A Bibliography of the writings in Prose and Verse of George Henry Borrow

The object of the present Bibliography is to give a concise account, accompanied by accurate collations, of the original editions of the Books and Pamphlets of George Borrow, together with a list of his many contributions to Magazines and other Publications.  It will doubtless be observed that no inconsiderable portion of the Bibliography deals with the attractive series of Pamphlets containing Ballads, Poems, and other works by Borrow which were printed for Private Circulation during the course of last year.  Some account of the origin of these pamphlets, and some information regarding the material of which they are composed, may not be considered as inopportune or inappropriate.

As a writer of English Prose Borrow long since achieved the position which was his due; as a writer of English Verse he has yet to come by his own.

The neglect from which Borrow’s poetical compositions (by far the larger proportion of which are translations from the Danish and other tongues) have suffered has arisen from one cause, and from one cause alone,—the fact that up to the present moment only his earliest and, in the majority of cases, his least successful efforts have been available to students of his work.

In 1826, when Borrow passed his Romantic Ballads through the Press, he had already acquired a working knowledge of numerous languages and dialects, but of his native tongue he had still to become a master.  In 1826 his appreciation of the requirements of English Prosody was of a vague description, his sense of the rhythm of verse was crude, and the attention he paid to the exigencies of rhyme was inadequate.  Hence the majority of his Ballads, beyond the fact that they were faithful reproductions of the originals from which they had been laboriously translated, were of no particular value.

But to Borrow himself they were objects of a regard which amounted to affection, and there can be no question that throughout a considerable portion of his adventurous life he looked to his Ballads to win for him whatever measure of literary fame it might eventually be his fortune to gain.  In Lavengro, and other of his prose works, he repeatedly referred to his “bundle of Ballads”; and I doubt whether he ever really relinquished all hope of placing them before the public until the last decade of his life had well advanced.

That the Ballad Poetry of the old Northern Races should have held a strong attraction for Borrow is not to be wondered at.  His restless nature and his roving habits were well in tune with the spirit of the old Heroic Ballads; whilst his taste for all that was mythical or vagabond (vagabond in the literal, and not in the conventional, sense of the word) would prompt him to welcome with no common eagerness the old Poems dealing with matters supernatural and legendary.  Has he not himself recorded how, when fatigued upon a tiring march, he roused his flagging spirits by shouting the refrain “Look out, look out, Svend Vonved!”?

In 1829, three years after the Romantic Ballads had struggled into existence, Borrow made an effort to place them before a larger public in a more complete and imposing form.  In collaboration with Dr. (afterwards Sir John) Bowring he projected a work which should contain the best of his old Ballads, together with many new ones, the whole to be supported by the addition of others from the pen of Dr. Bowring. [0a]  A Prospectus was drawn up and issued in December, 1829, and at least two examples of this Prospectus have survived.  The brochure consists of two octavo pages of letterpress, with the following heading:—

PROSPECTUS.

It is proposed to publish, in Two Volumes Octavo,
Price to Subscribers £1 1s., to Non-Subscribers £1 4s.,
THE SONGS OF SCANDINAVIA,
translated by
Dr. BOWRING and Mr. BORROW.

dedicated to the king of denmark, by permission of his majesty.

 

Then came a brief synopsis of the contents of the volumes, followed by a short address on “the debt of justice due from England to Scandinavia.”

Two additional pages were headed List of Subscribers, and were left blank for the reception of names which, alas! were recorded in no sufficient number.  The scheme lapsed, Borrow found his mission in other fields of labour, and not until 1854 did he again attempt to revive it.

But in 1854 Borrow made one more very serious effort to give his Ballads life.  In that year he again took them in hand, subjected many of them to revision of the most drastic nature, and proceeded to prepare them finally for press.  Advertisements which he drew up are still extant in his handwriting, and reduced facsimiles of two of these may be seen upon the opposite page.  But again Fate was against him, and neither Kœmpe Viser nor Songs of Europe ever saw the light. [0b]

After the death of Borrow his manuscripts passed into the possession of his step-daughter, Mrs. MacOubrey, from whom the greater part were purchased by Mr. Webber, a bookseller of Ipswich, who resold them to Dr. William Knapp.  These Manuscripts are now in the hands of the Hispanic Society, of New York, and will doubtless remain for ever the property of the American people.  Fortunately, when disposing of the bulk of her step-father’s books and papers to Mr. Webber, Mrs. MacOubrey retained the Manuscripts of the Ballads, together with certain other documents of interest and importance.  It was from these Manuscripts that I was afforded the opportunity of preparing the series of Pamphlets printed last year.

The Manuscripts themselves are of four descriptions.  Firstly, the Manuscripts of certain of the new Ballads prepared for the Songs of Scandinavia in 1829, untouched, and as originally written; [0c] secondly, other of these new Ballads, heavily corrected by Borrow in a later handwriting; thirdly, fresh transcripts, with the revised texts, made in or about 1854, of Ballads written in 1829; and lastly some of the more important Ballads originally published in 1826, entirely re-written in 1854, and the text thoroughly revised.

As will be seen from the few examples I have given in the following pages, or better still from a perusal of the pamphlets, the value as literature of Borrow’s Ballads as we now know them is immeasurably higher than that hitherto placed upon them by critics who had no material upon which to form their judgment beyond the Romantic Ballads, Targum, and The Talisman, together with the sets of minor verses included in his other books.  Borrow himself regarded his work in this field as superior to that of Lockhart, and indeed seems to have believed that one cause at least of his inability to obtain a hearing was Lockhart’s jealousy for his own Spanish Ballads.  Be that as it may—and Lockhart was certainly sufficiently small-minded to render such a suspicion by no means ridiculous or absurd—I feel assured that Borrow’s metrical work will in future receive a far more cordial welcome from his readers, and will meet with a fuller appreciation from his critics, than that which until now it has been its fortune to secure.

Despite the unctuous phrases which, in obedience to the promptings of the Secretaries of the British and Foreign Bible Society [0d] whose interests he forwarded with so much enterprise and vigor, he was at times constrained to introduce into his official letters, Borrow was at heart a Pagan.  The memory of his father that he cherished most warmly was that of the latter’s fight, actual or mythical, with ‘Big Ben Brain,’ the bruiser; whilst the sword his father had used in action was one of his best-regarded possessions.  To that sword he addressed the following youthful stanzas, which until now have remained un-printed:

Full twenty fights my father saw,
   And died with twenty red wounds gored;
I heir’d what he so loved to draw,
   His ancient silver-handled sword.

It is a sword of weight and length,
   Of jags and blood-specks nobly full;
Well wielded by his Cornish strength
   It clove the Gaulman’s helm and scull.

Hurrah! thou silver-handled blade,
   Though thou’st but little of the air
Of swords by Cornets worn on p’rade,
   To battle thee I vow to bear.

Thou’st decked old chiefs of Cornwall’s land,
   To face the fiend with thee they dared;
Thou prov’dst a Tirfing in their hand
   Which victory gave whene’er ’twas bared.

Though Cornwall’s moors ’twas ne’er my lot
   To view, in Eastern Anglia born,
Yet I her son’s rude strength have got,
   And feel of death their fearless scorn.

And when the foe we have in ken,
   And with my troop I seek the fray,
Thou’lt find the youth who wields thee then
   Will ne’er the part of Horace play.

Meanwhile above my bed’s head hang,
   May no vile rust thy sides bestain;
And soon, full soon, the war-trump’s clang
   Call me and thee to glory’s plain.

These stanzas are interesting in a way which compels one to welcome them, despite the poverty of the verse.  The little poem is a fragment of autobiographical juvenilia, and moreover it is an original composition, and not a translation, as is the greater part of Borrow’s poetical work.

Up to the present date no Complete Collected Edition of Borrow’s Works has been published, either in this country or in America.  There is, however, good reason for hoping that this omission will soon be remedied, for such an edition is now in contemplation, to be produced under the agreeable editorship of Mr. Clement Shorter.

It is, I presume, hardly necessary to note that every Book, Pamphlet, and Magazine dealt with in the following pages has been described de visu.

T. J. W.

Celebrated Trials, / and / Remarkable Cases / of / Criminal Jurisprudence, / from / The Earliest Records / to / The Year 1825. / [Thirteen-line quotation from Burke] / In Six Volumes. / Vol. I.  [Vol. II, &c.] / London: / Printed for Knight and Lacey, / Paternoster-Row. / 1825. / Price £3. 12s. in Boards.

Collation:—Demy octavo.

Vol. I.  Pp. xiii + v + 550, with nine engraved Plates.

Vol. II. „ vi + 574, with seven engraved Plates.

[P. 574 is misnumbered 140.]

Vol. III. „ vi + 572, with three engraved Plates.

Vol. IV. „ vi + 600, with five engraved Plates.

Vol. V. „ vi + 684, with five engraved Plates.

Vol. VI. „ viii + 576 + an Index of 8 pages, together with six engraved Plates.

Issued in drab paper boards, with white paper back-labels.  The leaves measure 8⅝ × 5 inches.

It is evident that no fewer than five different printing houses were employed simultaneously in the production of this work.

The preliminary matter of all six volumes was printed together, and the reverse of each title-page carries at foot the following imprint: “London: / Shackell and Arrowsmith, Johnson’s-Court, Fleet-Street.”

The same firm also worked the whole of the Second Volume, and their imprint is repeated at the foot of p. 574 [misnumbered 140].

Vol. I bears, at the foot of p. 550, the following imprint: “Printed by W. Lewis, 21, Finch-Lane, Cornhill.”

Vol. III bears, at the foot of p. 572, the following imprint: “J. and C. Adlard, Printers, / Bartholomew Close.”

Vols. IV and VI bear, at the foot of pages 600 and 576 respectively, the following imprint: “D. Sidney & Co., Printers / Northumberland-street, Strand.”

Vol. V bears, at the foot of p. 684, the following imprint: “Whiting and Branston, / Beaufort House, Strand.”

Both Dr. Knapp and Mr. Clement Shorter have recorded full particulars of the genesis of the Celebrated Trials.  Mr. Shorter devotes a considerable portion of Chapter xi of George Borrow and his Circle to the subject, and furnishes an analysis of the contents of each of the six volumes.  Celebrated Trials is, of course, the Newgate Lives and Trials of Lavengro, in which book Borrow contrived to make a considerable amount of entertaining narrative out of his early struggles and failures.

There is a Copy of the First Edition of Celebrated Trials in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is 518.g.6.

Faustus: / His / Life, Death, / and / Descent into Hell. / Translated from the German. / Speed thee, speed thee, / Liberty lead thee, / Many this night shall harken and heed thee. / Far abroad, / Demi-god, / Who shall appal thee! / Javal, or devil, or what else we call thee. / Hymn to the Devil. / London: / W. Simpkin and R. Marshall. / 1825.

Collation:—Foolscap octavo, pp. xii + 251; consisting of: Half-title (with imprint “Printed by / J. and C. Adlard, Bartholomew Close” at the foot of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. iii–iv; Preface (headed The Translator to the Public) pp. v–viii; Table of Contents pp. ix–xii; and Text pp. 1–251.  The reverse of p. 251 is occupied by Advertisements of Horace Welby’s Signs before Death, and John Timbs’s Picturesque Promenade round Dorking.  The headline is Faustus throughout, upon both sides of the page.  At the foot of the reverse of p. 251 the imprint is repeated thus, “J. and C. Adlard, Bartholomew Close.”  The signatures are A (6 leaves), B to Q (15 sheets, each 8 leaves), plus R (6 leaves).

Issued (in April, 1825) in bright claret-coloured linen boards, with white paper back-label.  The leaves measure 6¾ × 4¼ inches.  The published price was 7s. 6d.

The volume has as Frontispiece a coloured plate, engraved upon copper, representing the supper of the sheep-headed Magistrates, described on pp. 64–66.  The incident selected for illustration is the moment when the wine ‘issued in blue flames from the flasks,’ and ‘the whole assembly sat like so many ridiculous characters in a mad masquerade.’  This illustration was not new to Borrow’s book.  It had appeared both in the German original, and in the French translation of 1798.  In the original work the persons so bitterly satirized were the individuals composing the Corporation of Frankfort.

In 1840 ‘remainder’ copies of the First Edition of Faustus were issued with a new title-page, pasted upon a stub, carrying at foot the following publishers’ imprint, “London: / Simpkin, Marshall & Co. / 1840.”  They were made up in bright claret-coloured linen boards, uniform with the original issue, with a white paper back-label.  The published price was again 7s. 6d.

Faustus was translated by Borrow from the German of Friedrich Maximilian von Klinger.  Mr. Shorter suggests, with much reason, that Borrow did not make his translation from the original German edition of 1791, but from a French translation published in Amsterdam in 1798.

The reception accorded to Faustus was the reverse of favourable.  The Literary Gazette said (July 16th, 1825):—

“This is another work to which no respectable publisher ought to have allowed his name to be put.  The political allusion and metaphysics, which may have made it popular among a low class in Germany, do not sufficiently season its lewd scenes and coarse descriptions for British palates.  We have occasionally publications for the fireside,—these are only fit for the fire.”

Borrow’s translation of Klinger’s novel was reprinted in 1864, without any acknowledgment of the name of the translator.  Only a few stray words in the text were altered.  But five passages were deleted from the Preface, which, not being otherwise modified or supplemented, gave—as was no doubt the intention of the publishers—the work the appearance of a new translation specially prepared.  This unhallowed edition bears the following title-page:

Faustus: / His / Life, Death, and Doom. / A Romance in Prose. / Translated from the German. / [Quotation as in the original edition, followed by a Printer’s ornament.] / London: / W. Kent and Co., Paternoster Row. / 1864.—Crown 8vo, pp. viii + 302.

“There is no reason to suppose,” remarks Mr. Shorter (George Borrow and his Circle, p. 104) “that the individual, whoever he may have been, who prepared the 1864 edition of Faustus for the Press, had ever seen either the German original or the French translation of Klinger’s book.”

There is a copy of the First Edition of Faustus in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is N.351.

Romantic Ballads, / Translated from the Danish; / and / Miscellaneous Pieces; / By / George Borrow. / Through gloomy paths unknown— / Paths which untrodden be, / From rock to rock I roam / Along the dashing sea. / Bowring. / Norwich: / Printed and Published by S. Wilkin, Upper Haymarket. / 1826.

Collation:—Demy octavo, pp. xii + 187; consisting of: Half-title (with imprint “Norwich: / Printed by S. Wilkin, Upper Haymarket” upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. iii–iv; Table of Contents (with blank reverse) pp. v–vi; Preface pp. vii–viii; Prefatory Poem From Allan Cunningham to George Borrow pp. ix–xi, p. xii is blank; Text of the Ballads pp. 1–184; and List of Subscribers pp. 185–187.  The reverse of p. 187 is blank.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the Ballad occupying it.  The imprint is repeated at the foot of p. 184.  The signatures are a (a half-sheet of 4 leaves), b (a quarter-sheet of 2 leaves), B to M (eleven sheets, each 8 leaves), and N (a half-sheet of 4 leaves), followed by an unsigned quarter-sheet of 2 leaves carrying the List of Subscribers. [12]  Sigs.  G 5 and H 2 (pp. 89–90 and 99–100) are cancel-leaves, mounted on stubs, in every copy I have met with.

Issued (in May 1826) in dark greenish-grey paper boards, with white paper back-label, lettered “Romantic / Ballads / From the / Danish By / G. Borrow / Price 10/6 net.”  The leaves measure 9 × 5½ inches.

The volume of Romantic Ballads was printed at Norwich during the early months of 1826.  The edition consisted of Five Hundred Copies, but only Two Hundred of these were furnished with the Title-page transcribed above.  These were duly distributed to the subscribers.  The remaining Three Hundred copies were forwarded to London, where they were supplied with the two successive title-pages described below, and published in the ordinary manner.

“I had an idea that, provided I could persuade any spirited publisher to give these translations to the world, I should acquire both considerable fame and profit; not perhaps a world-embracing fame such as Byron’s, but a fame not to be sneered at, which would last me a considerable time, and would keep my heart from breaking;—profit, not equal to that which Scott had made by his wondrous novels, but which would prevent me from starving, and enable me to achieve some other literary enterprise.  I read and re-read my ballads, and the more I read them the more I was convinced that the public, in the event of their being published, would freely purchase, and hail them with merited applause”—[“George Borrow and his Circle,” 1913, p. 102.]

Allan Cunningham’s appreciation of the manner in which Borrow had succeeded in his effort to introduce the Danish Ballads to English readers is well expressed in the following letter:

27, Lower Belgrave Place,
London.
16th May, 1826.

My dear Sir,

I like your Danish Ballads much, and though Oehlenslæger seems a capital poet, I love the old rhymes best.  There is more truth and simplicity in them; and certainly we have nothing in our language to compare with them. . . . ‘Sir John’ is a capital fellow, and reminds one of Burns’ ‘Findlay.’  ‘Sir Middel’ is very natural and affecting, and exceedingly well rendered,—so is ‘The Spectre of Hydebee.’  In this you have kept up the true tone of the Northern Ballad.  ‘Svend Vonved’ is wild and poetical, and it is my favourite.  You must not think me insensible to the merits of the incomparable ‘Skimming.’  I think I hear his neigh, and see him crush the ribs of the Jute.  Get out of bed, therefore, George Borrow, and be sick or sleepy no longer.  A fellow who can give us such exquisite Danish Ballads has no right to repose. . . .

I remain,
Your very faithful friend,
Allan Cunningham.

Contents.

	Page.
Introductory Verses.  By Allan Cunningham.  [Sing, sing, my friend; breathe life again]	ix
The Death-Raven.  [The silken sail, which caught the summer breeze] I give herewith a reduced facsimile of the first page of the original Manuscript of this Ballad.  No other MS. of it is known to be extant.	1
Fridleif and Helga.  [The woods were in leaf, and they cast a sweet shade]	21
Sir Middel.  [So tightly was Swanelil lacing her vest] Previously printed (under the title Skion Middel, the first line reading, “The maiden was lacing so tightly her vest,”) in The Monthly Magazine, November 1823, p. 308.  Apart from the opening line, the text of the two versions (with the exception of a few trifling verbal changes) is identical. Another, but widely different, version of this Ballad is printed in Child Maidelvold and Other Ballads, 1913, pp. 5–10.  In this latter version the name of the heroine is Sidselil in place of Swanelil, and that of the hero is Child Maidelvold in place of Sir Middel.	28
Elvir-Shades.  [A sultry eve pursu’d a sultry day] Considerable differences are to be observed between the text of the Manuscript of Elvir-Shades and that of the printed version.  For example, as printed the second stanza reads: I spurr’d my courser, and more swiftly rode,    In moody silence, through the forests green, Where doves and linnets had their lone abode. In the Manuscript it reads: Immers’d in pleasing pensiveness I rode    Down vistas dim, and glades of forest green, Where doves and nightingales had their abode.	32
The Heddybee-Spectre.  [I clomb in haste my dappled steed] In 1829 Borrow discarded his original (1826) version of The Heddybee-Spectre, and made an entirely new translation.  This was written in couplets, with a refrain repeated after each.  In 1854 the latter version was revised, and represents the final text.  It commences thus: At evening fall I chanced to ride, My courser to a tree I tied.    So wide thereof the story goes. Against a stump my head I laid, And then to slumber I essay’d    So wide thereof the story goes. From the Manuscript of 1854 the ballad was printed (under the amended title The Heddeby Spectre) in Signelil, A Tale from the Cornish, and Other Ballads, 1913, pp. 22–24.  Borrow afterwards described the present early version as ‘a paraphrase.’	37
Sir John.  [Sir Lavé to the island stray’d] There is extant a Manuscript of Sir John which apparently belongs to an earlier date than 1826.  The text differs considerably from that of the Romantic Ballads.  I give a few stanzas of each. 1826. The servants led her then to bed, But could not loose her girdle red! “I can, perhaps,” said John. He shut the door with all his might; He lock’d it fast, and quench’d the light: “I shall sleep here,” said John. A servant to Sir Lavé hied:— “Sir John is sleeping with the bride:” “Aye, that I am,” said John. Sir Lavé to the chamber flew: “Arise, and straight the door undo!” “A likely thing!” said John. He struck with shield, he struck with spear— “Come out, thou Dog, and fight me here!” “Another time,” said John. Early MS. They carried the bride to the bridal bed, But to loose her girdle ne’er entered their head—    “Be that my care,” said John. Sir John locked the door as fast as he might: “I wish Sir Lavé a very good night,    I shall sleep here,” said John. A messenger to Sir Lavé hied: “Sir John is sleeping with thy young bride!”    “Aye, that I am!” said John. On the door Sir Lavé struck with his glove: “Arise, Sir John, let me in to my love!”    “Stand out, you dog!” said John. He struck on the door with shield and spear: “Come out, Sir John, and fight me here!”    “See if I do!” said John.	40
May Asda.  [May Asda is gone to the merry green wood]	44
Aager and Eliza.  [Have ye heard of bold Sir Aager]	47
Saint Oluf.  [St. Oluf was a mighty king] Of Saint Oluf there are three MSS. extant, the first written in 1826, the second in 1829, and the third in 1854.  In the two later MSS. the title given to the Ballad is Saint Oluf and the Trolds.  As the latest MS. affords the final text of the Poem, I give a few of the variants between it and the printed version of 1826 1826. St. Oluf built a lofty ship, With sails of silk so fair; “To Hornelummer I must go, And see what’s passing there.” “O do not go,” the seamen said, “To yonder fatal ground, Where savage Jutts, and wicked elves, And demon sprites, abound.” St. Oluf climb’d the vessel’s side; His courage nought could tame! “Heave up, heave up the anchor straight; Let’s go in Jesu’s name. “The cross shall be my faulchion now— The book of God my shield; And, arm’d with them, I hope and trust To make the demons yield!” And swift, as eagle cleaves the sky, The gallant vessel flew, Direct for Hornelummer’s rock, Through ocean’s wavy blue. ’Twas early in the morning tide When she cast anchor there; And, lo! the Jutt stood on the cliff, To breathe the morning air: His eyes were like the burning beal— His mouth was all awry; The truth I tell, and say he stood Full twenty cubits high. * * * * * “Be still, be still, thou noisy guest— Be still for evermore; Become a rock and beetle there, Above the billows hoar.” Up started then, from out the hill, The demon’s hoary wife; She curs’d the king a thousand times, And brandish’d high her knife. Sore wonder’d then the little elves, Who sat within the hill, To see their mother, all at once, Stand likewise stiff and still. 1854. Saint Oluf caused a ship be built,    At Marsirand so fair; To Hornelummer he’ll away,    And see what’s passing there. Then answer made the steersman old,    Beside the helm who stood: “At Hornelummer swarm the Trolas,    It is no haven good.” The king replied in gallant guise,    And sprang upon the prow: “Upon the Ox [23] the cable cast,    In Jesu’s name let go!” The Ox he pants, the Ox he snorts,    And bravely cuts the swell— To Hornelummer in they sail    The ugly Trolds to quell. The Jutt was standing on the cliff,    Which raises high its brow; And thence he saw Saint Oluf, and    The Ox beneath him go. His eyes were like a burning beal,    His mouth was all awry, The nails which feve’d his fingers’ ends    Stuck out so wondrously. “Now hold thy peace, thou foulest fiend,    And changed be to stone; Do thou stand there ’till day of doom,    And injury do to none.” Then out came running from the hill    The carline old and grey; She cursed the King a thousand times,    And bade him sail away. Then wondered much the little Trolds,    Who sat within the hill, To see their mother all at once    Stand likewise stiff and still. The entire ballad should be compared with King Oluf the Saint, printed in Queen Berngerd, The Bard and the Dreams, and Other Ballads, 1913, pp 23–29.	53
The Heroes of Dovrefeld.  [On Dovrefeld, in Norway] Another version of The Heroes of Dovrefeld, written in 1854, is extant in manuscript.  Unlike that of 1826, which was in four line stanzas, this later version is arranged in couplets, with a refrain repeated after each.  It commences as follows: On Dovrefeld in Norroway Free from care the warriors lay.    Who knows like us to rhyme and rune? Twelve bold warriors there were seen, Brothers of Ingeborg the Queen.    Who knows like us to rhyme and rune? The first the rushing storm could turn, The second could still the running burn.    Who knows like us to rhyme and rune?	58
Svend Vonved.  [Svend Vonved sits in his lonely bower] In a Manuscript of 1830 the name employed is Swayne Vonved.  There is no 1854 Manuscript of this Ballad.	61
The Tournament.  [Six score there were, six score and ten] The Tournament was one of the Ballads entirely rewritten by Borrow in 1854 for inclusion in the then projected Kœmpe Viser.  The text of the later version differed greatly from that of 1826, as the following extracts will show: 1826. Six score there were, six score and ten,    From Hald that rode that day; And when they came to Brattingsborg    They pitch’d their pavilion gay. King Nilaus stood on the turrets top,    Had all around in sight: “Why hold those heroes their lives so cheap,    That it lists them here to fight? “Now, hear me, Sivard Snaresvend;    Far hast thou rov’d, and wide, Those warriors’ weapons thou shalt prove,    To their tent thou must straightway ride.” * * * * * There shine upon the eighteenth shield    A man, and a fierce wild boar, Are borne by the Count of Lidebierg;    His blows fall heavy and sore. There shines upon the twentieth shield,    Among branches, a rose, so gay; Wherever Sir Nordman comes in war,    He bears bright honour away. There shines on the one-and-twentieth shield    A vase, and of copper ’tis made; That’s borne by Mogan Sir Olgerson:    He wins broad lands with his blade. And now comes forth the next good shield,    With a sun dispelling the mirk; And that by Asbiorn Mildé is borne;    He sets the knights’ backs at work. Now comes the four-and-twentieth shield,    And a bright sword there you see; And that by Humble Sir Jerfing is borne;    Full worthy of that is he. * * * * * Sir Humble struck his hand on the board;    No longer he lists to play: I tell you, forsooth, that the rosy hue    From his cheek fast faded away. “Now, hear me, Vidrik Verlandson;    Thou art so free a man; Do lend me Skimming, thy horse, this day;    I’ll pledge for him what I can.” * * * * * In came Humble, with boot and spur,    He cast on the table his sword: “Sivard stands in the green wood bound,    He speaks not a single word. “O, I have been to the wild forest,    And have seiz’d the warrior stark; Sivard there was taken by me,    And tied to the oak’s rough bark.” * * * * * The queen she sat in the high, high loft,    And thence look’d far and wide: “O there comes Sward Snaresvend,    With a stately oak at his side.” Then loud laugh’d fair Queen Gloriant,    As she looked on Sivard full: “Thou wert, no doubt, in great, great need,    When thou such flowers didst pull.” 1854. There were seven and seven times twenty    Away from Hald that went; And when they came to Brattingsborg    There pitch’d they up their tent. King Nilaus stood on the turret’s top,    Had all around in sight: “If yonder host comes here to joust    They hold their lives but light. “Now, hear me, Sivard Snarenswayne,    One thing I crave of thee; To meet them go, for I would know    Their arms, and who they be.” * * * * * There shine upon the eighteenth shield    A Giant and a Sow; Who deals worse blows amidst his foes,    Count Lideberg, than thou? Wherever Sir Nordman comes in war    He winneth fame in field; Yon blooming rose and verdant boughs    Adorn the twentieth shield. A copper kettle, fairly wrought,    Upon the next you see; ’Tis borne by one who realms has won,    Sir Mogan good, by thee! Forth comes the two-and-twentieth shield,    A sun mid mist and smoke; Of wrestler line full many a spine    Has Asborn Milday broke. A glittering faulchion shines upon    The four-and-twentieth shield; And that doth bear Sir Jerfing’s heir,    He’s worthy it to wield. * * * * * Young Humble struck his hand on the board,    No longer he lists to play; I tell to you that the rosy hue    From his cheek fast fled away. “Now hear me, Vidrik Verlandson,    Thou art a man so free; Lend me thy horse to ride this course,    Grey Skimming lend to me.” * * * * * In came Humble, with boot and spur,    On the table cast his sword: “’Neath the green-wood bough stands Sivard now,    He speaketh not a word. “O, I have been to the forest wild,    And have seiz’d the warrior good: These hands did chain the Snarenswayne    To the oak’s bark in the wood.” * * * * * The Queen she sat in the chamber high,    And thence look’d far and wide: “Across the plain comes the Snarenswayne,    With an oak-tree at his side.” Then loud laughed fair Queen Ellinore,    As she looked on Sivard full: “Thou wast, I guess, in sore distress    When thou such flowers didst pull!” A reduced facsimile of the first page of the Manuscript of the 1854 version of The Tournament will be found herewith, facing page 28.	82
Vidrik Verlandson.  [King Diderik sits in the halls of Bern] Vidrik Verlandson was another of the Ballads entirely re-written by Borrow in 1854 for the proposed Kœmpe Viser.  The text of the later version differed extremely from that of 1826, as the following examples will shew: 1826. “A handsome smith my father was,    And Verland hight was he: Bodild they call’d my mother fair;    Queen over countries three: “Skimming I call my noble steed,    Begot from the wild sea-mare: Blank do I call my haughty helm,    Because it glitters so fair: “Skrepping I call my good thick shield;    Steel shafts have furrow’d it o’er: Mimmering have I nam’d my sword;    ’Tis hardened in heroes’ gore: “And I am Vidrik Verlandson:    For clothes bright iron I wear: Stand’st thou not up on thy long, long legs,    I’ll pin thee down to thy lair: “Do thou stand up on thy long, long legs,    Nor look so dogged and grim; The King holds out before the wood;    Thou shall yield thy treasure to him.” “All, all the gold that I possess,    I will keep with great renown; I’ll yield it at no little horse-boy’s word,    To the best king wearing a crown.” “So young and little as here I seem,    Thou shalt find me prompt in a fray; I’ll hew the head from thy shoulders off,    And thy much gold bear away.” * * * * * It was Langben the lofty Jutt,    He wav’d his steel mace round; He sent a blow after Vidrik;    But the mace struck deep in the ground. It was Langben the lofty Jutt,    Who had thought his foeman to slay, But the blow fell short of Vidrik;    For the good horse bore him away. It was Langben the lofty Jutt,    That shouted in wild despair: “Now lies my mace in the hillock fast,    As though ’twere hammered in there!” * * * * * “Accursed be thou, young Vidrik!    And accursed thy piercing steel! Thou hast given me, see, a wound in my breast,    Whence rise the pains I feel.” * * * * * “Now hear, now hear, thou warrior youth,    Thou canst wheel thy courser about; But in every feat of manly strength    I could beat thee out and out.” 1854. “My father was a smith by trade,    And Verland Smith he hight; Bodild they call’d my mother dear,    A monarch’s daughter bright. “Blank do I call my helm, thereon    Full many a sword has snapped; Skrepping I call my shield, thereon    Full many a shaft has rapped. “Skimming I call my steed, begot    From the wild mare of the wood; Mimmering have I named my sword,    ’Tis hardened in heroes’ blood. “And I am Viderik Verlandson,    Bright steel for clothes I wear; Stand up on thy long legs, or I    Will pin thee to thy lair! “Stand up on thy long legs, nor look    So dogged and so grim; The King doth hold before the wood,    Thy treasure yield to him!” “Whatever gold I here possess    I’ll keep, like a Kemp of worth; I’ll yield it at no horseboy’s word    To any King on earth!” “So young and little as I seem    I’m active in a fray; I’ll hew thy head, thou lubbard, off,    And bear thy gold away!” * * * * * It was Langben the Giant waved    His steely mace around; He sent a blow at Vidrik, but    The mace struck deep in the ground. It was Langben, the lofty Jutt,    Had thought his foe to slay; But the blow fell short, for the speedy horse    His master bore away. It was Langben, the lofty Jutt,    He bellow’d to the heaven: “My mace is tight within the height,    As though by a hammer driven!” * * * * * Accurs’d be thou, young Vidrik!    Accursed be thy steel! Thou’st given me a mighty wound,    And mighty pain I feel. * * * * * “Now hear, now hear, thou warrior youth,    Thou well canst wheel thy steed; But I could beat thee out and out    In every manly deed.” In Romantic Ballads, and also in the Manuscript of 1854, this Ballad is entitled Vidrik Verlandson.  In the Manuscript of 1829 it is entitled Vidrik Verlandson’s Conflict with the Giant Langben.  The text of this Manuscript is intermediate between that of the other two versions. A reduced facsimile of the first page of the Manuscript of the 1854 version of Vidrik Verlandson is given herewith, facing p. 35.	98
Elvir Hill.  [I rested my head upon Elvir Hill’s side, and my eyes were beginning to slumber] In the Manuscript of 1829 this Ballad is entitled Elfin Hill, and the text differs considerably from that printed in 1826.  I give the opening stanzas of each version. 1826. I rested my head upon Elvir Hill’s side, and my eyes were beginning to slumber; That moment there rose up before me two maids, whose charms would take ages to number. One patted my face, and the other exclaim’d, while loading my cheek with her kisses, “Rise, rise, for to dance with you here we have sped from the undermost caves and abysses. “Rise, fair-haired swain, and refuse not to dance; and I and my sister will sing thee The loveliest ditties that ever were heard, and the prettiest presents will bring thee.” Then both of them sang so delightful a song, that the boisterous river before us Stood suddenly quiet and placid, as though ’twere afraid to disturb the sweet chorus. 1829. I rested my head upon Elfin Hill, on mine eyes was slumber descending; That moment there rose up before me two maids, with me to discourse intending. The one kissed me on my cheek so white, the other she whispered mine ear in: “Arise, arise, thou beautiful swain! for thou our dance must share in. “Wake up, wake up, thou beautiful swain! rise and dance ’mongst the verdant grasses; And to sing thee the sweetest of their songs I’ll bid my elfin lasses.” To sing a song then one began, in voice so sweet and mellow, The boisterous stream was still’d thereby, that before was wont to bellow.	111
Waldemar’s Chase.  [Late at eve they were toiling on Harribee bank] Previously printed in The Monthly Magazine, August 1824, p. 21.	115
The Merman.  [Do thou, dear mother, contrive amain] A later, and greatly improved, version of this Ballad was included, under the title The Treacherous Merman, in The Serpent Knight and Other Ballads, 1913, pp. 15–17.  An early draft of this later version bears the title Marsk Stig’s Daughter.	117
The Deceived Merman.  [Fair Agnes alone on the sea-shore stood] Previously printed in The Monthly Magazine, March 1825, pp. 143–144.	120
Cantata.  [This is Denmark’s holyday]	127
The Hail-Storm.  [When from our ships we bounded] The Hail Storm was reprinted in Targum, 1835, pp. 42–43, and again in Young Swaigder or The Force of Runes and Other Ballads, 1913, pp. 14–15.  In each instance very considerable variations were introduced into the text.	136
The Elder-Witch.  [Though tall the oak, and firm its stem]	139
Ode.  From the Gælic.  [Oh restless, to night, are my slumbers]	142
Bear Song.  [The squirrel that’s sporting] Previously printed, with some trifling differences in the text, in The Monthly Magazine, December, 1824, p. 432.	144
National Song.  [King Christian stood beside the mast] Previously printed (under the title “Sea Song; from the Danish of Evald”) in The Monthly Magazine, December, 1823, p. 437.	146
The Old Oak.  [Here have I stood, the pride of the park]	149
Lines to Six-Foot Three.  [A lad, who twenty tongues can talk]	151
Nature’s Temperaments:
1.  Sadness.  [Lo, a pallid fleecy vapour]	155
2.  Glee.  [Roseate colours on heaven’s high arch]	156
3.  Madness.  [What darkens, what darkens?—’tis heaven’s high roof] In a revised Manuscript of uncertain date, but c 1860–70, this poem is entitled Hecla and Etna, the first line reading: “What darkens?  It is the wide arch of the sky.”	158
The Violet-Gatherer.  [Pale the moon her light was shedding]	159
Ode to a Mountain-Torrent.  [How lovely art thou in thy tresses of foam] Previously printed in The Monthly Magazine, October, 1823, p. 244. In The Monthly Magazine the eighth stanza reads: O pause for a time,—for a short moment stay;    Still art thou streaming,—my words are in vain; Oft-changing winds, with tyrannical sway,    Lord there below on the time-serving main! In Romantic Ballads it reads: Abandon, abandon, thy headlong career—    But downward thou rushest—my words are in vain, Bethink thee that oft-changing winds domineer    On the billowy breast of the time-serving main.	164
Runic Verses.  [O the force of Runic verses]	167
Thoughts on Death.  [Perhaps ’tis folly, but still I feel] Previously printed (under the tentative title Death, and with some small textual variations) in The Monthly Magazine, October, 1823, p. 245.	169
Birds of Passage.  [So hot shines the sun upon Nile’s yellow stream]	171
The Broken Harp.  [O thou, who, ’mid the forest trees]	173
Scenes.  [Observe ye not yon high cliff’s brow]	175
The Suicide’s Grave.  [The evening shadows fall upon the grave]	182

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached, appeared for the first time in this volume.

There is at present no copy of the First Issue of the First Edition of Romantic Ballads, with the original Title-page, in the Library of the British Museum.

Romantic Ballads, / Translated from the Danish; / and / Miscellaneous Pieces; / By / George Borrow. / Through gloomy paths unknown—/ Paths which untrodden be, / From rock to rock I roam / Along the dashing sea. / Bowring. / London: / John Taylor, Waterloo Place, Pall Mall, / 1826.

Collation:—Demy octavo, pp. xii + 187.  The details of the collation follow those of the First Issue described above in every particular, save that, naturally, the volume lacks the two concluding leaves carrying the List of Subscribers.

Issued in drab paper boards, with white paper back-label.  The published price was Seven Shillings.

“Taylor will undertake to publish the remaining copies.  His advice is to make the price seven shillings, and to print a new title-page, and then he will be able to sell some for you I advise the same,” etc.—[Allan Cunningham to George Borrow.]

There is a copy of the Second Issue of the First Edition of Romantic Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is 11565. cc. 8.

Romantic Ballads, / Translated from the Danish; / and / Miscellaneous Pieces; / By / George Borrow. / Through gloomy paths unknown—/ Paths which untrodden be, / From rock to rock I roam / Along the dashing sea. / Bowring. / London: / Published by Wightman and Cramp, / 24 Paternoster Row. / 1826.

Collation:—Demy octavo, pp. xii + 187.  The details of the collation follow those of the Second Issue described above in every particular.

Issued in drab paper boards, with white paper back-label.  The price was again Seven Shillings.

In 1913 a type-facsimile reprint of the Original Edition of Romantic Ballads was published by Messrs. Jarrold and Sons of Norwich.  Three hundred Copies were printed.

Targum. / Or / Metrical Translations / From Thirty Languages / and / Dialects. / By / George Borrow. / “The raven has ascended to the nest of the nightingale.” / Persian Poem. / St. Petersburg. / Printed by Schulz and Beneze. / 1835.

Collation:—Demy octavo, printed in half-sheets, pp. viii + 106; consisting of: Title-page, as above (with a Russian quotation upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Preface pp. iii–v; Table of Contents pp. vi–viii, with a single Erratum at the foot of p. viii; and Text of the Translations pp. 1–106.  There are no head-lines, the pages being numbered centrally in Arabic numerals.  Beyond that upon the foot of the title-page, there is no imprint.  The signatures are given in large Arabic numerals, each pair of half-sheets dividing one number between them; thus the first half-sheet is signed 1, the second 1*, the third 2, the fourth 2*, &c.  The Register is therefore 1 to 7 (thirteen half-sheets, each 4 leaves), followed by a single unsigned leaf (pp. 105–106), the whole preceded by an unsigned half-sheet carrying the Title-page, Preface, and Table of Contents.  The book was issued without any half-title.

Issued in plain paper wrappers of a bright green colour, lined with white, and without either lettering or label.  The leaves measure 8 11/16 × 5½ inches.

Borrow was happy in the title he selected for his book.  Targum, as Mr. Gosse has pointed out, is a Chaldee word meaning an interpretation.  The word is said to be the root of ‘dragoman.’

Targum was written by Borrow during his two years’ residence at St. Petersburg (August, 1833, to August, 1835), and was published in June of the latter year.  One hundred copies only were printed.  As might naturally be expected the book has now become of very considerable rarity, but a small proportion of the original hundred copies being traceable to-day.

A reduced facsimile of the Title-page is given herewith.

“Just before completing this great work, the Manchu New Testament, Mr. Borrow published a small volume in the English language, entitled Targum, or Metrical Translations from Thirty Languages and Dialects.  The exquisite delicacy with which he has caught and rendered the beauties of his well-chosen originals, is a proof of his learning and genius.  The work is a pearl in literature, and, like pearls, it derives value from its scarcity, for the whole edition was limited to about a hundred copies.”—[John P. Hasfeld, in The Athenæum, March 5th, 1836.]

“Some days ago I was at Kirtof’s bookshop on the Gaternaya Ulitza.  I wanted to buy a Bible in Spain to send to Simbirsk (on the Volga), where they torment me for it every post-day.  The stock was all sold out in a few days after its arrival last autumn.  The bookseller asked me if I knew a book by Borrow called Targum, which was understood to have been written by him and printed at St. Petersburg, but he had never been able to light upon it; and the surprising thing was that the trade abroad and even in England did him the honour to order it.  I consoled him by saying that he could hardly hope to see a copy in his shop or to get a peep at it.  ‘I have a copy,’ continued I, ‘but if you will offer me a thousand roubles for the bare reading of it I cannot do you the favour.’  The man opened his eyes in astonishment.  ‘It must be a wonderful book,’ said he.  ‘Yes, in that you are right, my good friend,’ I replied.”—[John P. Hasfeld.]

“After he became famous the Russian Government was desirous of procuring a copy of this rare book, Targum, for the Imperial Library, and sent an Envoy to England for the purpose.  But the Envoy was refused what he sought, and told that as the book was not worth notice when the author’s name was obscure and they had the opportunity of obtaining it themselves, they should not have it now.”—[A. Egmont Hake, in The Athenæum, August 13th, 1881.]

Contents.

	page
Ode to God.  [Reign’d the Universe’s Master ere were earthly things begun] Borrow reprinted this Ode in The Bible in Spain, 1843, Vol. iii, p. 333.	1
Prayer.  [O Thou who dost know what the heart fain would hide]	2
Death.  [Grim Death in his shroud swatheth mortals each hour]	3
Stanzas.  On a Fountain.  [In the fount fell my tears, like rain]	4
Stanzas.  The Pursued.  [How wretched roams the weary wight]	4
Odes.  From the Persian:
1.  [Boy, hand my friends the cup, ’tis time of roses now]	5
2.  [If shedding lovers’ blood thou deem’st a matter slight]	5
3.  [O thou, whose equal mind knows no vexation]	6
Stanzas.  From the Turkish of Fezouli.  [O Fezouli, the hour is near]	7
Description of Paradise.  [Eight Gennets there be, as some relate]	8
O Lord!  I nothing crave but Thee.  [O Thou, from whom all love doth flow]	11
Mystical Poem.  Relating to the worship of the Great Foutsa or Buddh.  [Should I Foutsa’s force and glory]	13
Moral Metaphors:
1.  [From out the South the genial breezes sigh]	19
2.  [Survey, survey Gi Shoi’s murmuring flood!]	20
The Mountain-Chase.  [Autumn has fled and winter left our bounds]	21
The Glory of the Cossacks.  [Quiet Don!]	24
The Black Shawl.  [On the shawl, the black shawl with distraction I gaze]	27
Song.  From the Russian of Pushkin.  [Hoary man, hateful man!]	29
The Cossack.  An ancient Ballad.  [O’er the field the snow is flying]	30
The Three Sons of Budrys.  [With his three mighty sons, tall as Ledwin’s were once]	32
The Banning of the Pest.  [Hie away, thou horrid monster!]	35
Woinomoinen.  [Then the ancient Woinomoinen]	37
The Words of Beowulf, Son of Egtheof.  [Every one beneath the heaven]	39
The Lay of Biarke.  [The day in East is glowing] The title of this Ballad as it appears in the original MS. is The Biarkemal.	40
The Hail-storm.  [For victory as we bounded] Previously printed (but with very considerable variations in the text, the first line reading “When from our ships we bounded”) in Romantic Ballads, 1826, pp. 136–138.  A final version of the Ballad, written about 1854, was printed in Young Swaigder or The Force of Runes and Other Ballads, 1913, pp. 14–15.	42
The King and Crown.  [The King who well crown’d does govern the land]	44
Ode To a Mountain Torrent.  [O stripling immortal thou forth dost career] Previously printed (but with an entirely different text, the first line reading “How lovely art thou in thy tresses of foam”) in The Monthly Magazine, Vol. lvi., 1823, p. 244. Also printed in Romantic Ballads, 1826, pp. 164–166. The first stanza of the Ode as printed in Targum does not figure in the version given in Romantic Ballads, whilst the third stanza of the Romantic Ballads version is not to be found in Targum.	45
Chloe.  [O we have a sister on earthly dominions!] Previously printed in The Monthly Magazine, Vol. lvi, 1823, p. 437.	47
National Song.  From the Danish of Evald.  [King Christian stood beside the mast] Previously printed (under the title Sea Song; from the Danish of Evald) in The Monthly Magazine, December, 1823, p. 437. Also printed in Romantic Ballads, 1826, pp. 146–148; and again in The Foreign Quarterly Review, Vol. vi, June, 1830, p. 70. The four versions of this Song, as printed in The Monthly Magazine, in Romantic Ballads, in The Foreign Quarterly Review, and in Targum, are utterly different, the opening line being the only one which has approximately the same reading in all.	49
Sir Sinclair.  [Sir Sinclair sail’d from the Scottish ground] Previously printed in The Foreign Quarterly Review, Vol. vi, June, 1830, p. 73.	51
Hvidfeld.  [Our native land has ever teem’d]	56
Birting.  A Fragment.  [It was late at evening tide] This “Fragment” consists of fifteen stanzas from the Ballad The Giant of Berne and Orm Ungerswayne, which was printed complete, for Private Circulation, in 1913.  [See post, No. 40.]	59
Ingeborg’s Lamentation.  [Autumn winds howl]	62
The Delights of Finn Mac Coul.  [Finn Mac Coul ’mongst his joys did number]	65
Carolan’s Lament.  [The arts of Greece, Rome and of Eirin’s fair earth]	67
To Icolmcill.  [On Icolmcill may blessings pour]	68
The Dying Bard.  [O for to hear the hunter’s tread] In the original Manuscript of this Poem the title reads The Wish of the Bard; the text also differs considerably from that which appears in Targum.	70
The Prophecy of Taliesin.  [Within my mind]	73
The History of Taliesin.  [The head Bard’s place I hold] The original Manuscript of The History of Taliesin possesses many points of interest.  In the first place, in addition to sundry variations of text, it enables us to fill up the words in the last line of stanza 3, and the fourth line of stanza 7, which in the pages of Targum are replaced by asterisks.  The full lines read: Where died the Almighty’s Son, and Have seen the Trinity. In the second place the Manuscript contains a stanza, following upon the first, which does not occur in the printed text.  This stanza reads as follows: I with my Lord and God On the highest places trod, When Lucifer down fell With his army into hell. I know each little star Which twinkles near and far; And I know the Milky Way Where I tarried many a day. A reduced facsimile of the third page of this Manuscript will be found herewith, facing page 54.	74
Epigram.  On a Miser who had built a Stately Mansion.  [Of every pleasure is thy mansion void]	77
The Invitation.  [Parry, of all my friends the best]	78
The Rising of Achilles.  [Straightway Achilles arose, the belov’d of Jove, round his shoulders]	82
The Meeting of Odysses and Achilles.  [Tow’rds me came the Shade of Peleidean Achilles]	85
Hymn To Thetis and Neoptolemus.  [Of Thetis I sing with her locks of gold-shine]	90
The Grave of Demos.  [Thus old Demos spoke, as sinking sought the sun the western wave]	91
The Sorceries of Canidia.  [Father of Gods, who rul’st the sky]	92
The French Cavalier.  [The French cavalier shall have my praise]	97
Address To Sleep.  [Sweet death of sense, oblivion of ill]	98
The Moormen’s March From Granada.  [Reduan, I but lately heard]	101
The Forsaken.  [Up I rose, O mother, early]	103
Stanzas.  From the Portuguese.  [A fool is he who in the lap]	104
My Eighteenth Year.  [Where is my eighteenth year? far back]	105
Song.  From the Rommany.  [The strength of the ox] Another version of this Song, bearing the title “Our Heart is heavy, Brother,” is printed in Marsk Stig’s Daughters and other Songs and Ballads, 1913, pp. 17–18.	106

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached, appeared for the first time in this volume.

In 1892 Targum was reprinted, together with The Talisman, by Messrs. Jarrold & Sons, of Norwich, in an edition of 250 copies.

There is a copy of the First Edition of Targum in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C.57.i.6.

The / Talisman. / From the Russian / of / Alexander Pushkin. / With other Pieces. / St. Petersburg. / Printed by Schulz and Beneze, / 1835.

Collation:—Royal octavo, pp. 14; consisting of: Title-page, as above (with a Russian quotation upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 1–2; and Text of The Talisman and other Poems pp. 3–14.  There are no head-lines, the pages being numbered centrally in Arabic numerals.  Beyond that upon the title-page there is no imprint.  There are also no signatures, the pamphlet being composed of a single sheet, folded to form sixteen pages.  The last leaf is a blank.  The book was issued without any half-title.

Issued stitched, and without wrappers.  The leaves measure 9¾ × 6¼ inches.

One Hundred Copies only were printed.

A reduced facsimile of the Title-page of The Talisman is given herewith.  It will be observed that the heavy letterpress upon the reverse of the title shows through the paper, and is reproduced in the photograph.

Contents.

	page
The Talisman.  [Where fierce the surge with awful bellow]	3
The Mermaid.  [Close by a lake, begirt with forest]	5
Ancient Russian Songs:
1.  [The windel-straw nor grass so shook and trembled]	8
2.  [O rustle not, ye verdant oaken branches!]	9
3.  [O thou field of my delight so fair and verdant!]	9
Ancient Ballad.  [From the wood a sound is gliding]	11
The Renegade.  [Now pay ye the heed that is fitting]	13

Note.—The whole of the poems printed in The Talisman appeared there for the first time.

In 1892 Messrs. Jarrold & Sons published page for page reprints of Targum and The Talisman.  They were issued together in one volume, bound in light drab-coloured paper boards, with white paper back-label, and were accompanied by the following collective title-page:

Targum: / or, / Metrical Translations from Thirty Languages / and Dialects. / And / The Talisman, / from the Russian of Alexander Pushkin. / With Other Pieces. / By / George Borrow. / Author of “The Bible in Spain” &c. / London: / Jarrold & Sons, 3, Paternoster Buildings.

In 1912 a small ‘remainder’ of The Talisman came to light.  The ‘find’ consisted of about Five Copies, which were sold in the first instance for an equal number of Pence.  The buyer appears to have resold them at progressive prices, commencing at Four Pounds and concluding at Ten Guineas.

There is a copy of the First Edition of The Talisman in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C.57.e.33.

Embéo / e Majaró Lucas. / Brotoboro / randado andré la chipe griega, acána / chibado andré o Romanó, ó chipe es / Zincales de Sesé. / El Evangelio segun S. Lucas, / traducido al Romaní, / ó dialecto de los Gitanos de España. / 1837.

Collation:—Foolscap octavo, pp. 177, consisting of: Title-page, as above (with Borrow’s Colophon upon the reverse, followed by a quotation from the Epistle to the Romans, Chap. XV. v. XXIV.) pp. 1–2; and Text of the Gospel pp. 3–177.  The reverse of p. 177 is blank.  There are no head-lines, the pages being numbered centrally in Arabic numerals.  There is no printer’s imprint.  The signatures are A to L (11 sheets, each 8 leaves), plus L repeated (two leaves, the second a blank).  The book was issued without any half-title.

I have never seen a copy of the First Edition of Borrow’s translation into the dialect of the Spanish Gypsies of the Gospel of St. Luke in the original binding.  No doubt the book (which was printed in Madrid) was put up in paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, in accordance with the usual Continental custom.

Most of the copies now extant are either in a modern binding, or in contemporary brown calf, with marbled edges and endpapers.  The latter are doubtless the copies sent home by Borrow, and bound in leather for that purpose.  The leaves of these measure 6 × 4 inches.

As will be seen from the following extracts, it is probable that the First Edition consisted of 250 copies, and that 50 of these were forwarded to London:

“In response to Borrow’s letter of February 27th, the Committee resolved ‘to authorise Mr. Borrow to print 250 copies of the Gospel of St. Luke, without the Vocabulary, in the Rummanee dialect, and to engage the services of a competent person to translate the Gospel of St. Luke by way of trial in the dialect of the Spanish Basque.’”—[Letters of George Borrow to the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1911, pp. 205–206.]

“A small impression of the Gospel of St. Luke, in the Rommany, or Gitano, or Gipsy language, has been printed at Madrid, under the superintendence of this same gentleman, who himself made the translation for the benefit of the interesting, singular, degraded race of people whose name it bears, and who are very numerous in some parts of Spain.  He has likewise taken charge of the printing of the Gospel of St. Luke, in the Cantabrian, or Spanish Basque language, a translation of which had fallen into his hands.”—[Thirty-Fourth Annual Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1838, p. xliii.]

“All the Testaments were stopped at the custom house, they were contained in two large chests. . . .  The chests, therefore, with the hundred Gospels in Gitano and Basque [probably 50 copies of each] for the Library of the Bible Society are at present at San Lucar in the custom house, from which I expect to receive to-morrow the receipt which the authorities here demand.”—[Borrow’s letter to the Rev. A. Brandram, Seville, May 2nd, 1839.]

A Second Edition of the Gospel was printed in London in 1871.  The collation is Duodecimo, pp. 117.  This was followed by a Third Edition, London, 1872, the collation of which is also Duodecimo, pp. 117.  Both bear the same imprint: “London: / Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Stamford Street, / and Charing Cross.”

For these London Editions the text was considerably revised.

The Gospel of St. Luke in the Basque dialect, referred to in the above paragraphs, is a small octavo volume bearing the following title-page:

Evangelioa / San Lucasen Guissan / El Evangelio segun S. Lucas. / Traducido al vascuence. / Madrid: / Imprenta de la Campañia Tipografica / 1838.

The translation was the work of a Basque physician named Oteiza, and Borrow did little more than see it through the press.  The book has, therefore, no claim to rank as a Borrow princeps.

The measure of success which attended his efforts to reproduce the Gospel of St. Luke in these two dialects is best told in Borrow’s own words:

“I subsequently published the Gospel of St. Luke in the Rommany and Biscayan languages.  With respect to the first, I beg leave to observe that no work printed in Spain ever caused so great and so general a sensation, not so much amongst the Gypsies, for whom it was intended, as amongst the Spaniards themselves, who, though they look upon the Roma with some degree of contempt, nevertheless take a strange interest in all that concerns them. . . .  Respecting the Gospel in Basque I have less to say.  It was originally translated into the dialect of Guipuscoa by Dr. Oteiza, and subsequently received corrections and alterations from myself.  It can scarcely be said to have been published, it having been prohibited and copies of it seized on the second day of its appearance.  But it is in my power to state that it is anxiously expected in the Basque provinces, where books in the aboriginal tongue are both scarce and dear.”—[Borrow’s Survey of his last two years in Spain, printed in his Letters to the Bible Society, 1911, pp. 360–361.]

There is a copy of the First Edition of The Gospel of St. Luke in the dialect of the Spanish Gypsies in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C.51.aa.12.  The Museum also possesses a copy of the Gospel in the Basque dialect; the Pressmark is C.51.aa.13.

The Zincali; / Or, / An Account / of the / Gypsies of Spain. / With / An Original Collection of their / Songs and Poetry, / and / A Copious Dictionary of their Language. / By / George Borrow, / Late Agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society / in Spain. / “For that, which is unclean by nature, thou canst entertain no hope: no / washing will turn the Gypsy white.”—Ferdousi. / In Two Volumes. / Vol. I.  [Vol. II] / London: / John Murray, Albemarle Street. / 1841.

Vol. I.

Collation:—Large duodecimo, pp. xvi + 362; consisting of: Half-title (with imprint “G. Woodfall and Son, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London” upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. iii–iv; Dedication To the Right Honourable the Earl of Clarendon, G.C.B. (with blank reverse) pp. v–vi; Preface pp. vii–xii; Table of Contents pp. xiii–xvi; and Text pp. 1–362, including a separate Fly-title (with blank reverse) to The Zincali, Part II.  There are headlines throughout, each verso being headed The Zincali, whilst each recto carries at its head a note of the particular subject occupying it.  The imprint is repeated at the foot of p. 362.  The signatures are a (six leaves), b (two leaves), B to Q (15 sheets, each 12 leaves), plus R (two leaves).  Sig. R 2 is a blank.

Vol. II.

Collation:—Large duodecimo, pp. vi + 156 + vi + *135; consisting of: Half-title (with imprint “G. Woodfall and Son, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London” upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. iii–iv; Table of Contents pp. v–vi; Fly-title to The Zincali, Part III (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Text of Part III (including separate Fly-titles, each with blank reverse, to The Praise of Buddh, On the Language of the Gitanos, and Robber Language) pp. 3–156; Fly-title (with blank reverse) to The Zincali.  Vocabulary of their Language pp. i–ii; Advertisement to the Vocabulary pp. iii–v; p. vi is blank; Text of the Vocabulary pp. *1–*113; p. *114 is blank; Fly-title (with blank reverse) to Miscellanies in the Gitano Language pp. *115–*116; Advertisement to the Miscellanies p. *117; and Text of the Miscellanies pp. *118–*135.  The reverse of p. *135 is blank.  There are head-lines throughout, each verso being headed The Zincali, whilst each recto carries at its head a note of the particular subject occupying it.  The imprint is repeated at the foot of p. *135.  The signatures are a (2 leaves), b (one leaf), B to G (6 sheets, each 12 leaves), H (6 leaves), a (3 leaves), b to e (4 sheets, each 12 leaves), f (9 leaves), and g (12 leaves).  b 6, b 8, and b 12 are cancel-leaves.  The last leaf of Sig. g is occupied by a series of Advertisements of Works just Published by John Murray.

Issued (in April, 1841) in dark blue cloth boards, with white paper back-label, lettered “Borrow’s / Gypsies / of / Spain. / Two Volumes. / Vol. I. [Vol. II.].”  The leaves measure 7⅞ × 4¾ inches.  The published price was 18s.

Of the First Edition of The Zincali Seven Hundred and Fifty Copies only were printed.  A Second Edition, to which a new Preface was added, was published in March, 1843, and a Third in September, 1843, each of which was restricted to the same number of copies.  The Fourth Edition appeared in 1846, the Fifth in 1870, the Sixth in 1882, the Seventh in 1888, and the Eighth in 1893.  The book has since been included in various popular editions, and translated into several foreign languages.

Examples of The Zincali may sometimes be met with bearing dates other than those noted above.  These are merely copies of the editions specified, furnished with new title-pages.

Included in the second volume of The Zincali is a considerable amount of verse, as follows:

	page
Rhymes of the Gitanos.  [Unto a refuge me they led]	13
The Deluge.  Part I.  [I with fear and terror quake]	65
The Deluge.  Part II.  [When I last did bid farewell]	75
The Pestilence.  [I’m resolved now to tell] The whole of the above pieces are accompanied on the opposite pages by the original texts from which Borrow translated them.	85
Poem, Relating to the Worship of the great Foutsa or Buddh.  [Should I Foutsa’s force and glory] Previously printed in Targum, 1835, p. 13.	94

There is a copy of the First Edition of The Zincali in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is 1429.g.14.

The / Bible in Spain; / Or, the / Journeys, Adventures, and Imprisonments / Of an Englishman, / in / An Attempt to Circulate the Scriptures / in / The Peninsula. / By George Borrow, / Author of “The Gypsies of Spain.” / In three volumes. / Vol. I.  [Vol. II, etc.] / London: / John Murray, Albemarle Street. / 1843.

Vol. I.

Collation:—Large duodecimo pp. xxiv + 370; consisting of: Half-title (with imprint “G. Woodfall and Son, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London” upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. iii–iv; Contents of Vol. i pp. v–viii; Preface pp. ix–xxiv; and Text pp. 1–370.  There are head-lines throughout, each verso being headed The Bible in Spain together with the number of the Chapter, whilst each recto carries at its head a note of the particular subject occupying it, with the Chapter number repeated.  The imprint is repeated at the foot of p. 370.  The signatures are A to Q (sixteen sheets, each 12 leaves), plus R (a half-sheet of 6 leaves).  The last leaf of sig. R carries a series of Advertisements of books published by John Murray.

Vol. II.

Collation:—Large duodecimo, pp. viii + 398; consisting of Half-title (with imprint “G. Woodfall and Son, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London” upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. iii–iv; Contents of Vol. ii. pp. v–viii; and Text pp. 1–398.  There are headlines throughout, as in the first volume.  The imprint is repeated at the foot of p. 398.  The signatures are A (four leaves), B to R (sixteen sheets, each 12 leaves), plus S (8 leaves).  The last leaf of Sig. R carries a series of Advertisements of books published by John Murray.

Vol. III.

Collation:—Large duodecimo, pp. viii + 391; consisting of: Half-title (with imprint “G. Woodfall and Son, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London” upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. iii–iv; Contents of Vol iii pp. v–viii; and Text pp. 1–391.  There are headlines throughout, as in the two preceding volumes.  The reverse of p. 391 is occupied by Advertisements of Romantic Ballads, Targum, and The Zincali.  The imprint is repeated at the foot of p. 391.  The signatures are a (2 leaves), b (2 leaves), B to R (sixteen sheets, each 12 leaves), plus S (4 leaves).

Issued (in December, 1842) in deep claret-coloured cloth boards, with white paper back-label, lettered “The | Bible | in | Spain | Vol. I.  [Vol. II, &c.].”  The leaves measure 7¾ × 4¾ inches.  The published price was 27s.

Although the title page of the First Edition of The Bible in Spain is dated 1843, there can be no doubt that the book was ready early in the preceding December.  I have in my own library a copy, still in the original cloth boards, with the following inscription in Borrow’s handwriting upon the flyleaf:

Autographed presentation copies of Borrow’s books are remarkably few in number, I only know of four, in addition to the above.  One of these is preserved in the Borrow Museum, at Norwich.

Of the First Edition of The Bible in Spain One Thousand Copies were printed.  The Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Editions were all published in 1843.  By 1896 eighteen authorised editions had made their appearance.  Since that date the book has been re-issued in numberless popular editions, and has been translated into various foreign languages.

The following verses made their first appearance in The Bible in Spain:

	vol. i., page
Fragment of a Spanish Hymn.  [Once of old upon a mountain, shepherds overcome with sleep]	67
Lines from an Eastern Poet.  [I’ll weary myself each night and each day]	149
A Gachapla.  [I stole a plump and bonny fowl]	175
	vol. ii., page
Fragment of a Patriotic Song.  [Don Carlos is a hoary churl]	141
Saint James.  [Thou shield of that faith which in Spain we revere] A reduced facsimile of the first page of the Manuscript of Saint James will be found facing the present page.	176
Lines.  [May the Lord God preserve us from evil birds three]	310
Lines.  [A handless man a letter did write]	312

There is a copy of the First Edition of The Bible in Spain in the Library of the British Museum.  The press-mark is 1369.f 23.

Art.—Hand-book for Travellers in Spain.  London: 2 Vols. / post 8vo. 1845.

Collation:—Folio, pp. 12.  There is no Title-page proper, the title, as above, being imposed upon the upper portion of the first page, after the manner of a ‘dropped head.’  The head-line is Spanish Hand-book throughout, upon both sides of the page.  There is no printer’s imprint.  There are also no signatures; but the pamphlet is composed of three sheets, each two leaves, making twelve pages in all.

Issued stitched, and without wrappers.  The leaves measure 13½ × 8½ inches.  The pamphlet is undated.  It was printed in 1845.

This Review is unquestionably the rarest of the First Editions of Borrow’s Works.  No more than two copies would appear to have been struck off, and both are fortunately extant to-day.  One of these was formerly in the possession of Dr. William I. Knapp, and is now the property of the Hispanic Society, of New York.  The second example is in my own library.  This was Borrow’s own copy, and is freely corrected in his characteristic handwriting.  A greatly reduced facsimile of the last page of the pamphlet is given herewith.

In 1845 Richard Ford published his Hand-Book for Travellers in Spain and Readers at Home [2 Vols. 8vo.], a work, the compilation of which is said to have occupied its author for more than sixteen years.  In conformity with the wish of Ford (who had himself favourably reviewed The Bible in Spain) Borrow undertook to produce a study of the Hand-Book for The Quarterly Review.  The above Essay was the result.

But the Essay, brilliant though it is, was not a ‘Review.’  Not until page 6 is the Hand-Book even mentioned, and but little concerning it appears thereafter.  Lockhart, then editing the Quarterly, proposed to render it more suitable for the purpose for which it had been intended by himself interpolating a series of extracts from Ford’s volumes.  But Borrow would tolerate no interference with his work, and promptly withdrew the Essay, which had meanwhile been set up in type.  The following letter, addressed by Lockhart to Ford, sufficiently explains the position:

London,
June 13th, 1845.

Dear Ford,

‘El Gitano’ sent me a paper on the “Hand-Book” which I read with delight.  It seemed just another capital chapter of his “Bible in Spain” and I thought, as there was hardly a word of ‘review,’ and no extract giving the least notion of the peculiar merits and style of the “Hand-Book,” that I could easily (as is my constant custom) supply the humbler part myself, and so present at once a fair review of the work, and a lively specimen of our friend’s vein of eloquence in exordio.

But, behold! he will not allow any tampering . . . .  I now write to condole with you; for I am very sensible, after all, that you run a great risk in having your book committed to hands far less competent for treating it or any other book of Spanish interest than Borrow’s would have been . . . and I consider that, after all, in the case of a new author, it is the first duty of the “Quarterly Review” to introduce that author fully and fairly to the public.

Ever Yours Truly,
J. G. Lockhart.

“Our author pictures Gibraltar as a human entity thus addressing Spain:

Accursed land!  I hate thee, and far from being a defence, will invariably prove a thorn in thy side.

And so on through many sentences of excited rhetoric.  Borrow forgot while he wrote that he had a book to review—a book, moreover, issued by the publishing house which issued the periodical in which his review was to appear.”—[George Borrow and his Circle, 1913, p. 257].

In 1913 Borrow’s Review was reprinted in the following Pamphlet:

A / Supplementary Chapter / to / The Bible in Spain / Inspired by / Ford’s “Handbook for Travellers in Spain.” / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.—Square demy 8vo, pp. 46.  [See post, No. 10.]

A / Supplementary Chapter / to / The Bible in Spain / Inspired by / Ford’s “Handbook for Travellers in Spain.” / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 46; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Frontispiece (with blank recto) pp. 3–4; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 5–6; Prefatory Note (signed ‘T. J. W.’) pp. 7–10; and text of the Chapter pp. 11–46.  There are head-lines throughout, each verso being headed A Supplementary Chapter, and each recto To the Bible in Spain.  Following p. 46 is a leaf, with blank recto, and with the following imprint upon the reverse, “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N. W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A to C (3 sheets, each 8 leaves), inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8¾ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

The Frontispiece consists of a greatly reduced facsimile of the last page, bearing Borrow’s corrections, of the original edition of his Review of Ford’s ‘Hand-Book.’

This Supplementary Chapter to “The Bible in Spain” is a reprint of the Review of Ford’s Hand-book for Travellers in Spain written by Borrow in 1845 for insertion in The Quarterly Review, but withdrawn by him in consequence of the proposal made by the Editor, John Gibson Lockhart, that he should himself introduce into Borrow’s Essay a series of extracts from the Handbook.  [See ante, No. 9.]

Included in the Prefatory Note is the following amusing squib, written by Borrow in 1845, but never printed by him.  I chanced to light upon the Manuscript in a packet of his still unpublished verse:

Would it not be more dignified
To run up debts on every side,
And then to pay your debts refuse,
Than write for rascally Reviews?
And lectures give to great and small,
In pot-house, theatre, and town-hall,
Wearing your brains by night and day
To win the means to pay your way?
I vow by him who reigns in [hell],
It would be more respectable!

There is a copy of A Supplementary Chapter to “The Bible in Spain” in the Library of the British Museum.  The press-mark is C. 57. d. 19 (2).

Lavengro; / The Scholar—The Gypsy—The Priest. / By George Borrow, / Author of “The Bible in Spain,” and “The Gypsies of Spain” / In Three Volumes.—Vol. I.  [Vol. II., &c.] / London: / John Murray, Albemarle Street. / 1851.

Vol. I.

Collation:—Large duodecimo, pp. xviii [85] + 360; consisting of: Half-title (with imprint “London: / George Woodfall and Son, / Angel Court, Skinner Street” upon the centre of the reverse).  Pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with Advertisements of The Bible in Spain and The Zincali upon the reverse) pp. iii–iv; Preface pp. v–xii; and Text pp. 1–360.  At the foot of p. 360 the imprint is repeated thus, “G. Woodfall and Son, Printers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.”  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the number of the chapter, together with the title of the individual subject occupying it.  The signatures are A (nine leaves, a single leaf being inserted between A 6 and A 7), and B to Q (fifteen sheets, each 12 leaves).

  A Portrait of Borrow, engraved by W. Holl from a painting by H. W. Phillips, serves as Frontispiece.

Vol. II.

Collation:—Large duodecimo, pp. xii + 366; consisting of: Half-title (with imprint “London: / George Woodfall and Son, / Angel Court, Skinner Street” upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with Advertisements of The Bible in Spain and The Zincali upon the reverse) pp. iii–iv; Contents of Vol. II pp. v–xi; p. xii is blank; and Text pp. 1–366.  At the foot of p. 366 the imprint is repeated thus, “G. Woodfall and Son, Printers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.”  There are head-lines throughout, as in the first volume.  The signatures are a (2 leaves), b (4 leaves), B to Q (fifteen sheets, each 12 leaves), plus R (3 leaves).

Vol. III.

Collation:—Large duodecimo, pp. xii + 426; consisting of: Half-title (with imprint “London: / George Woodfall and Son, / Angel Court, Skinner Street” upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with Advertisements of The Bible in Spain and The Zincali upon the reverse) pp. iii–iv; Contents of Vol. III pp. v–xi; p. xii is blank; and Text pp. 1–426.  At the foot of p. 426 the imprint is repeated thus, “G. Woodfall and Son, Printers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.”  There are head-lines throughout, as in the first volume.  The signatures are a (2 leaves), b (4 leaves), B to S (seventeen sheets, each 12 leaves), T (6 leaves), and U (3 leaves).

Issued in dark blue cloth boards, with white paper back-labels, lettered “Lavengro; / the / Scholar, / the Gypsy, / and / the Priest. / By George Borrow / Vol. i. [Vol. ii., &c.]”  The leaves measure 7¾ × 4⅞ inches.  The edition consisted of 3,000 Copies.  The published price was 30s.

A Second Edition (miscalled Third Edition) was issued in 1872; a Third (miscalled Fourth) in 1888; and a Fourth (miscalled Fifth) in 1896.  To the edition of 1872 was prefixed a new Preface, in which Borrow replied to his critics in a somewhat angry and irritable manner.  Copies of the First Edition of Lavengro are to be met with, the three volumes bound in one, in original publishers’ cloth, bearing the name of the firm of Chapman and Hall upon the back.  These copies are ‘remainders.’  They were made up in 1870.  It is by no means unlikely that in 1872 some confusion prevailed as to the nature of this subsidiary issue, and that it was mistaken for a Second Edition of the book.  If so the incorrect numbering of the edition of that date, the actual Second Edition, may be readily accounted for.

An important edition of Lavengro is:

Lavengro / By George Borrow / A New Edition / Containing the unaltered Text of the Original Issue; / some Suppressed Passages now printed for the / first time; MS. Variorum, Vocabulary and Notes / By the Author of / The Life of George Borrow / London / John Murray, Albemarle Street / 1900.—Crown 8vo, pp. xxviii + 569.

The book was reprinted in 1911.  The Editor was Dr. William Knapp.

An edition of Lavengro, with a valuable Introduction by Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton, was published by Messrs. Ward, Lock & Co., in 1893.  The work is also included in Everyman’s Library, and in other series of popular reprints.

When put to press in February, 1849, the first volume of Lavengro was set up with the title-page reading as follows:—

Life, A Drama. / By / George Borrow, Esq., / Author of “The Bible in Spain,” etc. / In Three Volumes. / Vol. i. / London: / John Murray, Albemarle Street. / 1849.

Only two examples of the volume with this interesting early title-page are known to have survived.  One of these is now in the possession of the Hispanic Society, of New York.  The other is the property of Mr. Otto Kyllmann.

Later in the same year Murray advertised the work under the following title:—

Lavengro, An Autobiography.  By George Borrow, Esq., &c.

The same title was employed in the advertisements of 1850.

Mr. Clement Shorter possesses the original draft of the first portion of Lavengro.  In this draft the title-page appears in its earliest form, and describes the book as Some Account of the Life, Pursuits, and Adventures of a Norfolk Man.  A facsimile of this tentative title was given by Mr. Shorter in George Borrow and his Circle, 1913, p. 280.

“Borrow took many years to write Lavengro.  ‘I am writing the work,’ he told Dawson Turner, ‘in precisely the same manner as The Bible in Spain, viz. on blank sheets of old account-books, backs of letters,’ &c., and he recalls Mahomet writing the Koran on mutton bones as an analogy to his own ‘slovenliness of manuscript.’  I have had plenty of opportunity of testing this slovenliness in the collection of manuscripts of portions of Lavengro that have come into my possession.  These are written upon pieces of paper of all shapes and sizes, although at least a third of the book in Borrow’s very neat handwriting is contained in a leather notebook.  The title-page demonstrates the earliest form of Borrow’s conception.  Not only did he then contemplate an undisguised autobiography, but even described himself as ‘a Norfolk man.’  Before the book was finished, however, he repudiated the autobiographical note, and we find him fiercely denouncing his critics for coming to such a conclusion.  ‘The writer,’ he declares, ‘never said it was an autobiography; never authorised any person to say it was one.’  Which was doubtless true, in a measure.”—[George Borrow and his Circle, 1913, pp. 279–281].

There is a copy of the First Edition of Lavengro in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is 12622. f. 7.

The / Romany Rye; / A Sequel to “Lavengro.” / By George Borrow, / Author of / “The Bible in Spain,” “The Gypsies of Spain,” etc. / “Fear God, and take your own part.” / In Two Volumes.—Vol. I. [Vol. II.] / London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. / 1857. / [The Right of Translation is reserved.]

Vol. I.

Collation:—Large duodecimo, pp. xii + 372; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with imprint “London: Woodfall and Kinder, Printers, / Angel Court, Skinner Street” at the foot of the reverse) pp. iii–iv; Preface (styled Advertisement) pp. v–vi; Table of Contents pp. vii–xi; Extract from Pleasantries of the Cogia Nasr Eddin Efendi p. xii; and Text pp. 1–372.  The head-line is The Romany Rye throughout, upon both sides of the page; each page also bears at its head the number of the particular Chapter occupying it.  At the foot of p. 372 the imprint is repeated thus, “Woodfall and Kinder, Printers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of 6 leaves), B to Q (15 sheets, each 12 leaves), plus R (a half-sheet of 6 leaves).

Vol. II.

Collation:—Large duodecimo, pp. viii + 375 + ix; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with imprint “London: Woodfall and Kinder, Printers, / Angel Court, Skinner Street” at the foot of the reverse) pp. iii–iv; Table of Contents pp. v–vii; p. viii is blank; and Text pp. 1–375.  The reverse of p. 375 is blank.  The volume is completed by eight unnumbered pages of Advertisements of Works by the Author of “The Bible in Spain” ready for the Press.  There are head-lines throughout; up to, and including, p. 244 the head-line is The Romany Rye, together with the numbers of the Chapters, pp. 245–375 are headed Appendix, accompanied by the numbers of the Chapters.  At the foot of the last of the eight unnumbered pages carrying the Advertisements (Sig. R 12 verso) the imprint is repeated thus, “Woodfall and Kinder, Printers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.”  The signatures are A (four leaves), plus B to R (16 sheets, each 12 leaves).

Issued (on April 30th, 1857) in dark blue cloth boards, with white paper back-labels, lettered “The / Romany Rye. / By / George Borrow. / Vol. I. [Vol. II.]”  The leaves measure 7⅞ × 5 inches.

Of the First Edition of The Romany Rye One Thousand Copies were printed.  The published price was 21s.  A Second Edition was published in 1858, a Third in 1872, a Fourth in 1888, and a Fifth in 1896.  The book is included in Everyman’s Library, and in other series of popular reprints.

The series of Advertisements of Works by Borrow, announced as “Ready for the Press,” which occupy the last eight pages of the second volume of The Romany Rye are of especial interest.  No less than twelve distinct works are included in these advertisements.  Of these twelve The Bible in Spain was already in the hands of the public, Wild Wales duly appeared in 1862, and The Sleeping Bard in 1860.  These three were all that Borrow lived to see in print.  Two others, The Turkish Jester and The Death of Balder, were published posthumously in 1884 and 1889 respectively; but the remaining seven, Celtic Bards, Chiefs, and Kings, Songs of Europe, Kœmpe Viser, Penquite and Pentyre, Russian Popular Tales, Northern Skalds, Kings, and Earls, and Bayr Jairgey and Glion Doo: The Red Path and the Black Valley, were never destined to see the light.  However, practically the whole of the verse prepared for them was included in the series of Pamphlets which have been printed for private circulation during the past twelve months.

As was the case with Lavengro, Borrow delayed the completion of The Romany Rye to an extent that much disconcerted his publisher, John Murray.  The correspondence which passed between author and publisher is given at some length by Dr. Knapp, in whose pages the whole question is fully discussed.

Mr. Shorter presents the matter clearly and fairly in the paragraphs he devotes to the subject:

“The most distinctly English book—at least in a certain absence of cosmopolitanism—that Victorian literature produced was to a great extent written on scraps of paper during a prolonged Continental tour which included Constantinople and Budapest.  In Lavengro we have only half a book, the whole work, which included what came to be published as The Romany Rye, having been intended to appear in four volumes.  The first volume was written in 1843, the second in 1845, and the third volume in the years between 1845 and 1848.  Then in 1852 Borrow wrote out an advertisement of a fourth volume, which runs as follows:

Shortly will be published in one volume.  Price 10s.  The Rommany Rye, Being the fourth volume of Lavengro.  By George Borrow, author of The Bible in Spain.

But this volume did not make an appearance ‘shortly.’  Its author was far too much offended with the critics, too disheartened it may be, to care to offer himself again for their gibes.  The years rolled on, and not until 1857 did The Romany Rye appear.  The book was now in two volumes, and we see that the word Romany had dropped an m. . . .

The incidents of Lavengro are supposed to have taken place between the 24th of May 1825, and the 18th of July of that year.  In The Romany Rye the incidents apparently occur between the 19th of July and the 3rd of August 1825.  In the opinion of Mr. John Sampson, the whole of the episodes in the five volumes occurred in seventy-two days.”—[George Borrow and his Circle, 1913, pp. 341–343.]

A useful edition of The Romany Rye is:

The Romany Rye / A Sequel to “Lavengro” / By George Borrow / A New Edition / Containing the unaltered text of the Original / Issue, with Notes, etc., by the Author of / “The Life of George Borrow” / London / John Murray, Albemarle Street / 1900.—Crown 8vo. pp. xvi + 403.

The book was edited by Dr. William Knapp.

There is a copy of the First Edition of The Romany Rye in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is 12622. f. 8.

The Sleeping Bard; / Or / Visions of the World, Death, and Hell, / By / Elis Wyn. / Translated from the Cambrian British / By / George Borrow, / Author of/ “The Bible in Spain,” “The Gypsies of Spain,” etc. / London: / John Murray, Albemarle Street. / 1860.

Collation:—Crown octavo, pp. x + 128; consisting of: Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. i–ii; Preface pp. iii–vii; p. viii is blank; Fly-title to A Vision of the Course of the World (with blank reverse) pp. ix-x; and Text of the three Visions pp. 1–128.  There are head-lines throughout, each double-page being headed with the title of the particular Vision occupying it.  A Vision of Hell is preceded by a separate Fly-title (pp. 67–68) with blank reverse.  At the foot of p. 128 is the following imprint, “James M. Denew, Printer, 72, Hall Plain, Great Yarmouth.”  The sheets carry no register.  The book was issued without any Half-title.  In some copies the Christian name of the printer is misprinted Jamms.

Issued (in June, 1860) in magenta coloured cloth boards, lettered in gold along the back, “The Sleeping Bard,” and “London / John Murray” across the foot.  The published price was 5s.; 250 copies were printed.  Murray’s connection with the work was nominal.  The book was actually issued at Yarmouth by J. M. Denew, the printer by whom it was produced.  The cost was borne by the author himself, to whom the majority of the copies were ultimately delivered.

Some few copies of The Sleeping Bard would appear to have been put up in yellowish-brown plain paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges.  One such example is in the possession of Mr. Paul Lemperley, of Cleveland, Ohio; a second is in the library of Mr. Clement Shorter.  The leaves of both these copies measure 8¾ × 5¾ inches.  The leaves of ordinary copies in cloth measure 7½ × 4¾ inches.  The translation was made in 1830.

The text of The Sleeping Bard is divided into three sections.  Each of these sections closes with a poem of some length, as follows:—

	page
1.  The Perishing World.  [O man, upon this building gaze]	38
2.  Death the Great.  [Leave land and house we must some day] In the printed text the seventh stanza of Death the Great reads thus: The song and dance afford, I ween, Relief from spleen, and sorrows grave; How very strange there is no dance, Nor tune of France, from Death can save! About the year 1871 Borrow re-wrote this stanza, as follows: The song and dance can drive, they say, The spleen away, and humour’s grave; Why hast thou not devised, O France! Some tune and dance, from Death to save? As was invariably the case with Borrow, his revision was a vast improvement upon the original version.	63
3.  The Heavy Heart.  [Heavy’s the heart with wandering below] The Manuscript of The Sleeping Bard was formerly in the possession of Dr. Knapp.  It is now the property of the Hispanic Society, of New York.  It extends to 74 pages 4to.	124

There is a copy of the First Edition of The Sleeping Bard in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is 12355. c. 17.

Wild Wales: / Its People, Language, and Scenery. / By George Borrow, / Author of “The Bible in Spain,” etc. / “Their Lord they shall praise, / Their language they shall keep, / Their land they shall lose, / Except Wild Wales.” / Taliesin: Destiny of the Britons. / In Three Volumes.—Vol. I. [Vol. II, &c.] / London: / John Murray, Albemarle Street. / 1862. / The right of Translation is reserved.

Vol. I.

Collation:—Large duodecimo, pp. xii + 410; consisting of: Half-title (with advertisements of five of Borrow’s Works upon the reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with imprint “London: / Printed by Woodfall and Kinder, / Angel Court, Skinner Street” upon the centre of the reverse) pp. iii–iv; Notice regarding the previous appearance of a portion of the work in The Quarterly Review (with blank reverse) pp. v–vi; Contents of Vol. I pp. vii–xi; p. xii is blank; and Text pp. 1–410.  There are head-lines throughout, each verso being headed Wild Wales, whilst each recto is headed with the title of the particular subject occupying it.  At the foot of p. 410 the imprint is repeated thus: “Woodfall and Kinder, Printers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of 6 leaves), B to S (17 sheets, each 12 leaves), plus T (2 leaves).  The second leaf of Sig. T is a blank.

Vol. II.

Collation:—Large duodecimo, pp. viii + 413; consisting of: Title-page, as above (with imprint “London: / Printed by Woodfall and Kinder, / Angel Court, Skinner Street” upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Contents of Vol. II pp. v–vii; p. viii is blank; and Text pp. 1–413.  The reverse of p. 413 is blank.  There are head-lines throughout, as in the first volume.  At the foot of p. 413 the imprint is repeated thus, “Woodfall and Kinder, Printers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.”  The signatures are A (4 leaves), B to S (17 sheets, each 12 leaves), plus T (4 leaves).  The last leaf of Sig. T is a blank.  The volume was issued without any Half-title.

Vol. III.

Collation:—Large duodecimo, pp. viii + 474; consisting of: Title-page, as above (with imprint “London: / Printed by Woodfall and Kinder, / Angel Court, Skinner Street” upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Contents of Vol. III pp. iii–viii; and Text pp. 1–474.  There are head-lines throughout, as in the first volume.  At the foot of p. 474 the imprint is repeated thus, “Woodfall and Kinder, Printers, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London.”  The signatures are A (8 leaves), B to U (18 sheets, each 12 leaves), plus X (10 leaves).  The last leaf of Sig. H is a blank.  The volume was issued without any Half-title.

Issued (in December, 1862) in dark green cloth boards, with white paper back-label, lettered “Wild Wales. / By / George Borrow. / Vol. I [Vol. ii, &c.].”  The leaves measure 7⅝ × 4⅞ inches.  The published price was 30s.; 1,000 copies were printed.

A Second Edition of Wild Wales was issued in 1865, a Third Edition in 1888, and a Fourth Edition in 1896.  The book has since been included in divers series of non-copyright works.

The following Poems made their first appearance in the pages of Wild Wales:

Vol. I
	page
Chester Ale.  [Chester ale, Chester ale!  I could ne’er get it down] Another, widely different, version of these lines exist in manuscript.  It reads as follows: On the Ale of Chester. Of Chester the ale has but sorry renown,       ’Tis made of ground-ivy, of dust, and of bran; ’Tis as thick as a river belough a hugh town,       ’Tis not lap for a dog, far less drink for a man.	18
Saxons and Britons.  [A serpent which coils] Previously printed in The Quarterly Review, January 1861, p. 42.	48
Translation of a Welsh Englyn upon Dinas Bran.  [Gone, gone are thy gates, Dinas Bran on the height!]	61
Lines Found on the tomb of Madoc.  [Here after sailing far I Madoc lie]	105
The Lassies of County Merion.  [Full fair the gleisiad in the flood] This was one stanza only, the fifth, of the complete poem The Cookoo’s Song in Merion, which Borrow translated some years later, and which was first printed in Ermeline, 1913, pp. 21–23.  The text of the two versions of this stanza differ considerably.	153
Stanza on the stone of Jane Williams.  [Though thou art gone to dwelling cold]	161
The Mist.  [O ho! thou villain mist, O ho!] Although Borrow translated the whole poem, he omitted 24 lines (the 14 opening and 10 closing lines) when printing it in Wild Wales.  Here are the missing lines, which I give from the original Manuscript: A tryste with Morfydd true I made, ’Twas not the first, in greenwood glade, In hope to make her flee with me; But useless all, as you will see. I went betimes, lest she should grieve, Then came a mist at close of eve; Wide o’er the path by which I passed, Its mantle dim and murk it cast. That mist ascending met the sky, Forcing the daylight from my eye. I scarce had strayed a furlong’s space When of all things I lost the trace. Where was the grove and waving grain? Where was the mountain hill and main? * * * * * Before me all affright and fear, Above me darkness dense and drear, My way at length I weary found, Into a swaggy willow ground, Where staring in each nook there stood Of wry mouthed elves a wrathful brood. Full oft I sank in that false soil, My legs were lamed with length of toil. However hard the case may be No meetings more in mist for me. Two of the above lines, somewhat differently worded, were given in Wild Wales, Vol. i, p. 184.	173
Lines Descriptive of the Eagerness of a Soul to reach Paradise.  [Now to my rest I hurry away]	251
Filicaia’s Sonnet on Italy.  [O Italy! on whom dark Destiny]	290
Translation of an englyn foretelling travelling by steam.  [I got up in Mona, as soon as ’twas light]	341
Translation of a Welsh stanza about Snowdon.  [Easy to say ‘Behold Eryri’]	360
Stanzas On The Snow Of Snowdon.  [Cold is the snow on Snowdon’s brow]	365
Vol. II
Lines from Black Robin’s Ode in praise of Anglesey.  [Twelve sober men the muses woo]	33
Lines on a Spring.  [The wild wine of Nature]	112
Things written in a Garden.  [In a garden the first of our race was deceived]	158
El Punto de la Vana.  [Never trust the sample when you go your cloth to buy]	215
Llangollen’s Ale.  [Llangollen’s brown ale is with malt and hop rife]	275
Poverty and Riches.  An Interlude.  [O Riches, thy figure is charming and bright] A reduced facsimile of the first page of the Manuscript of this Interlude is given herewith, facing page 99.	328
An Ode to Sychark.  By Iolo Goch.  [Twice have I pledged my word to thee]	392
Vol. III
Translation of a Welsh englyn on the Rhyadr.  [Foaming and frothing from mountainous height]	12
Ode to Owen Glendower.  [Here’s the life I’ve sigh’d for long]	98
Ode to a Yew Tree.  [Thou noble tree; who shelt’rest kind]	203
Lines.  [From high Plynlimmon’s shaggy side]	219
Ode to a Yew Tree.  [O tree of yew, which here I spy] This is another, and extended, version of the Ode printed on p. 203 of Wild Wales.  Yet another version, differing from both, is printed in Alf the Freebooter and Other Ballads, 1913, p. 27.	247
Lines from Ode to the Ploughman, by Iolo Goch.  [The mighty Hu who lives for ever] Previously printed, with some verbal differences, in The Quarterly Review, January 1861, p. 40.	292
Lines on a Tomb-stone.  [Thou earth from earth reflect with anxious mind]	301
Ode to Griffith ap Nicholas.  [Griffith ap Nicholas, who like thee] The first six lines of this Ode had previously appeared in The Quarterly Review, January 1861, p. 50.	327
God’s Better than All.  [God’s better than heaven or aught therein] A reduced facsimile of the first page of the Manuscript of God’s Better than All will be found facing the present page.	335
Ab Gwilym’s Ode to the Sun And Glamorgan.  [Each morn, benign of countenance]	377

There is a copy of the First Edition of Wild Wales in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is 10369. e. 12.

Romano Lavo-Lil: / Word-Book of the Romany; / or, / English Gypsy Language. / With many pieces in Gypsy, illustrative of the way of / Speaking and Thinking of the English Gypsies; / with Specimens of their Poetry, and an account of certain Gypsyries / or Places Inhabited by them, and of various things / relating to Gypsy Life in England. / By George Borrow, / Author of “Lavengro,” “The Romany Rye,” “The Gypsies of Spain,” / “The Bible in Spain,” etc. / “Can you rokra Romany? / Can you play the bosh? / Can you jal adrey the staripen? / Can you chin the cost?” / “Can you speak the Roman tongue? / Can you play the fiddle? / Can you eat the prison-loaf? / Can you cut and whittle? / London: / John Murray, Albemarle Street. / 1874.

Collation:—Crown octavo, pp. viii + 331; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with imprint “London: / Printed by William Clowes and Sons, / Stamford Street and Charing Cross” upon the centre of the reverse) pp. iii–iv; Prefatory Note regarding the Vocabulary p. v; Advertisements of five Works of George Borrow p. vi; Table of Contents pp. vii–viii; and Text pp. 1–331, including Fly-titles (each with blank reverse) to each section of the book.  The reverse of p. 331 is blank.  At the foot of p. 331 the imprint is repeated thus, “London: Printed by Wm. Clowes and Sons, Stamford Street / and Charing Cross.”  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular subject occupying it.  The signatures, are A (a half-sheet of 4 leaves), B to X (20 sheets, each 8 leaves), Y (a half-sheet of 4 leaves), and Z (a quarter-sheet of 2 leaves).

Issued in dark blue cloth boards, with white paper back-label, lettered “Romano Lavo-Lil; / Word-Book / of / The Romany. / By / George Borrow.”  The leaves measure 7¾ × 4⅞ inches.  The published price was 10s. 6d.

One Thousand Copies were printed.

The book was set up in type towards the end of 1873, and published early in 1874.  Proof-sheets still exist bearing the earlier date upon the title-page.

A considerable amount of Verse by Borrow made its first appearance in the pages of Romano Lavo-Lil, as detailed in the following list:

Contents

	page
Little Sayings:
1.  [ Whatever ignorance men may show]	109
2.  [What must I do, mother, to make you well?]	111
3.  [I would rather hear him speak than hear Lally sing]	115
English Gypsy Songs:
1.  The Gypsy Meeting.  [Who’s your mother, who’s your father?]	175
2.  Making a Fortune (1).  [Come along, my little gypsy girl]	177
3.  Making a Fortune (2).  [Come along, my little gypsy girl]	179
The Two Gypsies.  [Two gypsy lads were transported]	181
My Roman Lass.  [As I to the town was going one day] This is the first stanza only of The English Gypsy.  The complete Song will be found in Marsk Stig’s Daughters and Other Songs and Ballads, 1913, pp. 14–15.  Here is the concluding stanza, omitted in Romano Lavo-Lil: As I to the town was going one day, I met a young Roman upon the way. Said he, “Young maid will you share my lot?” Said I, “Another wife you’ve got.” “No, no!” the handsome young Roman cried, “No wife have I in the world so wide; And you my wedded wife shall be, If you will share my lot with me.”	183
Yes, my Girl.  [If to me you prove untrue]	185
The Youthful Earl.  [Said the youthful earl to the Gypsy girl]	185
Love Song.  [I’d choose as pillows for my head]	187
Woe is Me.  [I’m sailing across the water]	189
The Squire and Lady.  [The squire he roams the good greenwood]	191
Gypsy Lullaby.  [Sleep thee, little tawny boy!]	193
Our Blessed Queen.  [Coaches fine in London]	195
Run for it.  [Up, up, brothers!] This is the first stanza only of the Gypsy Song, printed complete in Marsk Stig’s Daughters and other Songs and Ballads, 1913, p. 16.	195
The Romany Songstress.  [Her temples they are aching]	199
The Friar.  [A Friar Was preaching once with zeal and with fire] The Manuscript of these amusing verses, which were translated by Borrow from the dialect of the Spanish Gypsies, affords some curious variants from the published text.  Here are the lines as they stand in the MS.: A Friar Was preaching once with zeal and with fire; And a butcher of the plain Had lost a bonny swine; And the friar did opine That the Gypsies it had ta’en. So, breaking off, he shouted, “Gypsy ho! Hie home, and from the pot Take the butcher’s porker out, The porker good and fat, And in its place throw A clout, a dingy clout Of thy brat, of thy brat; A clout, a dingy clout, of thy brat.”	201
Malbrouk.  From the Spanish Gypsy Version.  [Malbrouk is gone to the wars]	205
Sorrowful Years.  [The wit and the skill]	211
Fortune-Telling.  [Late rather one morning]	240
The Fortune-Teller’s Song.  [Britannia is my name]	243
Gypsy Stanza.  [Can you speak the Roman tongue?]	254
Charlotte Cooper.  [Old Charlotte I am called]	259
Epigram.  [A beautiful face and a black wicked mind]	262
Lines.  [Mickie, Huwie and Larry bold]	272
Lines.  [What care we, though we be so small?]	280
Ryley Bosvil.  [The Gorgios seek to hang me]	296
Ryley and the Gypsy.  [Methinks I see a brother]	298
To Yocky Shuri.  [Beneath the bright sun, there is none, there is none]	301
Lines.  [Roman lads Before the door]	325

Upon page 122 of Romano Lavo-Lil, is printed a version of The Lord’s Prayer cast into Romany by Borrow.  The original Manuscript of this translation has survived, and its text presents some curious variations from the published version.  A reduced facsimile of this Manuscript serves as Frontispiece to the present Bibliography.

Accompanying the Manuscript of The Lord’s Prayer in Romany, is the Manuscript of a translation made by Borrow into the dialect of the English Gypsies.  This translation has never, so far as I am aware, appeared in print.  It is an interesting document, and well worthy of preservation.  A reduced facsimile of it will be found facing the present page.

A Second Edition of Romano Lavo-Lil was issued by the same publisher, John Murray, in 1888, and a Third in 1905.

There is a copy of the First Edition of Romano Lavo-Lil in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is 2278. c. 15.

The Turkish Jester; / Or, / The Pleasantries / of / Cogia Nasr Eddin Effendi. / Translated from the Turkish / By / George Borrow. / Ipswich: / W. Webber, Dial Lane. / 1884.

Collation:—Crown octavo, printed in half-sheets, pp. ii + 52; consisting of: Title-page, as above (with Certificate of Issue upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; and Text pp. 1–52.  There are no head-lines, the pages being numbered centrally.  The book is made up in a somewhat unusual manner, each half-sheet having a separately printed quarter-sheet of two leaves imposed within it.  The register is therefore B to E (four sections, each 6 leaves), plus F (2 leaves), the whole preceded by two leaves, one of which is blank, whilst the other carries the Title-page.  There is no printer’s imprint.  The book was issued without any Half-title.  The title is enclosed within a single rectangular ruled frame.

Issued in cream-coloured paper wrappers, with the title-page reproduced upon the front, but reset in types of different character, and without the ruled frame, and with the imprint reading High Street in place of Dial Lane.  Inside the front cover the Certificate of Issue is repeated.  The leaves measure 7¾ × 5 inches.  The edition consisted of One Hundred and Fifty Copies.  The published price was 7s. 6d.

The Manuscript of The Turkish Jester was formerly owned by Dr. Knapp, and is now the property of the Hispanic Society, of New York.  It extends to 71 pages 4to.  The translation was probably made about 1854, at the time when Borrow was at work upon his Songs of Europe.  In 1857, the book was included among the Advertisements appended to the second volume of The Romany Rye.

There is a copy of the First Edition of The Turkish Jester in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is 758. b. 16.

The / Death of Balder / From the Danish / of / Johannes Ewald / (1773) / Translated by / George Borrow / Author of “Bible in Spain,” “Lavengro,” “Wild Wales,” etc. / London / Jarrold & Sons, 3 Paternoster Buildings, E.C. / 1889 / All Rights Reserved.

Collation:—Crown octavo, pp. viii + 77; consisting of: Half-title (with Certificate of Issue upon the centre of the reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. iii–iv; Preface and List of The Persons (each with blank reverse) pp. v–viii; and Text pp. 1–77.  The reverse of p. 77 is blank.  The head-line is Death of Balder throughout, upon both sides of the page.  At the foot of p. 77 is the following imprint, “Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson & Co. / London and Edinburgh.”  The signatures are A (4 leaves), and B to F (5 sheets, each 8 leaves).  Sig. F 8 is a blank.

Issued in dark brown ‘diced’ cloth boards, with white paper back-label.  The leaves measure 7¾ × 5 inches.  Two Hundred and Fifty Copies were printed.  The published price was 7s. 6d.

The Death of Balder was written in 1829, the year during which Borrow produced so many of his ballad translations, the year in which he made his fruitless effort to obtain subscribers for his Songs of Scandinavia.  On December 6th of that year he wrote to Dr. [afterwards Sir] John Bowring:

“I wish to shew you my translation of The Death of Balder, Ewald’s most celebrated production, which, if you approve of, you will perhaps render me some assistance in bringing forth, for I don’t know many publishers.  I think this will be a proper time to introduce it to the British public, as your account of Danish literature will doubtless cause a sensation.”

Evidently no publisher was forthcoming, for the work remained in manuscript until 1889, when, eight years after Borrow’s death, Messrs. Jarrold & Sons gave it to the world.  In 1857 Borrow included the Tragedy among the series of Works advertised as “ready for the Press” at the end of the second volume of The Romany Rye.  It was there described as “A Heroic Play.”

Although published only in 1889, The Death of Balder was actually set up in type three years earlier.  It had been intended that the book should have been issued in London by Messrs. Reeves & Turner, and proof-sheets exist carrying upon the title-page the name of that firm as publishers, and bearing the date 1886.  It would appear that Mr. W. Webber, a bookseller of Ipswich, who then owned the Manuscript, had at first contemplated issuing the book through Messrs. Reeves & Turner.  But at this juncture he entered into the employment of Messrs. Jarrold & Sons, and consequently the books was finally brought out by that firm.  The types were not reset, but were kept standing during the interval.

Another version of the song of The Three Valkyrier, which appears in The Death of Balder, pp. 53–54, was printed in Marsk Stig’s Daughters and Other Songs and Ballads, 1913, pp. 19–20.  The text of the two versions differs entirely, in addition to which the 1913 version forms one complete single song, whilst in that of 1889 the lines are divided up between the several characters.

The Manuscript of The Death of Balder, referred to above, passed into the hands of Dr. Knapp, and is now in the possession of the Hispanic Society, of New York.  It consists of 97 pages 4to.  A transcript in the handwriting of Mrs. Borrow is also the property of the Society.

There is a copy of the First Edition of The Death of Balder in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is 11755. f 9.

Letters of / George Borrow / To the British and Foreign / Bible Society / Published by Direction of the Committee / Edited by / T. H. Darlow / Hodder and Stoughton / London New York Toronto / 1911.

Collation:—Octavo, pp. xviii + 471; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. i–ii; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. iii–iv; Dedication To Williamson Lamplough (with blank reverse) pp. v–vi; Preface vii–xi; Note regarding “the officials of the Bible Society with whom Borrow came into close relationship” pp. xi–xii; List of Borrow’s Letters, etc., printed in this Volume pp. xiii–xvii; chronological Outline of Borrow’s career p. xviii; and Text of the Letters, &c., pp. 1–471.  There are head-lines throughout, each verso being headed George Borrow’s Letters, and each recto To the Bible Society.  Upon the reverse of p. 471 is the following imprint “Printed by T. and A. Constable, Printers to His Majesty / at the Edinburgh University Press.”  The signatures are a (one sheet of 8 leaves), b (a quarter-sheet of 2 leaves), A to 2 F (29 sheets, each 8 leaves) plus 2 G (a half-sheet of 4 leaves).  Sig. a 1 is a blank.  A facsimile of one of the Letters included in the volume is inserted as Frontispiece.

Issued in dark crimson buckram, with paper sides, lettered in gold across the back, “Letters of / George / Borrow / To the / Bible Society / Edited by / T. H. Darlow / Hodder & / Stoughton.”  The leaves measure 8⅜ × 5⅞ inches.  The published price was 7s. 6d.

“When Borrow set about preparing The Bible in Spain, he obtained from the Committee of the Bible Society the loan of the letters which are here published, and introduced considerable portions of them into that most picturesque and popular of his works.  Perhaps one-third of the contents of the present volume was utilised in this way, being more or less altered and edited by Borrow for the purpose.”—[Preface, pp. ix-x].

The holographs of the complete series of Letters included in this volume are preserved in the archives of the British and Foreign Bible Society.

There is a copy of Letters of George Borrow to the British and Foreign Bible Society in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is 010902.e.10.

Letters / To his Wife / Mary Borrow / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Crown octavo, pp. 38; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse), pp. 3–4; and Text of the Letters pp. 5–38.  The head-line is Letters to His Wife throughout, upon both sides of the page.  Following p. 38 is a leaf, with blank reverse, and with the following imprint upon its recto, “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a half sheet of 4 leaves), plus B and C (2 sheets, each 8 leaves), inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 7½ × 5 inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Holograph Letters by Borrow are extremely uncommon, the number known to be extant being far less than one might have supposed would be the case, considering the good age to which Borrow attained.  His correspondents were few, and, save to the officials of the Bible Society, he was not a diligent letter-writer.  The holographs of this series of letters addressed to his wife are in my own collection of Borroviana.

The majority of the letters included in this volume were reprinted in George Borrow and his Circle.  By Clement King Shorter, 8vo, 1913.

There is a copy of Letters to his Wife, Mary Borrow, in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 32.

Marsk Stig / A Ballad / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Crown octavo, pp. 40; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballad pp. 5–40.  The head-line is Marsk Stig throughout, upon both sides of the page.  At the foot of p. 40 is the following imprint, “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of 4 leaves), plus B and C (2 sheets, each 8 leaves), inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 7½ × 5 inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Marsk Stig consists of four separate Ballads, or Songs as Borrow styled them, the whole forming one complete and connected story.  The plot is an old Danish legend of the same character as the history of David and Bathsheba, Marsk Stig himself being the counterpart of Uriah the Hittite.

The four Songs commence as follows:—

	page
1.  Marsk Stig he out of the country rode To win him fame with his good bright sword	5
2.  Marsk Stig he woke at black midnight, And loudly cried to his Lady dear	15
3.  There’s many I ween in Denmark green Who all to be masters now desire	23
4.  There were seven and seven times twenty That met upon the verdant wold	34

 

Marsk Stig was one of the ballads prepared by Borrow for The Songs of Scandinavia in 1829, and revised for the Kœmpe Viser in 1854.  Both Manuscripts are extant, and I give reproductions of a page of each.  It will be observed that upon the margins of the earlier Manuscript Borrow wrote his revisions, so that this Manuscript practically carries in itself both versions of the ballad.  The Manuscript of 1829 is in the possession of Mr. J. H. Spoor, of Chicago.  The Manuscript of 1854 is in my own library.  As a specimen of Marsk Stig I quote the following stanzas:

It was the young and bold Marsk Stig
   Came riding into the Castle yard,
Abroad did stand the King of the land
   So fair array’d in sable and mard.

“Now lend an ear, young Marshal Stig,
   I have for thee a fair emprise,
Ride thou this year to the war and bear
   My flag amongst my enemies.”

“And if I shall fare to the war this year,
   And risk my life among thy foes,
Do thou take care of my Lady dear,
   Of Ingeborg, that beauteous rose.”

Then answer’d Erik, the youthful King,
   With a laugh in his sleeve thus answered he:
“No more I swear has thy lady to fear
   Than if my sister dear were she.”

It was then the bold Sir Marshal Stig,
   From out of the country he did depart,
In her castle sate his lonely mate,
   Fair Ingeborg, with grief at heart.

“Now saddle my steed,” cried Eric the King,
   “Now saddle my steed,” King Eric cried,
“To visit the Dame of beauteous fame
   Your King will into the country ride.”

* * * * *

“Now list, now list, Dame Ingeborg,
   Thou art, I swear, a beauteous star,
Live thou with me in love and glee,
   Whilst Marshal Stig is engag’d in war.”

Then up and spake Dame Ingeborg,
   For nought was she but a virtuous wife:
“Rather, I say, than Stig betray,
   Sir King, I’d gladly lose my life.”

“Give ear, thou proud Dame Ingeborg,
   If thou my leman and love will be,
Each finger fair of thy hand shall bear
   A ring of gold so red of blee.”

“Marsk Stig has given gold rings to me,
   And pearls around my neck to string;
By the Saints above I never will prove
   Untrue to the Marshal’s couch, Sir King.”

* * * * *

It was Erik the Danish King,
   A damnable deed the King he wrought;
He forc’d with might that Lady bright,
   Whilst her good Lord his battles fought.

* * * * *

It was the young Sir Marshal Stig
   Stepp’d proudly in at the lofty door;
And bold knights then, and bold knight’s men,
   Stood up the Marshal Stig before.

So up to the King of the land he goes,
   And straight to make his plaint began;
Then murmured loud the assembled crowd,
   And clench’d his fist each honest man.

“Ye good men hear a tale of fear,
   A tale of horror, a tale of hell—

&c., &c.

There is a copy of Marsk Stig A Ballad in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The Serpent Knight / and / Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 35; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; Table of Contents (with blank reverse) pp. 5–6; and Text of the Ballads pp. 7–35.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 35 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to thirty copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), plus B & C (two sheets, each eight leaves), inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
The Serpent Knight.  [Signelil sits in her bower alone] The only extant MS. of this ballad originally bore the title The Transformed Knight, but the word Transformed is struck out and replaced by Serpent, in Borrow’s handwriting.	7
Sir Olaf.  [Sir Olaf rides on his courser tall] Sir Olaf is one of Borrow’s most successful ballads.  The only extant Manuscript is written upon paper water-marked with the date 1845, and was prepared for the projected Kœmpe Viser.	10
The Treacherous Merman.  [“Now rede me mother,” the merman cried] This Ballad is a later, and greatly improved, version of one which appeared under the title The Merman only, in the Romantic Ballads of 1826.  The introduction of the incident of the changing by magic of the horse into a boat, furnishes a reason for the catastrophe which was lacking in the earlier version. In its final shape The Treacherous Merman is another of Borrow’s most successful ballads, and it is evident that he bestowed upon it an infinite amount of care and labour.  An early draft of the final version [a reduced facsimile of its first page will be found ante, facing p. 40] bears the tentative title Marsk Stig’s Daughter.  Besides the two printed versions Borrow certainly composed a third, for a fragment exists of a third MS., the text of which differs considerably from that of both the others.	15
The Knight in the Deer’s Shape.  [It was the Knight Sir Peter] Facing the present page is a reduced facsimile of the first page of the Manuscript of The Knight in the Deer’s Shape.	18
The Stalwart Monk.  [Above the wood a cloister towers] The Stalwart Monk was composed by Borrow about the year 1860.  Whether he had worked upon the ballad in earlier years cannot be ascertained, as no other Manuscript besides that from which it was printed in the present volume is known to exist.	24
The Cruel Step-Dame.  [My father up of the country rode]	30
The Cuckoo.  [Yonder the cuckoo flutters]	34

The complete Manuscript of The Serpent Knight and Other Ballads is in my own collection of Borroviana.

There is a copy of The Serpent Knight and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The King’s Wake / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 23; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–23.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 23 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of four leaves), with B (a full sheet of eight leaves) inset within it.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
The King’s Wake.  [To-night is the night that the wake they hold] An early draft of this ballad has the title The Watchnight.	5
Swayne Felding.  [Swayne Felding sits at Helsingborg] Of Swayne Felding two Manuscripts are extant.  One, originally destined for The Songs of Scandinavia, is written upon white paper water-marked with the date 1828.  The other, written upon blue paper, was prepared for the Kœmpe Viser of 1854.  In the earlier MS. the ballad bears the title Swayne Felding’s Combat with the Giant; the later MS. is entitled Swayne Felding only.  The texts of the two MSS. differ widely.	10
Innocence Defamed.  [Misfortune comes to every door] The heroic ballads included in these collections are all far too long to admit of any one of them being given in full.  As an example of the shorter ballads I quote the title-poem of the present pamphlet, The King’s Wake: THE KING’S WAKE [132] To-night is the night that the wake they hold, To the wake repair both young and old. Proud Signelil she her mother address’d: “May I go watch along with the rest?” “O what at the wake wouldst do my dear? Thou’st neither sister nor brother there. “Nor brother-in-law to protect thy youth, To the wake thou must not go forsooth. “There be the King and his warriors gay, If me thou list thou at home wilt stay.” “But the Queen will be there and her maiden crew, Pray let me go, mother, the dance to view.” So long, so long begged the maiden young, That at length from her mother consent she wrung. “Then go, my child, if thou needs must go, But thy mother ne’er went to the wake I trow.” Then through the thick forest the maiden went, To reach the wake her mind was bent. When o’er the green meadows she had won, The Queen and her maidens to bed were gone. And when she came to the castle gate They were plying the dance at a furious rate. There danced full many a mail-clad man, And the youthful King he led the van. He stretched forth his hand with an air so free: “Wilt dance, thou pretty maid, with me?” “O, sir, I’ve come across the wold That I with the Queen discourse might hold.” “Come dance,” said the King with a courteous smile, “The Queen will be here in a little while.” Then forward she stepped like a blushing rose, She takes his hand and to dance she goes. “Hear Signelil what I say to thee, A ditty of love sing thou to me.” “A ditty of love I will not, Sir King, But as well as I can another I’ll sing.” Proud Signil began, a ditty she sang, To the ears of the Queen in her bed it rang. Says the Queen in her chamber as she lay: “O which of my maidens doth sing so gay? “O which of my maidens doth sing so late, To bed why followed they me not straight?” Then answered the Queen the little foot page: “’Tis none of thy maidens I’ll engage. “’Tis none I’ll engage of the maiden band, ’Tis Signil proud from the islet’s strand.” “O bring my red mantle hither to me, For I’ll go down this maid to see.” And when they came down to the castle gate The dance it moved at so brave a rate. About and around they danced with glee, There stood the Queen and the whole did see. The Queen she felt so sore aggrieved When the King with Signil she perceived. Sophia the Queen to her maid did sign: “Go fetch me hither a horn of wine.” His hand the King stretched forth so free: “Wilt thou Sophia my partner be?” “O I’ll not dance with thee, I vow, Unless proud Signil pledge me now.” The horn she raised to her lips, athirst, The innocent heart in her bosom burst. There stood King Valdemar pale as clay, Stone dead at his feet the maiden lay. “A fairer maid since I first drew breath Ne’er came more guiltless to her death.” For her wept woman and maid so sore, To the Church her beauteous corse they bore. But better with her it would have sped, Had she but heard what her mother said.	20

There is a copy of The King’s Wake and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The Dalby Bear / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 20; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–20.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  At the foot of p. 20 is the following imprint: “London / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), with B (a full sheet of 8 leaves) inset within it.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
The Dalby Bear.  [There goes a bear on Dalby moors]	5
Tygge Hermandsen.  [Down o’er the isle in torrents fell] The ballad was printed from a Manuscript written in 1854.  I give a reduced facsimile of a page of an earlier Manuscript written in 1830.	9
The Wicked Stepmother.  [Sir Ove he has no daughter but one] This ballad should be read in conjunction with The Wicked Stepmother, No. ii, printed in Young Swaigder or The Force of Runes and Other Ballads, 1913, pp. 23–37.	14

The complete Manuscript of The Dalby Bear and Other Ballads is in the library of Mr. Clement Shorter.

There is a copy of The Dalby Bear and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The / Mermaid’s Prophecy / and other / Songs relating to Queen Dagmar / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 30; consisting of Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Songs pp. 5–30.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Song occupying it.  Following p. 30 is a leaf, with a notice regarding the American copyright upon the reverse, and with the following imprint upon its recto: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A and B (two sheets, each eight leaves), the one inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8¾ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Songs relating to Queen Dagmar:
I.  King Valdemar’s Wooing.  [Valdemar King and Sir Strange bold]	5
II.  Queen Dagmar’s Arrival in Denmark.  [It was Bohemia’s Queen began]	14
III.  The Mermaid’s Prophecy.  [The King he has caught the fair mermaid, and deep]	19
Rosmer.  [Buckshank bold and Elfinstone] This ballad should be read in conjunction with Rosmer Mereman, printed in Young Swaigder or The Force of Runes and Other Ballads, 1913, pp. 16–22.	25

Of The Mermaid’s Prophecy there are two Manuscripts extant.  In the earlier of these, written in 1829, the Poem is entitled The Mermaid’s Prophecy.  In the later Manuscript, written apparently about the year 1854, it is entitled The Mermaid only.  From this later Manuscript the Poem was printed in the present volume.

Unlike the majority of Borrow’s Manuscripts, which usually exhibit extreme differences of text when two holographs exist of the same Poem, the texts of the two versions of The Mermaid’s Prophecy are practically identical, the opening stanza alone presenting any important variation.  Here are the two versions of this stanza:

1829

The Dane King had the Mermaiden caught by his swains,
   The mermaid dances the floor upon—
And her in the tower had loaded with chains,
   Because his will she had not done.

1854

The King he has caught the fair mermaid, and deep
   (The mermaid dances the floor upon)
In the dungeon has placed her, to pine and to weep,
   Because his will she had not done.

There is a copy of The Mermaid’s Prophecy and other Songs relating to Queen Dagmar in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Hafbur and Signe / A Ballad / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 23; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballad pp. 5–23.  The head-line is Hafbur and Signe throughout, upon both sides of the page.  Upon the reverse of p. 23 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of four leaves), with B (a full sheet of eight leaves) inset within it.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Hafbur and Signe.  [Young Hafbur King and Sivard King They lived in bitter enmity]	5

 

Of Hafbur and Signe two Manuscripts are extant.  The first of these was doubtless written in the early summer of 1830, for on June 1st of that year Borrow wrote to Dr. Bowring:

I send you “Hafbur and Signe” to deposit in the Scandinavian Treasury [i.e. among the Songs of Scandinavia].

The later Manuscript was written in or about the year 1854.

The earlier of these two Manuscripts is in the collection of Mr. Herbert T. Butler.  The later Manuscript is in my own library.

As is usually the case when two Manuscripts of one of Borrow’s ballads are available, the difference in poetical value of the two versions of Hafbur and Signe is considerably.  Few examples could exhibit more distinctly the advance made by Borrow in the art of poetical composition during the interval.  Here are some stanzas from the version of 1854.

So late it was at nightly tide,
   Down fell the dew o’er hill and mead;
Then lists it her proud Signild fair
   With all the rest to bed to speed.

“O where shall I a bed procure?”
   Said Hafbur then, the King’s good son.
“O thou shalt rest in chamber best
   With me the bolsters blue upon.”

Proud Signild foremost went, and stepped
   The threshold of her chamber o’er;
With secret glee came Hafbur, he
   Had never been so glad before.

Then lighted they the waxen lights,
   So fairly twisted were the same.
Behind, behind, with ill at mind,
   The wicked servant maiden came

The following are the parallel stanzas from the version of 1830

So late it was in the nightly tide,
   Dew fell o’er hill and mead;
Then listed her proud Signild fair
   With the rest to bed to speed.

“O where shall I a bed procure?”
   Said Hafbour the King’s good son.
“In the chamber best with me thou shalt rest,
   The bolsters blue upon.”

Proud Signild foremost went and stepp’d
   The high chamber’s threshold o’er,
Prince Hafbour came after with secret laughter,
   He’d ne’er been delighted more

Then lighted they the waxen lights,
   Fair twisted were the same.
Behind, behind with ill in her mind
   The wicked servant came.

I give herewith a reduced facsimile of the last page of each Manuscript.

There is a copy of Hafbur and Signe A Ballad in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The Story / of / Yvashka with the Bear’s Ear / Translated from the Russian / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 23; consisting of: Half title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Frontispiece (with blank recto) pp. 3–4; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 5–6; Introduction (by Borrow) pp. 7–10; and Text of the Story pp. 11–23.  The head-line is Yvashka with the Bears Ear throughout, upon both sides of the page.  Upon the reverse of p. 23 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N. W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a half sheet of 4 leaves), and B (a full sheet of 8 leaves), the one inset within the other.  The Frontispiece consists of a reduced facsimile of the first page of the original Manuscript in Borrow’s handwriting.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

The Story of Yvashka was the second of three Russian Popular Tales, which were contributed by Borrow to the pages of Once a Week during 1862.  The Story of Yvashka appeared in the number for May 17th, 1862, Vol. vi, pp. 572–574.

The Story was reprinted in The Sphere, Feb. 1st, 1913, p. 136.

The Text of Yvashka as printed in Once a Week differs appreciably from that printed in The Sphere, and in the private pamphlet of 1913, both of which are identical.  The Manuscript from which the two latter versions were taken was the original translation.  The version which appeared in Once a Week was printed from a fresh Manuscript (which fills 11 quarto pages) prepared in 1862.  A reduced facsimile of the first page of the earlier Manuscript (which extends to 5⅛ quarto pages) will be found reproduced upon the opposite page.  In this Manuscript the story is entitled The History of Jack with the Bear’s Ear.

Judging from the appearance of this MS., both paper and handwriting, together with that of fragments which remain of the original MSS. of the other two published Tales, it seems probable that the whole were produced by Borrow during his residence in St. Petersburg.  Should such surmise be correct, the Tales are contemporary with Targum.

The Once a Week version of The Story of Yvashka was reprinted in The Avon Booklet, Vol. ii, 1904, pp. 199–210.

There is a copy of The Story of Yvashka in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 37.

The Verner Raven / The Count of Vendel’s / Daughter / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 27; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a note regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4, and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–27.  There are headlines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 27 is the following imprint: “London / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of 2 leaves), B (a half sheet of 4 leaves), and C (a full sheet of 8 leaves), all inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
The Verner Raven.  [The Raven he flies in the evening tide]	5
The Count of Vendel’s Daughter.  [Within a bower the womb I left] Previously printed in Once a Week, Vol. viii, January 3rd, 1863, pp. 35–36.	12
The Cruel Mother-in-Law.  [From his home and his country Sir Volmor should fare]	18
The Faithful King of Thule.  [A King so true and steady]	25
The Fairies’ Song.  [Balmy the evening air]	27

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached, appeared for the first time in this volume.

The Manuscript of The Count of Vendel’s Daughter is included in the extensive collection of Borroviana belonging to Mr. F. J. Farrell, of Great Yarmouth.

There is a copy of The Verner Raven, The Count of Vendel’s Daughter, and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The / Return of the Dead / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 22; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–22.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Following p. 22 is a leaf, with blank reverse, and with the following imprint upon its recto: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty copies.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of four leaves), with B (a full sheet of eight leaves), inset within it.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
The Return of the Dead.  [Swayne Dyring o’er to the island strayed]	5
The Transformed Damsel.  [I take my axe upon my back]	13
The Forced Consent.  [Within her own fair castelaye]	15
Ingeborg’s Disguise.  [Such handsome court clothes the proud Ingeborg buys]	19
Song.  [I’ve pleasure not a little]	22

As a further example of Borrow’s shorter Ballads, I give Ingeborg’s Disguise in full.  The entire series included in The Return of the Dead and Other Ballads ranks among the most uniformly successful of Borrow’s achievements in this particular branch of literature:—

INGEBORG’S DISGUISE [161]

Such handsome court clothes the proud Ingeborg buys,
Says she, “I’ll myself as a courtier disguise.”

Proud Ingeborg hastens her steed to bestride,
Says she, “I’ll away with the King to reside.”

“Thou gallant young King to my speech lend an ear,
Hast thou any need of my services here?”

“O yes, my sweet lad, of a horseboy I’ve need,
If there were but stable room here for his steed.

“But thy steed in the stall with my own can be tied,
And thou ’neath the linen shalt sleep by my side.”

Three years in the palate good service she wrought
That she was a woman no one ever thought.

She filled for three years of a horse-boy the place,
And the steeds of the monarch she drove out to graze.

She led for three years the King’s steeds to the brook,
For else than a youth no one Ingeborg took.

Proud Ingeborg knows how to make the dames gay,
She also can sing in such ravishing way.

The hair on her head is like yellow spun gold,
To her beauty the heart of the prince was not cold.

But at length up and down in the palace she strayed,
Her colour and hair began swiftly to fade.

What eye has seen ever so wondrous a case?
The boy his own spurs to his heel cannot brace.

The horse-boy is brought to so wondrous a plight,
To draw his own weapon he has not the might.

The son of the King to five damsels now sends,
And Ingeborg fair to their care he commends.

Proud Ingeborg took they and wrapped in their weed,
And to the stone chamber with her they proceed.

Upon the blue cushions they Ingeborg laid,
Where light of two beautiful sons she is made.

Then in came the prince, smiled the babies to view:
“’Tis not every horse-boy can bear such a two.”

He patted her soft on her cheek sleek and fair:
“Forget my heart’s dearest all sorrow and care.”

He placed the gold crown on her temples I ween:
“With me shalt thou live as my wife and my Queen.”

The complete Manuscript of The Return of the Dead and Other Ballads is in my own library.

There is a copy of The Return of the Dead and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C.44.d.38.

Axel Thordson / and Fair Valborg / A Ballad / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 45; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a notice regarding the American copyright upon the reverse) pp. 3–4; and text of the Ballad pp. 5–45.  The head-line is Axel Thordson and Fair Valborg throughout, upon both sides of the page.  Upon the reverse of p. 45 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A to C (Three sheets, each eight leaves) inset within each other.  The last leaf of Sig. C is a blank.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Axel Thordson and Fair Valborg.  [At the wide board at tables play]	5

In some respects Axel Thordson and Fair Valborg is the most ambitious of Borrow’s Ballads.  It is considerably the longest, unless we regard the four “Songs” of which Marsk Stig is comprised as forming one complete poem.  But it is by no means the most successful; indeed it is invariably in his shorter Ballads that we find Borrow obtaining the happiest result.

Two Manuscripts of Axel Thordson and Fair Valborg are available.  The first was prepared in 1829 for the Songs of Scandinavia.  The second was revised in 1854 for the Kœmpe Viser.  This later Manuscript is in my own possession.  I give herewith a reduced facsimile of one of its pages.

There is a copy of Axel Thordson and Fair Valborg in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C.44.d.38.

King Hacon’s Death / and / Bran and the Black Dog / Two Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Crown octavo, pp. 14; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Two Ballads pp. 5–14.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Following p. 14 is a leaf, with blank reverse, and with the following imprint upon its recto, “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  There are no signatures, the pamphlet being composed of a single sheet, folded to form sixteen pages.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 7½ × 5 inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
King Hacon’s Death.  [“And now has happened in our day”]	5
Bran and the Black Dog.  [“The day we went to the hills to chase”] I venture to regard this ballad of the fight between Bran and the Black Dog as one of Borrow’s happiest efforts.  Here are some of its vigorous stanzas: The valiant Finn arose next day,    Just as the sun rose above the foam; And he beheld up the Lairgo way,    A man clad in red with a black dog come. He came up with a lofty gait,    Said not for shelter he sought our doors; And wanted neither drink nor meat,    But would match his dog ’gainst the best of ours. * * * * * “A strange fight this,” the great Finn said,    As he turn’d his face towards his clan; Then his face with rage grew fiery red,    And he struck with his fist his good dog Bran. “Take off from his neck the collar of gold,    Not right for him now such a thing to bear; And a free good fight we shall behold    Betwixt my dog and his black compeer.” The dogs their noses together placed,    Then their blood was scatter’d on every side; Desperate the fight, and the fight did last    ’Till the brave black dog in Bran’s grip died. * * * * * We went to the dwelling of high Mac Cuol,    With the King to drink, and dice, and throw; The King was joyous, his hall was full,    Though empty and dark this night I trow.	11

There is a copy of King Hacon’s Death and Bran and the Black Dog in the Library of the British Museum.  The Pressmark is C. 44. d. 38.

Marsk Stig’s / Daughters / and other / Songs and Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Crown octavo, pp. 21; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse), pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse), pp. 3–4; Table of Contents, pp. 5–6; and Text of the Songs and Ballads, pp. 7–21.  The reverse of p. 21 is blank.  The head-line is Songs and Ballads throughout, upon both sides of the page.  The pamphlet concludes with a leaf, with blank reverse, and with the following imprint upon its recto: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  There are no signatures, but the pamphlet consists of a half-sheet (of four leaves), with a full sheet (of eight leaves) inset within it.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 7½ × 5 inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Marsk Stig’s Daughters.  [Two daughters fair the Marshal had]	7
The Three Expectants.  [There are three for my death that now pine]	11
Translation.  [One summer morn, as I was seeking]	13
The English Gipsy:
He.  [As I to the town was going one day My Roman lass I met by the way]	14
She.  [As I to the town was going one day I met a young Roman upon the way] The first of these two stanzas had been printed previously in Romano Lavo-Lil, 1874, p. 183.	14
Gipsy Song.  [Up, up, brothers] The first stanza of this Song was printed previously (under the title Run for it!) in Romano Lavo-Lil, 1874, p. 195.	16
Our Heart is Heavy, Brother.  [The strength of the ox] Another version of this poem was printed previously (under the title Sorrowful Tears, and with an entirely different text) in Romano Lavo-Lil, 1874, p. 211. In order to give some clear idea of the difference between the two versions, I quote the opening stanza of each: 1874. The wit and the skill Of the Father of ill,    Who’s clever indeed, If they would hope With their foes to cope    The Romany need. 1913. The strength of the ox, The wit of the fox,    And the leveret’s speed; All, all to oppose Their numerous foes    The Romany need.	17
Song.  [Nastrond’s blazes] Another version of this Song was printed previously (divided up, and with many textual variations) in The Death of Balder, 1899, pp. 53–54.	19
Lines.  [To read the great mysterious Past] As a specimen of Borrow’s lighter lyrical verse, as distinguished from his Ballads, I give the text of the Translation noted above, accompanied by a facsimile of the first page of the MS.: TRANSLATION. One summer morn, as I was seeking    My ponies in their green retreat, I heard a lady sing a ditty    To me which sounded strangely sweet: I am the ladye, I am the ladye,    I am the ladye loving the knight; I in the green wood, ’neath the green branches,    In the night season sleep with the knight. Since yonder summer morn of beauty    I’ve seen full many a gloomy year; But in my mind still lives the ditty    That in the green wood met my ear: I am the ladye, I am the ladye,    I am the ladye loving the knight; I in the green wood, ’neath the green branches,    In the night season sleep with the knight. A second Manuscript of this Translation has the ‘ditty’ arranged in eight lines, instead of in four.  In this MS. the word ladye is spelled in the conventional manner: I am the lady, I am the lady, I am the lady    Loving the knight; I in the greenwood, ’Neath the green branches, Through the night season    Sleep with the knight.	21

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached appeared for the first time in this volume.

There is a copy of Marsk Stig’s Daughters and other Songs and Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The Tale of Brynild / and / King Valdemar and his Sister / Two Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 35; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page as above (with a notice regarding the American copyright upon the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–35.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 35 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), and B and C (two sheets, each eight leaves), each inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
The Tale of Brynild.  [Sivard he a colt has got] Of The Tale of Brynild, two manuscripts are extant, written in 1829 and 1854 respectively.  The text of the latter, from which the ballad was printed in the present pamphlet, is immeasurably the superior.	5
King Valdemar and his sister.  [See, see, with Queen Sophy sits Valdemar bold]	13
Mirror of Cintra.  [Tiny fields in charming order]	34
The Harp.  [The harp to everyone is dear]	35

There can be little doubt that the series of poems included in this volume present Borrow at his best as a writer of Ballads.

There is a copy of The Tale of Brynild and King Valdemar and his Sister in the Library of the British Museum.  The Pressmark is C. 44. d. 38.

Proud Signild / and / Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation: Square demy octavo, pp. 28; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a notice regarding the American copyright upon the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–28.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  At the foot of p. 28 is the following imprint: “London: Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W.  Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (six leaves), and B (a full sheet of eight leaves), the one inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Proud Signild.  [Proud Signild’s bold brothers have taken her hand]	5
The Damsel of the Wood.  [The Knight takes hawk, and the man takes hound]	16
Damsel Mettie.  [Knights Peter and Olaf they sat o’er the board] As is the case with quite a number of Borrow’s ballads, two Manuscripts of Damsel Mettie have been preserved.  The earlier, composed not later than 1829, is written upon paper water marked with the date 1828; the later is written upon paper water-marked 1843.  The earlier version has a refrain, “’Neath the linden tree watches the lord of my heart,” which is wanting in the later.  Otherwise the text of both MSS. is identical, the differences to be observed between them being merely verbal.  For example, the seventh couplet in the earlier reads: I’ll gage my war courser, the steady and tried, That thou canst not obtain the fair Mettie, my bride. In the later MS. this couplet reads: I’ll gage my war courser, the steady and tried, Thou never canst lure the fair Mettie, my bride.	22

There is a copy of Proud Signild and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Ulf Van Yern / and / Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 27; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page (with notice regarding the American copyright upon the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–27.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 27 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), B (a half-sheet of four leaves), and C (a full sheet of eight leaves), all inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Ulf Van Yern.  [It was youthful Ulf Van Yern] This ballad was here printed from the Manuscript prepared for the projected Kœmpe Viser of 1854.  In the MS of 1829 the ballad is entitled Ulf Van Yern and Vidrik Verlandson.  The texts of the two versions differ widely in almost every stanza.	5
The Chosen Knight.  [Sir Oluf rode forth over hill and lea]	16
Sir Swerkel.  [There’s a dance in the hall of Sir Swerkel the Childe]	19
Finn and the Damsel, or The Trial of Wits.  [“What’s rifer than leaves?” Finn cried]	23
Epigrams by Carolan:
1.  On Friars.  [Would’st thou on good terms with friars live]	26
2.  On a surly Butler, who had refused him admission to the cellar.  [O Dermod Flynn it grieveth me]	26
Lines.  [How deadly the blow I received] The last four lines of this Poem had already served (but with a widely different text) as the last four lines of the Ode from the Gaelic, printed in Romantic Ballads, 1826, pp 142–143.	27

There is a copy of Ulf Van Yern and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Ellen of Villenskov / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 22; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–22.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Following p. 22 is a leaf, with blank reverse, and with the following imprint upon its recto: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of four leaves), with B (a full sheet of eight leaves) inset within it.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Ellen of Villenskov.  [There lies a wold in Vester Haf]	5
Uranienborg.  [Thou who the strand dost wander] Previously printed, with an earlier and far inferior text, under the title The Ruins of Uranienborg, in The Foreign Quarterly Review.  June, 1830, pp. 85–86.	13
The Ready Answer.  [The brother to his dear sister spake]	19
Epigrams:
1.  There’s no living, my boy, without plenty of gold	22
2.  O think not you’ll change what on high is designed	22
3.  Load not thyself with gold, O mortal man, for know	22

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached, appeared for the first time in this volume.

The Manuscripts of the poems included in Ellen of Villenskov and Other Ballads are in the Library of Mr. Clement K. Shorter.

There is a copy of Ellen of Villenskov and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The Songs of Ranild / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 26; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Poems pp. 5–26.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular poem occupying it.  Following p. 26 is a leaf, with a notice regarding the American copyright upon the reverse, and with the following imprint upon its recto: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (six leaves), and B (a full sheet of eight leaves), the one inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
The Songs of Ranild:
Song the First.  [Up Riber’s street the dance they ply]	5
Song the Second.  [To saddle his courser Ranild cried]	10
Song the Third.  [So wide around the tidings bound]	13
Child Stig and Child Findal.  [Child Stig and Child Findal two brothers were they] The Songs of Ranild were first written in 1826, and were finally prepared for press in 1854.  I give herewith, facing p. 191, a facsimile, the exact size of the original, of the first page of the first draft of Song the Third. The complete MS. from which these four Ballads were printed is in the Library of Mr. J. A. Spoor, of Chicago.	17

There is a copy of The Songs of Ranild in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Niels Ebbesen / and / Germand Gladenswayne / Two Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 32; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page as above (with notice regarding the American copyright upon the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–32.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  At the foot of p. 32 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A and B (two sheets, each eight leaves), the one inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Niels Ebbesen.  [All his men the Count collects]	5
Germand Gladenswayne.  [Our King and Queen sat o’er the board]	22

There is a copy of Niels Ebbesen and Germand Gladenswayne in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Child Maidelvold / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 27; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a notice regarding the American copyright upon the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–27.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 27 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), B (a half-sheet of four leaves), and C (a full sheet of eight leaves), each inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Child Maidelvold.  [The fair Sidselil, of all maidens the flower] Another, but widely different and altogether inferior, version of this beautiful and pathetic ballad—one of Borrow’s best—was printed (under the title Skion Middel) in The Monthly Magazine, November, 1823, p. 308; and again (under the amended title Sir Middel, and with a slightly revised text) in Romantic Ballads, 1826, pp. 28–31.  In these earlier versions the name of the heroine is Swanelil in place of Sidselil, and that of the hero is Sir Middel in place of Child Maidelvold.	5
Sir Peter.  [Sir Peter and Kirstin they sat by the board]	11
Ingefred and Gudrune.  [Ingefred and Gudrune they sate in their bower]	15
Sir Ribolt.  [Ribolt the son of a Count was he]	20

As a further example of these Ballads I give Ingefred and Gudrune in full.

INGEFRED AND GUDRUNE [199]

Ingefred and Gudrune they sate in their bower,
Each bloomed a beauteous fragrant flower—
   So sweet it is in summer tide!

A working the gold fair Ingefred kept,
Still sate Gudrune, and bitterly wept.

“Dear sister Gudrune so fain I’d know
Why down thy cheek the salt tears flow?”

“Cause enough have I to be thus forlorn,
With a load of sorrow my heart is worn.

“Hear, Ingefred, hear what I say to thee,
Wilt thou to-night stand bride for me?

“If bride for me thou wilt stand to-night,
I’ll give thee my bridal clothes thee to requite.

“And more, much more to thee I’ll give,
All my bride jewels thou shalt receive.”

“O, I will not stand for bride in thy room,
Save I also obtain thy merry bridegroom.”

“Betide me whatever the Lord ordain,
From me my bridegroom thou never shalt gain.”

In silks so costly the bride they arrayed,
And unto the kirk the bride they conveyed.

In golden cloth weed the holy priest stands,
He joins of Gudrune and Samsing the hands.

O’er the downs and green grass meadows they sped,
Where the herdsman watched his herd as it fed.

“Of thy beauteous self, dear Damsel, take heed,
Ne’er enter the house of Sir Samsing, I rede.

“Sir Samsing possesses two nightingales
Who tell of the Ladies such wondrous tales.

“With their voices of harmony they can declare
Whether maiden or none has fallen to his share.”

The chariot they stopped in the green wood shade,
An exchange ’twixt them of their clothes they made.

They change of their dress whatever they please,
Their faces they cannot exchange with ease.

To Sir Samsung’s house the bride they conveyed,
Of the ruddy gold no spare was made.

On the bridal throne the bride they plac’d,
They skinked the mead for the bride to taste.

Then said from his place the court buffoon:
“Methinks thou art Ingefred, not Gudrune.”

From off her hand a gold ring she took,
Which she gave the buffoon with entreating look.

Said he: “I’m an oaf, and have drunk too hard,
To words of mine pay no regard.”

’Twas deep at night, and down fell the mist,
To her bed the young bride they assist.

Sir Samsing spoke to his nightingales twain:
“Before my young bride sing now a strain.

“A song now sing which shall avouch
Whether I’ve a maiden or none in my couch.”

“A maid’s in the bed, that’s certain and sure,
Gudrune is standing yet on the floor.”

“Proud Ingefred, straight from my couch retire!
Gudrune come hither, or dread my ire!

“Now tell me, Gudrune, with open heart,
What made thee from thy bed depart?”

“My father, alas! dwelt near the strand,
When war and bloodshed filled the land.

“Full eight there were broke into my bower,
One only ravished my virgin flower.”

Upon her fair cheek he gave a kiss:
“My dearest, my dearest, all sorrow dismiss;

“My swains they were that broke into thy bower,
’Twas I that gathered thy virgin flower.”

Fair Ingefred gained, because bride she had been,
One of the King’s knights of handsome mien.

There is a copy of Child Maidelvold and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Ermeline / A Ballad / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 23; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Poems pp. 5–23.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular poem occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 23 is the following imprint: “London / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of four leaves), and B (a full sheet of eight leaves), the one inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Ermeline.  [With lance upraised so haughtily] The paper upon which the Manuscript of Ermeline is written is water-marked with the date 1843.  No other MS. is forthcoming.	5
The Cuckoo’s Song in Merion.  [Though it has been my fate to see] The fifth stanza of this Song was printed by Borrow in Wild Wales, 1862, vol. i, p. 153.  The two versions of this stanza offer some interesting variations of text; I give them both: 1862 Full fair the gleisiad in the flood,    Which sparkles ’neath the summer’s sun, And fair the thrush in green abode    Spreading his wings in sportive fun, But fairer look if truth be spoke,    The maids of County Merion. 1913 O fair the salmon in the flood,    That over golden sands doth run; And fair the thrush in his abode,    That spreads his wings in gladsome fun; More beauteous look, if truth be spoke,    The maids of county Merion.	21

There is a copy of Ermeline A Ballad in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The Giant of Bern / and Orm Ungerswayne / A Ballad / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Crown octavo, pp. 15; consisting of Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballad pp. 5–15.  The head-line is The Giant of Bern throughout, upon both sides of the page.  Upon the reverse of p. 15 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  There are no signatures, the pamphlet being composed of a single sheet, folded to form sixteen pages.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 7½ × 5 inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

page

The Giant of Bern and Orme Ungerswayne.  [It was the lofty jutt of Bern, O’er all the walls he grew] Fifteen stanzas, descriptive of the incident of Orm’s obtaining his father’s sword from the dead man’s grave, were printed in Targum, 1835, pp. 59–61, under the title Birting.  A Fragment.  The text differs greatly in the two versions, that of the later (which, though not printed until 1913, was written about 1854) is much the superior.  As an example I give the first two stanzas of each version: 1835 It was late at evening tide, Sinks the day-star in the wave, When alone Orm Ungarswayne Rode to seek his father’s grave. Late it was at evening hour, When the steeds to streams are led; Let me now, said Orm the young, Wake my father from the dead. 1913 It was so late at evening tide,    The sun had reached the wave, When Orm the youthful swain set out    To seek his father’s grave. It was the hour when grooms do ride    The coursers to the rill, That Orm set out resolved to wake    The dead man in the hill.

5

There is a copy of The Giant of Bern and Orm Ungerswayne in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Little Engel / A Ballad / With a Series of / Epigrams from the Persian / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 27; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballad and Epigrams pp. 5–27.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Poem occupying it—save for pp. 23–27, which are headed Epigrams.  Upon the reverse of p. 27 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (six leaves), and B (a full sheet of eight leaves), the one inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Little Engel.  [It was the little Engel, he]	5
An Elegy.  [Where shall I rest my hapless head]	21
Epigrams.  From the Persian:
1.  [Hear what once the pigmy clever]	23
2.  [The man who of his words is sparing]	23
3.  [If thou would’st ruin ’scape, and blackest woe]	24
4.  [Sit down with your friends in delightful repose]	24
5.  [The hungry hound upon the bone will pounce]	24
6.  [Great Aaroun is dead, and is nothing, the man]	25
7.  [Though God provides our daily bread]	25
8.  The King and his Followers.  [If in the boor’s garden the King eats a pear]	25
9.  The Devout Man and the Tyrant.  [If the half of a loaf the devout man receives]	26
10.  The Cat and the Beggar.  [If a cat could the power of flying enjoy]	26
11.  The King and Taylor.  [The taylor who travels in far foreign lands]	26
12.  Gold Coin and Stamped Leather.  [Of the children of wisdom how like is the face]	27
13.  [So much like a friend with your foe ever deal] The Manuscript of these Epigrams bears instructive evidence of the immense amount of care and labour expended by Borrow upon his metrical compositions.  Reduced facsimiles of two of the pages of this Manuscript are given herewith.  It will be observed that a full page and a half are occupied by the thirteenth Epigram, at which Borrow made no fewer than seven attempts before he succeeded in producing a version which satisfied him.  The completed Epigram is as follows:— So much like a friend with your foe ever deal, That you never need dread the least scratch from his steel; But ne’er with your friend deal so much like a foe, That you ever must dread from his faulchion a blow.	27

The original Manuscript of Little Engel, written in 1829, is in the library of Mr. Edmund Gosse.  The Manuscript of 1854, from which the ballad was printed, is in my own library.

There is a copy of Little Engel, A Ballad, &c., in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Alf the Freebooter / Little Danneved and / Swayne Trost / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 27; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a note regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–27.  There are headlines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 27 is the following imprint, “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of 2 leaves), B (a half-sheet of 4 leaves), and C (a full sheet of 8 leaves), all inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Sir Alf the Freebooter.  [Sir Alf he is an Atheling.]	5
Little Danneved and Swayne Trost.  [“O what shall I in Denmark do?”]	14
Sir Pall, Sir Bear, And Sir Liden.  [Liden he rode to the Ting, and shewed]	20
Belardo’s Wedding.  [From the banks, in mornings beam]	23
The Yew Tree.  [O tree of yew, which here I spy] Two earlier versions of this Ode were printed by Borrow in Wild Wales, vol. iii, pp. 203 and 247.  The texts of all three versions differ very considerably.	27

There is a copy of Alf the Freebooter and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

King Diderik / and the Fight between the / Lion and Dragon / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 27; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a note regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–27.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 27 is the following imprint, “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of 2 leaves), B (a half-sheet of 4 leaves), and C (a full sheet of 8 leaves), all inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
King Diderik and the Lion’s Fight with the Dragon. [From Bern rode forth King Diderik] There exists a single leaf of an early draft of another, entirely different, version of this ballad.  Upon the opposite page is a facsimile, the exact size of the original, of this fragment.	5
Diderik and Olger the Dane.  [With his eighteen brothers Diderik stark]	14
Olger the Dane and Burman.  [Burman in the mountain holds]	21

The complete Manuscript of King Diderik, &c., and Other Ballads, as prepared for the Songs of Scandinavia of 1829, is preserved in the British Museum.

There is a copy of King Diderik and the Fight between the Lion and Dragon, &c. in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The Nightingale / The Valkyrie and Raven / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 27; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a note regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–27.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 27 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N. W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of 2 leaves), B (a half-sheet of 4 leaves), and C (a full sheet of 8 leaves), all inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
The Nightingale, or The Transformed Damsel.  [I know where stands a Castellaye]	5
The Valkyrie and Raven.  [Ye men wearing bracelets] Previously printed in Once a Week, August 2nd, 1862, pp. 152–156, where the Ballad was accompanied by a full-page Illustration engraved upon wood.  [See post, pp. 302–305.]	11
Erik Emun and Sir Plog.  [Early at morn the lark sang gay]	21
The Elves.  [Take heed, good people, of yourselves] There are two Manuscripts of The Elves available.  So far as the body of the poem is concerned the texts of these are identical, the fifth line alone differing materially in each.  This line, as printed, reads: The lass he woo’ d, her promise won. In the earlier of the two MSS. it reads: Inflamed with passion her he woo’d. A cancelled reading of the same MS. runs: Whom when he saw the peasant woo’d. But the Ballad is furnished with a repeated refrain.  This refrain in the printed version reads: Take heed, good people, of yourselves; And oh! beware ye of the elves. In the earlier MS. the refrain employed is: ’Tis wonderful the Lord can brook The insolence of the fairy folk! A reduced facsimile of the first page of the later MS. will be found facing the present page. The entire poem should be compared with The Elf Bride, printed in The Brother Avenged and Other Ballads, 1913, pp. 21–22.	25
Feridun.  [No face of an Angel could Feridun claim]	26
Epigrams:
1.  [A worthless thing is song, I trow]	27
2.  [Though pedants have essayed to hammer]	27
3.  [When of yourself you have cause to speak]	27

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached, appeared for the first time in this volume.

There is a copy of The Nightingale, The Valkyrie and Raven, and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Grimmer and Kamper / The End of Sivard Snarenswayne / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 28; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a note regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–28.  There are headlines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  At the foot of p. 28 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N. W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of 2 leaves), B (a half-sheet of 4 leaves), and C (a full-sheet of 8 leaves), all inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Grimmer and Kamper.  [Grimmer walks upon the floor]	5
Mimmering Tan.  [The smallest man was Mimmering]	11
The End of Sivard Snarenswayne.  [Young Sivard he his step-sire slew] The two Manuscripts, belonging to the years 1829 and 1854 respectively, of this ballad exhibit very numerous differences of text.  As a brief, but sufficient, example I give the second stanza as it occurs in each: 1829 It was Sivard Snareswayne [sic]    To his mother’s presence hied: “Say, shall I go from thee on foot,    Or, tell me, shall I ride?” 1854 It was Sivard Snarenswayne    To his mother’s presence strode: “Say, shall I ride from hence?” he cried,    “Or wend on foot my road?”	14
Sir Guncelin’s Wedding.  [It was the Count Sir Guncelin]	19
Epigrams:
Honesty.  [No wonder honesty’s a lasting article]	27
A Politician.  [He served his God in such a fashion]	27
The Candle.  [For foolish pastimes oft, full oft, they thee ignite]	27
Epigram on Himself.  By Wessel [He ate, and drank, and slip-shod went]	28

There is a copy of Grimmer and Kamper, The End of Sivard Snarenswayne, and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The / Fountain of Maribo / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 27; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Frontispiece (with blank recto) pp. 3–4; Title-page (with notice regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 5–6; and Text of the Ballads pp. 7–27.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 27 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), B (a half-sheet of four leaves), and C (a full sheet of eight leaves), each inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

The Frontispiece is a reduced facsimile of the first page of the original Manuscript of Ramund.

Contents.

	page
The Fountain of Maribo, Or The Queen and the Algreve.  [The Algreve he his bugle wound] Of The Fountain of Maribo there are two Manuscripts available, one written in 1829 and the other in 1854.  The text of these differs appreciably, that of the second being as usual the superior.  Here are some stanzas from each version: 1829 The Algreve he his bugle wound,    The longest night. The Queen in her bower heard the sound    Love me doth thrall. The Queen her little foot boy address’d:    The longest night. “Go, come to me hither the Algreve request.”    Love me doth thrall. In came the Algrave, ’fore the board stood he: “What wilt thou my Queen that thou’st sent for me?” “If I survive when my lord is dead, Thou shall rule o’er my gold so red.” 1854 The Algreve he his bugle wound    The long night all— The Queen in bower heard the sound,    I’m passion’s thrall. The Queen her little page address’d,    The long night all— “To come to me the Greve request,”    I’m passion’s thrall. He came, before the board stood he,    The long night all— “Wherefore, O Queen, hast sent for me?”    I’m passion’s thrall, “As soon as e’er my lord is dead,    The long night all— Thou shall rule o’er my gold so red,”    I’m passion’s thrall.	7
Ramund.  [Ramund thought he should a better man be] A reduced facsimile of the first page of the manuscript of Ramund faces the present page.	13
Alf of Odderskier.  [Alf he dwells at Odderskier]	22

There is a copy of The Fountain of Maribo and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Queen Berngerd / The Bard and the Dreams / and / Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 31; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Frontispiece (with blank recto) pp. 3–4; Title-page, as above (with a note regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 5–6; and Text of the Ballads pp. 7–31.  There are headlines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 31 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A and B (two sheets each eight leaves), the one inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ x6¾ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

The Frontispiece consists of a reduced facsimile of the original Manuscript, in Borrow’s handwriting, of The Bard and the Dreams.

Contents.

	page
Queen Berngerd.  [Long ere the Sun the heaven arrayed]	7
Dame Martha’s Fountain.  [Dame Martha dwelt at Karisegaard] Previously printed (with some small differences of text) in The Foreign Quarterly Review, June 1830, p. 83.	13
The Bard and the Dreams.  [O’er the sweet smelling meads with his lyre in his hand]	16
King Oluf the Saint.  [King Oluf and his brother bold] Previously printed (with some slight differences of text) in The Foreign Quarterly Review, June 1830, pp. 59–61.	23
To Scribblers.  [Would it not be more dignified] This delightful Squib, here first printed, was written by Borrow upon the refusal by Lockhart to insert in The Quarterly Review Borrow’s Essay suggested by Ford’s Handbook for Travellers in Spain, 1845, in the unmutilated and unamended form in which the author had written it.—[See ante, No. 10.]	30
To a Conceited Woman.  [Be still, be still, and speak not back again]	31

Note.—Each poem, to which no reference is attached, appeared for the first time in this volume.

There is a copy of Queen Berngerd, The Bard and the Dreams, and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Finnish Arts / Or / Sir Thor and Damsel Thure / A Ballad / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 27; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Frontispiece (with blank recto), pp. 3–4; Title-page, as above (with notice regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 5–6; and Text of the Ballads pp. 7–27.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 27 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), B (a half-sheet of four leaves), and C (a full sheet of eight leaves), each inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

The Frontispiece is a reduced facsimile of the first page of the original Manuscript of Finnish Arts, or Sir Thor and Damsel Thure.

Contents.

	page
Finnish Arts, Or, Sir Thor and Damsel Thure.  [Sir Thor was a knight of prowess tried] A reduced facsimile of the first page of the Manuscript of Finnish Arts will be found facing the present page.	7
A New Song to an Old Tune.  [Who starves his wife]	22
Ode from Anacreon.  [The earth to drink does not disdain]	24
Lines from the Italian.  [“Repent, O repent!” said a Friar one day]	25
A Drinking Song.  [O how my breast is glowing]	26

There is a copy of Finnish Arts, Or Sir Thor and Damsel Thure in the Library of the British Museum.  The Pressmark is C. 44. d. 38.

Brown William / The Power of the Harp / and / Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 31; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with notice regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–31.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 31 is the following imprint: “London / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A and B (two sheets, each eight leaves), the one inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Brown William.  [Let no one in greatness too confident be] Previously printed in Once a Week, January 4th, 1862, pp. 37–38.	5
The Power of the Harp.  [Sir Peter would forth from the castle ride] A reduced facsimile of one of the pages of the Manuscript of The Power of The Harp will be found facing herewith.	12
The Unfortunate Marriage.  [Hildebrand gave his sister away]	18
The Wrestling-Match.  [As one day I wandered lonely, in extreme distress of mind]	25
The Warrior.  From the Arabic.  [Thou lov’st to look on myrtles green]	31

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached, appeared for the first time in this volume.

There is a copy of Brown William, The Power of the Harp, and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The Song of Deirdra / King Byrge and his Brothers / and / Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 28; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a note regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–28.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  At the foot of p. 28 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), B (a half-sheet of four leaves), and C (a full sheet of eight leaves), all inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6¾ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
The Song of Deirdra.  [Farewell, grey Albyn, much loved land]	5
The Diver.  [Where is the man who will dive for his king] Previously printed in The New Monthly Magazine, vol. vii., 1823, pp. 540–542.	8
King Byrge and his Brothers.  [Dame Ingeborg three brave brothers could boast]	18
Turkish Hymn to Mahomet.  [O Envoy of Allah, to thee be salaam]	26

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached appeared for the first time in this volume.

There is a copy of The Song of Deirdra, King Byrge and his Brothers, and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Signelil / A Tale from the Cornish / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 28; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page (with notice regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–28.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  At the foot of p. 28 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), B (a half-sheet of four leaves), and C (a full sheet of eight leaves), all inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Signelil.  [The Lady her handmaid to questioning took]	5
A Tale from the Cornish.  [In Lavan’s parish once of yore] Previously printed, with some trifling inaccuracies, in Knapp’s Life, Writings, and Correspondence of George Borrow, 1899, vol. ii, pp. 91–95.	8
Sir Verner And Dame Ingeborg.  [In Linholm’s house The swains they were drinking and making carouse]	19
The Heddeby Spectre.  [At evening fall I chanced to ride] An earlier, and utterly different, version of this ballad was printed (under the tentative title The Heddybee-Spectre) in Romantic Ballads, 1826, pp. 37–39.  Borrow afterwards described this earlier version as “a paraphrase.”	22
From Goudeli.  [Yestere’en when the bat, and the owl, and his mate]	25
Peasant Songs of Spain:
1.  [ When Jesu our Redeemer]	27
2.  [There stands a stone, a rounded stone]	28

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached appeared for the first time in this volume.

There is a copy of Signelil, a Tale from the Cornish, and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Young Swaigder / or / The Force of Runes / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 27; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a notice regarding the American copyright upon the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–27.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 27 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), B (a half-sheet of four leaves), and C (a full sheet of eight leaves), each inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Young Swaigder, Or The Force of Runes.  [It was the young Swaigder]	5
The Hail Storm.  [As in Horunga Haven] Previously printed in Romantic Ballads, 1826, pp. 136–138.  Again printed in Targum, 1835, pp. 42–43. In each instance the text varied very considerably.  The present version was written about 1854, and represents the text as Borrow finally left it.  I quote the first stanza of each version.  It will be seen that the revision was progressive. 1826 When from our ships we bounded, I heard, with fear astounded, The storm of Thorgerd’s waking; With flinty masses blended, Gigantic hail descended, And thick and fiercely rattled Against us there embattled. 1835 For victory as we bounded, I heard, with fear astounded, The storm, of Thorgerd’s waking, From Northern vapours breaking. Sent by the fiend in anger, With din and stunning clangour, To crush our might intended, Gigantic hail descended. 1854 As in Horunga haven We fed the crow and raven, I heard the tempest breaking, Of demon Thorgerd’s waking; Sent by the fiend in anger, With din and stunning clangor, To crush our might intended, Gigantic hail descended. Another translation of the same Ballad, extending to 84 lines, was printed in Once a Week, 1863, vol. viii, p. 686, under the title The Hail-Storm; Or, The Death of Bui.	14
Rosmer Mereman.  [In Denmark once a lady dwelt] This ballad should be read in conjunction with Rosmer, printed in The Mermaid’s Prophecy, and other Songs relating to Queen Dagmar, 1913, pp. 25–30.	16
The Wicked Stepmother.  No. II.  [Sir Peter o’er to the island strayed—] This ballad should be compared with The Wicked Stepmother, printed in The Dalby Bear and Other Ballads, 1913, pp. 14–20.	23

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached, appeared for the first time in this volume.

There is a copy of Young Swaigder or The Force of Runes and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Emelian the Fool / A Tale / Translated from the Russian / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Crown octavo, pp. 37; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; Introduction pp. 5–7; and Text of the Tale pp. 8–37.  The reverse of p. 37 is blank.  The head-line is Emelian the Fool throughout, upon both sides of the page.  The pamphlet is concluded by a leaf, with blank reverse, carrying the following imprint upon its recto: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of 4 leaves), plus B and C (2 sheets, each 8 leaves), inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 7½ × 5 inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Emelian the Fool first appeared in Once a Week, vol. vi, March 8th, 1862, pp. 289–294, where it formed the first of a series of three Russian Popular Tales, in Prose, translated by George Borrow.

The Tale was also included in The Avon Booklet, vol. ii, 1904, pp. 175–197.

There is a copy of Emelian the Fool in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 57. e. 45 (1).

The Story of Tim / Translated from the Russian / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Crown octavo, pp. 31; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page as above (with blank reverse) pp. 3–4; Introduction p. 5; and Text of the Story pp. 6–31.  The head-line is The Story of Tim throughout, upon both sides of the page.  Upon the reverse of p. 31 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A and B (two sheets, each eight leaves), the one inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 7½ × 5 inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

The Story of Tim first appeared in Once a Week, vol. vii, October 4th, 1862, pp. 403–406, where it formed the third of a series of Russian Popular Tales, in Prose, translated by George Borrow.

The Story was also included in The Avon Booklet, vol. ii, 1904, pp. 211–229.

There is a copy of The Story of Tim in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 57. e. 45 (2).

Mollie Charane / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 28; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with notice regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–28.  There are headlines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  At the foot of p. 28 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), B (a half-sheet of four leaves), and C (a full sheet of eight leaves), each inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Mollie Charane.  [O, Mollie Charane, where got you your gold?] Previously printed in Once a Week, vol. vi, 1862, pp. 38–39.	5
The Danes of Yore.  [Well we know from saga]	8
A Survey of Death.  [My blood is freezing, my senses reel] Another version of this poem was printed in The Monthly Magazine, vol. lvi, 1823, p. 245; and reprinted (with some small textual variations) in Romantic Ballads, 1826, pp. 169–170.  As the poem is a short one, and as the two versions afford a happy example of the drastic changes Borrow introduced into his text when revising his Ballads, I give them both in full: 1823 Perhaps ’tis folly, but still I feel My heart-strings quiver, my senses reel, Thinking how like a fast stream we range, Nearer and nearer to life’s dread change, When soul and spirit filter away, And leave nothing better than senseless clay. Yield, beauty, yield, for the grave does gape, And, horribly alter’d, reflects thy shape; For, oh! think not those childish charms Will rest unrifled in his cold arms; And think not there, that the rose of love Will bloom on thy features as here above. Let him who roams at Vanity Fair In robes that rival the tulip’s glare, Think on the chaplet of leaves which round His fading forehead will soon be bound, And on each dirge the priests will say When his cold corse is borne away, Let him who seeketh for wealth, uncheck’d By fear of labour, let him reflect That yonder gold will brightly shine When he has perish’d, with all his line; Tho’ man may rave, and vainly boast, We are but ashes when at the most. 1913 My blood is freezing, my senses reel, So horror stricken at heart I feel; Thinking how like a fast stream we range Nearer and nearer to that dread change, When the body becomes so stark and cold, And man doth crumble away to mould. Boast not, proud maid, for the grave doth gape, And strangely altered reflects thy shape; No dainty charms it doth disclose, Death will ravish thy beauty’s rose; And all the rest will leave to thee When dug thy chilly grave shall be. O, ye who are tripping the floor so light, In delicate robes as the lily white, Think of the fading funeral wreath, The dying struggle, the sweat of death— Think on the dismal death array, When the pallid corse is consigned to clay! O, ye who in quest of riches roam, Reflect that ashes ye must become; And the wealth ye win will brightly shine When burried are ye and all your line; For your many chests of much loved gold You’ll nothing obtain but a little mould.	11
Desiderabilia Vitæ.  [Give me the haunch of a buck to eat] Previously printed, with a slightly different text, and arranged in six lines instead of in three four-line stanzas, in Lavengro, 1851, vol. i, p. 306.	13
Saint Jacob.  [Saint Jacob he takes our blest Lord by the hand]	14
The Renegade.  [Now pay ye the heed that is fitting] Previously printed, with some small differences of text, in The Talisman, 1835, pp. 13–14.	19
An Impromptu.  [And darest thou thyself compare]	21
A Hymn.  [O Jesus, Thou Fountain of solace and gladness]	23
The Transformed Damsel.  [My father up of the country rode] This Ballad should be compared with The Cruel Step-dame, printed in The Serpent Knight and Other Ballade, 1913, pp. 30–33.  Also with The Transformed Damsel, printed in The Return of the Dead and Other Ballads, 1913, pp. 13–14.  The actions described in the earlier stanzas follow closely those of the opening stanzas of The Cruel Step-dame; whilst the incident of the lover cutting a piece of flesh from his own breast to serve as bait to attract his mistress, who, in the form of a bird, is perched upon a branch of the tree above him, is common to both the Transformed Damsel ballads.	25

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached appeared for the first time in this volume.

There is a copy of Mollie Charane and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Grimhild’s Vengeance / Three Ballads / By / George Borrow / Edited / With an Introduction / By / Edmund Gosse, C. B. / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 40; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a note regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; Introduction pp. 5–14; and text of the three Ballads pp. 15–40.  The head-line is Grimhild’s Vengeance throughout, upon both sides of the page.  At the foot of p. 40 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of four leaves), and B and C (two sheets, each eight leaves), each inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Grimhild’s Vengeance.  Song the First.  [It was the proud Dame Grimhild Prepares the mead and beer] A reduced facsimile of page 2 of the 1854 Manuscript of this Song faces the present page.	15
Grimhild’s Vengeance.  Song the Second.  [It was the proud Dame Grimhild The wine with spices blends]	24
Grimhild’s Vengeance.  Song the Third.  [O, where will ye find kempions So bold and strong of hand]	32

The Introduction furnished by Mr. Edmund Gosse to Grimhild’s Vengeance is undoubtedly by far the most illuminating and important contribution yet made to the critical study of Borrow’s Ballads, a study which has hitherto been both meagre and inadequate.  Not only does Mr. Gosse handle the three Songs particularly before him, and make clear the relationship they bear to each other, but he deals with the whole subject of the origin of Borrow’s Scandinavian Ballads, and traces fully and precisely the immediate source from which their author derived them.  One of Borrow’s most vivid records Mr. Gosse calls into question, and proves indisputably that it must henceforth be regarded, if not as a fiction, at least as one more result of Borrow’s inveterate habit of “drawing the long bow,”—to wit the passages in Lavengro wherein Borrow recounts his acquisition of the “strange and uncouth-looking volume” at the price of a kiss from the yeoman’s wife, and the purpose which that volume served him.

Of the first and second of the three Ballads included in Grimhild’s Vengeance two Manuscripts are available.  The first of these was written in 1829, and was intended to find a place in the Songs of Scandinavia advertised at the close of that year.  The second Manuscript was written in 1854, and was prepared for the projected volumes of Kœmpe Viser of that date.  Of the third Ballad there exists only a single Manuscript, namely that produced in 1829.  Apparently in 1854 Borrow had relinquished all hope of publishing the Kœmpe Viser before he had commenced work upon the third Ballad.  In the present volume the first two Songs were printed from the Manuscripts of 1854; the third Song from the Manuscript of 1829.

There is a copy of Grimhild’s Vengeance in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

Letters / To his Mother / Ann Borrow / and Other Correspondents / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Crown octavo, pp. 38; consisting of Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a notice regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Letters pp. 5–38.  The head-line is Letters to his Mother throughout, upon both sides of the page.  Following p. 38 is a leaf, with blank recto, and with the following imprint upon the reverse: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of four leaves), plus B and C (two sheets, each eight leaves), each inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 7½ × 5 inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

The series of letters contained in this volume were reprinted in George Borrow and his Circle.  By Clement King Shorter, 8vo, 1913.  The whole of the holographs are in Mr. Shorter’s possession.

There is a copy of Letters to his Mother, Ann Borrow, in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 57. e. 46.

The Brother Avenged / and / Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 32; consisting of Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a note regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–32.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  At the foot of p. 32 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A and B (two sheets, each eight leaves), the one inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed

Contents.

	page
The Brother Avenged.  [I stood before my master’s board] Previously printed (with some textual variations) in The Foreign Quarterly Review, vol. vi, June 1830, pp 61–62.	5
The Eyes. [268]  [To kiss a pair of red lips small]	9
Harmodius and Aristogiton.  [With the leaves of the myrtle I’ll cover my brand]	12
My Dainty Dame.  [My dainty Dame, my heart’s delight]	14
Grasach Abo or The Cause of Grace.  [O, Baillie Na Cortie! thy turrets are tall]	16
Dagmar.  [Sick in Ribe Dagmar’s lying]	19
The Elf Bride.  [There was a youthful swain one day] These stanzas should be compared with The Elves, printed in The Nightingale, The Valkyrie and Raven, and Other Ballads, 1913, pp. 25–26.	21
The Treasure Digger.  [O, would that with last and shoe I had stay’d]	23
The Fisher.  [The fisherman saddleth his good winged horse]	25
The Cuckoo.  [Abiding an appointment made]	29

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached, appeared for the first time in this volume.

There is a copy of The Brother Avenged and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The Gold Horns / Translated by / George Borrow / from the Danish of / Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger / Edited / with an Introduction by / Edmund Gosse, C.B. / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1913.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 25; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a note regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; Introduction pp. 5–9; and Text of The Gold Horns, the Danish and English texts facing each other upon opposite pages, pp. 10–25.  The reverse of p. 25 is blank.  There are head-lines throughout, each recto being headed The Gold Horns, and each verso Guldhornene.  The book is completed by a leaf, with blank reverse, and with the following imprint upon its recto: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of four leaves), B (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), and C (a full sheet of eight leaves), each inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Although the poem was not printed until 1913, it is quite evident that the translation was made by Borrow in or about the year 1826.  The paper upon which the Manuscript is written is watermarked with the date 1824, whilst the handwriting coincides with that of several of the pieces included in the Romantic Ballads of 1826.  “There can be little doubt,” writes Mr. Gosse, “that Borrow intended The Gold Horns for that volume, and rejected it at last.  He was conscious, perhaps, that his hand had lacked the skill needful to reproduce a lyric the melody of which would have taxed the powers of Coleridge or of Shelley.”

“The Gold Horns marks one of the most important stages in the history of Scandinavian literature.  It is the earliest, and the freshest, specimen of the Romantic Revival in its definite form.  In this way, it takes in Danish poetry a place analogous to that taken by The Ancient Mariner in English poetry. . . .

“Oehlenschläger has explained what it was that suggested to him the leading idea of his poem.  Two antique horns of gold, discovered some time before in the bogs of Slesvig, had been recently stolen from the national collection at Rosenberg, and the thieves had melted down the inestimable treasures.  Oehlenschläger treats these horns as the reward for genuine antiquarian enthusiasm, shown in a sincere and tender passion for the ancient relics of Scandinavian history.  From a generation unworthy to appreciate them, the Horns had been withdrawn, to be mysteriously restored at the due romantic hour.”—[From the Introduction by Edmund Gosse.]

There is a copy of The Gold Horns in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 57. d. 19.

Tord of Hafsborough / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1914.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 32; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a note regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–32.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  At the foot of p. 32 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A and B (two sheets, each eight leaves), the one inset within the other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
Tord of Hafsborough.  [It was Tord of Hafsborough]	5
From the Arabic.  [O thou who fain would’st wisdom gain]	10
Thorvald.  [Swayne Tveskieg did a man possess] Previously printed in The Foreign Quarterly Review, vol. vi, 1830, p. 74.	11
Peter Colbiornsen.  [’Fore Fredereksteen King Carl he lay] Previously printed in The Foreign Quarterly Review, vol. vi, 1830, pp. 84–85.	16
Kragelill.  [’Twas noised about, ’twas noised about]	21
Allegast.  [The Count such a store of gold had got]	25
Epigrams:
1.  [Assume a friend’s face when a foeman you spy]	30
2.  [The lion in woods finds prey of noble kind]	30
3.  [Though God provides our daily bread]	30
4.  [To trust a man I never feel inclined]	31
5.  [A hunter who was always seeking game]	31
6.  [The plans of men of shrewdest wit]	31
7.  [Well was it said, long years ago]	31
8.  [Who roams the world by many wants beset]	32
It is probable that the whole of these eight Epigrams were derived by Borrow from Persian sources.
On a Young Man with Red Hair.  [He is a lad of sober mind]	32

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached, appeared for the first time in this volume.

There is a copy of Tord of Hafsborough and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.

The Expedition to / Birting’s Land / and Other Ballads / By / George Borrow / London: / Printed for Private Circulation / 1914.

Collation:—Square demy octavo, pp. 27; consisting of: Half-title (with blank reverse) pp. 1–2; Title-page, as above (with a note regarding the American copyright upon the centre of the reverse) pp. 3–4; and Text of the Ballads pp. 5–27.  There are head-lines throughout, each page being headed with the title of the particular Ballad occupying it.  Upon the reverse of p. 27 is the following imprint: “London: / Printed for Thomas J. Wise, Hampstead, N.W. / Edition limited to Thirty Copies.”  The signatures are A (a half-sheet of four leaves), B (a quarter-sheet of two leaves), and C (a full sheet of eight leaves), inset within each other.

Issued in bright green paper wrappers, with untrimmed edges, and with the title-page reproduced upon the front.  The leaves measure 8½ × 6⅞ inches.

Thirty Copies only were printed.

Contents.

	page
The Expedition to Birting’s Land.  [The King he o’er the castle rules] Of The Expedition to Birting’s Land no less than three Manuscripts are extant.  The first was composed in 1826, and was originally destined for inclusion in the Romantic Ballads of that date.  It is numbered to come between The Tournament and Vidrik Verlandson.  The second was written in 1829, and was intended to find a place in The Songs of Scandinavia.  The third was prepared in 1854, with a view to its appearance in the Kœmpe Viser.  In the two earlier versions the Ballad bears the tentative title The Expedition of King Diderik’s Warriors to Birting’s Land.  The texts of all three differ very considerably, the final version being that from which the Ballad was here printed.	5
The Singing Mariner.  [Who will ever have again] Previously printed in The Monthly Magazine, Vol. lvi, 1823, p. 335. There exists an early Manuscript of this charming lyric, differing entirely from the text as printed.  This early version is written in couplets, instead of in four-line stanzas.  Here is the first stanza, followed by the equivalent couplet from the MS.: Printed text. Who will ever have again, On the land or on the main, Such a chance as happen’d to Count Arnaldos long ago. MS. Who had e’er such an adventure the ocean’s waves upon, As had the Count Arnaldos the morning of St. John. Upon the opposite page I give a facsimile of this early Manuscript, the exact size of the original.  The tiny waif affords a delightful specimen of Borrow’s extremely beautiful and graceful minute handwriting, of which one or two other examples exist.  The paper upon which the lines are written is evidently a leaf torn from a small note-book.	16
Youth’s Song in Spring.  [O, scarcely is Spring a time of pure bliss]	18
The Nightingale.  [In midnight’s calm hour the Nightingale sings] Previously printed in The Monthly Magazine, vol. lvi, 1823, p. 526.	19
Lines.  [Say from what mine took Love the yellow gold]	20
Morning Song.  [From Eastern quarters now] Previously printed in The Foreign Quarterly Review, vol. vi, 1830, p. 65.	21
From the French.  [This world by fools is occupied]	22
The Morning Walk.  [To the beech grove with so sweet an air] Previously printed in The Foreign Quarterly Review, vol. vi, 1830, pp. 80–81.	23

Note.—Each poem to which no reference is attached, appeared for the first time in this volume.

There is a copy of The Expedition to Birting’s Land and Other Ballads in the Library of the British Museum.  The Press-mark is C. 44. d. 38.