A Class Room Logic

About this eBook

Author

McNair, George Hastings

Title

A Class Room Logic Deductive and Inductive, with Special Application to the Science and Art of Teaching

Credits

Produced by Richard Hulse and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

Language

English

LoC Class

BC: Philosophy, Psychology, Religion: Logic

Subject

Logic

Category

Text

Project Gutenberg

eBook-No. 57912

Release Date

September 16, 2018

Copyright

Public domain in the USA.

Contents

1. 1.A CLASS ROOM LOGIC — PREFACE.
2. 2.TABLE OF CONTENTS
3. 3.CHAPTER 1. THE SCOPE AND NATURE OF LOGIC. — 1. THE MIND. — 2. LOGIC RELATED TO OTHER SUBJECTS. — 3. LOGIC DEFINED. — 4. THE VALUE OF LOGIC TO THE STUDENT. — 5. OUTLINE— — 6. SUMMARY. — 7. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 8. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
4. 4.CHAPTER 2. THOUGHT AND ITS OPERATION. — 1. THE KNOWING MIND COMPARED WITH THE THINKING MIND. — 2. KNOWING BY INTUITION. — 3. THE THINKING PROCESS. — 4. NOTIONS, INDIVIDUAL AND GENERAL. — 5. KNOWLEDGE AND IDEA AS RELATED TO THE NOTION. — 6. THE LOGIC OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS INVOLVED IN THE NOTION. — 7. T HOUGHT IN THE S ENSATION AND P ERCEPT . — 8. EVOLUTION AND THE THINKING MIND. — 9. T HE C ONCEPT AS A T HOUGHT P RODUCT . — 10. T HE J UDGMENT AS A T HOUGHT P RODUCT . — 11. I NFERENCE AS A T HOUGHT P RODUCT . — 12. THINKING AND APPREHENSION. — 13. STAGES IN THINKING. — 14. OUTLINE. — 15. SUMMARY. — 16. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 17. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
5. 5.CHAPTER 3. THE PRIMARY LAWS OF THOUGHT. — 1. TWO FUNDAMENTAL LAWS. — 2. THE LAW OF IDENTITY. — 3. LAW OF CONTRADICTION. — 4. THE LAW OF EXCLUDED MIDDLE. — 5. THE LAW OF SUFFICIENT REASON. — 6. UNITY OF PRIMARY LAWS OF THOUGHT ILLUSTRATED BY SYMBOLS. — 7. OUTLINE. — 8. SUMMARY. — 9. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. — 10. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 11. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
6. 6.CHAPTER 4. LOGICAL TERMS. — 1. LOGICAL THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE INSEPARABLE. — 2. MEANING OF LOGICAL TERM. — 3. CATEGOREMATIC AND SYNCATEGOREMATIC WORDS. — 4. SINGULAR TERMS. — 5. GENERAL TERMS. — 6. COLLECTIVE AND DISTRIBUTIVE TERMS. — 7. CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT TERMS. — 8. CONNOTATIVE AND NON-CONNOTATIVE TERMS. — 9. POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE TERMS. — 10. CONTRADICTORY AND OPPOSITE TERMS. (See page 38 ). — 11. PRIVATIVE AND NEGO-POSITIVE TERMS. — 12. ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE TERMS. — 13. OUTLINE. — 14. SUMMARY. — 15. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. — 16. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 17. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
7. 7.CHAPTER 5. THE EXTENSION AND INTENSION OF TERMS. — 1. TWO-FOLD FUNCTION OF CONNOTATIVE TERMS. (See page 52 .) — 2. EXTENSION AND INTENSION DEFINED. — 3. EXTENDED COMPARISON OF EXTENSION AND INTENSION. — 4. A LIST OF CONNOTATIVE TERMS USED IN EXTENSION AND INTENSION. — 5. OTHER FORMS OF EXPRESSION FOR EXTENSION AND INTENSION. — 6. LAW OF VARIATION IN EXTENSION AND INTENSION. — 6a. TWO IMPORTANT FACTS IN THE LAW OF VARIATION. — 6b. THE LAW OF VARIATION DIAGRAMMATICALLY ILLUSTRATED. — 7. OUTLINE. — 8. SUMMARY. — 9. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. — 10. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 11. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
8. 8.CHAPTER 6. DEFINITION. — 1. IMPORTANCE. — 2. THE PREDICABLES. — 3. THE NATURE OF A DEFINITION. — 4. DEFINITION AND DIVISION COMPARED. — 5. THE KINDS OF DEFINITIONS. — 6. WHEN THE THREE KINDS OF DEFINITIONS ARE SERVICEABLE. — 7. THE RULES OF LOGICAL DEFINITION. — 8. TERMS WHICH CANNOT BE DEFINED LOGICALLY. — 9. DEFINITIONS OF COMMON EDUCATIONAL TERMS. — 10. OUTLINE. — 11. SUMMARY. — 12. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. — 13. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 14. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
9. 9.CHAPTER 7. LOGICAL DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION. — 1. NATURE OF LOGICAL DIVISION. — 2. LOGICAL DIVISION DISTINGUISHED FROM ENUMERATION. — 3. LOGICAL DIVISION AS PARTITION. — 4. RULES OF LOGICAL DIVISION. — 5. DICHOTOMY. — 6. CLASSIFICATION—​COMPARED WITH DIVISION. — 7. KINDS OF CLASSIFICATION—​ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL. — 8. TWO RULES OF CLASSIFICATION. — 9. USE OF DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATION IN THE SCHOOL ROOM. — 10. TOPICAL OUTLINE. — 11. SUMMARY. — 12. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 13. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
10. 10.CHAPTER 8. LOGICAL PROPOSITIONS — 1. THE NATURE OF LOGICAL PROPOSITIONS. — 2. KINDS OF LOGICAL PROPOSITIONS. — 3. THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF A CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION. — 4. LOGICAL AND GRAMMATICAL SUBJECT AND PREDICATE DISTINGUISHED. — 5. THE FOUR KINDS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS. — 6. PROPOSITIONS WHICH DO NOT CONFORM TO THE LOGICAL TYPE. — 7. PROPOSITIONS WHICH ARE NOT NECESSARILY ILLOGICAL. — 8. THE RELATION BETWEEN SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. — 9. OUTLINE. — 10. SUMMARY. — 11. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. — 12. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 13. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
11. 11.CHAPTER 9. IMMEDIATE INFERENCE—​OPPOSITION. — 1. THE NATURE OF INFERENCE. — 2. IMMEDIATE AND MEDIATE INFERENCE. — 3. THE FORMS OF IMMEDIATE INFERENCE.
12. 12.CHAPTER 10. IMMEDIATE INFERENCE (CONTINUED)—​OBVERSION, CONVERSION, CONTRAVERSION AND INVERSION. — 4. EPITOME OF THE FOUR PROCESSES OF IMMEDIATE INFERENCE IN CONNECTION WITH THE FOUR LOGICAL PROPOSITIONS. — 5. OUTLINE. — 6. SUMMARY. — 7. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. — 8. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 9. PROBLEMS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
13. 13.CHAPTER 11. MEDIATE INFERENCE. THE SYLLOGISM. — 1. INFERENCE AND REASONING. — 2. THE SYLLOGISM. — 3. THE RULES OF THE SYLLOGISM. — 4. RULES OF THE SYLLOGISM EXPLAINED. — 5. THE DICTUM OF ARISTOTLE. — 6. CANONS OF THE SYLLOGISM. — 7. THREE MATHEMATICAL AXIOMS. — 8. OUTLINE. — 9. SUMMARY. — 10. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. — 11. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 12. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
14. 14.CHAPTER 12. FIGURES AND MOODS OF THE SYLLOGISM. — 1. THE FOUR FIGURES OF THE SYLLOGISM. — 2. THE MOODS OF THE SYLLOGISM. — 3. TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE MOODS. — 4. SPECIAL CANONS OF THE FOUR FIGURES. — 5. SPECIAL CANONS RELATED. — 6. MNEMONIC LINES. — 7. RELATIVE VALUE OF THE FOUR FIGURES. — 8. OUTLINE. — 9. SUMMARY. — 10. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES. — 11. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 12. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
15. 15.CHAPTER 13. INCOMPLETE SYLLOGISMS AND IRREGULAR ARGUMENTS. — 1. ENTHYMEME. — 2. EPICHEIREMA. — 3. POLYSYLLOGISM. — 4. SORITES. — 5. IRREGULAR ARGUMENTS. — 6. OUTLINE. — 7. SUMMARY. — 8. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 9. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
16. 16.CHAPTER 14. CATEGORICAL ARGUMENTS TESTED ACCORDING TO FORM. — 1. ARGUMENTS OF FORM AND MATTER. — 2. ORDER OF PROCEDURE IN THE FORMAL TESTING OF ARGUMENTS. — 3. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES IN TESTING ARGUMENTS WHICH ARE ALREADY COMPLETE, REGULAR, AND LOGICALLY ARRANGED. — 4. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE IN TESTING COMPLETED ARGUMENTS, ONE OR BOTH PREMISES BEING ILLOGICAL. — 5. ARGUMENTS WHICH ARE INCOMPLETE AND MORE OR LESS IRREGULAR. — 6. COMMON MISTAKES OF STUDENTS IN TESTING ARGUMENTS. — 7. OUTLINE. — 8. SUMMARY. — 9. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 10. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
17. 17.CHAPTER 15. HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENTS, AND DISJUNCTIVE ARGUMENTS INCLUDING THE DILEMMA. — 1. THREE KINDS OF ARGUMENTS. — 2. HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENTS. — 3. THE ANTECEDENT AND CONSEQUENT. — 4. TWO KINDS OF HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENTS. — 5. THE RULE AND TWO FALLACIES OF THE HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENT. — 6. HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENTS REDUCED TO THE CATEGORICAL FORM. — 7. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE TESTING HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENTS OF ALL KINDS. — 8. DISJUNCTIVE ARGUMENTS. — 9. THE TWO KINDS OF DISJUNCTIVE ARGUMENTS. — 10. THE FIRST RULE OF DISJUNCTIVE ARGUMENTS. — 11. SECOND RULE OF DISJUNCTIVE ARGUMENTS. — 12. REDUCTION OF THE DISJUNCTIVE ARGUMENT TO THE HYPOTHETICAL AND THEN TO THE CATEGORICAL. — 13. THE DILEMMA. — 14. FOUR FORMS. — 15. THE ONE RULE INVOLVED IN DILEMMATIC ARGUMENTS. — 16. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE TESTING DISJUNCTIVE AND DILEMMATIC ARGUMENTS. — 17. ORDINARY EXPERIENCES RELATED TO THE DISJUNCTIVE PROPOSITION AND HYPOTHETICAL ARGUMENT. — 18. OUTLINE. — 19. SUMMARY. — 20. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 21. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
18. 18.CHAPTER 16. THE LOGICAL FALLACIES OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING. — 1. A NEGATIVE ASPECT. — 2. PARALOGISM AND SOPHISM. — 3. A DIVISION OF THE DEDUCTIVE FALLACIES. — 4. GENERAL DIVISIONS EXPLAINED. — 5. FALLACIES OF IMMEDIATE INFERENCE. — 6. FALLACIES OF LANGUAGE. (Equivocation.) — 7. FALLACIES IN THOUGHT. — 8. OUTLINE. — 9. SUMMARY. — 10. ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISES IN THE TESTING OF ARGUMENTS IN BOTH FORM AND MEANING. — 11. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 12. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
19. 19.CHAPTER 17. INDUCTIVE REASONING. — 1. INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING DISTINGUISHED. — 2. THE INDUCTIVE HAZARD. — 3. THE COMPLEXITY OF THE PROBLEM OF INDUCTION. — 4. THE VARIOUS CONCEPTIONS OF INDUCTION. — 5. INDUCTION AND DEDUCTION CONTIGUOUS PROCESSES. — 6. INDUCTION AN ASSUMPTION. — 7. U NIVERSAL C AUSATION . — 8. T HE L AW OF THE U NIFORMITY OF N ATURE . — 9. INDUCTIVE ASSUMPTION JUSTIFIED. — 10. THREE FORMS OF INDUCTIVE RESEARCH. — 11. INDUCTION BY SIMPLE ENUMERATION. — 12. INDUCTION BY ANALOGY. — 13. INDUCTION BY ANALYSIS. — 14. PERFECT INDUCTION. — 15. TRADUCTION. — 16. OUTLINE. — 17. SUMMARY. — 18. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 19. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
20. 20.CHAPTER 18. THE FIVE SPECIAL METHODS OF OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT. 13 — 1. THE AIM OF THE FIVE METHODS. — 2. METHOD OF AGREEMENT. — 3. METHOD OF DIFFERENCE. — 4. THE JOINT METHOD OF AGREEMENT AND DIFFERENCE. — 5. METHOD OF CONCOMITANT VARIATIONS. — 6. THE METHOD OF RESIDUES. — 7. THE GENERAL PURPOSE AND UNITY OF THE FIVE METHODS. — 8. OUTLINE. — 9. SUMMARY. — 10. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 11. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
21. 21.CHAPTER 19. THE AUXILIARY ELEMENTS OF INDUCTION. OBSERVATION—​EXPERIMENT—​HYPOTHESIS. — 1. THE FOUNDATION OF INDUCTIVE GENERALIZATIONS. — 2. OBSERVATION. — 3. EXPERIMENT. — 4. RULES FOR LOGICAL OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT. — 5. COMMON ERRORS OF OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENT. — 6. THE HYPOTHESIS. — 7. INDUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS DISTINGUISHED. — 8. HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY. — 9. THE REQUIREMENTS OF A PERMISSIBLE HYPOTHESIS. — 10. THE USES OF HYPOTHESES. — 11. CHARACTERISTICS NEEDED BY SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATORS. — 12. OUTLINE. — 13. SUMMARY. — 14. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 15. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
22. 22.CHAPTER 20. LOGIC IN THE CLASS ROOM. — 1. THOUGHT IS KING. — 2. SPECIAL FUNCTION OF INDUCTION AND DEDUCTION. — 3. TWO TYPES OF MIND. — 4. TOO MUCH CONSERVATISM IN SCHOOL ROOM. — 5. THE METHOD OF THE DISCOVERER. — 6. THE REAL INDUCTIVE METHOD OR DISCOVERER’S METHOD NOT IN VOGUE IN CLASS ROOM WORK. — 7. AS A METHOD OF INSTRUCTION DEDUCTION IS SUPERIOR TO INDUCTION. — 8. CONQUEST NOT KNOWLEDGE THE DESIDERATUM. — 9. MOTIVATION AS RELATED TO THE SPIRIT OF DISCOVERY. — 10. DISCOVERER’S METHOD OR THE REAL INDUCTIVE METHOD ADAPTED TO CLASS ROOM WORK. — 11. THE QUESTION AND ANSWER METHOD NOT NECESSARILY ONE OF DISCOVERY. — 12. OUTLINE. — 13. SUMMARY. — 14. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 15. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
23. 23.CHAPTER 21. LOGIC AND LIFE. — 1. LOGIC GIVEN A PLACE IN A SECONDARY COURSE. — 2. MAN’S SUPREMACY DUE TO POWER OF THOUGHT. — 3. IMPORTANCE OF PROGRESSIVE THOUGHT. — 4. NECESSITY OF RIGHT THINKING. — 5. INDIFFERENT AND CARELESS THOUGHT. — 6. THE RATIONALIZATION OF THE WORLD OF CHANCE. — 7. THE RATIONALIZATION OF POLITICAL AND BUSINESS SOPHISTRIES. — 8. THE RATIONALIZATION OF THE SPIRIT OF PROGRESS. — 9. A RATIONALIZATION OF THE ATTITUDE TOWARD WORK. — 10. THE LOGIC OF SUCCESS. — 11. OUTLINE. — 12. SUMMARY. — 13. REVIEW QUESTIONS. — 14. QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND INVESTIGATION.
24. 24.GENERAL EXERCISES IN TESTING THE VALIDITY OF CATEGORICAL ARGUMENTS. — GENERAL EXERCISES IN TESTING THE VALIDITY OF HYPOTHETICAL, DISJUNCTIVE AND DILEMMATIC ARGUMENTS. — SETS OF EXAMINATION QUESTIONS FOR TRAINING SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. — BIBLIOGRAPHY. — OUTLINE OF BRIEFER COURSE. — INDEX — Footnotes. — Transcriber’s Notes.

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