animals. There are[73] many wild boars[74], deer[75] and hares[76] in these forests[77]. The cranes[78] and storks[79] are birds of passage[80]. The huts[81] are made[82] of the trunks of trees[83].

15.

Substantives ending in ão, form their plural in ões, as:

a condição, condition, as condições.

Exceptions are:

Allemão, the German, Allemães
Catalão, the Catalonian, Catalães
cão, dog, cães
pão, bread, pães
capitão, captain, capitães
tabellião, notary, tabelliães.

The following only add an s in the Plural:

aldeão,	the peasant	irmão,	the brother
anão,	the dwarf	mão,	the hand
ancião,	the age	orfão,	the orphan
a benção,	the blessing	orgão,	the organ
christão,	Christ	pagão,	the heathen
cortezão,	the courtier	rabão,	the radish
grão,	the corn	villão,	the villain.

16.

Examples.

Elle abrio[84] communições entre as cidades e os sertões[85]. Os serões[86] são cumpridos. O districto he proprio[87] para todas as producções agricolas[88]. As terras são plantadas[89] e semeadas[90] de feijões[91] e melões[92]. Os Allemães fizerão[93] muitas invenções[94] uteis[95]. Os capitães não querem obedecer[96] ao general. Aqui[97] estão tres pães[98]. Os Cortezãos lisonjão[99] ao principe[100]. Os primeiros orgãos forão construidos[101] por um Allemão em 1312. Eis aqui[102] os dous[103] villãos. As casas são ornadas de balcões[104] de ferro. Aos orphãos mandase[105] aprender[106] um officio[107].

17.

The passions[108] of women are often very violent[109]. The navigation[110] extended[111], at the beginning[112], only along the coast. Many revolutions[113] have broken out[114] in Europe in recent times[115]. The conditions[116] were rejected[117]. These places[118] are situated in the interior of the country[119]. The hunters[120] took[121] the dogs to the chase[122]. The Catalonians inhabit an important[123] province of Spain[124]. The notaries[125] protest[126] the bills of exchange[127]. His brothers were not at home[128]. The first Christians were much persecuted[129]. The heathens are still very numerous[130]. The radishes are very dear.

18.

Substantives ending in:
al, ol, ul change l into es, as: a sinal, as sinaes
el change l into is, as: annel, anneis
il change l into s, as: o funil, os funis.

Examples.

conter,	contain	muitas vezes,	frequently
sal,	salt	o funil,	the funnel
mandar,	to order	ao pé,	with
furriel,	lieutenant	barril,	the barrel
amizade,	friendship	mandou,	had (let)
encontrar,	to meet	pôr,	erect
primavera,	spring	pharol,	lighthouse.
terrestre,	earthly

As aguas contem differentes saes. Os animaes domesticos. Os generaes mandavão aos furrieis. Os coroneis estavão no conselho de guerra. Os varios sinaes de sua amizade. Não se encontra muitos caracoes nesta primavera. Os males terrestres são muitas vezes quasi insupportaveis. Os papeis estão na mesa. Os funis estão ao pé dos barris. O imperador mandou pôr pharoes.

19.

The poignards[131] are ground[132]. These fishing rods[133] are good for nothing[134]. The goldsmith brought the rings[135]. The painter[136] has many brushes. Three consuls governed[137] France in 1803. The barrels[138] are full[139]. The officers[140] were very much dissatisfied[141]. There are[142] different chalks[143]. I like[144] pies[145].—They will discover[146] your tricks[147].

20.

Substantives ending in m, change their plural into ns, as:
bem, the treasure, bens
viagem, the journey, viagens.
Those ending in r, s and z, add es to the singular, as:
a colher, the spoon, as colheres
ar, the air, ares
deos, a God, deoses
perdiz, the partridge, perdizes;
except:
ourives, the goldsmith, ourives
caliz, the chalice, calices
alferes, the ensign, alferes.

Examples.

As margens[148] verdejão[149] com a relva[150] dos prados[151]. Elle fez[152] muitas viagens. Elle possue[153] muitos bens de raiz[154] na cidade e fóra della[155]. Todos os homens são mortaes[156]. Os sons dos instrumentos musicos. Os jejuns[157] não engordão[158]. O ceo[159] se cobre[160] de nuvens[161]. Os moradores[162] commercião[163] em[164] madeiras de construcção[165]. Comprei[166] duas colheres de prata. As Imperatrizes de Russia e d’Austria chegárão[167]. Atire[168] a esse bando[169] de perdizes. Os Deoses se ajuntão[170] no Olympo. Quasi[171] todos os freguezes[172] são Indios. Ha quatro calices na igreja. Os piratas[173] infestavão os mares.

21.

I hear[174] sounds[175]. The sun[176] hides[177] itself behind[178] thick[179] clouds[180]. We have four ducks[181]. The passages[182] are locked[183]. The pictures[184] of Saints in this church are very numerous. Our baggage[185] is still in the vessel. I offer[186] you my congratulations[187]. The air (pl.) is always[188] pure[189] in this Country. I have eaten[190] four[191] quails[192]. He showed[193] me the scars[194] of his wounds[195]. In a battalion[196] there are eight ensigns. The goldsmiths came together. The chalices of the flowers. I was many times[197] in your house. The belligerent[198] powers.

22.
Declension of Substantives.

Singular.
Masculine.			Feminine.
Nom.	o homem,	the man	a mulher,	the woman
Gen.	do homem,	of the man	da mulher,	of the woman
Dat.	ao homem,	to the man	á mulher,	to the woman
Acc.	o homem,	the man	a mulher,	the woman
Abl.	do homem,	from the man.	da mulher,	from the woman.
Plural.
Nom.	os homens,	the men	as mulheres,	the women
Gen.	dos homens,	of the men	das mulheres,	of the women
Dat.	aos homens,	to the men	ás mulheres,	to the women
Acc.	os homens,	the men	as mulheres	the women
Abl.	dos homens,	from the men.	das mulheres,	from the women.

Nom.	Deos,	God	Deoses,	Gods
Gen.	de Deos,	of God	de Deoses,	of Gods
Dat.	a Deos,	to God	a Deoses,	to Gods
Acc.	(a) Deos,	God	(a) Deoses,	Gods
Abl.	de Deos,	from God.	de Deoses,	from Gods.

23.

Examples.

chapéo, the hat
offerecer, to offer
batalha, the battle
inimigo, enemy
jardim, garden
luva, glove
conde, count
deixar, to leave
mordomo, steward
adular, to flatter
lisongeiro, the flatterer
de sorte, in such a manner
igualar, to compare
deo, gave (from dar)
grande, sound, great
bofetada, box on the ear
calçado, paved
fizerão, they made
cruel, cruel
guerra, war
comprar, to buy
livro, book
livreiro, bookseller
rancor, the rancor, enmity.

O pai não está em casa. O chapéo do irmão. O general offereceo batalha ao inimigo. A mai ama a seu filho. A irmãa está no jardim. As luvas da mãi. O conde nada deixou ao seu mordomo. Adulando um lisongeiro ao Imperador Sigismundo, de sorte que o igualava a Deos, o Imperador deo ao lisongeiro uma grande bofetada. As ruas são calçadas. Os Portuguezes fizerão cruel guerra aos Indios. A mulher comprou o livro do livreiro. O rancor dos Francezes contra os Inglezes.

24.

Exercises.

The father loves[199] his daughter[200]. Mary loves her friend[201] (fem.). The eyes of Caroline equal[202] two[203] stars[204]. He gave the money to the woman, and paid the tailor[205] at the same time[206]. Two streams[207] of the province are designated[208] by this name[209]. Various estates[210] are touched[211] by this river. These offers[212] have been made to the Colonists[213]. He delivered[214] the letter[215] to the secretary[216]. The Madeira is the most important[217] tributary[218] of the Amazon river[219]. The name of the Islands. The town is situated[220] on the left bank[221] of the river. The harbour[222] of Rio de Janeiro is the most beautiful ornament[223] of the city.

25.

On the Augmentatives
and Diminutives.

The Portuguese language has the peculiarity of the Italian and Spanish languages in making Substantives and Adjectives, by the addition of a syllable augmentative or diminutive.

I. Augmentativos.
homem, a man
homemzarão, a large, powerful man
tolo, a fool
toleirão, a great fool
mulher, the woman
mulherona, a large masculine woman
tola, the foolish woman
toleirona, a very foolish woman.
II. Diminutivos
are formed by changing the final vowel into “inho”:
casa, the house
casinha, a pretty little house
homem, a man
homemzinho, a little man
bicho, a worm
bichinho, a little worm
coitado, a poor man
coitadinho, a poor little fellow
bonito, pretty
bonitinho, rather pretty;
others are formed by adding: zinho, zinha or sinho, inha, as:
coração, the heart
coraçãozinho, dear little heart
cão, the dog
cãozinho, pretty little dog
irmão, the brother
irmãozinho, dear little brother
cabeça, the head
cabeçinha, pretty little head
mão, the hand
mãozinha, pretty little hand.

The Adjectives in Portuguese agree with the Substantives in gender and number.

1. Adjectives ending in e, l and z, remain unchanged in the feminine, as:

forte, strong;
grande, great;
cruel, cruel;
amavel, amiable.

2. Adjectives ending in o change the feminine into a, as:

o bonito, the pretty, a bonita.

3. Those ending in ú, m and r, add an a in the feminine, as:

crú, raw, crúa
nú, nude, núa
um, a, uma
nenhum, none, nenhuma
traidor, traitorous, traidora
protector, protectora.

4. Adjectives ending in ão change to ãa in the feminine, as:

lução, brilliant, luçãa
são, healthy, sàa.

27.
The Plurals of Adjectives

are formed in the same manner as the plural of Nouns, as:

Singular.			Plural.
Masc.		Fem.	Masc.	Fem.
forte,	strong,	forte	fortes,	fortes
gordo,	fat,	gorda	gordos,	gordas
crú,	raw,	crua	crús,	cruas

são,	healthy,	sãa	sãos,	sãas
igual,	equal,	igual	iguaes,	iguaes
amavel,	amiable,	amavel	amaveis,	amaveis
civil,	civil,	civil	civis,	civis
algum,	any one,	alguma	alguns,	algumas
protector,	protected,	protectora	protectores,	protectoras
capaz,	capable,	capaz	capazes,	capazes.

Observations.

1. The following add s to the plural:

meão, mediocre
temporão, timely
são, healthy
villão, bad.

2. The following change il into eis in the plural, as:

agil, swift
aquatil, aquatic
debil, weak
difficil, difficult
docil, docile
ductil, pliant
esteril, sterile
facil, easy
fertil, fertile
fossil, fossil
fragil, fragile
futil, futile
habil, clever
ignobil, disgraceful
immobil, immoveable
indocil, stupid
inhabil, awkward
inutil, useless
inverosimil, unlikely
portatil, portable
reptil, reptile
util, useful
verosimil, probable
versatil, changeable
volatil, volatile
volubil, voluble.

3. Simplez, single, forms its plural in simplez and simplices.

28.
Examples.

A rua principal. As ruas principaes são calçadas. A igreja nova. A nova igreja. O homem velho[224]. A mulher velha. Os Indios atemorisados[225]. As mulheres Indias. A bella e grande cidade. O sobrinho[226] moribundo[227]. A victoria gloriosa. Este homem he mui villão e aquella mulher mui villãa. As mulheres são amaveis, os homens mui crueis. Um moço nú e uma criança nua. O homem he affavel e a mulher he tambem affavel. O genio contraditor e a observação contraditora. A filha he gorda e o filho he gordo. Os homens estão sãos e as mulheres sãas. O povo tranquillo e soffredor[228]. A sombria raiva[229] do Philippe. Os velhos bandos hespanhões[230]. Algumas[231] embarcações[232] que tinhão servido de piquetes[233]. Uma satisfacção inexplicavel. A igreja he uma das mais bellas do reino[234]. As aguas mineraes. O termino he fertil. O filho unico. A religão christãa. Um cavalheiro[235] christão[236]. A igreja de Santo Antonio he dedicada ao santo do seu nome. A margem[237] direita. A guarda[238] nacional. O sobredito[239] districto. As grandes plantações[240] de cannas[241]. A pequena[242] aldèa[243]. Santos he uma cidade maritima a mercantil. As autoridades militares e civis. O rio aurifero.

29.
Exercises.

The rich[244] man and the poor[245] woman. The pretty house. The large church[246]. The fertile fields[247]. The shoemaker is very industrious. The leafy[248] trees[249]. The wounded[250] soldier[251]. The beautiful bridges[252]. The numerous[253] products. The old uncle[254] and the fat aunt[255]. The horses are very handsome. The day is very bright[256]. The climate is very agreeable[257]. The winter[258] in Siberia[259] is very rigorous[260]. The geographical[261] and historical[262] Institute[263]. The tall man and the little woman. The above named[264] royal decree[265]. The generous[266] feelings[267]. The enormous[268] forests[269]. Some[270] sombre and broad[271] rivers. The only[272] ornament. The warlike[273] Indians. The preceding[274] article[275]. The sea is very rough[276]. The following[277] day. The following days. He is silent[278] and grave[279]. The deep[280] love[281].

30.
The Comparison of Adjectives.

The Comparative is formed by placing mais (more) or menos (less) before the Positive, as:

bello, beautiful,
mais bello, more beautiful.

Obs. “Than” following the Comparative is rendered by que, como, or: tão—como, as—as; não tão—como, not so—as; before the particle que the word do is often prefixed, as:

he mais prudente do que parece,
he is wiser than it appears.

The Superlative is formed

1. by placing the article before the Comparative, as:

o mais douto, the most learned
o mais bello, the most beautiful;

2. by adding to the Positive issimo (masc.) and issima (fem.), as:

bello, beautiful, bellissimo, bellissima.

Exceptions are:

acre, harsh, acerrimo
amigo, friendly, amicissimo
antigo, old, antiquissimo
aspero, rough, asperrimo
bom, good, bonissimo
capaz, capable, capacissimo
celebre, celebrated, celeberrimo
chão, flat, chanissimo
feliz, happy, felicissimo
fiel, faithful, fidelissimo
frio, cold, frigidissimo
humilde, humble, humilissimo, humillimo
máo, bad, malissimo
nobre, noble, nobilissimo
prospero, prosperous, prosperrimo
rico, rich, riquissimo
sabio, wise, sapientissimo
sagrado, sacred, sacratissimo
salubre, salutary, saluberrimo
simples, simple, simplicissimo
valente, brave, valentissimo.

31.
Irregular Comparisons.

Positive.		Comparative.		Superlative.
bom,	good,	melhor,	better,	optimo,	the best
máo,	bad,	peior,	worse,	pessimo,	the worst
grande,	great,	maior,	greater,	maximo,	the greatest
pequeno,	little,	menor,	less,	minimo,	the least.

Obs. The Positive and Comparative can be strengthened by placing before it:

muito, very
assaz, enough
demasiado, too, too much.

32.
Declension of the Adjective.

Masculine.
Singular.			Plural.
Nom.	o homem diligente		os homens diligentes
Gen.	do homem diligente	the	dos homens diligentes	the
Dat.	ao homem diligente	industrious	aos homens diligentes	industrious
Acc.	o homem diligente	man.	os homens diligentes	men.
Abl.	do homem diligente		dos homens diligentes
Feminine.
Singular.			Plural.
Nom.	a mulher gorda		as mulheres gordas
Gen.	da mulher gorda	the	das mulheres gordas	the
Dat.	á mulher gorda	corpulent	ás mulheres gordas	corpulent
Acc.	a mulher gorda	woman.	as mulheres gordas	women.
Abl.	da mulher gorda		das mulheres gordas

33.
Examples.

A Asia he mais grande que a Europa. A Africa he menos povoado[282] que a Europa. A rosa he mais bella que a viola. A viola[283] he menos bella que a rosa. Pedro he mais feliz do que João. O filho não he tão liberal como seu pai. A historia he tão util como agradavel. O dia he mais agradavel que a noite[284]. O seu amante he mais bello, mais moço[285] e mais rico que ella. Eu acho-o agora menos lindo[286] do que quando o comprei[287]. O meu livro he tão barato[288] como o vosso. Elle he muito mais grande. Ella he pouco mais grande. Caesar he muito mais estimado[289] que Pompeo. Pompeo foi muito menos feliz que Caesar. Elle he o mais douto[290] dos homens. Elle he o menos douto dos homens. Ella he a mais bella das mulheres. Ella he muito amavel. Estas cadeiras[291] são feitas[292] de optima madeira[293]. Esta mulher he boa, o marido he melhor e o filho he o optimo. Elle he o felicissimo dos mortaes. O clima he saluberrimo. He homem valentissimo. O filho he rico, o pai he riquissimo. O neto[294] he máo, o primo[295] he ainda peior e o tio he o pessimo. Na margem do rio ha optimos pastos[296].

34.
Exercises.

Mariana is more industrious[297] than her sister[298]. Europe is not so large as America. The wife is handsomer than her husband[299]. This horse is very beautiful, more beautiful than yours. The most fertile fields. His cousin is very rich, his uncle is still richer, and his father is the richest. The man is very bad[300], the woman is worse, and the son is the worst. This wine is good, but that one is better. She is much taller than her friend[301]. The tulip[302] is not so beautiful as the rose. The son is little, but the daughter is very little indeed (pequenissimo). Our house is not so large as yours. Amelia is smaller than her brother. The best ship[303]. The worst man. The bravest knight. The simplest[304] man in the world[305]. This[306] man is very wise, and that[307] one is the wisest of all. The climate of Siberia is very cold. The summer[308] is in that country hotter and the winter[309] more rigid[310]. A great part[311] and the greater part. The turf[312] is very green[313], but the trees[314] are still greener. I do not write so well as he. This man speaks[315] as well as Cicero[316]. The English[317] horses are better than the French. Arabia has the best horses. It is commendable[318] to recommend virtue[319], but it is better to practise[320] it.

1. The Cardinal Numbers
(Numerales cardinaes).

um, fem. uma	1	vinte e um	21
dois, dous, fem. duas	2	vinte e dois	22
tres	3	vinte e tres	23
quatro	4	vinte e quatro	24
cinco	5	vinte e cinco	25
seis	6	vinte e seis	26
sete	7	vinte e sete	27
oito	8	vinte e oito	28
nove	9	vinte e nove	29
dez	10	trinta	30
onze	11	trinta e um	31
doze	12	quarenta	40
treze	13	quarenta e um	41
quatorze	14	cincoenta	50
quinze	15	sessenta	60
dezeseis	16	setenta	70
dezesete	17	oitenta	80
dezoito	18	noventa	90
dez e nove	19	cem, cento	100
vinte	20	cento e um	101

duzentos, fem. -as	200	novecentos	900
duzentos e um	201	mil	1000
trezentos, -as	300	mil e cento	1,100
quatrocentos, -as	400	mil e duzentos	1,200
quinhentos	500	dois mil	2,000
seiscentos	600	cem mil	100,000
setecentos	700	milhão	a million
oitocentos	800	bilhão	a billion.

Obs. Before a Noun “cem” is used, before a number “cento”, as: cem soldados, hundred soldiers; cento e um, a hundred and one. The Portuguese use the Cardinal Numbers to express the date, as: chegou a quatro de Maio, he arrived on the fourth of May.

36.

2. The Ordinal Numbers.

primeiro	the	1ˢᵗ	decimo oitavo	the	18ᵗʰ
segundo	the	2ⁿͩ	decimo nono	the	19ᵗʰ
terceiro	the	3ʳͩ	vigesimo	the	20ᵗʰ
quarto	the	4ᵗʰ	vigesimo-primeiro	the	21ˢᵗ
quinto	the	5ᵗʰ	vigesimo-segundo	the	22ⁿͩ
sexto	the	6ᵗʰ	trigesimo	the	30ᵗʰ
setimo	the	7ᵗʰ	quadragesimo,
			quarentesimo	the	40ᵗʰ
oitavo	the	8ᵗʰ	quinquagesimo	the	50ᵗʰ
nono	the	9ᵗʰ	sexagesimo	the	60ᵗʰ
decimo	the	10ᵗʰ	septuagesimo	the	70ᵗʰ
undecimo, onzeno	the	11ᵗʰ	octogesimo	the	80ᵗʰ
duodecimo	the	12ᵗʰ	nonagesimo	the	90ᵗʰ
decimo terceiro	the	13ᵗʰ	centesimo	the	100ᵗʰ
decimo quarto	the	14ᵗʰ	millesimo	the	1,000ᵗʰ
decimo quinto	the	15ᵗʰ	ultimo	the	last.
decimo sexto	the	16ᵗʰ
decimo setimo	the	17ᵗʰ

37.

3. Fractional Numbers.

a metade,	half	um oitavo,	an eighth
o terço,	the third	uma oitava,	an eighth part
a terça parte,	the third part	tres oitavos,	three eighths
o quarto	the fourth part	uma novena,	a ninth
a quarta parte	the fourth part	uma nona parte,	a ninth part
o quinto,	the fifth	uma decima parte,	a tenth part
a quinta parte,	the fifth part	um e meio,	one and a half
a sexta parte,	the sixth part	dous e meia,	two and a half
a setima parte,	the seventh part	tres e meia,	three and a half.

38.

4. Proportional Numbers.

simples,	simple	tres vezes,	thrice
duplice	double	sextuplo,	sixfold
duplicado	double	septuplo,	sevenfold
triple	triple	octuplo,	eightfold
triplice	triple	nonuplo,	ninefold
quadruplo,	fourfold	decuplo,	tenfold
quintuplo,	fivefold	centuplo,	a hundredfold
uma vez,	once	a primeira vez,	the first time.
duas vezes,	twice

39.

5. Collective Numbers.

um par,	a pair	uma sessenta,	sixty
ambos, ambas,	both	uma centena,	a hundred
um terno,	a number of 3	uma vintena,	twenty
um quaterno,	a number of 4	um milhar,	a thousand
uma dezena,	a number of 10	quintal,	a hundred weight
uma duzia,	a dozen	uma quarta do arratel,	a quarter of a pound.
uma quinzena,	fifteen

todo, toda, tudo, all, every one; plur. todos, todas.
muito, many; tanto, so many. pouco, few.

40.
Examples.

Elle viveo[321] noventa annos[322]. Ella tem vinto e cinco annos de idade[323]. O exercito[324] he composto[325] de noventa mil e seiscentos homens. Dous mil cincocentos e trinta e quatro homens forão mortos[326] neste encontro[327]. Cem homens ficarão[328] prisioneiros[329]. Ha nesta povoação[330] mil e setecentas almas[331]. Ha mil quinhentas casas na nossa freguezia[332]. A sua carta[333] he datada[334] de vinte e dous de Abril de mil oitocentos e cincoenta e sete. Nosso tio ha de chegar[335] a treze do mez que vem. O comprimento[336] desta rua tem o dobro do da outra. Eu fiz duas vezes a volta[337] da villa a cavallo. Um terremoto[338] destruio[339] a metade da cidade. Este theatro foi queimado[340] tres vezes. Se cultivar a sua herdade[341], ella se elevará[342] em valor ao centuplo.

41.
Exercises.

The company[343] consists of one hundred men and the regiment[344] has six thousand men. There were collected[345] two hundred men and nearly[346] seventy women. He was the first who arrived[347]. The second was thy brother. The third man I have not seen. The French army consists of 600,000 men. Within[348] eight days. He had one sister and two cousins[349] with him. This house would be worth a hundred times more. Once I have told him, but twice he has forgotten it. The first time that I had the knife ground[350]. A thousand men were killed in this battle[351]. The first day of the year[352]. To-day is the first, the second, the third, the fourth of the month[353]. Twenty eggs[354]. He arrived on the fifth of July. The nineteenth century[355]. The year has 365 days. He has three sons[356] and five daughters[357].

1. Personal Pronouns.

Singular.
	1ˢᵗ Person.		2ⁿͩ Person.		3ʳͩ Person.
					Masc.		Fem.
N.	eu,	I	tu,	thou	elle,	he	ella,	she
G.	de mim,	of me	de ti,	of thee	d’elle,	of him	d’ella,	of her
D.	a mim,	to me	a ti,	to thee	a elle, lhe,	to him	a ella,	to her
Acc.	me,	me	te, a ti,	thee	elle,	him	ella, a ella,	her
Abl.	de mim	from	de ti	from	d’elle	from	d’ella,	from
Abl.	por mim	me	por ti	thee	por elle	him	por ella,	her.
Plural.
N.	nós,	we	vós,	you	elles,	they	ellas,	they
G.	de nos,	of us	de vos,	of you	d’elles,	of them	d’ellas,	of them
D.	a nos,	to us	a vós,	to you	a elles, lhes,	to them	a ellas,	to them
Acc.	nos, a nos,	us	a vos, vos,	you	elles, a elles,	them	ellas,	them
Abl.	de nos	from	de vós,	from you	d’elles	from them	d’ellas,	from
Abl.	por nos	us						them

Obs. If the Pronouns mim, ti, si, nós, vós, are accompanied by the Preposition com, they are contracted thus:

com mim	into	commigo,	with me
com ti	—	comtigo,	with thee
com si	—	comsigo,	with him
com nós	—	comnosco,	with us
com vós	—	comvosco,	with you.

Me is generally translated by me, as:

speak to me, fallai-me
he told me, elle disse-me
tell me, dizei-me
write me, escrevei-me.

The reflective Pronoun “si”.

Nom.	si,	one’s self
Gen.	de si,	of one’s self
Dat.	a si,	to one’s self
Acc.	si, a si,	one’s self
Abl.	de si, por si,	from one’s self.

It is generally united to the Pronoun: mesmo or mesma, as: de si mesmo, of one’s self:

o homem não ama senão a si mesmo,
the man loves only himself.

The Portuguese also join mesmo, to the personal Pronouns, as:

eu mesmo,	I myself	nós mesmos,	we ourselves
tu mesmo,	thou thyself	vós mesmos,	you yourselves
elle mesmo,	he himself	elles mesmos,	they themselves
ella mesma,	she herself	ellas mesmas,	they themselves
o homem mesmo,	the man himself.	a virtude mesma,	virtue itself.

43.

2. Conjunctive Pronouns.

The following are always used in connexion with Verbs:

me,	me	—	nos,	us
te,	thee	—	vos,	you
se,	it	—	lhes,	them
lhe,	him, her.

isto me agrada	—	it pleases me
he-me necessario	—	I want it (have it necessary)
deos te ve	—	God sees thee
ella se louva	—	she praises herself
eu lhe direi	—	I shall tell him or her
eu lhes prometti	—	I have promised them.

44.

3. Mixed Pronouns.

are composed of personal and conjunctive Pronouns, by changing the letter e of the conjunctive Pronoun into o and a, as:

instead	of	me o	—	say:	mo
”	”	me a	—	”	ma
”	”	lhe o	—	”	lho
”	”	lhe a	—	”	lha
”	”	me os	—	”	mos
”	”	me as	—	”	mas
”	”	lhe os	—	”	lhos
”	”	lhe as	—	”	lhas
”	”	te o	—	”	to
”	”	te a	—	”	ta
”	”	te os	—	”	tos
”	”	te as	—	”	tas.

dai-mo,	give me	(livro, the book)
dai-mo,	give me	(cão, the dog)
dai-ma,	give me	(penna, the pen).

entrego-to,	I give it thee	(livro)
darei-ta,	I shall give it thee	(casa)
entrego-tos,	I give them to thee	(chapéos, pl.)
darei-tas,	I shall give them to thee	(peras, pl.).

se o,	changes	into	selo
se a,	”	”	sela
se os,	”	”	selos
se as,	”	”	selas
nos o,	”	”	nolo
nos a,	”	”	nola
nos os,	”	”	nolos
nos as,	”	”	nolas
vos o,	”	”	volo
vos a,	”	”	vola
vos os,	”	”	volos
vos as,	”	”	volas.

Examples.

para dar-lho,	for the purpose of giving it to him
dai-mo,	give it me
eu to darei,	I shall give it to thee
entrego-to,	I hand it over to thee
dize-lho,	they told it him or her
entrega-lhos,	give them (she) to him
elle nolo disse,	he told it us
eu volos mandarei,	I shall send them to you.

45.

4. Possessive Pronouns.

Masculine.			Feminine.
Singular.		Plural.	Singular.		Plural.
meu,	mine	meus	minha,	mine	minhas
teu,	thine	teus	tua,	thine	tuas
seu,	his	seus	sua,	hers	suas
nosso,	ours	nossos	nossa,	ours	nossas
vosso,	yours	vossos.	vossa,	yours	vossas.

The Pronouns are declined with the definite article, as:

Masculine.
	Singular.	Plural.
	my book.	my books.
N.	o meu livro	os meus livros
G.	do meu livro	dos meus livros
D.	ao meu livro	aos meus livros
Acc.	meu livro	meus livros
Abl.	do (pelo) meu livro.	dos (pelos) meus livros.

Feminine.
	Singular.	Plural.
	my house.	my houses.
N.	a minha casa	as minhas casas
G.	da minha casa	das minhas casas
D.	á minha casa	ás minhas casas
Acc.	minha casa	minhas casas
Abl.	da (pela) minha casa.	das (pelas) minhas casas.

Examples.

The Portuguese say:

the father loves: a seu filho, his son
the mother loves: a seu filho, her son
the father loves his daughter: o pai ama á sua filha
the mother loves her daughter: a mai ama á sua filha
it is mine: he meu
it is thine: he teu.

46.

5. Demonstrative Pronouns.

Este, denotes a person or thing in our immediate neighbourhood.

Esse, denotes a person or thing a little more distant from us.

Aquelle, one still farther distant.

Singular.
	Masculine.		Feminine.	Neuter.
N.	este,	this	esta	isto
G.	d’este,	of this	d’esta	d’isto
D.	a este,	to this	a esta	a isto
Acc.	este,	this	esta	isto
Abl.	d’este,	from this.	d’esta.	d’isto.
Plural.
N.	estes,	these	estas	wanting.
G.	d’estes,	of these	d’estas
D.	a estes,	to these	a estas
Acc.	estes,	these	estas
Abl.	d’estes,	from these.	d’estas.
Singular.
N.	esse,	this one	essa	isso
G.	d’esse,	of this one	d’éssa	d’isso
D.	a esse,	to this one	a essa	a isso
Acc.	esse,	this one	éssa	isso
Abl.	d’esse,	from this one.	d’essa.	d’isso.
Plural.
N.	esses,	these	essas	wanting.
G.	d’esses,	of these	d’essas
D.	a esses,	to these	a essas
Acc.	esses,	these	essas
Abl.	d’esses,	from these.	d’essas.
Singular.
N.	aquelle,	that	aquella	aquillo
G.	d’aquelle,	of that	d’aquella	d’aquillo
D.	áquelle,	to that	áquella	áquillo
Acc.	aquelle,	that	aquella	aquillo
Abl.	d’aquelle,	from that.	d’aquella.	d’aquillo.
Singular.
N.	aquelles,	those	aquellas	wanting.
G.	d’aquelles,	of those	d’aquellas
D.	áquelles,	to those	áquellas
Acc.	aquelles,	those	aquellas
Abl.	d’aquelles,	from those.	d’aquellas.

47.

6. Relative Pronouns.

a) Qual, which, declined with the article o and a:
o qual, a qual; plural: os quaes, as quaes.

b) Que, which, is used of persons and things, as:
o livro que, the book which
a arvore que, the tree which
os livros que, the books which
o mestre que ensina, the teacher who instructs
a mulher que tenho, the woman whom I have
o homem que eu amo, the man whom I love.

It is declined:
N.	que,	who, which, what
G.	de que,	of whom
D.	á que,	to whom
Acc.	que,	whom
Abl.	de que,	from whom.

c) Quem, is only used of persons.

Singular and Plural.
N.	quem,	who
G.	de quem,	of whom
D.	á quem,	to whom
Acc.	quem,	whom
Abl.	de quem,	from whom.

d) Cujo, cuja, whose.

Singular.
	Masculine.		Feminine.
N.	—		—
G.	de cujo,	of whose	de cuja
D.	a cujo,	to whose	a cuja
Acc.	cujo,	whose	cuja
Abl.	de cujo,	whose.	de cuja.

Examples.

a pessoa cuja reputação vós admirais.
The person whose reputation you admire.
o ceo cujo soccorro nunca falta.
The heaven whose assistance never fails.
a mulher cuja bella cara.
The woman whose beautiful face.
cujas bellezas.
Whose beauties.
a cujo pai.
To whose father.

48.

7. Interrogative Pronouns.

Quem, qual, que, who, which, what?

Singular and Plural.
	Masc. and Fem.		Masc. and Fem.
N.	quem,	who?	que	what? which?
G.	de quem,	of whom?	de que
D.	á quem,	to whom?	á que
Acc.	quem,	whom?	que
Abl.	de quem,	whom?	de que

Singular			Plural.
Masculine and Feminine.
N.	qual,	which?	quaes	which?
G.	de qual,	of which?	de quaes
D.	á qual,	to which?	á quaes
Acc.	qual,	which?	quaes
Abl.	de qual,	from which?	de quaes

Examples.

Quem he?	Who is it?
Quem vos disse isso?	Who told that to you?
Que quereis?	What do you want?
Com que se sustenta?	What does he live upon?
Que estais fazendo?	What are you doing?
De que se faz isto?	What is this made of?
Que livro he este?	What book is this?
Que negocios tendes?	What business have you?
Que casa he?	What sort of a house is it?
De qual fallais vós?	Of whom do you speak?
Qual delles?	Which of them?
Quem or qual dos dous?	Which of the two?

49.

8. Indefinite Pronouns.

um, una,	a, one	todos, todas,	all
uns, umas,	some	tudo,	everything
algum, alguma,	somebody	tal	such
alguns, algumas,	some	tales	such
nenhum, nenhuma,	no one	qualquer	who ever
nenhuns, nenhumas,	none	quaesquer	some one
cada,	each	quemquer,	any one
cada um, cada uma,	everyone	alguem,	some one
outro, outra,	other	ninguem,	no one
outros, outras,	others	outrem,	another, some one else
se,	one, some one	muitos, muitas,	many.
todo, toda,	all, everyone

certo, certa,	a certain one
um e outro	the one and the other
uma e outra	the one and the other
um ou outro	the one or the other
uns ou outros
uma ou outra
umas ou outras
nenhum nem outro	neither the one nor the other.
nenhuns nem outros
nenhuma nem outra
nenhumas nem outras

50.
Examples.

Eu sou pobre[358] e tu es rico. Eu amo[359] e tu amas tambem, elle ama, elles amão. Ella nunca[360] traz[361] dinheiro comsigo. Isto me agrada[362]. Ella se louva[363]. Eu lhe direi[364]. Cortailhe[365] as azas[366]. Comprei o cavallo e montei-o[367]. Louvavel[368] he aconselhar[369] a virtude, mas melhor he pratica-la[370]. Assenta no que lhe digo. A sua perda[371]. Este vento[372] he favoravel[373]. Louva-se lhe a generosidade[374]. Esta flor[375] não he do meu jardim, he do teu. O que lhe digo he verdade. O ceo cujo soccorro nunca falta. Carlos foi grande, Frederico ambicioso, este valente[376], aquelle poderoso[377]. Aquelles que desprezão[378] a sciencia[379] não conhecem[380] o valor d’ella. A providencia não abençoa[381] o trabalho[382] d’aquelles que desprezão os seus melhores amigos. Aquelles taes que não amão a virtude, não a conhecem. O homem que eu amo. O meu livro está na mesa. De todas as obras de engenho, nenhuma ha que não tenha o seu defeito[383]. A pessoa cuja reputação[384] vós admirais[385]. Um tal velhaco[386] deve[387] ser castigado[388]. Aprendem-se[389] com mais facilidade[390] as cousas que se comprehendem, do que as que se não comprehendem.

51.

Esta batalha[391] decidirá[392] a sorte[393] da campanha[394]. Este homem he sabio[395], aquelle he valente. Esta arvore he nova[396], essa velha, aquella foi desarraigada[397]. Este cavallo he arabe, est’outro he andaluz, aquell’outro he inglez. O culto[398] dos idolos[399], o qual he tão antigo como absurdo. As molestias[400] contra as quaes a medicina he impotente. Qual he o caracter distinctivo dos templos gothicos? O estado cujo governo, cujos habitantes, cuja religião, cujas instituições nos parecem[401] preferiveis[402]. O marido, cuja mulher, cujas filhas são virtuosas, deve reputar-se feliz. O amigo de cuja casa venho. Quem descobrio a America? Quem fôrão os primeiros habitantes da Grecia? Que homem he esse que vejo na estrada. Nenhum homem he izento[403] de paixões[404]. Elle em generosidade não cede a ninguem. Um morreo na India, o outro em França. Não faze a outrem o que não quizeras te fizessem a ti. Em taes circumstancias. A conclusão foi tal qual eu a esperava. Elle fallou[405] contra mim. Quaes são os requisitos de um bom pintor?

52.
Exercises.

I have a dress[406]. He has stockings[407]. She has shoes[408]. We have money[409]. You have houses. They have chairs[410]. He received the money from thee. This horse is handsomer than that one. This is white[411] and that is blue[412]. The wife of my uncle. The house of my sister. The woman whose husband was killed[413]. The man whose wife is so similar[414] to your sister. What are the requisites[415] to be a great minister[416]? Who has told you this? Of whom did you learn this news? What animals are there on this island[417]? The man who wishes to be esteemed[418] must esteem himself. All men must[419] die[420]. Every man and every woman received a present[421].

53.
Exercises.

I see nobody. Nobody answers me. The one lives in Holland[422] and the other in Germany[423]. The one is an honest man[424] and the other is a scoundrel[425]. Neither[5] the one nor[426] the other. This man is a Spaniard[427], the other an Englishman[428], and that one a German[429]. Everyone of these Indians. This is good[430] and that is bad[431]. This man loves only himself[432]. Many authors maintain[433]. In certain seasons[434] and in certain times[435]. A certain man said. A certain person. Such a man. The terror[436] was such that everyone fled[437]. Any one of the conspirators[438].

PART II. — Collection of Words.

1. The Universe.

Deos,	God	o arco iris,	the rainbow
o creador,	the creator	o trovão,	the thunder
o mundo,	the world	o calor,	the heat
o firmamento,	the sky	um relampago,	a lightning
um astro,	a star	o fogo,	the fire
o sol,	the sun	o frio,	the cold
um raio de sol,	a sunbeam	a geada,	the frost
a lua,	the moon	o gelo,	the ice
o luar,	the moonlight	a luz,	the light
uma nuvem,	a cloud	a neve,	the snow
uma estrella,	a star	o obscuridade,	the darkness
o céo, os céos,	the heaven	uma trovoada,	a storm
o nascer do sol,	sunrise	a chuva,	the rain
o pôr do sol,	sunset	o tempo,	the weather
um cometa,	a comet	o vento,	the wind.

2. The Seasons.

Primavera,	spring	Fevereiro,	February
estio, verão,	summer	Março,	March
outono,	autumn	Abril,	April
inverno,	winter	Maio,	May
Janeiro,	January	Junho,	June
Julho,	July	hora e meia,	an hour and a half
Agosto,	August	um quarto d’hora,	a quarter of an hour
Septembro,	September	um minuto,	a minute
Outubro,	October	um segundo,	a second
Novembro,	November	o despontar do dia,	the daybreak
Dezembro,	December	a madrugada,	the morning
Segunda feìra,	Monday	a manhã,	the forenoon
Terça feìra,	Tuesday	meio-dia,	noon
Quarta feìra,	Wednesday	a tarde,	the afternoon
Quinta feìra,	Thursday	o pôr do sol,	sunset
Sexta feìra,	Friday	a entrada,	the evening
Sabbado,	Saturday	a noite,	the night
Domingo,	Sunday	meia noite,	midnight
um seculo,	a century	hoje,	to-day
um anno,	a year	hontem,	yesterday
o anno passado,	the last year	antes d’hontem,	the day before yesterday
o anno que vem,	the next year	á manhã,	to-morrow
um moz,	a month	o fim,	the end, close.
uma semana,	a week	uma hora,	an hour
um dia,	a day	meia hora,	half an hour

3. Water.

Uma bahia,	a bay	uma torrente,	a torrent
agua corrente,	running water	as ondas,	the billows
agua enxarcada,	stagnant water	um barco de vapor,	a steamer
agua morta,	standing water	um brigue,	a brig
agua doce,	sweet water	uma fragata,	a frigate
agua do mar,	sea water	um navio mercante,	a merchant ship
um lago,	a pond	um navio de guerra,	a man of war
um rio,	a river	uma ancora,	an anchor
um lago, uma lagoa,	a lake	a rabadilha,	the stern
um charco,	a pool	a proa,	the head
a maré,	the tide	um remo,	an oar
maré alta,	high water	a cana do leme,	the helm
maré baixa,	low water	um masto,	a mast
o mar,	the sea	a bandeira,	the flag
mar perigoso,	a rough sea	a tolda,	the deck
as ondas,	the waves	um regato,	a brook
um nascente,	a spring	uma véla,	a sail
		o velame,	the sails.

4. Individuals and Relations.

Um homem,	a man	uma irmã,	a sister
uma mulher,	a woman	um tio,	an uncle
as mulheres	women	uma tia,	an aunt
uma mulher casada,	a wife	um sobrinho,	a nephew
um menino,	a child	uma sobrinha,	a niece
um moço,	a boy	um primo,	a cousin
uma rapariga,	a girl	uma família,	a family
um mancebo,	a young man	os parentes,	the parents
uma moça,	a young maid	o marido,	the husband
um velho,	an old man	a esposa,	the wife
uma velha,	an old woman	o noivo,	the bridegroom
o avô,	the grandfather	a noiva,	the bride
a avó,	the grandmother	o sogro,	the father-in-law
o pai,	the father	a sogra,	the mother-in-law
a mai,	the mother	o genro,	the son-in-law
o filho,	the son	a nóra,	the daughter-in-law
a filha,	the daughter	um cunhado,	a brother-in-law
um irmão,	a brother	uma cunhada,	a sister-in-law.

5. The Human Body.

A pelle,	the skin	um joelho,	a knee
a barba,	the beard	uma perna,	a leg
a boca,	the mouth	uma face,	a cheek
um braço,	an arm	a língua,	the tongue
um cabello,	a hair	um beiço,	a lip
o coração,	the heart	uma mão,	a hand
o pescoço,	the neck	o nariz,	the nose
um dente,	a tooth	um olho,	an eye
um dedo,	a finger	uma orelha,	an ear
a espalda,	the back	um pé,	a foot
uma espadoa,	a shoulder	o pulso,	the fist
o estomago	the stomach	a cabeça,	the head.
a face,	the face

6. The House and Furniture.

Uma casa,	a house	um castiçal,	a candlestick
um palacio	a palace	uma vella de sebo,	a candle
uma quinta,	a country house	uma cheminé,	a chimney
uma livraria,	a library	uma comoda,	a chest of drawers
um quarto,	a room	um espelho de sala,	a looking-glass
um quarto de dormir,	a bedroom	um candieiro,	a lamp
a escada,	the staircase	uma cama	a bed
uma janella,	a window	uma cortina,	a curtain
o tecto de estuque,	the ceiling	uma papeleira,	a writing-desk
o solho,	the floor	um sofa,	a sofa
uma porta,	a door	uma mesa,	a table
uma fechadura,	a lock	um quadro,	a picture
a chave,	the key	um tapete,	a carpet
uma sala baixa,	a parlour	as gavetas,	drawers
uma sala da jantar	a dining room	uma toalha de mesa,	a table cloth
uma sala,	a drawingroom	uma colher,	a spoon
uma campaïnha,	the bell	uma colherinha,	a tea spoon
uma mobilia,	furniture	um garfo,	a fork
uma cadeira,	a chair	uma faca,	a knife.

7. Trees, Shrubs etc.

Os cereaes,	corn	uma figueira,	a fig-tree
a aveia,	oats	uma faia,	a beech
o feno,	hay	uma hera,	ivy
o trigo candeal,	wheat	um olmo,	an elm
a herva,	grass	um chopo,	a poplar
a batata,	potatoe	um pinheiro,	a pine
o arroz,	rice	um abeto,	a fir
uma bétula,	a birch	um salgueiro,	a willow
uma ceregeira,	a cherry tree	um til,	a lime-tree.
uma azinheira,	an oak

8. Fruits and Flowers.

Um damasco,	an apricot	um limão,	a lemon
uma cereja,	a cherry	um figo,	a fig
uma castanha,	a chestnut	um morango,	a strawberry
uma groselha,	a currant	o lirio dos valles,	the lily of the valley
groselha de bagos grossos,	a gooseberry	o cravo,	the pink
uma noz,	a nut	a papoula,	the poppy
uma pera,	a pear	a primavera,	the primrose
uma maçã,	an apple	a rosa,	the rose
o lirio	the lily	a tulipa,	the tulip
a margarita,	the daisy	a violeta,	the violet.

9. Dress.

Uma camiza,	a shirt	um brinco,	an ear-ring
umas ceroulas,	drawers	pulseiras,	bracelets
uma camizola,	an underwaistcoat	uma meia,	a stocking
uns calções,	breeches	um sapato,	a shoe
um colete,	a waistcoat	uma luva,	a glove
uma casaca,	a coat	uma bolsa,	a purse
um capote,	a cloak	um annel,	a ring
um chapéo,	a hat	pós,	powder
uma bota,	a boot	sabão,	soap
uma anagoa,	a pellicoat	uma toalha de mãos,	a towel
um vestido,	a gown	um pente,	a comb
uma touca,	a bonnet	uma escova,	a brush
um veo,	a veil	uma escova de dentes,	a toothbrush.
um collar,	a necklace

10. Town and Country.

Uma cidade,	a town	uma rua,	a street
uma aldea,	a village	um bosquesinho,	a thicket
os arrabaldes,	the suburbs	um campo,	a field
um candieiro de gaz,	a gas lamp	uma cavalhariça,	a stable
a calçada,	the pavement	uma floresta	a forest
uma praça,	a square	uma selva	a forest
uma ponte,	a bridge	uma sebe,	a hedge
um passeio,	a walk	um jardim,	a garden
um farol,	a lamp	um almargeal,	a meadow
		um vergel,	an orchard.

11. Animals.

Um cervo,	a stag	um burro,	an ass
um crocodillo,	a crocodile	uma ovelha,	a sheep
um elephante ,	an elephant	um borrego,	a lamb
um coelho,	a rabbit	um gato,	a cat
uma lebre,	a hare	um cão,	a dog
um lião,	a lion	um cavallo,	a horse
um leopardo,	a leopard	um macho,	a mule
um lobo,	a wolf	uma vaca,	a cow
um urso,	a bear	um bezerro,	a calf
uma panthera,	a panther	um boi,	an ox
um rato,	a rat	um leitão,	a pig
uma raposa,	a fox	o gado,	cattle
um mono,	a monkey	gado vacum,	herds
um tigre,	a tiger	godo meudo,	flocks.

12. Birds, Fishes and Insects.

Um pata,	a duck	uma perca,	a perch
um gallo,	a cock	um salmão,	a salmon
uma gallinha,	a hen	um linguado,	a sole
um ganso,	a goose	uma truta,	a trout
um pombo,	a pigeon	um rodavalho,	a turbot
uma aguia,	an eagle	uma abelha,	a bee
uma calhandra,	a lark	uma aranha,	a spider
uma cegonha,	a stork	um sapo,	a toad
um corvo,	a raven	uma borboleta,	a butterfly
um cisne,	a swan	uma serpente,	a serpent
uma andorinha,	a swallow	um escaravelho,	a beetle
um roussinol,	a nightingale	uma formiga,	an ant
uma enguia,	an eel	uma rã,	a frog
uma carpa,	a carp	uma vespa,	a wasp
um harenque,	a herring	uma mosca,	a fly
uma lagosta,	a lobster	um bicho,	a worm
uma ostra,	an oyster	uma vibora,	a viper.
uma sarda,	a mackerel	uma cobra,	an adder.

Easy Dialogues.

1. Eating and Drinking.

Are you hungry?	Vm. tem fome?
I have a good appetite.	Tenho boa vontade de comer.
I am very hungry.	Tenho bastante fome.
Eat something.	Coma alguma cousa.
What will you eat?	Que ha de Vm. comer?
What do you wish to eat?	Que é o que tem vontade de comer?
You do not eat.	O senhor naõ come.
I beg your pardon, I eat very heartily.	Com perdaõ de Vm., eu como muito bem.
I have eaten very heartily.	Tenho comido bastante.
I have dined with a good appetite.	Jantei de boa vontade.
Eat another piece.	Coma ainda mais alguma cousa.
I can eat no more.	Naõ comerei mais nada.
Are you thirsty?	Tem Vm. sêde?
Are you not thirsty?	Naõ tem Vm. sêde?
I am very thirsty.	Tenho bastante sêde.
I am dying of thirst.	Estou morrendo de sêde.
Let us drink.	Toça a beber.
Give me something to drink.	De-me de beber.
Will you drink a glass of wine?	Quer Vm. beber um copo de vinho?
Drink a glass of beer.	Tome um copo de cerveja.
Drink another glass of wine.	Beba mais esse copo de vinho.
Sir, I drink to your health.	Bebo a sua saude.
I have the honour to drink your health.	Tenho a honra de beber á sua saúde.

2. Going and Coming.

Where are you going?	Onde vai Vm.?
I am going home.	Vou para casa.
I was going to your house.	Hia á sua casa.
From whence do you come?	Donde vem Vm.?
I come from my brother’s.	Venho de casa de meu irmão.
I am coming from church.	Venho da igreja.
I have just left the school.	Saio da escola.
Will you go with me?	Quer Vm. vir commigo?
Whither do you wish to go?	Onde quer Vm. hir?
We will take a walk.	Hiremos passeiar.
We will take a walk.	Hiremos fazer um passeio.
With all my heart; most willingly.	Quero, pois naõ. Com muito gosto.
Which way shall we go?	Per onde iremos?
Any way you like.	Para aquella que quizer.
Let us go into the park.	Vamos a tapada.
Let us take your brother in our way.	Vamos ter de caminho com seu irmão.
As you please.	Como queira.
Is Mr. B. at home?	O senhor B. está em casa?
He is gone out.	Está fóra.
He is not at home.	Naõ está em casa.
Can you tell us where he is gone?	Pode Vm. dizer-me para onde foi?
I cannot tell you precisely.	Naõ saberei dizer-lhe ao certo.
I think he is gone to see his sister.	Creio que foi ver a irmã.
Do you know when he will come back?	Sabe Vm. quando ha de voltar?
No, he said nothing of it when he went out.	Naõ: partio sem m’odizer.
Then we must go without him.	Entaõ ir-nos hemos sem elle.

3. Questions and Answers.

Come nearer; I have something to tell you.	Venha ca, tenho que lhe dizer uma cousa.
I have a word to say to you.	Tenho que lhe dizer duas palavras.
Listen to me.	Escute-me.
I want to speak to you.	Tenho desejo de lhe fallar.
What is it you want?	Que ha de novo para o seu serviço?
I am speaking to you.	É com Vm. que fallo.
I am not speaking to you.	Naõ é com Vm. que eu fallo.
What do you say?	Que diz Vm.?
What did you say?	Que disse Vm.?
I say nothing.	Naõ disse nada.
Do you hear?	Entende?
Do you hear what I say?	Entende Vm. o que digo?
Do you understand me?	Entende-me Vm.?
Will you be so kind as to repeat...?	Quer Vm. repetil’o?
I understand you well.	Eu bem o entendo.
Why do you not answer me?	Por que me naõ responde?
Do you not speak Portuguese?	Vm. naõ falla portuguez?
Very little, Sir.	Muito pouco, senhor.
I understand it a little, but I do not speak it.	Entendo-o um pouco, porèm naõ fallo.
Speak louder.	Falle mais alto.
Do not speak so loud.	Naõ falle taõ alto.
Do not make so much noise.	Naõ faça tanta bulha.
Hold your tongue.	Calle-se.
Did you not tell me that...?	Naõ me disse Vm. que?
Who told you that?	Quem lhe disse isto?
They told me so.	Disseraõ-me.
Somebody has told it me.	Disse-m’o certa pessoa.
I have heard it.	Ouvi dizer.
What do you wish to say?	Que quer Vm. dizer?
What is that good for?	Para que é bom isto?
What do you call that?	Como chama Vm. a isto?
Do you know Mr. G.?	Conhece Vm. o senhor G.?
I know him by sight.	Conheço-o de vista.
I know him by name.	Conheço-o de nome.

4. The Age.

How old are you?	Que idade tem Vm.?
How old is your brother?	Que idade tem o senhor seu irmão.
I am twelve years old.	Tenho doze annos.
I am ten years and six months old.	Tenho dés annos e meio.
Next month I shall be sixteen years old.	Hei de fazer desaseis annos no mez que vem.
I was thirteen years old last week.	Fiz treze annos a semana passada.
You do not look so old.	Vm. naõ me parecia ter tanta idade.
You look older.	Vm. parecia ter mais idade.
I thought you were older.	Cuidava que era mais velho.
I did not think you were so old.	Naõ cuidava que tivese tanta idade.
How old may your uncle be?	Que idade tem seu tio?
He may be sixty years old.	Poderá ter sessenta annos.
He is about sixty years old.	Tem obra de sessenta annos.
He is more than fifty years old.	Tem mais de cincoenta annos.
He is a man of fifty and upwards.	É um homem de cincoenta e tantos annos.
He may be sixty or there abouts.	Poderá ter cousa de sessenta annos.
He is above eighty.	Tem mais de oitenta annos.
That is a great age.	É uma idade assás adiantada.
Is he so old?	É taõ idoso como isto?
He begins to grow old.	Começa a fazer-se velho.

5. The Time.

What o’clock is it?	Que horas saõ?
Pray tell me what time it is?	Tenha a bondade de dizer-me que horas saõ.
It is one o’clock.	É uma hora.
It is past one.	É uma hora passada.
It has struck one.	É uma hora ja dada.
It is a quarter past one.	É uma hora e um quarto.
It is half past one.	É hora e meia.
It wants ten minutes to two.	Saõ duas horas menos dés minutos.
It is not yet two o’clock.	Ainda naõ deraõ duas horas.
It is only twelve o’clock.	Naõ é mais que meio-dia.
It is almost three o’clock.	Saõ perto de tres horas.
It is on the stroke of three.	Saõ tres horas em ponto.
It is going to strike three.	Está a dar tres horas.
It is ten minutes past three.	Saõ tres horas e dés minutos.
The clock is going to strike.	O relogio está para dar horas.
There is the clock striking.	O relogio está dando horas.
It is not late.	Naõ é tarde.
It is later than I thought.	É mais tarde do que eu cuidava.
I did not think it was so late.	Naõ cuidava que fosse taõ tarde.

6. The Weather.

What kind of weather is it?	Que especie de tempo faz?
It is bad weather.	Faz máo tempo.
It is cloudy.	Faz um tempo escuro.
It is dreadful weather.	Faz um tempo horrivel.
It is fine weather.	Faz bom tempo.
We are going to have a fine day.	Havemos de ter um optimo dia.
It is dewy.	Ha muito orvalho.
It is foggy.	Faz nevoa.
It is rainy weather.	Faz um tempo chuvoso.
It threatens to rain.	O tempo está embrulhado.
The sky becomes very cloudy.	O céo se esconde.
The sky is getting very dark.	O céo se escurece.
The sun is coming out.	O sol começa a apparecer.
The weather is clearing up again.	O tempo principia a concertar-se.
It is very warm.	Faz bastante calma.
It is sultry.	Faz uma calma que abafa.
It is very mild.	Faz um tempo bem brando.
It is cold.	Faz frio.
It is excessively cold.	Faz um frio terrivel.
It is raw weather.	Faz um tempo frio e juntamente humido.
It rains.	Chove.
It has been raining.	Choveo.
It is going to rain.	Está para chover.
I feel some drops of rain.	Sinto alguns choviscos.
There are some drops of rain falling.	Caem algumas gotas d’agua.
It hails.	Cae pedra.
It snows; it is snowing.	Neva. Está chovendo neve.
It has been snowing.	Cahio bastante neve.
It snows in large flakes.	Cahe neve em frocos.
It freezes.	Géla.
It has frozen.	Cahio geada.
It begins to thaw.	O tempo começa a abrandar-se.
It thaws.	Ha degêlo.
It is very windy.	Faz bastante vento.
The wind is very high.	Faz uma grande ventania.
There is no air stirring.	Naõ ha viraçaõ.
It lightens.	Está fazendo relampagos.
It has lightened all night.	Toda esta noite fez relampagos.
It thunders.	Troveja.
The thunder roars.	Está trovejando.
The thunderbolt has fallen.	Cahio um raio.
It is stormy weather.	O tempo ameaça trovoada.
We shall have a thunderstorm.	Havemos de ter alguma trovoada.
The sky begins to clear up.	O céo começa a limpar-se.
The weather is very unsettled.	O tempo está bem inconstante.
It is very muddy.	Faz bastante lama.
It is very dusty.	Ha muita poeira.
It is very slippery.	Escorrega muito.
It is bad walking.	Faz máo tempo para se sahir.
It is day-light.	Faz dia.
It is dark.	Faz escuro.
It is night.	Faz noite.
It is moonlight.	Faz luar.
Do you think it will be fine weather?	Cuida Vm. que teremos bom tempo?
I do not think that it will rain.	Creio que não ha de chover.
I am afraid it will rain.	Tenho medo que chova.
I fear so.	Eu assim o creio.

7. Salutation.

Good morning, Sir.	Bons dias senhor.
I wish you good morning.	Tenha Vm. bons dias.
How do you do?	Como está Vm.?
How are you?	Como está Vm.?
Do you continue in good health?	Está sempre de saúde?
Pretty good; and how are you?	Muito bem, e Vm.?
Are you well?	Vm. está bem disposto?
Very well, and you?	Muito bem, e Vm.?
I am perfectly well.	Acho-me as mil maravilhas.
And how is it with you?	E Vm. como vai de saúde?
As usual.	Como do costume.
Pretty well, thank God.	Assas bem, graças a Deus.
I am very happy to see you well.	Estou encantado de o ver em perfeita saúde.

8. The Visit.

There is a knock.	Batem a porta.
Somebody knocks.	Alguem está batendo a porta.
Go and see who it is.	Vai ver quem é.
Go and open the door.	Vai abrir a porta.
It is Mrs. B.	É a senhora B.
I wish you good morning.	Tenha Vm. muito bons dias.
I am happy to see you.	Estou encantado de a ver.
I have not seen you this age.	Ha um seculo que naõ a hei visto.
It is a novelty to see you.	É milagre vel’a.
Pray, sit down.	Queira assentar-se.
Sit down if you please.	Tenha a bondade de assentar-se.
Take a seat.	Queira ter o incommodo de assentar-se.
Give a chair to the lady.	Dê uma cadeira á senhora.
Will you stay and take some dinner with us?	Quer Vm. ficar para jantar comnosco.
I cannot stay.	Naõ posso demorar-me.
I only came in to see how you are.	Entrei sómente para saber da sua saúde.
I must go.	Naõ me posso demorar mais.
You are in a great hurry.	Vm. tem muita pressa.
Why are you in such a hurry?	Que pressa é esta?
I have a great many things to do.	Tenho muito que fazer.
Surely you can stay a little longer.	Vm. bem pode demorar-se mais uma instante.
I will stay longer another time.	Em outra vez ficarei mais tempo.
I thank you for your visit.	Receba os meus agradecimentos pela visita.
I hope to see you soon again.	Espero de o ver bem cédo.

9. Breakfast.

Have you breakfasted?	Vm. já almoçou?
Not yet.	Ainda naõ.
You have come just in time.	Chega em boa occasiaõ.
You will breakfast with us.	Almoçará comnosco.
Breakfast is ready.	O almoço está prompto.
Do you drink tea or coffee?	Toma Vm. chá, ou café?
Would you prefer chocolate?	Gosta talvez mais de chocolate?
I prefer coffee.	Prefiro o café.
What can I offer you?	Que lhe poderei offerecer?
Here are rolls and toast.	Ahi tem paõ e fatias.
What do you like best?	De qual gosta mais?
I shall take a roll.	Comerei um destes pãezinhos.
How do you like the coffee?	Como acha Vm. o café?
Is the coffee strong enough?	Acha Vm. o café com bastante força?
It is excellent.	Acho-o excellente.
Is there enough sugar in it?	Tem assucar sufficiente?
If there is not, do not make any ceremony.	Se não tem o que é mister, não faça ceremonias.
Act as if you were at home.	Faça como se estivesse em sua casa.

10. Before Dinner.

At what time do we dine to-day?	Á que horas jantamos hoje?
We shall dine at four o’clock.	Devemos jantar ás quatro.
We shall not dine before five o’clock.	Nem antes das cinco o faremos.
Shall we have anybody to dinner to-day?	Teremos hoje alguem de fóra?
Do you expect company?	Espera Vm. gente?
I expect Mr. B.	Espero pelo senhor B.
Mr. D. has promised to come	O senhor por D. prometteo de vir,
if the weather permits.	se o tempo permitisse.
Have you given orders for dinner?	Deo Vm. já os ordens para o jantar?
What have you ordered for dinner?	Que encommendou Vm. para o jantar?
Have you sent for fish?	Mandou Vm. vir peixe?
I could not get any fish.	Naõ pude haver peixe.
I fear we shall have	Quer me parecer,
a very indifferent dinner.	que havemos de ter um máo jantar.
We must do as we can.	Faremos como podermos.

11. The Dinner.

To what shall I help you?	Que quer que lhe sirva?
Will you take a little soup?	Quer uma pouca de sopa?
I thank you. I will trouble you for a little beef.	Obrigado, aceitarei um pouco de vaca.
It looks so very nice.	Tem mui boa apparencia.
Which part do you like best?	De que parte gosta mais?
I hope you like this piece.	Espero que este bocado é a seu gosto.
Gentlemen, you have dishes near you.	Senhores, Vm. tem dous pratos diante de si.
Help yourselves.	Sirvaõ-se.
Take without ceremony what you	Sirvaó-se sem ceremonia daquillo de que
like best.	mais gostarem.
Would you like a little of this roastmeat?	Quer um pouco deste assado?
Will you have some fat?	Gosta de gordura?
Give me some of this lean, if you please.	Dê-me do que naõ tem gordura, por quem é.
How do you like the roastmeat?	Que tal acha o ássado?
It is excellent, delicious.	Excellente.
What will you take with your meat?	Que quer Vm. comer com a carne?
Shall I help you to some vegetables?	Posso servir-lhe alguma hortaliça?
Will you take peas or cauliflower?	Quer Vm. ervilhas ou couves flores?
It is quite indifferent to me.	Gosto tanto d’um, como d’outro.
I shall send you a piece of this fowl.	Vou servir-lhe desta ave.
No, thank you, I can eat no more.	Muito obrigado, tenho comido sufficiente.
You are a poor eater.	Vm. come mui pouco.
You eat nothing.	Vm. naõ come nada.
I beg your pardon, I do honour to your dinner.	Pelo contrario como sufficiente.
You may take away.	Podem tirar a mesa.

12. Tea.

Have you carried in the tea-things?	Trouxeste tudo quanto é mister para o chá?
Everything is on the table.	Está tudo na mesa.
Does the water boil?	A agua está a ferver?
Tea is ready.	O chá está prompto.
They are waiting for you.	Estamos á sua espera.
Here I am.	Eis-me prompto.
We have not cups enough.	As chicaras naõ saõ sufficientes.
We want two more cups and saucers.	É mister mais duas.
Bring another tea-spoon and a saucer.	Falta tambem uma colher e um pires.
You have not brought in the sugar-tongs.	Esqueces-te de trazer a tenaz do assucar.
Do you take cream?	Toma Vm leite?
The tea is so strong.	O chá está muito forte.
I shall thank you for a little more milk.	Pedir-lhe hei mais um pouco de leite.
Here are cakes and muffins.	Ahi tem bolos, e bolachas.
Do you prefer some bread and butter?	Tal vez queira antes fatias de paõ com manteiga?
I shall take a slice of bread and butter.	Aceitarei uma fatia de paõ com manteiga.
Pass the plate this way.	Passe para cá o prato.
Ring the bell, if you please.	Toque a campainha.
Will you kindly ring the bell?	Tenha a bondade de tocar a campainha?
We want some more water.	E nos mister mais agua.
Bring it as quickly as possible.	Traze-as o mais de pressa possivel.
Take the plate with you.	Leva ao mesmo tempo este prato.
Is your tea sweet enough?	O seu chá tem o assucar sufficiente?
Have I put sugar enough in your tea?	Naõ sei se deitei bastante assucar no seu chá?
It is excellent.	Está muy bem temperado.
I do not like it quite so sweet.	Naõ gosto delle muito doce.
Your tea is very good.	O seu chá é muito bom.
Where do you buy it?	Onde o compra?
I buy it at...	Compro-o em casa de...
Have you already done?	Vm. naõ quer mais chá?
You will take another cup.	Vm. ha de tomar mais uma chicara.
I shall pour you out half a cup.	Vou dar-lhe uma meia chicara.
You will not refuse me.	Espero qui naõ a ha de engeitar.
I have already drunk three cups,	Já tomei tres chicaras
and I never drink more.	e nunca tomo mais.

SECOND COURSE. — Verbs. — 18. Adverbs.

The Auxiliary Verbs.

1.
Ter and Haver, to have.

Infinitive Mood.
Present.	ter	or	haver,	to have.
Past.	ter tido	—	ter havido,	to have had.
Gerund.	tendo	—	havendo,	having.
Participles.	tido, tida	—	havido, havida,	had.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu tenho	or	hei,	I have
tu tens	—	has,	thou hast
elle or ella tem	—	ha,	he or she has
nós temos	—	havemos or hemos,	we have
vós tendes	—	haveis,	you have
elles or ellas tem	—	hão,	they have.
Imperfect.
tinha	or	havia,	I had
tinhas	—	havias,	thou hadst
tinha	—	havia,	he had
tinhamos	—	haviamos,	we had
tinheis	—	havieis,	you had
tinhão	—	havião,	they had.
Past definite.
tive	or	houve,	I have had
tiveste	—	houveste,	thou hast had
teve	—	houve,	he has had
tivemos	—	houvemos	we have had
tivestes	—	houvestes,	you have had
tiverão	—	houverão,	they have had.
Past indefinite.
tenho tido	or	tenho havido,	I have had.
tens tido	—	tens havido,
tem tido	—	tem havido,
temos tido	—	temos havido,
tendes tido	—	tendes havido,
tem tido	—	tem havido,
Past anterior.
tivera	or	houvera,	I had had
tiveras	—	houveras,	thou hadst had
tivera	—	houvera,	he had had
tiveramos	—	houveramos,	we had had
tivereis	—	houvereis,	you had had
tiverão	—	houverão,	they had had.
Pluperfect.
tinha tido	or	tinha havido,	I had had
tinhas tido	—	tinhas havido,	thou hadst had
tinha tido	—	tinha havido,	he had had
tinhamos tido	—	tinhamos havido,	we had had
tinheis tido	—	tinheis havido,	you had had
tinhão tido	—	tinhão havido,	they had had.
Future.
terei	or	haverei,	I shall have
terás	—	haverás,	thou shalt have
terá	—	haverá,	he shall have
teremos	—	haveremos,	we shall have
tereis	—	havereis,	you shall have
terão	—	haverão,	they shall have.
Compound Future anterior.
hei de ter	or	hei de haver,	I shall (must, will) have.
has de ter	—	has de haver,
ha de ter	—	ha de haver,
havemos de ter	—	havemos de haver,
haveis de ter	—	haveis de haver,
hão de ter	—	hão de haver,
Future past.
terei tido	or	terei havido,	I shall have had
terás tido	—	terás havido,	thou shalt have had
terá tido	—	terá havido,	he shall have had
teremos tido	—	teremos havido,	we shall have had
tereis tido	—	tereis havido,	you shall have had
terão tido	—	terão havido,	they shall have had.
Conditional.
teria	or	haveria,	I should have
terias	—	haverias,	thou shouldst have
teria	—	haveria,	he should have
teriamos	—	haveriamos,	we should have
terieis	—	haverieis,	you should have
terião	—	haverião,	they should have.
Conditional past.
teria tido	or	teria havido,	I should have had.
terias tido	—	terias havido,
teria tido	—	teria havido,
teriamos tido	—	teriamos havido,
terieis tido	—	terieis havido,
terião tido	—	terião havido,

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que tenha	or	haja,	that I may have
tenhas	—	hajas,	that thou mayest have
tenha	—	haja,	that he may have
tenhamos	—	hajamos,	that we may have
tenhais	—	hajais,	that you may have
tenhão	—	hajão,	that they may have.
Imperfect.
que tivéra	or	houvéra,	that I might have
tivéras	—	houvéras,	that thou mightst have
tivéra	—	houvéra,	that he might have
tivéramos	—	houvéramos,	that we might have
tivéreis	—	houvéreis,	that you might have
tivérão	—	houvérão,	that they might have.
Past definite.
que tivesse	or	houvesse,	that I may have had
tivesses	—	houvesses,	that thou mayest have had
tivesse	—	houvesse,	that he may have had
tivessemos	—	houvessemos,	that we may have had
tivesseis	—	houvesseis,	that you may have had
tivessem	—	houvessem,	that they may have had.
Past indefinite.
que tenha tido	or	tenha havido,	that I may have had
tenhas tido	—	tenhas havido,	that thou mayest have had
tenha tido	—	tenha havido,	that he may have had
tenhamos tido	—	tenhamos havido,	that we may have had
tenhais tido	—	tenhais havido,	that you may have had
tenhão tido	—	tenhão havido,	that they may have had.
Pluperfect.
que tivesse tido	or	tivesse havido,	that I might have had
tivesses tido	—	tivesses havido,	that thou mightst have had
tivesse tido	—	tivesse havido,	that he might have had
tivessemos tido	—	tivessemos havido,	that we might have had
tivesseis tido	—	tivesseis havido,	that you might have had
tivessem tido	—	tivessem havido,	that they might have had.
Simple Future.
quando eu tiver	or	eu houver,	when I shall have
tu tiveres	—	tu houveres,	when thou shalt have
elle tiver	—	elle houver,	when he shall have
nos tivermos	—	nos houvermos,	when we shall have
vos tiverdes	—	vos houverdes,	when you shall have
elles tiverem	—	elles houverem,	when they shall have.
Compound Future.
que haja de ter	or	haja de haver,	that I shall have
hajas de ter	—	hajas de haver,	that thou shalt have
haja de ter	—	haja de haver,	that he shall have
hajamos de ter	—	hajamos de haver,	that we shall have
hajais de ter	—	hajais de haver,	that you shall have
hajão de ter	—	hajão de haver,	that they shall have.

Future past.
quando (se)	eu tiver tido	or	tiver havido,	when I shall have had
	tu tiveres tido	—	tiveres havido,	when thou shalt have had
	elle tiver tido	—	tiver havido,	when he shall have had
	nos tivermos tido	—	tivermos havido,	when we shall have had
	vos tiverdes tido	—	tiverdes havido,	when you shall have had
	elles tiverem tido	—	tiverem havido,	when they shall have had.

Imperative.
First Person: wanting.
tem tu	or	hajas tu,	have thou
tenha elle	—	haja elle (ella),	let him (her) have
tenhamos nós	—	hajamos nós,	let us have
tende vós	—	havei vós,	have ye
tenhão elles	—	hajão elles (ellas),	let them have.

Obs. All Verbs composed of ter, are conjugated like it, as: conter, deter, manter, obter, reter etc.

Examples.

Tenho pão[439]. Tens carne[440]. Elle tem vinho[441]. Tinhamos ameixas[442]. Eu tive morangos[443]. Elle teve uma laranja[444]. Tivemos framboezas[445]. Elles tiverão figos[446]. Hei de ter groselhas[447]. Meu irmão[448] ha de ter nozes[449]. Minhas irmãas[450] hão de ter nesperas[451]. Eu teria vacca[452]. Meu amigo[453] teria vitella[454]. Tereis assado[455]. Elles terião presunto[456]. Tenha elle pastel[457]. Tenhão elles ovos[458]. Tenhamos bolo[459]. Tende vós salada[460]. Que eu tivesse pimenta[461]. Que tu tivesses vinagre[462]. Que elle tivesse azeite[463]. Que nós tivessemos mostarda[464]. Que vós tivesseis assucar[465]. Que elles tivessem especiarias[466].

Exercises.

I have beer[467]. Thou hast fruit[468]. He has apples[469]. We have a pear[470]. You have peaches[471]. They have cherries[472]. I had grapes[473]. Thou hadst almonds[474]. He had mulberries[475]. We had an apricot[476]. You had cheese[477]. They had milk[478]. I shall have hazelnuts[479]. My brother will have butter[480]. We shall have chestnuts[481]. You will have a lemon[482]. Our gardener[483] will have celery[484]. I would have cake. Thou wouldst have salad. He would have onions[485]. Our game keeper[486] would have venison[487]. We would have sour cherries[488]. You would have raisins[489]. Our cooks[490] would have olives[491]. That our friends[492] have a rosetree[493]. That we have a myrtle[494]. That you have an apricot-tree[495]. That our sisters have a bouquet[496]. That I had cream[497]. That thou hadst salt[498]. That he had coffee[499]. That we had tea[500]. That she had chocolate[501]. Have courage[502]. He may have a book[503]. Let us have patience[504]. Have a watermelon[505]. Let them have a melon[506].

Examples.

Tenho por ventura[507] uma faca[508]? Tens tu um garfo[509]? Tendes vós guardanapos[510]? Tem elles uma toalha[511]? Tinha eu um prato[512]? Tem ella um copo[513]? Temos nós copos? Tendes vós ouro[514]? Tem elles prata[515]? Tinha eu uma colher[516]? Tinhamos nós uma garrafa[517]? Tinhão elles ferro[518]? Tive eu aço[519]? Tivestes vós chumbo[520]? Terei eu papel[521]? Terás tu pennas[522]? Vosso amigo terá o seu canivete[523]? Teremos nós livros? Tereis vós tinta[524]? Suas irmãas, terão uma casa[525]? Teria eu uma flor[526]? Tereis vós um jardim[527]?

Exercises.

Have I by accident a chamber[528]? Hast thou a castle[529]? Has he a tree[530]? Have we money[531]? Are you (have you) thirsty[532]? Have thy friends a sword? Had I an opportunity[533]? Hadst thou a razor[534]? Had you a horse[535]? Had you permission[536]? Would I have a tankard[537]? Would she have a cat[538]? Would we have a goat[539]? Would you have a cow[540]? Would they have an ox[541]? Would I have had a mule[542]? Wouldst thou have had a dog[543]?

6.
Conjugation of the Verbs “ser” and “estar”, to be.

Infinitive Mood.
Present.	ser	or	estar,	to be.
Past.	ter sido	—	ter estado,	to have been.
Gerund.	sendo	—	estando,	being.
Participles.	sido, sida	—	estado, estada,	been.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu sou	or	estou,	I am
tu es	—	estás,	thou art
elle (ella) he	—	está,	he (she) is
nós somos	—	estamos,	we are
vós sois	—	estais,	you are
elles (ellas) são	—	estão,	they are.
Imperfect.
era	or	estava,	I was
eras	—	estavas,	thou wast
era	—	estava,	he was
eramos	—	estavamos,	we were
ereis	—	estaveis,	you were
erão	—	estavão,	they were.
Past definite.
fui	or	estive,	I have been
foste	—	estiveste,	thou hast been
foi	—	esteve,	he has been
fomos	—	estivemos,	we have been
fostes	—	estivestes,	you have been
forão	—	estiverão,	they have been.
Past indefinite.
tenho sido	or	tenho estado,	I have been
tens sido	—	tens estado,	thou hast been
tem sido	—	tem estado,	he has been
temos sido	—	temos estado,	we have been
tendes sido	—	tendes estado,	you have been
tem sido	—	tem estado,	they have been.
Past anterior.
fora	or	estivera,	I had been
foras	—	estiveras,	thou hadst been
fora	—	estivera,	he had been
foramos	—	estiveramos,	we had been
foreis	—	estivereis,	you had been
forão	—	estiverão,	they had been.
Pluperfect.
tinha sido	or	tinha estado,	I had been
tinhas sido	—	tinhas estado,	thou hadst been
tinha sido	—	tinha estado,	he had been
tinhamos sido	—	tinhamos estado,	we had been
tinheis sido	—	tinheis estado,	you had been
tinhão sido	—	tinhão estado,	they had been.
Future.
serei	or	estarei,	I shall be
serás	—	estarás,	thou shalt be
será	—	estará,	he shall be
seremos	—	estaremos,	we shall be
sereis	—	estareis,	you shall be
serão	—	estarão,	they shall be.
Future anterior.
hei de ser	or	hei de estar,	I shall be
has de ser	—	has de estar,	thou shalt be
ha de ser	—	ha de estar,	he shall be
havemos de ser	—	havemos de estar,	we shall be
haveis de ser	—	haveis de estar,	you shall be
hão de ser	—	hão de estar,	they shall be.
Future past.
terei sido	or	terei estado,	I shall have been
terás sido	—	terás estado,	thou shalt have been
terá sido	—	terá estado,	he shall have been
teremos sido	—	teremos estado,	we shall have been
tereis sido	—	tereis estado,	you shall have been
terão sido	—	terão estado,	they shall have been.
Conditional.
seria	or	estaria,	I should be
serias	—	estarias,	thou shouldst be
seria	—	estaria,	he should be
seriamos	—	estariamos,	we should be
serieis	—	estarieis,	you should be
serião	—	estarião,	they should be.
Conditional past.
teria sido	or	teria estado,	I should have been
terias sido	—	terias estado,	thou shouldst have been
teria sido	—	teria estado,	he should have been
teriamos sido	—	teriamos estado,	we should have been
terieis sido	—	terieis estado,	you should have been
terião sido	—	terião estado,	they should have been.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que seja	or	esteja,	that I may be
sejas	—	estejas,	that thou mayest be
seja	—	esteja,	that he may be
sejamos	—	estejamos,	that we may be
sejais	—	estejais,	that you may be
sejão	—	estejão,	that they may be.
Imperfect.
que fora	or	estivera,	that I might be
foras	—	estiveras,	that thou mightst be
fora	—	estivera,	that he might be
foramos	—	estiveramos,	that we might be
foreis	—	estivereis,	that you might be
forão	—	estiverão,	that they might be.
Past definite.
que fosse	or	estivesse,	that I may have been
fosses	—	estivesses,	that thou mayest have been
fosse	—	estivesse,	that he may have been
fossemos	—	estivessemos,	that we may have been
fosseis	—	estivesseis,	that you may have been
fossem	—	estivessem,	that they may have been.
Past indefinite.
que tenha sido	or	tenha estado,	that I may have been
tenhas sido	—	tenhas estado,	that thou mayest have been
tenha sido	—	tenha estado,	that he may have been
tenhamos sido	—	tenhamos estado,	that we may have been
tenhais sido	—	tenhais estado,	that you may have been
tenhão sido	—	tenhão estado,	that they may have been.
Pluperfect.
que tivesse sido	or	tivesse estado,	that I might have been
tivesses sido	—	tivesses estado,	that thou mightst have been
tivesse sido	—	tivesse estado,	that he might have been
tivessemos sido	—	tivessemos estado,	that we might have been
tivesseis sido	—	tivesseis estado,	that you might have been
tivessem sido	—	tivessem estado,	that they might have been.
Simple Future.
que for	or	estiver,	that I shall be
fores	—	estiveres,	that thou shalt be
for	—	estiver,	that he shall be
formos	—	estivermos,	that we shall be
fordes	—	estiverdes,	that you shall be
forem	—	estiverem,	that they shall be.
Compound Future.
que haja de ser	or	haja de estar,	that I shall be.
hajas de ser	—	hajas de estar,
haja de ser	—	haja de estar,
hajamos de ser	—	hajamos de estar,
hajais de ser	—	hajais de estar,
hajão de ser	—	hajão de estar

Future past.
quando	tiver sido	or	tiver estado,	when I shall have been
	tiveres sido	—	tiveres estado,	when thou shalt have been
	tiver sido	—	tiver estado,	when he shall have been
	tivermos sido	—	tivermos estado,	when we shall have been
	tiverdes sido	—	tiverdes estado,	when you shall have been
	tiverem sido	—	tiverem estado,	when they shall have been.

Imperative.
sê tu	or	está tu,	be thou
seja elle	—	esteja elle,	let him be
sejamos nós	—	estejamos nós,	let us be
sede vós	—	estai vós,	be ye
sejão elles	—	estejão elles,	let them be.

7.
The Regular Verbs.

Active Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

Amar, to love.

Infinitive Mood.
Present.	amar,	to love.
Perfect.	ter amado,	to have loved.
Gerund.	amando,	loving.
Participles.	amado, amada,	loved.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
amo,	I love
amas,	thou lovest
ama,	he loves
amamos,	we love
amais,	you love
amão,	they love.
Imperfect.
amava,	I loved
amavas,	thou lovest
amava,	he loved
amávamos,	we loved
amaveis,	you loved
amavão,	they loved.
Past definite.
amei,	I have loved
amaste,	thou hast loved
amou,	he has loved
amámos,	we have loved
amastes,	you have loved
amárão,	they have loved.
Past indefinite.
tenho amado,	I have loved
tens amado,	thou hast loved
tem amado,	he has loved
temos amado,	we have loved
tendes amado,	you have loved
tem amado,	they have loved.
Past anterior.
amára,	I had loved
amáras,	thou hadst loved
amára,	he had loved
amáramos,	we had loved
amáreis,	you had loved
amárão,	they had loved.
Pluperfect.
tinha amado,	I had loved
tinhas amado,	thou hadst loved
tinha amado,	he had loved
tinhamos amado,	we had loved
tinheis amado,	you have loved
tinhão amado,	they have loved.
Future.
amarei,	I shall love
amarás,	thou shalt love
amará,	he shall love
amaremos,	we shall love
amareis,	you shall love
amarão,	they shall love.
Future anterior.
hei de amar,	I shall love
has de amar,	thou shalt love
ha de amar,	he shall love
havemos de amar,	we shall love
haveis de amar,	you shall love
hão de amar,	they shall love.
Future past.
terei amado,	I shall have loved
terás amado,	thou shalt have loved
terá amado,	he shall have loved
teremos amado,	we shall have loved
tereis amado,	you shall have loved
terão amado,	they shall have loved.
Conditional.
amaria,	I should love
amarias,	thou shouldst love
amaria,	he should love
amariamos,	we should love
amarieis,	you should love
amarião,	they should love.
Conditional past.
teria amado,	I should have loved
terias amado,	thou shouldst have loved
teria amado,	he should have loved
teriamos amado,	we should have loved
terieis amado,	you should have loved
terião amado,	they should have loved.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	ame,	that I may love
	ames,	that thou mayest love
	ame,	that he may love
	amemos,	that we may love
	ameis,	that you may love
	amem,	that they may love.
Imperfect.
que	amára,	that I might love
	amáras,	that thou mightst love
	amára,	that he might love
	amáramos,	that we might love
	amáreis,	that you might love
	amárão,	that they might love.
Past definite.
que	amasse,	that I may have loved
	amasses,	that thou mayest have loved
	amasse,	that he may have loved
	amassemos,	that we may have loved
	amasseis,	that you may have loved
	amassem,	that they may have loved.
Past indefinite.
que	tenha amado,	that I may have loved
	tenhas amado,	that thou mayest have loved
	tenha amado,	that he may have loved
	tenhamos amado,	that we may have loved
	tenhais amado,	that you may have loved
	tenhão amado,	that they may have loved.
Pluperfect.
que	tivesse amado,	that I might have loved
	tivesses amado,	that thou mightst have loved
	tivesse amado,	that he might have loved
	tivessemos amado,	that we might have loved
	tivesseis amado,	that you might have loved
	tivessem amado,	that they might have loved.
Future.
que	amar,	when I shall love
	amares,	when thou shalt love
	amar,	when he shall love
	amarmos,	when we shall love
	amardes,	when you shall love
	amarem,	when they shall love.
Compound Future.
que	haja de amar,	that I shall love
	hajas de amar,	that thou shalt love
	haja de amar,	that he shall love
	hajamos de amar,	that we shall love
	hajais de amar,	that you shall love
	hajão de amar,	that they shall love.
Future past.
que	tiver amado,	when I shall have loved
	tiveres amado,	when thou shalt have loved
	tiver amado,	when he shall have loved
	tivermos amado,	when we shall have loved
	tiverdes amado,	when you shall have loved
	tiverem amado,	when they shall have loved.

Imperative.
ama tu,	love thou
ame elle,	let him love
amemos nós,	let us love
amai vós,	love ye
amem elles,	let them love.

8.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
Receber, to receive.

Infinitive Mood.
Present.	receber,	to receive.
Past.	ter recebido,	to have received.
Gerund.	recebendo,	receiving.
Participles.	recebido, -a,	received.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu recebo,	I receive
tu recebes,	thou receivest
elle recebe,	he receives
nós recebemos,	we receive
vós recebeis,	you receive
elles recebem,	they receive.
Imperfect.
recebia,	I received
recebias,	thou receivedst
recebia,	he received
recebiamos,	we received
recebieis,	you received
recebião,	they received.
Past definite.
recebi,	I have received
recebeste,	thou hast received
recebeo,	he has received
recebémos,	we have received
recebestes,	you have received
receberão,	they have received.
Past indefinite.
tenho recebido,	I have received
tens recebido,	thou hast received
tem recebido,	he has received
temos recebido,	we have received
tendes recebido,	you have rec.
tem recebido,	they have received.
Past anterior.
recebera,	I had received
receberas,	thou hadst received
recebera,	he had received
receberamos,	we had received
recebereis,	you had received
receberão,	they had received.
Pluperfect.
tinha recebido,	I had received
tinhas recebido,	thou hadst rec.
tinha recebido,	he had received
tinhamos recebido,	we had rec.
tinheis recebido,	you had rec.
tinhão recebido,	they had rec.
Future.
receberei,	I shall receive
receberás,	thou shalt receive
receberá,	he shall receive
receberemos,	we shall receive
recebereis,	you shall receive
receberão,	they shall receive.
Future anterior.
hei de receber,	I shall receive
has de receber,	thou shall rec.
ha de receber,	he shall rec.
havemos de receber,	we shall rec.
haveis de receber,	you shall rec.
hão de receber,	they shall rec.
Future past.
terei recebido,	I shall have rec.
terás recebido,	thou shalt have rec.
terá recebido,	he shall have rec.
teremos recebido,	we shall have rec.
tereis recebido,	you shall have rec.
terão recebido,	they shall have rec.

Conditional.
receberia,	I should receive
receberias,	thou shouldst receive
receberia,	he should receive
receberiamos,	we should receive
receberieis,	you should receive
receberião,	they should receive.
Conditional past.
teria recebido,	I should have received
terias recebido,	thou shouldst have received
teria recebido,	he should have received
teriamos recebido,	we should have received
terieis recebido,	you should have received
terião recebido,	they should have received.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	receba,	that I may receive
	recebas,	that thou mayest receive
	receba,	that he may receive
	recebamos,	that we may receive
	recebais,	that you may receive
	recebão,	that they may receive.
Imperfect.
que	recebéra,	that I might receive
	recebéras,	that thou mightst receive
	recebéra,	that he might receive
	recebéremos,	that we might receive
	recebéreis,	that you might receive
	recebérão,	that they might receive.
Past definite.
que	recebesse,	that I may have received
	recebesses,	that thou mayest have received
	recebesse,	that he may have received
	recebessemos,	that we may have received
	recebesseis,	that you may have received
	recebessem,	that they may have received.
Past indefinite.
que	tenha recebido,	that I may have received
	tenhas recebido,	that thou mayest have received
	tenha recebido,	that he may have received
	tenhamos recebido,	that we may have received
	tenhais recebido,	that you may have received
	tenhão recebido,	that they may have received.
Pluperfect.
que	tivesse recebido,	that I might have received
	tivesses recebido,	that thou mightst have received
	tivesse recebido,	that he might have received
	tivessemos recebido,	that we might have received
	tivesseis recebido,	that you might have received
	tivessem recebido,	that they might have received.
Future.
quando	receber,	when I shall receive
	receberes,	when thou shalt receive
	receber,	when he shall receive
	recebermos,	when we shall receive
	receberdes,	when you shall receive
	receberem,	when they shall receive.
Compound Future.
que	haja de receber,	that I shall receive
	hajas de receber,	that thou shalt receive
	haja de receber,	that he shall receive
	hajamos de receber,	that we shall receive
	hajais de receber,	that you shall receive
	hajão de receber,	that they shall receive.
Future past.
quando	tiver recebido,	when I shall have received
	tiveres recebido,	when thou shalt have received
	tiver recebido,	when he shall have received
	tivermos recebido,	when we shall have received
	tiverdes recebido,	when you shall have received
	tiverem recebido,	when they shall have received.

Imperative Mood.
recebe tu,	receive thou
receba elle,	let him receive
recebamos nós,	let us receive
recebei vós,	receive ye
recebão,	let them receive.

9.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
Partir, to divide.

Infinitive Mood.
Present.	partir,	to divide.
Past.	ter partido,	to have divided.
Gerund.	partindo,	dividing.
Participles.	partido, partida,	divided.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
parto,	I divide
partes,	thou dividest
parte,	he divides
partimos,	we divide
partis,	you divide
partem,	they divide.
Imperfect.
partia,	I divided
partias,	thou dividedst
partia,	he divided
partiamos,	we divided
partieis,	you divided
partião,	they divided.
Past definite.
parti,	I have divided
partiste,	thou hast divided
partio,	he has divided
partimos,	we have divided
partistes,	you have divided
partirão,	they have divided.
Past indefinite.
tenho partido,	I have divided
tens partido,	thou hast divided
tem partido,	he has divided
temos partido,	we have divided
tendes partido,	you have divided
tem partido,	they have divided.
Past anterior.
partira,	I had divided
partiras,	thou hadst divided
partira,	he had divided
partiramos,	we had divided
partireis,	you had divided
partirão,	they had divided.
Pluperfect.
tinha partido,	I had divided
tinhas partido,	thou hadst divided
tinha partido,	he had divided
tinhamos partido,	we had divided
tinheis partido,	you had divided
tinhão partido,	they had divided.
Future.
partirei,	I shall divide
partirás,	thou shalt divide
partirá,	he shall divide
partiremos,	we shall divide
partireis,	you shall divide
partirão,	they shall divide.
Future anterior.
hei de partir,	I shall divide
has de partir,	thou shalt divide
ha de partir,	he shall divide
havemos de partir,	we shall divide
haveis de partir,	you shall divide
hão de partir,	they shall divide.
Future past.
terei partido,	I shall have divided
terás partido,	thou shalt have divided
terá partido,	he shall have divided
teremos partido,	we shall have divided
tereis partido,	you shall have divided
terão partido,	they shall have divided.

Conditional.
partiria,	I should divide
partirias,	thou shouldst divide
partiria,	he should divide
partiriamos,	we should divide
partirieis,	you should divide
partirião,	they should divide.
Conditional past.
teria partido,	I should have divided
terias partido,	thou shouldst have divided
teria partido,	he should have divided
teriamos partido,	we should have divided
terieis partido,	you should have divided
terião partido,	they should have divided.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	parta,	that I may divide
	partas,	that thou mayest divide
	parta,	that he may divide
	partamos,	that we may divide
	partais,	that you may divide
	partão,	that they may divide.
Imperfect.
que	partira,	that I might divide
	partiras,	that thou mightst divide
	partira,	that he might divide
	partiramos,	that we might divide
	partireis,	that you might divide
	partirão,	that they might divide.
Past definite.
que	partisse,	that I may have divided
	partisses,	that thou mayest have divided
	partisse,	that he may have divided
	partissemos,	that we may have divided
	partisseis,	that you may have divided
	partissem,	that they may have divided.
Past lndefinite.
que	tenha partido,	that I may have divided
	tenhas partido,	that thou mayest have divided
	tenha partido,	that he may have divided
	tenhamos partido,	that we may have divided
	tenhais partido,	that you may have divided
	tenhão partido,	that they may have divided.
Pluperfect.
que	tivesse partido,	that I might have divided
	tivesses partido,	that thou mightst have divided
	tivesse partido,	that he might have divided
	tivessemos partido,	that we might have divided
	tivesseis partido,	that you might have divided
	tivessem partido,	that they might have divided.
Future.
quando	partir,	when I shall divide
	partires,	when thou shalt divide
	partir,	when he shall divide
	partirmos,	when we shall divide
	partirdes,	when you shall divide
	partirem,	when they shall divide.
Compound Future.
que	haja de partir,	that I shall divide
	hajas de partir,	that thou shalt divide
	haja de partir,	that he shall divide
	hajamos de partir,	that we shall divide
	hajais de partir,	that you shall divide
	hajão de partir,	that they shall divide.
Future past.
quando	tiver partido,	when I shall have divided
	tiveres partido,	when thou shalt have divided
	tiver partido,	when he shall have divided
	tivermos partido,	when we shall have divided
	tiverdes partido,	when you shall have divided
	tiverem partido,	when they shall have divided.
Imperative Mood.
	parte tu,	divide thou
	parta elle,	let him divide
	partamos nós,	let us divide
	parti vós,	divide ye
	partão elles,	let them divide.

10.
The Passive Verbs.

The Passive Verb is conjugated in all its tenses by the Auxiliary Verb “ser” to be, to become, to which is added the Participle of the Passive Verb, as:

sou amado	I am loved
tu es amado	thou art loved
serei amado	I shall be loved
eu seria amado	I should be loved.

11.
The Neuter Verbs.

are conjugated with the Auxiliary Verb “ter” to have, as:

tenho dormido	—	I have slept
tenho cahido	—	I have fallen
eu tenho chegado	—	I have arrived.

They are otherwise conjugated like the Active Verbs: amar, receber, partir.

12.
The Reflective Verbs.

are conjugated with “ter” and the Pronouns

me,	me
te,	thee
se,	it
nos,	we
vos,	you.

Lembrar-se, to remember.

Infinitive Mood.
Present.	lembrar-se,	to remember.
Past.	ter-se lembrado,	to have remembered.
Gerund.	lembrando-se,	remembering.
Participle.	lembrado, lembrada,	remembered.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu me lembro,	I remember
tu te lembras,	thou rememberst
elle se rembra,	he remembers
nós nos lembramos,	we remember
vós vos lembrais,	you remember
elles se lembrão,	they remember.
Imperfect.
eu me lembrava,	I remembered
tu te lembravas,	thou rememberedst
elle se lembrava,	he remembered
nós nos lembravamos,	we remembered
vós vos lembraveis,	you remembered
elles se lembravão,	they remembered.
Past definite.
eu me lembrei,	I have remembered
tu te lembraste,	thou hast remembered
elle se lembrou,	he has remembered
nós nos lembramos,	we have remembered
vós vos lembrastes,	you have remembered
elles se lembrárão,	they have remembered.
Past indefinite.
eu me tenho lembrado,	I have remembered
tu te tens lembrado,	thou hast remembered
elle se tem lembrado,	he has remembered
nós nos temos lembrado,	we have remembered
vós vos tendes lembrado,	you have remembered
elles se tem lembrado,	they have remembered.
Past anterior.
eu me lembrára,	I had remembered
tu te lembráras,	thou hadst remembered
elle se lembrára,	he had remembered
nós nos lembráramos,	we had remembered
vós vos lembráreis,	you had remembered
elles se lembrárão,	they had remembered.
Pluperfect.
eu me tinha lembrado,	I had remembered
tu te tinhas lembrado,	thou hadst remembered
elle se tinha lembrado,	he had remembered
nós nos tinhamos lembrado,	we had remembered
vós vos tinheis lembrado,	you had remembered
elles se tinhão lembrado,	they had remembered.
Future.
eu me lembrarei,	I shall remember
tu te lembrarás,	thou shalt remember
elle se lembrará,	he shall remember
nós nos lembraremos,	we shall remember
vós vos lembrareis,	you shall remember
elles se lembrarão,	they shall remember.
Future anterior.
eu me hei de lembrar,	I shall remember
tu te has de lembrar,	thou shalt remember
elle se ha de lembrar,	he shall remember
nós nos havemos de lembrar,	we shall remember
vós vos haveis de lembrar,	you shall remember
elles se hão de lembrar,	they shall remember.
Future past.
eu me terei lembrado,	I shall have remembered
tu te terás lembrado,	thou shalt have remembered
elle se terá lembrado,	he shall have remembered
nós nos teremos lembrado,	we shall have remembered
vós vos tereis lembrado,	you shall have remembered
elles se terão lembrado,	they shall have remembered.
Conditional.
eu me lembraria,	I should remember
tu te lembrarias,	thou shouldst remember
elle se lembraria,	he should remember
nós nos lembrariamos,	we should remember
vós vos lembrarieis,	you should remember
elles se lembrarião,	they should remember.
Conditional past.
eu me teria lembrado,	I should have remembered
tu te terias lembrado,	thou shouldst have remembered
elle se teria lembrado,	he should have remembered
nós nos teriamos lembrado,	we should have remembered
vós vos terieis lembrado,	you should have remembered
elles se terião lembrado,	they should have remembered.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu me lembre,	that I may remember
	tu te lembres,	that thou mayest remember
	elle se lembre,	that he may remember
	nós nos lembremos,	that we may remember
	vós vos lembreis,	that you may remember
	elles se lembrem,	that they may remember.
Imperfect.
que	eu me lembrasse,	that I might remember
	tu te lembrasses,	that thou mightst remember
	elle se lembrasse,	that he might remember
	nós nos lembrassemos,	that we might remember
	vós vos lembrasseis,	that you might remember
	elles se lembrassem,	that they might remember.
Past indefinite.
que	eu me tenha lembrado	that I may have remembered.
	tu te tenhas lembrado
	elle se tenha lembrado
	nós nos tenhamos lembrado
	vós vos tenhais lembrado
	elles se tenhão lembrado
Pluperfect.
que	eu me tivesse lembrado	that I might have remembered.
	tu te tivesses lembrado
	elle se tivesse lembrado
	nós nos tivessemos lembrado
	vós vos tivesseis lembrado
	elles se tivessem lembrado
Future.
quando	eu me lembrar	when I shall remember.
	tu te lembrares
	elle se lembrar
	nós nos lembrarmos
	vós vos lembrardes
	elles se lembrarem
Compound Future.
que	eu me haja de lembrar	that I shall remember.
	tu te hajas de lembrar
	elle se haja de lembrar
	nós nos hajamos de lembrar
	vós vos hajeis de lembrar
	elles se hajão de lembrar
Future past.
quando	eu me tiver lembrado	when I shall have remembered.
	tu te tiveres lembrado
	elle se tiver lembrado
	nós nos tivermos lembrado
	vós vos tiverdes lembrado
	elles se tiverem lembrado
Imperative Mood.
	lembra-te tu,	remember thou
	lembre-se elle,	let him remember
	lembremos-nos nós,	let us remember
	lembrai-vos vós,	remember ye
	lembrem-se elles,	let them remember.

Observ. In all the simple tenses of the Indicative Mood, is it unimportant whether the Pronouns me, te, se, nos, vos stand before or after the Verb, and one may therefore say either: eu me lembro, or eu lembro-me, eu me lembrava and eu lembrava-me, but in the compound tenses as well as in the Subjunctive and Imperative Mood they must stand before the Verb, as: eu me tenho lembrado, que eu me lembre, que eu me lembrasse.

13.
Irregular Verbs.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

1. Dar, to give.[544]

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu dou,	I give
tu dás,	thou givest
elle dá,	he gives
nós damos,	we give
vós dais,	you give
elles dão,	they give.
Past definite.
eu dei,	I have given
tu déste,	thou hast given
elle deo,	he has given
nós demos,	we have given
vós déstes,	you have given
elles dérão,	they have given.
Past anterior.
eu dera,	I had given
tu deras,	thou hadst given
elle dera,	he had given
nós deramos,	we had given
vós dereis,	you had given
elles derão,	they had given.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu dê,	that I may give
	tu dês,	that thou mayest give
	elle dê,	that he may give
	nós dêmos,	that we may give
	vós deis,	that you may give
	elles dem,	that they may give.
Imperfect.
que	eu dera,	that I might give
	tu deras,	that thou mightst give
	elle dera,	that he might give
	nós deramos,	that we might give
	vós dereis,	that you might give
	elles derão,	that they might give.
Past.
que	eu désse,	that I may have given
	tu désses,	that thou mayest have given
	elle désse,	that he may have given
	nós dessemos,	that we may have given
	vós desseis,	that you may have given
	elles dessem,	that they may have given.
Future.
quando	eu der,	when I shall give
	tu deres,	when thou shalt give
	elle der,	when he shall give
	nós dermos,	when we shall give
	vós derdes,	when you shall give
	elles derem,	when they shall give.

2. The Verbs ending in “car”

have no other irregularity than that they change the c every time into qu, if an e follows in the conjugation, as:

ficar,	to remain,
fiquei (not ficei),	I have remained,
que eu figue (not fice),	that I may remain;

this irregularity is only maintained for the purpose of keeping the same pronunciation for the Verb throughout, which would otherwise not be the case.

3. The Verbs ending in “gar”

change the g, if followed by an e, into gu, for the sake of Pronunciation.

4. The Verbs ending in “iar”

take an e before i in all persons of the Indicative Mood, as:

premiar, to reward,

premeio, premeias, premeia, premeiamos etc.

14.
SECOND CONJUGATION.

5. Dizer, to say.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu digo,	I say
tu dizes,	thou sayest
elle diz,	he says
nós dizemos,	we say
vós dizeis,	you say
elles dizem,	they say.
Past definite.
eu disse,	I have said
tu disseste,	thou hast said
elle disse,	he has said
nós dissemos,	we have said
vós dissestes,	you have said
elles disserão,	they have said.
Past anterior.
eu dissera,	I had said
tu disseras,	thou hadst said
elle dissera,	he had said
nós disseramos,	we had said
vós disserais,	you had said
elles disserão,	they had said.
Future.
eu direi,	I shall say
tu dirás,	thou shalt say
elle dirá,	he shall say
nós diremos,	we shall say
vós direis,	you shall say
elles dirão,	they shall say.
Conditional.
eu diria,	I would say
tu dirias,	thou wouldst say
elle diria,	he would say
nós diriamos,	we would say
vós dirieis,	you would say
elles dirião,	they would say.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu diga,	that I may say
	tu digas,	that thou mayest say
	elle diga,	that he may say
	nós digamos,	that we may say
	vós digais,	that you may say
	elles digão,	that they may say.
Imperfect.
que	eu dissera,	that I might say
	tu disseras,	that thou mightst say
	elle dissera,	that he might say
	nós disseramos,	that we might say
	vós disserais,	that you might say
	elles disserão,	that they might say.
Past.
que	eu dissesse,	that I may have said
	tu dissesses,	that thou mayest have said
	elle dissesse,	that he may have said
	nós dissessemos,	that we may have said
	vós dissesseis,	that you may have said
	elles dissessem,	that they may have said.
Future.
quando	eu disser,	when I shall say
	tu disseres,	when thou shalt say
	elle disser,	when he shall say
	nós dissermos,	when we shall say
	vós disserdes,	when you shall say
	elles disserem,	when they shall say.
Imperative Mood.
	dize-tu,	say thou
	diga-elle,	let him say
	digamos-nós,	let us say
	dizei-vós,	say ye
	digão-elles,	let them say.

Participle: dito, dita, said.

All Verbs composed of dizer are conjugated in the same manner, as: contradizer, desdizer, etc.

6.Fazer, to do, to make.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu faço,	I do
tu fazes,	thou doest
elle faz,	he does
nós fazemos,	we do
vós fazeis,	you do
elles fazem,	they do.
Past definite.
eu fiz,	I have done
tu fizeste,	thou hast done
elle fez,	he has done
nós fizemos,	we have done
vós fizestes,	you have done
elles fizerão,	they have done.
Pluperfect.
eu fizera,	I had done
tu fizeras,	thou hadst done
elle fizera,	he had done
nós fizeramos,	we had done
vós fizereis,	you had done
elles fizerão,	they had done.
Future.
eu farei,	I shall do
tu farás,	thou shalt do
elle fará,	he shall do
nós faremos,	we shall do
vós fareis,	you shall do
elles farão,	they shall do.
Conditional.
eu faria,	I would do
tu farias,	thou wouldst do
elle faria,	he would do
nós fariamos,	we would do
vós farieis,	you would do
elles farião,	they would do.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu faça,	that I may do
	tu faças,	that thou mayest do
	elle faça,	that he may do
	nós façamos,	that we may do
	vós façais,	that you may do
	elles fação,	that they may do.
Imperfect.
que	eu fizera,	that I might do
	tu fizeras,	that thou mightst do
	elle fizera,	that he might do
	nós fizeramos,	that we might do
	vós fizerais,	that you might do
	elles fizerão,	that they might do.
Perfect.
que	eu fizesse,	that I may have done
	tu fizesses,	that thou mayest have done
	elle fizesse,	that he may have done
	nós fizéssemos,	that we may have done
	vós fizesseis,	that you may have done
	elles fizessem,	that they may have done.
Future.
quando	eu fizer,	when I shall do
	tu fizeres,	when thou shalt do
	elle fizer,	when he shall do
	nós fizermos,	when we shall do
	vós fizerdes,	when you shall do
	elles fizerem,	when they shall do.
Imperative Mood.
	faze-tu,	do thou
	faça elle,	let him do
	façamos-nós,	let us do
	fazei-vós,	do ye
	fação elles,	let them do.

Participle: feito, feita, done.

7. Poder, to be able to, can.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu posso,	I can
tu podes,	thou canst
elle póde,	he can
nós podemos,	we can
vós podeis,	you can
elles podem,	they can.
Perfect.
eu pude,	I have been able
tu pudeste,	thou hast been able
elle pode,	he has been able
nós pudemos,	we have been able
vós pudestes,	you have been able
elles puderão,	they have been able.
Pluperfect.
eu pudera,	I had been able
tu puderas,	thou hadst been able
elle pudera,	he had been able
nós puderamos,	we have been able
vós pudereis,	you had been able
elle puderão,	they had been able.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu possa,	that I may be able
	tu possas,	that thou mayest be able
	elle possa,	that he may be able
	nós possamos,	that we may be able
	vós possais,	that you may be able
	elles possão,	that they may be able.
Imperfect.
que	eu pudera,	that I might be able
	tu puderas,	that thou mightst be able
	elle pudera,	that he might be able
	nós puderamos,	that we might be able
	vós pudereis,	that you might be able
	elles puderão,	that they might be able.
Perfect.
que	eu pudesse,	that I may have been able
	tu pudesses,	that thou mayest have been able
	elle pudesse,	that he may have been able
	nós pudessemos,	that we may have been able
	vós pudesseis,	that you may have been able
	elles pudessem,	that they may have been able.
Future.
quando	eu puder,	if I could be able
	tu puderes,	if thou couldst be able
	elle puder,	if he could be able
	nós pudermos,	if we could be able
	vós puderdes,	if you could be able
	elles puderem,	if they could be able.

8. Querer, to wish, to will.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu quero,	I wish
tu queres,	thou wishest
elle quer,	he wishes
nós queremos,	we wish
vós quereis,	you wish
elles querem,	they wish.
Perfect.
eu quiz,	I have wished
tu quizeste,	thou hast wished
elle quiz,	he has wished
nós quizemos,	we have wished
vós quizestes,	you have wished
elles quizerão,	they have wished.
Pluperfect.
eu quizera,	I had wished
tu quizeras,	thou hadst wished
elle quizera,	he had wished
nós quizeramos,	we had wished
vós quizereis,	you had wished
elles quizerão,	they had wished.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu queira,	that I may wish
	tu queiras,	that thou mayest wish
	elle queira,	that he may wish
	nós queiramos,	that we may wish
	vós queirais,	that you may wish
	elles queirão,	that they may wish.
Imperfect.
que	eu quizera,	that I might wish
	tu quizeras,	that thou mightst wish
	elle quizera,	that he might wish
	nós quizeramos,	that we might wish
	vós quizereis,	that you might wish
	elles quizerão,	that they might wish.
Perfect.
que	eu quizesse,	that I may have wished
	tu quizesses,	that thou mayest have wished
	elle quizesse,	that he may have wished
	nós quizessemos,	that we may have wished
	vós quizesseis,	that you may have wished
	elles quizessem,	that they may have wished.
Future.
quando	eu quizer,	when I shall wish
	tu quizeres,	when thou shalt wish
	elle quizer,	when he shall wish
	nós quizermos,	when we shall wish
	vós quizerdes,	when you shall wish
	elles quizerem,	when they shall wish.
Imperative Mood.
	queiras tu,	wish thou
	queira elle,	let him wish
	queiramos nós,	let us wish
	queirais vós,	wish ye
	queirão elles,	let them wish.

9. Saber, to know.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu sei,	I know
tu sabes,	thou knowest
elle sabe,	he knows
nós sabemos,	we know
vós sabeis,	you know
elles sabem,	they know.
Perfect.
eu soube,	I have known
tu soubeste,	thou hast known
elle soube,	he has known
nós soubemos,	we have known
vós soubestes,	you have known
elles souberão,	they have known.
Pluperfect.
eu soubera,	I had known
tu souberas,	thou hadst known
elle soubera,	he had known
nós souberamos,	we had known
vós soubereis,	you had known
elles souberão,	they had known.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu saiba,	that I may know
	tu saibas,	that thou mayest know
	elle saiba,	that he may know
	nós saibamos,	that we may know
	vós saibais,	that you may know
	elles saibão,	that they may know.
Imperfect.
que	eu soubera,	that I might know
	tu souberas,	that thou mightst know
	elle soubera,	that he might know
	nós souberamos,	that we might know
	vós soubereis,	that you might know
	elles souberão,	that they might know.
Future.
quando	eu souber,	when I shall know
	tu souberes,	when thou shalt know
	elle souber,	when he shall know
	nós soubermos,	when we shall know
	vós souberdes,	when you shall know
	elles souberem,	when they shall know.
Imperative Mood.
	sabe tu,	know thou
	saiba elle,	let him know
	saibamos nós,	let us know
	saibei vós,	know ye
	saibão elles,	let them know.

10. Trazer, to carry, to fetch.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu trago,	I carry
tu trazes,	thou carriest
elle traz,	he carries
nós trazemos,	we carry
vós trazeis,	you carry
elles trazem,	they carry.
Perfect.
eu trouxe,	I have carried
tu trouxeste,	thou hast carried
elle trouxe,	he has carried
nós trouxemos,	we have carried
vós trouxestes,	you have carried
elles trouxerão,	they have carried.
Pluperfect.
eu trouxera,	I had carried
tu trouxeras,	thou hadst carried
elle trouxera,	he had carried
nós trouxeramos,	we had carried
vós trouxereis,	you had carried
elles trouxerão,	they had carried.
Future.
eu trarei,	I shall carry
tu trarás,	thou shalt carry
elle trará,	he shall carry
nós traremos,	we shall carry
vós trareis,	you shall carry
elles trarão,	they shall carry.
Conditional.
eu traria,	I should carry
tu trarias,	thou shouldst carry
elle traria,	he should carry
nós trariamos,	we should carry
vós trarieis,	you should carry
elles trarião,	they should carry.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu traga,	that I may carry
	tu tragas,	that thou mayest carry
	elle traga,	that he may carry
	nós tragamos,	that we may carry
	vós tragais,	that you may carry
	elles tragão,	that they may carry.
Imperfect.
que	eu trouxera,	that I might carry
	tu trouxeras,	that thou mightst carry
	elle trouxera,	that he might carry
	nós trouxeramos,	that we might carry
	vós trouxereis,	that you might carry
	elles trouxerão,	that they might carry.
Perfect.
que	eu trouxesse,	that I may have carried
	tu trouxesses,	that thou mayest have carried
	elle trouxesse,	that he may have carried
	nós trouxessemos,	that we may have carried
	vós trouxesseis,	that you may have carried
	elles trouxessem,	that they may have carried.
Future.
quando	eu trouxer,	when I shall carry
	tu trouxeres,	when thou shalt carry
	elle trouxer,	when he shall carry
	nós trouxermos,	when we shall carry
	vós trouxerdes,	when you shall carry
	elles trouxerem,	when they shall carry.
Imperative Mood.
	traze tu,	carry thou
	traga elle,	let him carry
	tragamos,	let us carry
	trazei vós,	carry ye
	tragão elles,	let them carry.

11. Ver, to see.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu vejo,	I see
tu vês,	thou seest
elle vê,	he sees
nós vemos,	we see
vós vedes,	you see
elles vêm,	they see.
Imperfect.
eu vi,	I have seen
tu viste,	thou hast seen
elle vio,	he has seen
nós vimos,	we have seen
vós vistes,	you have seen
elles virão,	they have seen.
Pluperfect.
eu vira,	I had seen
tu viras,	thou hadst seen
elle vira,	he had seen
nós viramos,	we had seen
vós vireis,	you had seen
elles virão,	they had seen.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu veja,	that I may see
	tu vejas,	that thou mayest see
	elle veja,	that he may see
	nós vejamos,	that we may see
	vós vejais,	that you may see
	elles vejão,	that they may see.
Imperfect.
que	eu vira,	that I might see
	tu viras,	that thou mightst see
	elle vira,	that he might see
	nós viramos,	that we might see
	vós virais,	that you might see
	elles virem,	that they might see.
Perfect.
que	eu visse,	that I may have seen
	tu visses,	that thou mayest have seen
	elle visse,	that he may have seen
	nós vissemos,	that we may have seen
	vós visseis,	that you may have seen
	elles vissem,	that they may have seen.
Future.
quando	eu vir,	when I shall see
	tu vires,	when thou shalt see
	elle vir,	when he shall see
	nós virmos,	when we shall see
	vós virdes,	when you shall see
	elles virem,	when they shall see.
Imperative Mood.
	vê tu,	see thou
	veja elle,	let him see
	vejamos nós,	let us see
	vede vós,	see ye
	vejão elles,	let them see.

Participle: visto, vista, seen.

The Verbs composed of ver, are conjugated in the same manner, as:

prever, rever, antever.

12. Perder, to lose.

The irregularity of this Verb consists in the following tenses changing the d into c.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
perco,	I lose
perdes,	thou losest
perde,	he loses
perdemos,	we lose
perdeis,	you lose
perdem,	they lose.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu perca,	that I may lose
	tu percas,	that thou mayest lose
	elle perca,	that he may lose
	nós percamos,	that we may lose
	vós percais,	that you may lose
	elles percão,	that they may lose.
Imperative Mood.
	perde tu,	lose thou
	perca elle,	let him lose
	percamos nós,	let us lose
	perdei vós,	lose ye
	percão elles,	let them lose.

13. Valer, to be worth,

changes l into lh, in the following tenses.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu valho,	I am worth
tu vales	regular
elle vale
nós valemos
vós valeis
elles valem

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu valha,	that I may be worth
	tu valhas,	that thou mayest be worth
	elle valha,	that he may be worth
	nós valhamos,	that we may be worth
	vós valhais,	that you may be worth
	elles valhão,	that they may be worth.
Imperative Mood.
	vale tu,	be thou worth
	valha elle,	let him be worth
	valhamos,	let us be worth
	valei vós,	be ye worth
	valhão elles,	let them be worth.

14. Ler, to read.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu leio,	I read
tu lês,	thou readest
elle lê,	he reads
nós lemos,	we read
vós ledes,	you read
elles lêm,	they read.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu lêia,	that I may read
	tu lêias,	that thou mayest read
	elle lêia,	that he may read
	nós lêiamos,	that we may read
	vós lêiais,	that you may read
	elles lêião,	that they may read.
Imperative Mood.
	lê tu,	read thou
	lêia elle,	let him read
	lêiamos,	let us read
	lede vós,	read ye
	lêião elles,	let them read.

The Verb “crer” to believe, is conjugated in the same manner.

15. The Verbs ending in “ger”

change g into j in all persons when it is followed by o or a, for the sake of pronunciation. As:

eleger,	to elect;
elejo, que eu eleja,	etc.

15.
THIRD CONJUGATION.

16. Ir, to go.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu vou,	I go
tu vas,	thou goest
elle vai,	he goes
nós vamos,	we go
vós ides,	you go
elles vão,	they go.
Imperfect.
eu hia,	I went
tu hias,	thou wentest
elle hia,	he went
nós hiamos,	we went
vós hieis,	you went
elles hião,	they went.
Perfect.
eu fui,	I have gone
(like the Perfect of “ser” to be).
Pluperfect.
eu fora,	I had gone
(like the Pluperfect of “ser”).

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu vá,	that I may go
	tu vás,	that thou mayest go
	elle vá,	that he may go
	nós vámos,	that we may go
	vos vades,	that you may go
	elles vão,	that they may go.
Imperfect.
que	eu fora,	that I might go
	tu foras,	that thou mightst go
	elle fora,	that he might go
	nós foramos,	that we might go
	vós foreis,	that you might go
	elles forão,	that they might go.
Perfect.
que	eu fosse,	that I may have gone
que	(like “ser”).
Future.
quando	eu for,	when I shall go
quando	(like “ser”).
Imperative Mood.
	vai tu,	go thou
	vá elle,	let him go
	vamos,	let us go
	ide vós,	go ye
	vão elles,	let them go.

17. Vir, to come.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu venho,	I come
tu vens,	thou comest
elle vem,	he comes
nós vimos,	we come
vós vindes,	you come
elles vem,	they come.
Imperfect.
eu vinha,	I came
tu vinhas,	thou camest
elle vinha,	he came
nós vinhamos,	we came
vós vinheis,	you came
elles vinhão,	they came.
Perfect.
eu vim,	I have come
tu vieste,	thou hast come
elle veio,	he has come
nós viemos,	we have come
vós viestes,	you have come
elles vierão,	they have come.
Pluperfect.
eu viera,	I had come
tu vieras,	thou hadst come
elle viera,	he had come
nós vieramos,	we had come
vós viereis,	you had come
elles vierão,	they had come.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu venha,	that I may come
	tu venhas,	that thou mayest come
	elle venha,	that he may come
	nós venhamos,	that we may come
	vós venhais,	that you may come
	elles venhão,	that they may come.
Imperfect.
que	eu viera,	that I might come
	tu vieras,	that thou mightst come
	elle viera,	that he might come
	nós vieramos,	that we might come
	vós viereis,	that you might come
	elles vierão,	that they might come.
Perfect.
que	eu viesse,	that I may have come
	tu viesses,	that thou mayest have come
	elle viesse,	that he may have come
	nós viessemos,	that we may have come
	vós viesseis,	that you may have come
	elles viessem,	that they may have come.
Future.
quando	eu vier,	when I shall come
	tu vieres,	when thou shalt come
	elle vier,	when he shall come
	nós viermos,	when we shall come
	vós vierdes,	when you shall come
	elles vierem,	when they shall come.
Imperative Mood.
	vem tu,	come thou
	venha elle,	let him come
	venhamos,	let us come
	vinde vós,	come ye
	venhão elles,	let them come.

Participle: vindo, vinda, come.

18. Pedir, to request,

changes d in ç in the following persons.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu peço,	I request
(the other persons are regular: pedes, pede, etc.).

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu peça,	that I may request
	tu peças,	that thou mayest request
	elle peça,	that he may request
	nós peçamos,	that we may request
	vós peçais,	that you may request
	elles peção,	that they may request.
Imperative Mood.
	pede tu,	request thou
	peça elle,	let him request
	peçamos nós,	let us request
	pedi vós,	request ye
	peção elles,	let them request.

“Medir” to measure, is conjugated in the same manner.

19. Rir, to laugh.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu rio,	I laugh
tu ris,	thou laughest
elle ri,	he laughs
nós rimos,	we laugh
vós rides,	you laugh
elles rim,	they laugh.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu ria,	that I may laugh
	tu rias,	that thou mayest laugh
	elle ria,	that he may laugh
	nós riamos,	that we may laugh
	vós riais,	that you may laugh
	elles rião,	that they may laugh.
Imperative Mood.
	ri tu,	laugh thou
	ria elle,	let him laugh
	riamos,	let us laugh
	ride vós,	laugh ye
	rião elles,	let them laugh.

20. The Verbs ending in “gir”

change the g into j in all persons where g is followed by o or a.

21. The Verbs ending in “uzir”

drop the final e in the third person Singular of the Present, as:

conduz (not conduze), induz (not induze).

22. The Verbs ending in “hir”

change hi into i in the following persons.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu saio,	I go out
(the others are regular: sahes, sahe, sahimos, etc.).

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu saia,	that I may go out
	tu saias,	that thou mayest go out
	elle saia,	that he may go out
	nós saiamos,	that we may go out
	vós saiais,	that you may go out
	elles saião,	that they may go out.
Imperative Mood.
	sahe tu,	go thou out
	saia elle,	let him go out
	saiamos nós,	let us go out
	sahi vós,	go ye out
	saião elles,	let them go out.

23. Subir, to mount,

changes u into o, in the second person Singular, third person Singular and Plural of the Present, and in the second person of the Imperative, as:

sobes, sobe, sobem, sobe tu.

24. Mentir, to lie,

changes e into i in the following persons.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu minto,	I lie
(tu mentes, elle mente).

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu minta,	that I may lie
	tu mintas,	that thou mayest lie
	elle minta,	that he may lie
	nós mintamos,	that we may lie
	vós mintais,	that you may lie
	elles mintão,	that they may lie.
Imperative Mood.
	mente tu,	lie thou
	minta elle,	let him lie
	mintamos nós,	let us lie
	menti vós,	lie ye
	mintão elles,	let them lie.

The same irregularities occur in

sentir,	to feel
servir,	to serve
ferir,	to wound.

25. Dormir, to sleep.

This Verb changes o into u in all persons, in which mentir changes the e into i, as:

durmo,
durma,
durmamos.

26. Ouvir, to hear.

This Verb changes uvi into uç in all persons in which mentir changes e into i, as:

eu ouço, I hear
que eu ouça, that I may hear.

Imperative Mood.
	ouve tu,	hear thou
	ouça elle,	let him hear
	ouçamos nós,	let us hear
	ouvi vós,	hear ye
	oução elles,	let them hear.

Some writers change u into i, as:
oiço,
oiça.

27. Pôr, to place, to put.

Indicative Mood.
Present.
eu ponho,	I place
tu pões,	thou placest
elle poem,	he places
nós pômos,	we place
vós pondes,	you place
elles poem,	they place.
Imperfect.
eu punha,	I placed
tu punhas,	thou placedst
elle punha,	he placed
nós punhamos,	we placed
vós punheis,	you placed
elles punhão,	they placed.
Perfect.
eu puz,	I have placed
tu puzeste,	thou hast placed
elle póz,	he has placed
nós puzemos,	we have placed
vós puzestes,	you have placed
elles puzerão,	they have placed.
Pluperfect.
eu puzera,	I had placed
tu puzeras,	thou hadst placed
elle puzera,	he had placed
nós puzeramos,	we had placed
vós puzereis,	you had placed
elles puzerão,	they had placed.
Future.
eu porei,	I shall place
tu porás,	thou shalt place
elle porá,	he shall place
nós poremos,	we shall place
vós poreis,	you shall place
elles porão,	they shall place.
Conditional.
eu poria,	I should place
tu porias,	thou shouldst place
elle poria,	he should place
nós poriamos,	we should place
vós porieis,	you should place
elles porião,	they should place.

Subjunctive Mood.
Present.
que	eu ponha,	that I may place
	tu ponhas,	that thou mayest place
	elle ponha,	that he may place
	nós ponhamos,	that we may place
	vós ponhais,	that you may place
	elles ponhão,	that they may place.
Imperfect.
que	eu puzera,	that I might place
	tu puzeras,	that thou mightst place
	elle puzera,	that he might place
	nós puzeramos,	that we might place
	vós puzereis,	that you might place
	elles puzerão,	that they might place.
Perfect.
que	eu puzesse,	that I may have placed
	tu puzesses,	that thou mayest have placed
	elle puzesse,	that he may have placed
	nós puzessemos,	that we may have placed
	vós puzesseis,	that you may have placed
	elles puzessem,	that they may have placed.
Future.
quando	eu puzer,	when I shall place
	tu puzeres,	when thou shall place
	elle puzer,	when he shall place
	nós puzermos,	when we shall place
	vós puzerdes,	when you shall place
	elles puzerem,	when they shall place.
Imperative Mood.
	põe tu,	place thou
	ponha elle,	let him place
	ponhamos nós,	let us place
	ponde vós,	place ye
	ponhão elles,	let them place.

Gerund: pondo, placing.

Participle: posto, posta, placed.

The Verbs composed by pôr are conjugated in the same manner, as:

antepôr, compôr, depôr, dispôr, propôr.

16.

The following Verbs have two Participles, a regular and an irregular one.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

aceitar,	to accept,	aceitado,	aceito
enxugar,	to dry,	enxugado,	enxuto
exceptuar,	to except,	exceptuado,	excepto
expressar,	to express,	expressado,	expresso
expulsar,	to expel,	expulsado,	expulso
gastar,	to spend,	gastado,	gasto
imprensar,	to print,	imprensado,	impresso
izentar,	to except,	izentado,	izento
manifestar,	to manifest,	manifestado,	manifesto
pagar,	to pay,	pagado,	pago
salvar,	to save,	salvado,	salvo
professar,	to act, profess,	professado,	professo
soltar,	to set at liberty,	soltado,	solto
sujeitar,	to subject,	sujeitado,	sujeito.

SECOND CONJUGATION.

absolver,	to acquit,	absolvido, -	absoluto
absolver,	to acquit,	absolvido, -	absolto
absorver,	to swallow,	absorvido,	absorto
accender,	to light,	accendido,	acceso
corromper,	to corrupt,	corrompido,	corrupto
eleger,	to elect,	elegido,	eleito
encher,	to fill,	enchido,	cheio
envolver,	to envelope,	envolvido,	envolto
escrever,	to write,	escrevido,	escrito
incorrer,	to incur (a penalty),	incorrido,	incurso
interromper,	to interrupt,	interrompido,	interrupto
morrer,	to die,	morrido,	morto
prender,	to take (into charge),	prendido,	preso
romper,	to break (open),	rompido,	roto
suspender,	to postpone,	suspendido,	suspenso
torcer,	to turn,	torcido,	torto.

THIRD CONJUGATION.

abrir,	to open,	abrido,	aberto
affligir,	to afflict,	affligido,	afflicto
concluir,	to close, shut,	concluido,	concluso
contrahir,	to contract,	contrahido,	contracto
cubrir,	to cover,	cubrido,	cuberto
distinguir,	to distinguish,	distinguido,	distincto
distrahir,	to abstract,	distrahido,	distracto
erigir,	to erect,	erigido,	erecto
exhaurir,	to exhaust,	exhaurido,	exhausto
expellir,	to expel,	expellido,	expulso
exprimir,	to express,	exprimido,	expresso
exstinguir,	to extinguish,	extinguido,	extincto
extrahir,	to extract,	extrahido,	extracto
frigir,	to fry,	frigido,	frito
imprimir,	to impress,	imprimido,	impresso
incluir,	to shut up,	incluido,	incluso
inserir,	to insert,	inserido,	inserto
opprimir,	to oppress,	opprimido,	oppresso
possuir,	to possess,	possuido,	possesso
reprimir,	to suppress,	reprimido,	represso
submergir,	to submerge,	submergido,	submerso
supprimir,	to oppress,	supprimido,	suppresso
surgir,	to anchor,	surgido,	surto.

The first or regular form of these Participles is generally used for the compound tenses, whilst the second or irregular form is Generally used with ser or estar.

17.
Impersonal Verbs

are only used in the third person Singular, they are:

Chover,	to rain	-	chove,	it rains
relampager	to lighten	-	relampaga	it lightens
fuzilar	to lighten	-	fuzila	it lightens
trovejar,	to thunder	-	troveja,	it thunders
choviscar,	to drizzle (rain)	-	chovisca,	it drizzles
nevar,	to snow	-	neva,	it snows
gelar,	to freeze	-	gela,	it freezes.

They follow those Conjugations to which they belong.

1.
Adverbs of Time.

Hoje,	to-day
agora,	now
hontem,	yesterday
presentemente,	at present
antehontem,	the day before yesterday
antigamente,	in times past
ultimamente,	lastly
recentemente,	lately
amanhãa,	to-morrow
logo,	directly
depois de amanhãa,	the day after to-morrow
daqui por diante,	from hence, in future
sempre,	always
desde,	since
ainda,	yet.

2.
Adverbs of Place.

aqui,	here
ali, acolá,	there
arriba,	above
abaixo,	below
além,	on the other side
daquem,	on this side
á mão direita,	to the right
á mão esquerda,	to the left
d’ali,	from here.

3.
Adverbs of Number and Comparison.

primeiramente,	firstly
segundamente,	secondly
em terceiro lugar,	thirdly
depois,	afterwards
raramente, de maravilha,	rarely
mais,	more
menos,	less
tão	almost
como se	almost
como,	as
assim,	just so, the same
melhor,	better
peior,	worse
quasi,	almost
em parte,	partly
quando muito,	highest
quando menos,	least.

4.
Adverbs of Manner and Kind.

muito,	very
bem,	good, well
mal,	bad
pouco,	little
assaz,	enough
demasiadamente,	too much
sufficientemente,	sufficient
abundantemente,	abundantly
mesmo,	even
apenas,	scarcely
senão,	only
principalmente,	chiefly
em geral,	generally, altogether.

5.
Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.

sim,	yes
certamente,	certainly
verdadeiramente,	indeed
não,	no
nada,	nothing
talvez	perhaps
pode ser
quiça
quando?	when?
como?	how?
porque?	why?
quanto?	how much?
onde?	where?
aonde?	whereto?

The Adverbs are not declined, but some are compared like the Adjectives, as:

mais ricamente,	richer
menos ricamente,	less rich
tão ricamente,	just as rich
muito ricamente,	very rich
o mais ricamente,	the richest;

Superl.
bem,	good,	formes	the	Comp.:	melhor	-	optimamente
mal,	bad,	-	-	-	peior	-	pessimamente.

19.

The following Adverbs are principally in use:

agora,	now	de improviso	extempore
hoje,	to-day	improvisamente	extempore
amanhãa,	to-morrow	quasi, casi,	almost
amanhãa pela manhãa,	to-morrow-morning	então,	then
depois de amanhãa,	the day after to-morrow	desde então,	since
frequentamente,	frequently, often	desde quando?	since when?
nunca,	never	de quando ha?	how long ago?
ordinariamente,	generally	quando bem	even
jamais,	never	ainda quando	even
tarde,	late	quando muito,	highest, at latest
cedo,	early	quando menos,	at least
daqui por diante,	in future	cá,	here
ultimamente,	lastly, at latest	alli,	there
recentemente,	lately	ahi,	there, where (you are}
logo,	soon	acolá,	there
depois,	afterwards	traz	behind
abundantemente,	abundantly	detraz	behind
com razão, justamente,	in justice	para traz,	backwards
absolutamente,	absolutely	isto he,	that is to say
já para já,	immediately	em vez, em lugar,	instead
com condição,	under the condition	tambem,	also
actualmente,	actually, at present	tanto que	as soon as
de proposito,	purposely	logo que	as soon as
admiravelmente	admirable	acaso,	accidentally
maravilhosamente	admirable	ainda,	yet
as mil maravilhas,	exquisitely	finalmente,	at last
astutamente,	artfully	muito,	much, very
atraiçoadamente,	traitorously	depressa,	quickly
de maravilha,	very rarely	aqui,	here
a miudo,	often	até,	until
assim	so, equally so	bem,	well, good
tão	so, equally so	mal,	bad
apressa,	quickly, in haste	como,	how, as
facilmente,	easily	como?	how?
ao avesso,	reversedly	primeiro que,	before that
as avessas,	reversedly	primeiro que tudo,	before all
de balde,	in vain	fora,	out, out of
antes		já,	already
juntamente	tpgether	abaixo,	below
enteiramente	entirely	acima,	above
ao redor,	round about	onde,	where
loucamente	foolishly	nada	nothing
atrevidamente	boldly	de cór,	by heart
felizmente,	happily	em vão,	in vain
vergonhosamente,	infamously	escassamente,	scarcely, rarely
nem se quer,	even if	em fin,	at last
mais,	more	longe,	long, far
menos,	less	verdadeiramente,	truly
sim,	yes	dentro,	thereinto
não,	no	as vezes,	sometimes
de vagar,	slowly	quando,	when
		quanto,	how much.

20. Prepositions.

The Prepositions most in use are the following:

a,	to	antes,	before
de,	from	depois,	after
em,	in	durante,	during
dentro,	in, within	desde,	since
sobre,	on, over	com,	with
debaixo	under	excepto,	except
sob	under	fora	besides
perante,	before	além	besides
altraz	behind	sem,	without
traz	behind	contra,	against
entre,	between	a pezar,	notwithstanding
para,	after	não obstante,	in spite of
perto	by, near, at	para com,	against
junto	by, near, at	acerca,	in respect
desde,	of, from	por,	through
até,	after	mediante,	by means of.

21.

The following are used with the Genitive:

além dos mares,	on the other side of the seas
além d’isso,	besides this one
acerca daquelle negocio,	as to that business
aquem or daquem dos mares,	on this side of the seas
antes do dia,	before daybreak
diante de Deos,	before God
dentro da igreja,	within the church
de traz do palacio,	behind the palace
debaixo da mesa,	under the table
em cima da mesa,	upon the table
ao redor or	round about the town
em contorno da cidade,	round about the town
perto de Londres,	near London
fora da casa,	out of the house
fora de perigo,	out of danger
depois da cea,	after the supper
defronte de minha casa,	opposite to my house
defronte da igreja,	opposite the church;
Dative:
quanto áquillo,	with regard to that
pegado á muralha,	at, near the wall
desde o bico do pé,	from head to foot;
até á cabeza,	from head to foot;
Accusative.
perante o juiz,	before the judge
durante o inverno,	during the winter
traz do templo,	behind the temple
entre os homens,	among men
sobre a mesa,	on the table
conforme á lei,	according to the law
segundo á ordem,	in consequence of the order
por amor de Deos,	for God’s sake
pelo mundo,	through the world
pela rua,	through the street
contra elles,	against them.

A (to),	eu vou a Londres,	I go to London,
	voltar a Portugal,	to return to Portugal,
	não tem nada que fazer	he has nothing to do.
	não tem nada a fazer	he has nothing to do.

De (from),	vir de França,	I come from France,
	vir das Indias,	I come from India,
	sahir de Londres,	I go from London
		(to leave London),
	de noite,	by night,
	de dia,	by day.

Por (by, from),

por mar e por terra,

by sea and by land.

22. Conjunctions.

E, and		nem—nem,	neither—nor
tambem	also	tão,	so
outrosim	also	assim,	thus
tambem—como,	as well—as	porém	but
não sómente—mas tambem,	not only—but also	mas	but
ora—ora,	soon—soon	com tudo,	notwithstanding
em primeiro lugar,	firstly	ainda que,	although
então,	then	assim,	therefore
além disso	further	porque,	because
de mais	further	pois,	there
depois,	afterwards	afim,	that
em fim,	at last	se não,	else
em parte—em parte,	partly—partly	com tanto que,	taking for granted that
ou—ou,	either—or	bem que,	certainly, indeed.

23.

que,	that	comó,	as
nomeadamente,	namely	a saber,	viz
se,	whether	excepto, alem,	except
onde,	where	por isso,	why
donde,	whence	porque,	because
quando,	when	por, pois,	there
desde que,	since	afim que	that
durante que,	whilst, during	para que	that
antes,	before	se,	if
depois que	afterwards	se, posto que,	in case
depois de	afterwards	se não que,	if not
como,	as	com tanto que,	in case
como tambem,	as soon as	ainda que,	although
tão—como,	so—as	não obstante,	notwithstanding
assim—que,	so that	tanto—tanto,	the—the.

Examples.

Francezes e Inglezes.	Frenchmen and Englishmen.
Nem este, nem aquelle.	Neither these, nor those.
Ou este, ou aquelle.	Either this one, or that one
Nem mais, nem menos.	Neither more, nor less.
Quer o faça, quer não, tudo	It is indifferent to me whether
para mim he o mesmo.	he does it or not.
Quer seja verdade, quer não.	Whether it be true or not.
Antes quero pedir que furtar.	I will rather beg than steal.
Antes morrerei que dizer-volo.	I will rather die than tell it to you.

Interjections

may be divided according to the various passions or emotions expressed by them.

Of Joy: Ah! ho!
Of Pain: Ai! apre!
Of Fear: Ai Jesus! eh, eh! ai de mim!
Of Abhorrence: Va-se embora! passa fora!
Of Surprise: Oh! Ah!
Urging or Exhorting: Ora vamos! animo, animo!
arreda! hola! sentido!
Silencing: Chiton! calla a boca! calai-vos!
Wishing: O provera a Deos!

Reading Lessons.

Em um ajuntamento[545] de senhoras e homens suscitou-se[546] a questão[547] de qual era o paiz[548] melhor[549] para se habitar[550]; e dizendo uma que Londres, outra que Pariz, este que o Brazil, aquelle que a Austria ou a Italia, disse uma senhora mui presumida[551]: “Pois[552] eu dou[553] a primazia[554] ao celibato, pois tenho ouvido dizer a meu irmão padre[555], que he de todos os estados o mais perfeito.”

Certo[556] juiz de fóra[557] tendo queixas do povo[558] que os arrematantes da vacca[559] só matavão[560] um boi[561] cada dia d’assouge[562], e que este não chegava[563] para todos, e ao mesmo tempo[564] ouvindo dizer aos ditos arrematantes que dous bois erão de sobejo[565]; mandou[566] por seu respeitando despacho que cada dia d’assougue se matasse boi e meio.

Dizia o P. Antonio Vieira, que toda a fortuna d’um homem de corte[567] consistia em saber adular[568], mentir[569], furtar[570], e repartir[571].

Na desgraçada[572] morte[573] do Principe D. Affonso, disse El-Rei Dom João II. seu pai: “No excessivo sentimento em que vivo da morte de meu filho, só me consola parecer-me que Deos se lembrou[574] d’este reino[575]; porque o Principe não era para Rei dos Portuguezes: os Portuguezes hão de mister Rei de bronze. Era o Principe inclinado a delicias[576].”

Levantando[577] El-Rei D. João I. o sitio[578], que tinha posto a Coria, disse: “Grande falta[579] nos fizerão os cavalheiros da taboa redonda[580]; porque se elles aqui estivérão, não nos levantáramos desta cidade sem a render[581].” Respondeo Mem Rodrigues de Vasconcellos: “Não faltarão por certo, senhor, aqui esses cavalheiros; porque aqui está Martim Vasques da Cunha, que he tão bom, como dizem o foi D. Galaz; Gonçalo Vasques Coutinho, que he tão bom como D. Tristão; João Fernandes Pacheco, que não deve nada a Lancarote; e aqui estou eu, que não mereço[582] menos[583] que qualquer d’elles: O certo he, senhor, que só faltou aqui o bom Rei Artur, que os sabía estimar, e animar com mercês grandes.”

Quando El-Rei D. Sebastião quiz[584] fazer[585] a jornada de Africa, determinou avistar-se em N. Senhora de Guadalupe com El-Rei Philippe seu tio[586]; para se ajustar[587] esta funcção[588] veio[589] de Castella o duque[590] d’Alva, cavalheiro mui soberbo[591], e pouco affeiçoado aos Portuguezes, e de cá foi o conde[592] de Redondo. Entre a pratica[593] que tiverão, lhe perguntou[594] o duque que fidalgos vinhão com El-Rei Dom Sebastião; porque com El-Rei vinha elle, e outros como elle. Respondeo-lhe o conde: “Com El-Rei meu senhor vem o duque de Bragança, o de Aveiro, e o marquez[595] de Villa-Real; e fidalgos razos[596], como eu e vós, vem muitos.”

Pedindo[597] um pobre[598] esmola[599] a Philippe II. lhe dizia que se lembrasse erão irmãos; e perguntando-lhe El-Rei por que quarte, respondeo por Adão. Mandou[600]-lhe El-Rei dar um real. Replicou[601] o pobre que aquella esmola não era d’um irmão Rei. “Se a todos os meus irmãos”, disse Philippe, “eu désse outro tanto[602], já não teria[603] real que dar.”

Christovão Colon foi o primeiro que com audaz[604] fortaleza[605] navegou o oceano, o descobrio[606] as Indias de Castella; pelo que mereceo que os Reis Catholicos o fizessem duque de Beraguas. Estava uma noite[607] ceando[608] com outros cavalheiros seus amigos; e dizendo-lhe um que aquella façanha a poderia obrar qualquer outro, se lhe dessem o socorro[609], que fosse necessario, dissimulou Christovão Colon, e tirando um ovo[610] do prato, perguntou aos demais fidalgos se poderia algum fazer que aquelle ovo estivesse levantado[611], sem que se arrimasse[612] a cousa alguma? Respondêrão todos, que não podia ser[613]. Pegou[614] no ovo Christovão Colon, e dando com elle mansamente[615] na mesa[616], lhe fez uma pequena[617] móssa[618], e o póz muito direito. Rírão-se[619] todos, e disse Colon: “Nenhum[620] de Vossas Mercês[621] ha que não acha facil navegar o oceano, depois que eu de lá vim; porém he certo, que se eu não fôra o primeiro, nenhum seria o segundo.”

Um Mahometano consultando a Aischeh mulher de Mahometo, lhe pedio uma regra[622] para bem viver; e ella lhe respondeo: “Reconhece[623] um só Deos, refrêa[624] a tua lingua, reprime[625] as tuas paixões[626], adquire sciencia, vive constante na tua religião, abstem-te de fazer mal[627], frequenta os bons, encobre[628] os defeitos do teu proximo[629], soccorre[630] os pobres, e espera a eternidade por recompensa.”

10.

Querendo certo homem desquitar-se[631] de sua mulher, com quem tinha pouca paz[632], appareceo[633] para este fim[634] diante[635] do Provisor. Estranhou[636] elle a proposta[637], porque conhecia a mulher, e era de boas qualidades: “Porque quereis deixar[638] vossa mulher?” (lhe perguntou o Provisor): “Não he virtuosa?”—“Sim, senhor”; respondeo o homem.—“Não he rica?”—“Sim, senhor.” Emfim[639] a todas as cousas, sobre que era perguntado, respondia em abono seu. Com que lhe disse o Provisor: “Pois se vossa mulher tem tantas cousas boas, porque quereis desquitar-vos della?” A isto o homem, descalçando[640] um sapato[641], perguntou ao Provisor: “Senhor, este sapato não he novo?”—“Sim”, respondeo o Provisor. Accrescentou[642]: “não está bem feito[643]?”—“Sim, ao que parece”, respondeo o Provisor.—“Não he de bom cordavão, e de boa sola?”—Respondeo do mesmo modo que sim. “Pois vê Vossa Mercê com tudo isso[644]” (disse o descontente marido[645]), “pois eu quero tirar este sapato, e calçar outro, porque eu sei muito bem aonde[646] me aperta[647], e faz mancar[648], e Vossa Mercê não o sabe.”

11.
Botocudos.

Estes Indios dominão[649] na cordilheira[650] habitada[651] por seus maiores[652] os Aimorés, de cuja[653] barbaridade ainda guardão sementes. Quando os Portuguezes começárão[654] a povoar[655] o Brazil tiverão de guerrear com os ferozes[656] Aimorés, a quem dizem[657] que derão[658] o nome de Botocudos, de boto, e codea[659], por isso que os Indios desta nação[660] erão rolhos, e trazião[661] o corpo[662] coberto d’uma codea de gomma[663] copal com que se pintavão[664] para se preservarem das ferretoadas[665] dos mosquitos e outros insectos. Os Botocudos são mais brancos[666] que a maior parte dos demais[667] Indios do Brazil, porém, como seus ascendentes os Aimorés, costumão[668] pintar a cara[669] e mais partes do corpo. Dividem-se em varias tribus ou cabildas[670], cada[671] uma com seu cabo[672], que tem um poder[673] absoluto sobre os seus[674] em os negocios de maior importancia como são a caça[675], a guerra[676] e a escolha[677] de uma nova morada[678]; mas na aldea[679] limita-se toda a sua autoridade a compôr as desavenças que são entre elles mui frequentes. Este lugar não he hereditario, escolhe-se para elle o mais bravo, e por vezes[680] o mais atrevido[681] se proclama por chefe da tribu, sobre tudo se por ventura o que os commandava vem a morrer. Os Botocudos tem as espadoas[682] largas, o pescoço[683] curto, o nariz[684] chato, as maçãas[685] do rosto proeminentes, os pés[686] pequenos, as extremidades inferiores delgadas[687], mas nervosas. Furão as orelhas[688], e o beiço inferior[689], e enfião no buraco[690] uma rodella de páo[691]. São vingativos[692] e traidores[693], posto que tinhão um exterior alegre e um ar[694] de franqueza. Não tem especie alguma de culto; considerão[695] o sol[696] como uma divindade a que chamão[697], e reverenceão ainda mais a lua[698], quando com sua luz os protege em suas excursões nocturnas. Amão e imitão as ceremonias religiosas dos christãos, quanto isto póde compadecer-se com a vida nomada que fazem, assim que são de todos os Indios os que mais custão a civilizar-se.

12.
As grutas[699] do inferno[700].

Deo-se[701] este nome ás cavernas naturaes que se achão[702] na montanha em que estão assentadas a povoação e fortaleza[703] da Nova-Coimbra, na provincia de Mato-Grosso e sobre a margem direita[704] do Paraguai. No vertente[705] septentrional[706] da montanha existe uma abertura que dá passo[707] a duas especies de antecamaras, 1 de braça[708] e meia de comprido[709], e 1 de largo[710], e outra algum tanto maior. Desce-se para ellas por uma ladeira que tem obra de 20 braças de comprimento[711], guarnecida de estalactitas, que provêm da filtração continua da abobada. No cabo[712] da ladeira entra-se n’uma salla parecida com uma mesquita[713], de cuja abobada pendem estalactitas de differentes fórmas e tamanhos[714], e o mesmo se observa no chão. A’ esquerda[715] a parede se acha revestida d’uma incrustação d’espalto, que com o reflexo da luz arremeda uma soberba cascata. Póde esta salla ter 50 braças de comprido e 1S de largo, e no fundo della existe um espaço de 6 braças pelo menos coberto d’agua limpida porém de máo sabor[716], que dá da parte de fóra[717] origem a um ribeiro[718] represado frequentemente pelas aguas do Paraguai, nas cheias[719] que alagão todos os annos por varias vezes os campos vizinhos. Os naturaes[720] do paiz não se atrevião[721] a entrar n’estas grutas que forão pela primeira vez exploradas pelo engenheiro[722] Ricardo Franco d’Almeida Serra, em 1791, levando em sua companhia o naturalista Alexandre Rodriguez Ferreira que as debuxou[723] e descreveo[724]. Em 1795, varias pessoas[725] curiosas entrárão n’ellas e com fachas virão que no ribeiro que as aguas ali formavão havião jacarés[726], e que um d’elles tinha uma pata de menos.

Idiomatic Expressions with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc.

Andar a pé.	To go on foot.
Andar de pé.	To be unwell.
Andar a cavallo.	To go on horseback.
Andar em coche.	To drive in a carriage.
Andar á vela.	To take a sail.
Andar para diante.	To go forward.
Andar para traz.	To go backward.
Andar a traz de alguem.	To follow some one.
Andar com o tempo.	To go with the times.
Andar perdido.	To go astray.
Andar com honra.	To act honorably.
Andar de esguelha.	To go badly.
Andar de mal para peor.	Out of the frying-pan into the fire.
Com o andar do tempo.	In the course of time.
Andar de galope.	To canter.
Dar um passeio, uma volta.	To take a walk.
Dar a entender.	To give to understand.
Dar fé.	To believe, to credit.
Dar fiado.	To give credit.
Dar á luz.	To publish.
Dar principio.	To begin.
Dar fim.	To end.
Dar os bons dias.	To say good day.
Dar os parabens.	To congratulate.
O relogio dá horas.	The clock strikes.
Dar boa conta de si.	To behave well.
Eu derei conta d’isso.	I will be answerable for it.
Dar em ridicularias.	To become ridiculous.
Dar-se pressa.	To be in a hurry.
Não se lhe dá de morrer.	He does not fear death.
Estar escrevendo.	To be writing.
Estar em pé.	To stand erect.
Estar assentado.	To sit.
Está para chover.	It is going to rain.
Estar em duvida.	To be in doubt.
Estar na cama.	To lie in bed.
Estar com, em, de, saúde.	To be well.
Não está no meu poder.	It is not in my power.
Estar de posse.	To be in possession.
Fazer esmólas.	To give alms.
Faz frio.	It is cold.
Faz lua.	The moon shines.
Não faço caso delle.	I do not care for him.
Fazer uma festa.	To give a party.
Fazer lugar.	To make room.
Ter que fazer.	To have to do.
Fazer um discurso.	To make a speech.
Fazer uma aposta.	To lay a wager.
Faz hoje oito dias.	It is a week to-day.
Fazer o possivel.	To do one’s utmost.
Não henho que fazer com isso.	I have nothing to do with it.
Fazer-se velho.	To become old.
Fazer-se feio.	To become ugly.
Faz-se tarde.	It is getting late.
Ter razão.	To be in the right.
Não ter razão.	To be in the wrong.
Ter ciumes.	To be jealous.
Que quer dizer isto?	What is the meaning of it?
Isto quer dizer, que...	It means that...
Ha alguma, cousa de novo?	Is there any news?
Ha muito tempo.	It is a long time ago.
Ha um anno.	It is a year ago.
Hir por diante.	To go forward.
Eilo lá vai.	There he goes.
Hir para traz.	To go back.
Hir buscar.	To fetch.
Nada se vai mais depressa que o tempo.	Nothing passes quicker than the time.
Vai-se fazendo tarde.	It becomes late.
Não tenho medo.	I have no fear.
Não mais.	Not more.
Ainda não.	Not yet.
Não o farei.	I shall not do it.
Não muito depois.	Not long after.
Queres fazer isso ou não?	Will you do it or not?
Um diz sim, e outro não.	One says yes, the other no.
Não he bom nem máo.	It is neither good nor bad.
Elle ainda não veio.	He has not yet come.
Até onde?	How far?
Até Roma.	To Rome.
Até quando?	How long?
Até que eu vivo.	As long as I live.
Como assim?	How so?
Como! não quereis vir?	What! you will not come?
Dez libras quando muito.	At utmost ten pounds.
Dez libras quando menos.	At least ten pounds.
Dizei muito embora o que quizerdes.	You may say what you like.
Assim he?	Is it so?
Assim seja.	Be it so.
Basta assim por agora.	It is enough for the present.
Andar a passos lentes.	To go very slowly.
A’ direita.	To the right.
A’ esquerda.	To the left.
Vir de França.	To come from France.
Venho da casa da Senhora N.	I come from Mrs. N.
De madrugada.	Early in the morning.
De noite.	By night.
De dia.	By day.
De verão.	In summer.
Perto de oito horas.	Towards eight o’clock.
Junto á cidade.	Near the town.
Sobre a mesa.	Upon the table.
Sobre a noite.	Towards night.
Sobre todas as cousas.	Before all things.
Duas vezes no dia.	Twice a day.
Na rua.	On the street.
Em todo o tempo.	At all times.
Em premio.	For reward.
Para que he isto?	What is that for?
Para onde?	Whereto?
Para que fim?	For what purpose?
Palavra por palavra.	Word for word.
Vai por vinho.	Fetch wine.
De muito atraz.	Far back.
Fazer passo atraz.	To take a step backwards.
Alguns dias atraz.	A few days ago.

Leipsic, printed by J. B. Hirschfeld.

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Footnotes:

[1] house.

[2] good.

[3] appearance.

[4] rose.

[5] mouth.

[6] ear.

[7] head.

[8] forehead.

[9] chin.

[10] part.

[11] body.

[12] human.

[13] window.

[14] open.

[15] needle.

[16] is too fine.

[17] mend.

[18] pen.

[19] I have.

[20] to write.

[21] letter.

[22] do me the favour.

[23] lend.

[24] sheet of paper.

[25] bottle.

[26] table.

[27] cherry tree.

[28] bears.

[29] grape.

[30] ripe.

[31] vine.

[32] the best.

[33] situation.

[34] manteiga.

[35] fresco.

[36] licença.

[37] chicara.

[38] levado.

[39] honra.

[40] cerveja.

[41] excellente.

[42] ostra.

[43] traga me.

[44] obrea.

[45] lindo.

[46] manhãa.

[47] porta.

[48] fechado.

[49] primavera.

[50] a mais agradavel.

[51] estação.

[52] colheita.

[53] ha de ser.

[54] abundante.

[55] flow.

[56] depopulated.

[57] leaved.

[58] ornamented.

[59] comb.

[60] inhabitants.

[61] district.

[62] Indian.

[63] brook.

[64] lake.

[65] dry out.

[66] edificio.

[67] aldêa.

[68] região.

[69] numeroso.

[70] boi.

[71] ovelha.

[72] gato.

[73] ha.

[74] javali.

[75] veado.

[76] lebre.

[77] bosque.

[78] grou.

[79] cegonha.

[80] ave de arribação.

[81] barraca.

[82] feito.

[83] tronco d’arvore.

[84] open.

[85] the interior of the country.

[86] evening.

[87] is suitable.

[88] agricultural produce.

[89] planted.

[90] sowed.

[91] black bean.

[92] melon.

[93] make.

[94] invention.

[95] useful.

[96] obey.

[97] here.

[98] bread.

[99] flatter.

[100] the prince.

[101] constructed.

[102] here are.

[103] two.

[104] balcony.

[105] one lets.

[106] learn.

[107] a handicraft.

[108] paixão.

[109] violento.

[110] navegação.

[111] estender.

[112] no principio.

[113] revolução.

[114] rebentar.

[115] no ultimo tempo.

[116] condição.

[117] rejeitar.

[118] povoação.

[119] no interior do paiz.

[120] caçador.

[121] levar.

[122] caça.

[123] consideravel.

[124] Hespanha.

[125] tabellião.

[126] protestar.

[127] lettra de cambio.

[128] em casa.

[129] perseguir.

[130] numeróso.

[131] punhal.

[132] amolar.

[133] oanzol.

[134] não valem nada.

[135] annel.

[136] pintor.

[137] governar.

[138] barril.

[139] cheio.

[140] official.

[141] descontente.

[142] ha.

[143] cal.

[144] eu gosto.

[145] pastel.

[146] descubrir.

[147] ardil.

[148] bank.

[149] green.

[150] turf.

[151] meadow.

[152] made.

[153] possess.

[154] (landed) property.

[155] out of it.

[156] mortal.

[157] fasting.

[158] to make fat.

[159] sky.

[160] covered.

[161] cloud.

[162] inhabitants.

[163] deal.

[164] with.

[165] timber.

[166] to buy.

[167] to arrive.

[168] short.

[169] flock.

[170] assemble.

[171] almost.

[172] customer.

[173] pirates.

[174] ouvir.

[175] tom.

[176] sol.

[177] esconder.

[178] de.

[179] grosso.

[180] nuvem.

[181] pato.

[182] passagem.

[183] fechar.

[184] imagem.

[185] bagagem.

[186] dar.

[187] parabem.

[188] sempre.

[189] puro.

[190] comido.

[191] quatro.

[192] codorniz.

[193] mostrar.

[194] cicatriz.

[195] ferida.

[196] batalhão.

[197] vez.

[198] belligerante.

[199] amar.

[200] filha.

[201] amiga.

[202] igualar.

[203] dous (fem. duas).

[204] estrella.

[205] alfaiate.

[206] ao mesmo tempo.

[207] ribeiro.

[208] assignar.

[209] nome.

[210] fazenda.

[211] regar.

[212] offerecimento.

[213] colono.

[214] entregar.

[215] carta.

[216] secretario.

[217] cabal, importante.

[218] tributario.

[219] rio do Amazonas.

[220] jazer.

[221] na margem esquerda.

[222] porto.

[223] ornato.

[224] old.

[225] frightened.

[226] nephew.

[227] dying.

[228] suffering.

[229] hatred.

[230] Spanish.

[231] some.

[232] vessel.

[233] watch.

[234] reign.

[235] knight.

[236] Christian.

[237] shore.

[238] the guard.

[239] above named.

[240] plantations.

[241] sugar.

[242] little.

[243] village.

[244] rico.

[245] pobre.

[246] igreja.

[247] campo.

[248] frondoso.

[249] arvore.

[250] ferido.

[251] soldado.

[252] ponte.

[253] numeroso.

[254] tio.

[255] tia.

[256] claro.

[257] agradavel.

[258] inverno.

[259] Sibiria.

[260] rigoroso.

[261] geographico.

[262] historico.

[263] instituto.

[264] mencionado.

[265] alvará.

[266] generoso.

[267] sentimento.

[268] immenso.

[269] selva (silva).

[270] uns, umas.

[271] largo.

[272] unico.

[273] bellicoso.

[274] precedente.

[275] artigo.

[276] agitado.

[277] seguinte.

[278] silencioso.

[279] grave.

[280] profundo.

[281] amor.

[282] populated.

[283] violet.

[284] night.

[285] young.

[286] pretty.

[287] to buy.

[288] cheap.

[289] esteemed.

[290] learned.

[291] chair.

[292] made.

[293] wood.

[294] grandson.

[295] cousin.

[296] pasture.

[297] diligente.

[298] irmãa.

[299] marido.

[300] máo.

[301] amiga.

[302] tulipa.

[303] navio.

[304] simples.

[305] no mundo.

[306] este.

[307] aquelle.

[308] verão.

[309] inverno.

[310] rigoroso.

[311] parte.

[312] relva.

[313] verde.

[314] arvore.

[315] fallar.

[316] um Cicero.

[317] inglez.

[318] louvavel.

[319] virtude.

[320] praticar.

[321] live.

[322] year.

[323] age.

[324] army.

[325] consists of.

[326] killed.

[327] battle.

[328] remained.

[329] prisoners.

[330] population.

[331] souls.

[332] parish.

[333] letter.

[334] dated.

[335] arrive.

[336] length.

[337] the round.

[338] earthquake.

[339] destroy.

[340] burnt down.

[341] inheritance.

[342] to raise.

[343] companhia.

[344] regimento.

[345] ajuntado.

[346] quasi.

[347] chegar.

[348] dentro.

[349] prima.

[350] amolar.

[351] batalha.

[352] anno.

[353] mez.

[354] ovo.

[355] seculo.

[356] filho.

[357] filha.

[358] poor.

[359] love.

[360] never.

[361] trazer, to carry.

[362] agradar, to please.

[363] praise.

[364] dizer, to say.

[365] to cut, to trim.

[366] the wing.

[367] to mount.

[368] praiseworthy.

[369] to advise.

[370] to practice.

[371] the loss.

[372] the wind.

[373] favorable.

[374] generosity.

[375] flower.

[376] valiant.

[377] powerful.

[378] to despise.

[379] sciences.

[380] to know.

[381] to bless.

[382] labour.

[383] imperfection, fault.

[384] reputation.

[385] to admire.

[386] scoundrel.

[387] ought.

[388] to punish.

[389] aprender, to learn.

[390] facility.

[391] battle.

[392] to decide.

[393] the issue.

[394] the campaign.

[395] wise.

[396] young, now.

[397] uprooted.

[398] worshipping.

[399] idols.

[400] disease.

[401] appear.

[402] excellent.

[403] exempt.

[404] passion.

[405] fallar, to speak.

[406] vestido.

[407] meia.

[408] sapato.

[409] dinheiro.

[410] cadeira.

[411] branco.

[412] azul.

[413] morto, matado.

[414] igualar.

[415] requisito.

[416] ministro.

[417] ilha.

[418] estimar, respeitar.

[419] dever.

[420] morrer.

[421] dom, dativa.

[422] Hollanda.

[423] Allemanha.

[424] homem de bem.

[425] velhaco.

[426] neither—nor, nem—nem.

[427] Hespanhol.

[428] Inglez.

[429] Allemão.

[430] bom.

[431] máo.

[432] amar a si mesmo, to love one’s self.

[433] affirmar.

[434] estação.

[435] tempo.

[436] terror.

[437] fugir.

[438] conjurado.

[439] bread.

[440] meat.

[441] wine.

[442] plum.

[443] strawberries.

[444] orange.

[445] raspberry.

[446] fig.

[447] gooseberry.

[448] brother.

[449] nut.

[450] sister.

[451] medlar.

[452] beef.

[453] friend.

[454] veal.

[455] the roastmeat.

[456] ham.

[457] pie.

[458] egg.

[459] cake.

[460] salad.

[461] pepper.

[462] vinegar.

[463] oil.

[464] mustard.

[465] sugar.

[466] spice.

[467] cerveja.

[468] fruta.

[469] maçãa.

[470] pera.

[471] pecego.

[472] cereja.

[473] uva.

[474] amendoa.

[475] amora.

[476] albricoque (damasco).

[477] queijo.

[478] leite.

[479] avelãa.

[480] manteiga.

[481] castanha.

[482] limão.

[483] jardineiro.

[484] aipo.

[485] cebola.

[486] caçador.

[487] caça.

[488] ginjas.

[489] passas, passas de uva.

[490] cozinheira.

[491] azeitona.

[492] amiga.

[493] roseira.

[494] murta.

[495] damasqueiro.

[496] ramalhete.

[497] nata.

[498] sal.

[499] café.

[500] chá.

[501] chocolate.

[502] corragem, animo.

[503] livro.

[504] paciencia.

[505] melancia, balancia.

[506] melão.

[507] by accident.

[508] knife.

[509] fork.

[510] table napkin.

[511] towel.

[512] plate.

[513] glass.

[514] gold.

[515] silver.

[516] spoon.

[517] decanter.

[518] iron.

[519] steel.

[520] lead.

[521] paper.

[522] pens.

[523] penknife.

[524] ink.

[525] house.

[526] flower.

[527] garden.

[528] quarto.

[529] castello.

[530] arvore.

[531] dinheiro.

[532] sede.

[533] occasião.

[534] navalha.

[535] cavallo.

[536] licença.

[537] cantaro.

[538] gato (gata).

[539] cabra.

[540] vacca.

[541] boi.

[542] burro.

[543] cão.

[544] Only the irregular tenses are given, the others are conjugated in the regular manner.

[545] meeting.

[546] to ask.

[547] the question.

[548] land.

[549] better.

[550] to live.

[551] presumptuous.

[552] as.

[553] I give.

[554] the preference.

[555] the priest.

[556] a certain.

[557] judge who has studied.

[558] the people.

[559] the priviledged butchers of beef.

[560] matar, to kill, to slaughter.

[561] the ox.

[562] açougue, the slaughter-house.

[563] chegar, to suffice.

[564] at the same time.

[565] too much.

[566] to order.

[567] courtier.

[568] to flatter.

[569] to lie.

[570] to steal.

[571] to divide.

[572] unfortunate.

[573] death.

[574] lembrar-se, to remember.

[575] kingdom.

[576] pleasure.

[577] to raise.

[578] the siege.

[579] want.

[580] round table.

[581] surrender.

[582] to be worth.

[583] less.

[584] querer, to wish.

[585] to make.

[586] uncle.

[587] to arrange.

[588] business.

[589] he came (vir).

[590] duke.

[591] proud.

[592] the count.

[593] the discussion.

[594] to ask.

[595] marquis.

[596] the low gentry.

[597] pedir, to beg.

[598] poor.

[599] alms.

[600] ordered.

[601] reply.

[602] just as much.

[603] I would have.

[604] audacious.

[605] fortitude.

[606] discovered.

[607] night.

[608] cear, to sup.

[609] assistance.

[610] egg.

[611] to stand erect.

[612] to assist.

[613] that it could not be.

[614] pegar, to take up.

[615] quiet.

[616] table.

[617] small.

[618] break.

[619] rir-se, to laugh.

[620] nobody.

[621] of your honours.

[622] rule.

[623] recognise.

[624] restrict.

[625] suppress.

[626] passions.

[627] to do evil.

[628] cover.

[629] neighbour.

[630] assist.

[631] to divorce.

[632] peace.

[633] appeared.

[634] for this purpose.

[635] before.

[636] to surprise.

[637] the proposition.

[638] to leave.

[639] in fine.

[640] to take off.

[641] the shoe.

[642] to add.

[643] fazer, to make.

[644] with all that.

[645] husband.

[646] where.

[647] pinch.

[648] to make tame.

[649] govern.

[650] mountain chain.

[651] inhabited.

[652] ancestors.

[653] whose.

[654] to begin.

[655] to populate.

[656] wild.

[657] dizer, to say.

[658] they gave (dar).

[659] the rind.

[660] nation.

[661] to carry.

[662] the body.

[663] gum.

[664] pintar, to paint.

[665] sting.

[666] white.

[667] the others.

[668] to have the practice.

[669] face.

[670] hordes.

[671] each.

[672] leader.

[673] power.

[674] over his tribe.

[675] the chase.

[676] war.

[677] the choice.

[678] place of residence.

[679] village.

[680] sometimes.

[681] bold.

[682] shoulder.

[683] neck.

[684] nose.

[685] cheeks.

[686] foot.

[687] thin.

[688] ears.

[689] the underlip.

[690] a hole.

[691] wooden.

[692] vindictive.

[693] traitorous.

[694] an air.

[695] to look upon.

[696] the sun.

[697] to call.

[698] the moon.

[699] grotto.

[700] hell.

[701] one has given.

[702] to find, achar-se.

[703] the fortress.

[704] on the right shore.

[705] slope.

[706] northern.

[707] which forms the entrance.

[708] fathom.

[709] long.

[710] wide.

[711] length.

[712] at the end.

[713] Mosque.

[714] size.

[715] on the left.

[716] bad taste.

[717] from the outside.

[718] rivulet.

[719] inundation.

[720] inhabitants.

[721] attempt.

[722] engineer.

[723] to draw.

[724] to describe.

[725] persons.

[726] crocodile.

Transcriber’s Notes:

The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.

New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.

Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.

A NEW PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE.

PREFACE.

INDEX.

FIRST COURSE. — The Pronunciation.

PART I. — 3. Declension of the definite Article. — Declension of the indefinite Article. — Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions. — 6. On the Gender. — 26. The Adjective. — 35. The Numbers (Vos Numeral). — 42. Pronouns.

Masculine

8.Feminine Substantive.

13.Formation of the Plural.

22.Declension of Substantives.

27. The Plurals of Adjectives

30.The Comparison of Adjectives.

31.Irregular Comparisons.

32.Declension of the Adjective.

1. The Cardinal Numbers (Numerales cardinaes).

2. The Ordinal Numbers.

3. Fractional Numbers.

4. Proportional Numbers.

5. Collective Numbers.

1. Personal Pronouns.

2. Conjunctive Pronouns.

3. Mixed Pronouns.

4. Possessive Pronouns.

5. Demonstrative Pronouns.

6. Relative Pronouns.

7. Interrogative Pronouns.

8. Indefinite Pronouns.

PART II. — Collection of Words.

Easy Dialogues.

SECOND COURSE. — Verbs. — 18. Adverbs.

The Auxiliary Verbs.

7.The Regular Verbs.

13.Irregular Verbs.

17.Impersonal Verbs

1.Adverbs of Time.

2. Adverbs of Place.

3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison.

4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind.

5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.

20. Prepositions.

22. Conjunctions.

Interjections

Reading Lessons.

Idiomatic Expressions with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc.

8.
Feminine Substantive.

13.
Formation of the Plural.

22.
Declension of Substantives.

27.
The Plurals of Adjectives

30.
The Comparison of Adjectives.

31.
Irregular Comparisons.

32.
Declension of the Adjective.

1. The Cardinal Numbers
(Numerales cardinaes).

7.
The Regular Verbs.

13.
Irregular Verbs.

17.
Impersonal Verbs

1.
Adverbs of Time.

2.
Adverbs of Place.

3.
Adverbs of Number and Comparison.

4.
Adverbs of Manner and Kind.

5.
Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation.